MSC IntroComms Paper 2 2010SummerExamPaperAndSolution

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES
ELECTRONIC, ELECTRICAL
& COMPUTER ENGINEERING

IntroComms
Introductory Module for Communications
Paper One

2009/10 January Examination Paper
and Specimen Solutions

A24942 / A24955 Calculators may be used in this
examination but must not be used to store
text. Calculators with the ability to store
text should have their memories deleted
prior to the start of the examination

Special Requirements: Multiple Choice
Answer Grid
1 TURN OVER

College of Engineering and Physical Sciences
School of Electronic, Electrical and Computer Engineering

Degree of M.Sc.
Communications Engineering
Satellite and Mobile Communications
Communications Networks
Electronic and Computer Engineering
Embedded Systems
Interactive Digital Media
also with Industrial Studies

04 21480
INTRODUCTORY MODULE FOR COMPUTING

and

04 21487
INTRODUCTORY MODULE FOR COMMUNICATIONS
PAPER ONE

January Examinations 2010
Time Allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes

Candidates should attempt TWO questions

All questions carry equal marks

The marks allocated to each part of each question are shown in square
brackets in the right-hand margin.
A24942 / A24955 Any Calculator
2 TURN OVER

1. (a) Briefly describe the four main user centred design activities, as identified
by the ISO 13407 standard. Use a simple block diagram to show their
interdependence. [5]
(b) Identify and describe the main elements that constitute a use-case textual
description. [5]
(c) Define the term requirements engineering. Which are the two main types
of activities that take place during the requirements phase of a software
engineering project? [5]
(d) Describe the main purposes for which a UML-based activity diagram can
be used for object-oriented analysis and design. Create an example
diagram to explain all the expected elements of graphical notation that can
be used for this type of diagrammatic representation. [5]

2. (a) (i) What are the typical bandwidths of a Hi-Fi signal and an analogue,
PAL colour TV signal? [2]
(ii) Suppose a communication signal has a power of 10 mW and the
equivalent noise power is 20 W. Calculate the signal to noise ratio.
[1]
(iii) State the advantages of coaxial cable over twisted pair cabling. [2]

(b) (i) If a telephone line carries a call for 30 minutes what is the amount of
telephone traffic in Erlangs? [1]
(ii) State two different forms of multiplexing as used in a telephone
network. [2]
(iii) Voice signals are to be transmitted down a fibre optic cable using an
analogue-to-digital converter with 6 bits. Assuming Pulse Code
Modulation is used and that 22,000 separate voice signals are sent
down the same cable, what is the minimum bit-rate required to
transmit all signals? [2]

Question 2 continued over
3 TURN OVER

(c) The Fourier transform and inverse Fourier transform of an energy-limited
signal
Question 2 continued
( ) g t are given by,
( ) ( ) ( ) exp 2 G f g t j ft dt
and
( ) ( ) ( ) exp 2 g t G f j ft df
=

,
respectively. The following expression represents a radio frequency pulse,
( ) ( ) rect cos 2
c
t
g t A f t
T

| |
=
|
\ .

where ( ) rect t is the unit rectangular pulse function defined as,
( )
1 1
2 2
1
2
1,
rect
0,
t
t
t
< <
=

>
.
(i) Determine the Fourier transform of ( ) rect t . [2]
(ii) State the Fourier transform time-scaling property. [1]
(iii) State the Fourier transform frequency shifting property. [1]
(iv) What is the Fourier transform of ( ) g t ? [1]
(d) (i) State Shannons channel coding theorem (2
nd
Alphanumeric data are entered into a computer from a remote terminal
through a voice-grade telephone channel. The channel has a bandwidth of
3.4 kHz and an output signal-to-noise ratio of 20 dB. The terminal has a
total of 128 symbols. Assume that the symbols are equi-probable and that
successive transmissions are statistically independent.
theorem). [1]
(ii) Calculate the information capacity of the channel. [2]
(iii) Calculate the maximum symbol rate for which error-free transmission
over the channel is possible. [2]

