Wastewater Technology

Part 2: Wastewater treatment

Exercise: Basic calculations of loads, wastewater streams and tank dimensions
Iosif Mariakakis
(adopted from the lecture of Prof. Dr.-Ing. Heidrun Steinmetz) Institute of Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management - Sanitary Engineering and Water Recycling 1

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

Contents
Calculation of wastewater inflow into a WWTP Calculation of wastewater load into a WWTP for dry weather conditions and for design inflow Dimensioning principles of primary sedimentation Short description of the Activated Sludge biological treatment Fundamental parameters of the Activated Sludge biological treatment Dimensioning principles of the aeration tank of the Activated Sludge system Dimensioning principles of the sedimentation tank (secondary sedimentation) of the Activated Sludge system

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

Basic Flow Scheme of a WWTP

Primary treatment
Screening Influent Grit Grease rem. rem. Primary sediment.

Biological treatment
Aeration tank Secondary sediment. Effluent

Screenings Sand Supernatant Thickener

Primary Grease sludge

Return sludge

Secondary sludge = Excess sludge Biogas

Gas storage

Sludge treatment

Digester 35C

Thickener and storage tank

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

Gujer, 1999
3

Raw sludge

Dewatering and -agricultural use -landfill -incineration

Design inflow of a WWTP

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

Gujer, 1999
4

Definitions
Wastewater (Sewage)

Qww = Qd + Qi + Qi
Dry weather flow (DWF)
Source: ATV-DVWK-A 198E
5
UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

QDW = QWW + Qinf

Combined wastewater flow (CWF)

Qcomb = QDW + QR
(about 100 times the dry weather flow)
Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

Daily Variations of Wastewater Flow

Determination of yearly wastewater flow (sewage flow on all days)

Pw WW,d Q A q WW,aM C,i i 86400

Source: ATV-DVWK-Arbeitsblatt A 198 (April 2003)

[ l/s ]

Determination of yearly dry weather flow (dry weather flow on days without rain)

Q Q Q DW,aM WW,aM Inf,aM

Determination of peak flow during dry weather
Source: ATV-DVWK-A 198E
6
UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

24 Q WW,aM Q Q DW, max Inf,aM x Q max

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

Design inflow of a WWTP

Qd 2 3QW W,h ,max QInf

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

Source: ATV-DVWK-A 198E

7

Specific Loads and Concentrations per Inhabitant

Specific Load g/Cd Wastewater concentration [mg/l] for a wastewater production of 150 l/ Cd 200 l/ Cd 250 l/ Cd

Parameter

Typical effluent values of a WWTP with 100,000 EW < 15 mg/l

BOD5 COD N P TS
60

60 120 11 1.8 70

400 800 73 12 470

300 600 55 9 350

240 480 44 7 280

< 75 mg/l
< 13 mg/l < 1 mg/l < 20 mg/l
Source: ATV-DVWK-A 131E
8
UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

e.g.

C BOD5

g C d 60000 300 mg / L L 200 200 C d

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

Primary sedimentation - dimensioning

Tank Surface A min (m) Q d (m/h) q A (m/h)

Tank Volume Vmin (m) Qd (m/h) t (h)

Treatment method qA [m/h] t [min] T [m]

PS combined with activated sludge process (without addition of excess sludge) PS combined with activated sludge process (with addition of excess sludge) PS combined with trickling filter or rotating contactors (with/without addition of excess sludge)

15

1.5

23

45

2.0

30

1.5 9

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

Efficiency of Primary Sedimentation

100 90 80

Settleable Solids

Elimination [%]

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2
Retention Time [h]
Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

Filterable Solids
Source: ATV-Handbuch, 1997a
10
UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

BOD5 and COD

Nitrogen
3 4

Activated Sludge Process (scheme)

Aeration tank Influent Aeration

Final sedimentation

Effluent Return sludge Excess sludge

Gujer, 1999
11

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

Parameters of Activated Sludge System

Sludge Loading (kgBOD/(kgTSS*d) Sludge Age, Sludge retention time; Mean Cell Residence Time (d) Biomass Concentration = Total suspended solids (TSS) MLSS = Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (kg/m) SV = Sludge Volume (mL/L) SVI = Sludge Volume Index (mL/g) Return Sludge Ratio (%) Excess Sludge Production (kgTSS/d) Oxygen Concentration and Consumption (mg/L) Volumetric Loading (kgBOD/(m*d))

12

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

Sludge Volume Index

Start of Test

After 30 min

1000
800 600 400 200

1000
800 600 400 200

1 liter of Act. Sludge SSAT =3.0 g/l

Volume: 330 ml/l SVI=330/3.0 =110 ml/g

In this Example
Sludge Volume Index (Diluted) Sludge Volume SVI = 110 ml/g or l/kg SV=330 ml/l or l/m
13
UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