4 TURN OVER

3. (a) The multiple choice questions in this section should be answered on the
grid at the end of this paper. The grid should be submitted with the answer
book.
(i) Which of the following CANNOT be implemented as a basic type in
ANSI standard C, but must be implemented using other datatypes?
[2]
A. Bits.
B. Bytes.
C. Integers.
D. Floating point.
E. Characters.
(ii) Consider a 10x10 array where each element will represent the
colouring of a 10x10 board with black and white squares. The
following loop will colour in the squares, what pattern will it produce?
[2]

f or ( i =0; i <=9; i ++)
f or ( j =0; j <=9; j ++)
i f ( ( ( i +j ) %2) ==0)
ar r ay[ i ] [ j ] = bl ack;
el se
ar r ay[ i ] [ j ] = whi t e;

A. Alternating black and white rows.
B. Black diagonals, all other squares white.
C. Alternating black and white patterns (chessboard or
checkerboard).
D. Subgroups of alternating 2x2 black and white squares.
E. None of the above.

(iii) Consider the following program. What output is produced? [2]

voi d my_f unct i on ( i nt a, i nt b, i nt c)
{
a+=10; b+=10; c+=10;
}

i nt mai n( voi d)
{
i nt x=0, y=10, z=20;
my_f unct i on ( x, y, z) ;
pr i nt f ( %d %s %d, x, y, z) ;
r et ur n 0;
}

A. 0 10 20
B. 10 20 30
C. 20 30 40
D. 10 10 10
E. 20 20 20

Question 3 continued over
5 END OF PAPER

Question 3 continued
(iv) Consider the following program in which the programmer has made
an error with respect to memory allocation. [2]

i nt x = 10, *p = mal l oc( 5, si zeof ( i nt ) ) ;
p = &x;
The error is

A. Static allocation.
B. Dynamic allocation.
C. Memory leak.
D. Memory overflow.
E. Dangling pointer.
(v) Which of the following statements about a while loop is (are)
TRUE? [2]

A. The body of a while loop is always executed at least once.
B. A while loop can always be replaced by a "for" loop.
C. While loops cannot be used with 2-D arrays.
D. A while loop is functionally identical to a do-while loop.
E. All of the above.
(b) A program is being developed in the C programming language to store a
256x256 grid of pixels of a colour screen display. Each pixel can store a
value between 0 and 65,535 (16 bits), representing the colour of that pixel.
(i) Write down a suitable declaration in the C programming language for
the screen (hint - you may assume that the short datatype is 16 bits).
[2]
(ii) Write down code in the C programming language (or suitable
pseudo-code) to invert the screen (as seen by a user).
Minor syntactic errors will not be penalised. [5]
(iii) Comment on the additional steps, or additional information that may
be required, if this program were to be implemented on an actual
embedded system with video memory. [3]

School of Electronic, Electrical and Computer Engineering

Introduction to Computers and Introduction to Communications Part 1

Answer sheet for multiple choice question 3 (a)

Shade one cell on each row to indicate your answer.
Any cases where more than one cell on a row appears to be marked will result in
a mark of zero.
When completed attach this sheet to your answer book with a treasury tag for
submission.

Answers

Question 3

A B C D E

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

Student ID:
Module: Year: 2009-10 Question: 1

Type: Sessional Level: LM Examiner: TNA

Marks allocated: 20/20 Page 1 / 3

SOLUTION TO EXAMINATION QUESTION
Module Code: Ac. Year: Type: Level: Examiner: Question No:
2009-10 Sessional LM TNA 1

(e.g. 2009-10) (Sessional/Resit/Special) (e.g. LC)

Part Solution
Marks
allocated
1a There are four iterative design activities which are part of the user design process
that is described by the ISO 13407 Standard:

1. Understanding and specifying the Context of Use

2. Specifying the user and organisational requirements

3. Producing design solutions

4. Evaluating the design against requirements

The following block diagram shows the interdependencies of the above mentioned
activities:

1

1

1

1

1

1b A use case textual description will generally include the following elements:

1. Name of the use case: A descriptive name of the use case is specified. In this
element one can add some general comments and notes that might be describing
the use case.

2. Actors: In this element, all the actors that are part of the use case are identified
and named.

1

1




SOLUTION TO EXAMINATION QUESTION Continuation Sheet
Part Solution
Marks
allocated

3. Requirements: Things that the use case must allow the user to do.

4. Constraints: Rules about what can and cant be done. This can include pre-
conditions that must be true before the use case is run; post-conditions that
must be true once the use case is run; invariants: these are conditions that are
always true.

5. Scenarios and Scenario diagrams: Sequential descriptions of the steps taken
to carry out the use case. May include multiple scenarios, to cater for
exceptional circumstances and alternate processing paths. Scenario diagrams
usually include sequence diagrams to depict the workflow - similar to scenarios
but graphically portrayed.

1

1

1
1c The following definition is based on Pohl, K., 1993, The three dimensions of
requirements engineering, 5
th
International Conference on Advanced Information
Systems Engineering and was given to the students during the lectures. A similar
definition is expected:

Requirements Engineering can be defined as the systematic process of developing
requirements through an iterative co-operative process of analysing the problem,
documenting the resulting observations in a variety of representation formats, and
checking the accuracy of the understanding gained.

The main two types of activities that take place during the requirements phase of a
software engineering project are:

1. Problem Analysis

2. Problem Description

3

1

1

1d It is expected that the students provide a similar answer on this part of the question

The main purposes for which a UML-based activity diagram can be used for object-
oriented analysis and design are:

to model a task (for example in interface interaction)
to describe a function of a system represented by a use case
to describe the logic of an operation
to model the activities that make up the life cycle of a project

2




Part Solution
Marks
allocated

Students are expected to provide an example with the following elements of
notation: main element is that of representing actions by using a two-dimensional
symbol - rectangle with rounded corners- and that of control flows, which are
represented by arrows with open arrowheads. Also, the notation includes the
concept of initial node (black circle), decision nodes and merge nodes (diamond),
guard conditions (text in square brackets) and final node (black circle inside a white
circle). Advanced notation can use fork and join nodes to describe cases that have
actions that happen in parallel assigning marks per element (grouped as
underlined).

3

Module: 04 21487 Year: 2009-10 Question: 2

Type: Sessional Level: M Examiner: PAS &
CCC



Module Code: Ac. Year: Type: Level: Examiner: Question No:
04 21487 2009-10 Sessional M PAS &
CCC
2

(e.g. 2009-10) (Sessional/Resit/Special) (e.g. LC)

Part Solution
Marks
allocated
(a) (i) Hi Fi BW=15-18 KHz
Colour TV BW=5-6MHz
1
1
(a) (ii) 37dB

1

(a)
(iii)
State the advantages of coaxial cable over twisted pair cabling
Coaxial has:
More BW
More resistant to EMI
Usually less lossy
2 from 3 acceptable

2
(b) (i) 1 call for 1 hour = 1erlang so answer=0.5 Erlangs 1
(b)
(ii)
Frequency Multiplexing and Time Domain Multiplexing 2
(b)
(iii)
ADC 6 bits, 256 samples PCM
Voice signal, so BW about 3.5 KHz, so sampling frequency approx 8KHz
8KHz*6=48Kb/s
0.048Mb*22000=1056Mb/s
2
(c) (i)
The Fourier transform of ( ) ( ) rect s t t = is given, by definition, by,

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
rect exp 2
exp 2
1
exp 2
2
sin
sinc
S f t j ft dt
j ft dt
j ft
j f
f
f
f
=
=
=
= =

2
(c) (ii)
( )
1 f
g at G
a a
| |
=
|
\

1
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
=
00002 0
01 0
10
P
P
10 SNR
10 10
.
.
log dB log
N
S