Sludge Loading BX

BSS

Bd,BOD5 VAT SS AT

Food F Microorgan isms M

Source: ATV-DVWK-A 131E
14

BSS = Sludge Loading Bd,BOD = Daily BOD5 load in influent VAT SSAT = Volume of aeration tank = Dry solids in aeration tank

kgBOD5/(kgSS*d) kg/(m3*d) m3 kg SS/m3

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

Sludge Loading BSS and Treatment Efficiency

BOD - Elimination [%]

100 80 60 40 20
0,1 0,2 1,0 Sludge Loading BSS 10
Gujer, 1999
15
UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

> 13C

< 11C

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

Sludge Retention Time SRT / Sludge Age tSS

Sludge Retention Time (SRT) = Sludge Age = Mean Cell Residence Time (MCRT)

The SRT is the average retention time of every sludge floc in the
system The SRT controls the microbial population in the activated sludge
High SRT slowly growing organisms can stay in the system (e.g. nitrifying bacteria)
Source: ATV-DVWK-A 131E
16
UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

The SRT is difficult to measure, but it can be calculated as:

Mass of TSS in the aeration tank/daily sludge production

SRT

XTSS ,AT [kg / m] VAT [m] ESd [kg solids / d ]

[d ]

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

Sludge Age tSS (SRT)

Selection of sludge age according to treatment purpose
Size of the plant

< 20.000 PE
Treatment target

> 100.000 PE

Dimensioning temperature

10 C
Without nitrification With nitrification With nitrogen removal

12 C 5,0

10 C 4,0

12 C

10,0

8,2

8,0

6,6
Source: ATV-DVWK-A 131E
17
UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

VD/VBB = 0,2 VD/VBB = 0,3 VD/VBB = 0,4 VD/VBB = 0,5

Sludge stabilization incl. nitrogen removal

12,5 14,3 16,7 20,0 25,0

10,3 11,7 13,7 16,4

10,0 11,4 13,3 16,0

8,3 9,4 11,0 13,2

not recommended

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

Return Sludge
With return sludge, thickened activated sludge is pumped back into the aeration reactor

SS AT

RS SSRS 1 RS
Source: ATV-DVWK-A 131E
18
UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

RS = Return Sludge Ratio QRS/Q SSRS = Suspended Solids Concentration in Return Sludge SSAT = Suspended Solids Concentration in the Aeration Tank

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

Excess Sludge Production

Specific excess sludge production (kg SS/kg BOD5)

X/C 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2

X/C = Suspended solids / BOD5 in the influent

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

Source: ATV-DVWK-A 131E

19

4 0,79 0,91 1,03 1,15 1,27

Sludge Age [days] 8 10 15 20 0,69 0,65 0,59 0,56 0,81 0,77 0,71 0,68 0,93 0,89 0,83 0,80 1,05 1,01 0,95 0,92 1,17 1,13 1,07 1,04

25 0,53 0,65 0,77 0,89 1,01

Volume of aeration tank

Required mass of suspended solids in the biological reactor (kg)

M SS , AT SRTDim ES d
Volume of the biological reactor (m)

VAT

MSS, AT SSAT

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

Source: ATV-DVWK-A 131E

20

Main Parameter of Activated Sludge Processes

Sludge Loading Biomass Conc. SSAT Sludge Age SRT

Treatment Target

Type of System

kg/(kgd)
High Loaded Medium Loaded Low Loaded N-Elimination Extended Aeration

kg/m 1.5 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 5.0 3.0 5.0 3.0 5.0

d 1 2-4 7 - 12 12 - 15 15 - 30
UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

Part Treatment

1.0 0.25 0.50 0.10 0.15 0.07 0.09 0.04 0.07

BOD5-Removal

Nitrification Nitrification and Denitrification Aerobic Stabilization

21

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

DIN EN 12255-6 (4/2002)

Secondary settling tank

Surface loading important
Dependant from the sludge characteristics (SVI)

L [ 2 )] qSV qSV m h qA SV X TSS , AT SVI [ g kg ] [ mL L ] L m3 g kg

Calculation of the tank surface

[m/h]

ASST

Qd qA

[m]

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

Source: ATV-DVWK-A 131E

22

Secondary settling tank

Depth of the sedimentation tank
Dependant from the sludge characteristics (SVI) Dimensioning of the different zones according DWA A- 131
Outflow Water level Water zone Inflow Sludge level Settling (hindered) Compression, Consolidation Storage zone h1 h2

Separation zone h3 Thickening zone h4

Removal of sludge Removal zone DSo DSRS

Solids concentration

h1 = 0.5 m (min. for safety reasons) h2 = [0.5 qA (1 + RS)] / (1-SV / 1000) h3 = 0.45 qSV (1 + RS) / 500 h4 = [XTSS,AT qA (1 + RS) tTh] / XTSS,SST

Wastewater Technology Part 1: Urban Drainage Exercise - Wastewater Quantity

UNIVERSITT STUTTGART

Source: ATV-DVWK-A 131E

23