CCC



Part Solution
Marks
allocated
(c)
(iii)
( ) ( ) ( ) exp 2
c c
g t j f t G f f =
1
(c)
(iv)
Using (ii), we have,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) rect sinc g t A t T G f AT f T = =
Using (iii), we have,
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) { }
exp 2 exp 2
rect cos 2
2
2
sinc sinc
2
c c
c
c c
c c
j f t j f t t
g t A f t g t
T
G f f G f f
G f
AT
f f T f f T

+
| |
= =
`
|
\
)
+ +
=
= + + ( (

0.5

0.5

(d) (i)
Shannons channel coding theorem (2nd theorem) states that, for a source of
entropy H emitting a symbols every T
S
seconds through a channel of capacity C
bits/symbol capable of transmitting a symbols every T
C
seconds:
A If H/T
S
C/T
C
there exists a coding scheme with an arbitrarily small
probability of error (equality implies signalling at the critical rate)
B If H/T
S
> C/T
C
it is not possible to transmit information over the channel and
reconstruct it with an arbitrarily small probability of error

1
either A
or B on
their own
are OK
(d)
(ii)
The information capacity rate of the channel is given by,
( )
( )
2
3 20 10
2
3
log 1
3.4 10 log 1 10
22.6 10 bits/second
C B SNR = +
= +
=

2
(d)
(iii)
Acording to (i) a), H
max
/T
S
= C/T
C
, with the r.h.s. being equal to C from (ii). Thus,
max
1
Symbol rate
S
C
T H
= = .
Since
7
max 2 2 2
log log 128 log 2 7 bits/symbol H k = = = = , we have
3
22.6 10 bits/second
Symbol rate 3234 symbols/second
7 bits/symbol
= =

1

1


CCC




Part Solution
Marks
allocated

Question: 3 Module: 04 21487 Year : 2009-10

Examiner: SP Type: Sessional Page: 1 / 2

Marks allocated: 20/20

Question No: Module Code: Year: Type: Examiner:
3 04 21487 2009-10 Sessional SP

(Sessional/Resit/Special
)

Part Solution
Marks
allocated
(a) (i) A
(ii) C
(iii) A
(iv) C
(v) B
2
2
2
2
2
(b)
(i)
A program is being developed in the C programming language to store a
256x256 grid of pixels of a colour screen display. Each pixel can store a value
between 0 and 65,535 (16 bits) which represents the colour of that pixel.

Write down a suitable declaration in the ANSI C programming language for the
screen (hint - you may assume that short is 16 bits)

[Any one of the following for 1 mark]

short int screen[256][256];
short int *screen;
short screen[256][256];
short *screen;
unsigned short screen[256][256];
unsigned short *screen;

2
(b)
(ii)
Write down code in the C programming language (or suitable pseudo-code) to
invert the screen (as seen by a user)
(Minor syntactic errors will not be penalised).

Example of C code solution (declarations not required):

for (i=0; i<=255; i++)
for (j=0; j<=255; j++)
{
temp = screen[i][j];
screen[i][j] = screen[255-i][255-j];
screen[255-i][255-j] = screen[i][j];
}

Example of pseudo-code solution (declarations not required):

Loop i from 0 to 255
Loop j from 0 to 255

5
Question: 3 Module: 04 21487 Year : 2009-10

Examiner: SP Type: Sessional Page: 2 / 2

Marks allocated: 20/20

Part Solution
Marks
allocated
swap screen(i,j) with screen(255-i, 255-j)
End loop j
End loop i

[5 marks for either of the above forms. Marks to be reduced depending on the level
of completeness or functionality].
(b)
(iii)
Comment on the additional steps, or additional information that may be
required, if this program were to be implemented on an actual embedded system
with video memory.

On an actual embedded system, video is frequently be mapped to an actual memory
address. Here the declaration in part (i) cannot be directly used to control the video
memory.

On some systems video may be paged from main memory, and a system call to
switch the video to the current page, or to set page addresses, may be needed.

The system discussed in the question is 16 bits. In order to develop a full set of
routines the programmer would need to know the representation (allocation of bits)
for red, green and blue within a 16 colour format.

Timing is important the updates to video memory need to be synchronised with the
video clock or interlacing system.

[3 marks for any three of the above reasons]

3

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