Hakka Architecure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

History It is generally known that the Hakka are Han Chinese, migrated from the Central Plain () of the Huanghe River to the southern province border regions of Fujian (), Jiangxi (), and Guangdong () around the 4th. They moved by using major rivers, into the provinces like Fujian, entered the mountainous regions and constructed the houses they feel safe. This migration took place over 1600 years and covered a distance of 1000 Km. Furthermore, they spread beyond Hunan and Hubei to Sichuan to the west end of Guangxi; then jumped over the Taiwan Strait to Taiwan and many locations in South East Asia. Today an estimated 35 to 60 million Hakka live throughout the world. When the first Hakkas moved to Fujian, they were the imperial court officials. They could afford to build the very extravagant houses (Phoenix house ) that were modeled against the imperial court. In the mid stage of migration, the Hakkas were losing their support and affiliation with the imperial court. They had to compete with the locals and were often attacked by the locals. The round houses were built as a very defensive structure to fend off the locals. In the final stage of migration, the Hakkas were more or less integrated with the locals. To befriend with the locals, the Piang Fong were built as a symbol of openness. Piang Fongs() also could appear early as the dwellings for the lower class (servants, lower rank officials) who accompanied the nobilities in the southward migration. The term Hakka means outsiders the Hakka people were settlers from north .That is why elements of central Chinese architecture, such as symmetry and a clear distinction between the centrepiece and the ancillary structures, are palpable in their dwellings. As newcomers small in number and meager in strength ,they were in dire need of a kind of dwelling that could ward them off invaders and allow them to live in a compact community and rally their strength against any possible invasion. History Style Location Spatial Order and Basic Architecture of Hakka Tulou Other Hakka Buildings Reference

Figure 1. Hakka Migration

Style Hakka architecture are typically designed for defensive purposes and consist of one entrance and no windows at ground level. The materials used for Hakka architecture vary between brick and stone. The external wall is typically 1 meter in thickness and the entire building could be up to three or four stories in height. The gate was the most vulnerable point and it was usually reinforced with stone and covered with iron. With the exception of a few excessively large forts, Hakka houses usually only had one entrance. The round shape of the walls, which became popular in later stages, added to the defensive value of the fortifications and reduced the firepower of artillery against it. A Hakka fort could withstand a protracted siege, since it was well stocked with grains and had an internal source of water. They often also had their own sophisticated sewage systems. The typical Chinese house contains a courtyard and other than pagodas, does not often contain any structures higher than two stories. The distinct types of the Hakka complexes in each of these provinces are: 1. the Round houses (Yuan Lou: ), Five-phoenix house (Wu Feng Lou: ) in southwest Fujian 2. complexes surrounded by rectangular walls (Fang Wei: ) in south Jiangxi, 3. mixture of round and rectangular houses (Wei Long Wu: ) in northeast Guangdong. It would appear there are a variety of housing types; however, these types stemmed from two major dwelling types, namely Wei Lou () and Edifice-type Hakka dwellings ( ). Other types were generated by the transformation required to adapt to the particular local climate and environment where those dwellings were built.

Location Fujian () -Hakka Tulou Dwellings ()

These complexes located in the mountainous region bordered by Longyan (), Yongding () and Nanjing () are inhabited by Hakka people. The main types of complexes include the edifice-type, Wu Feng Lou (), round house (Yuan Lou: ) and rectangular houses (Fang Lou: ) including houses on oblique planes () Because of the undesirable mountainous regions, the Hakkas set up these unique homes to prevent attack from bandits and marauders. The Tulou are either round or square, and were designed as a large fortress and apartment building in one.

These earthen houses are made of earth, stone, bamboo and wood, all readily available materials. After constructing the walls with rammed earth, branches, strips of wood and bamboo chips were laid in the wall as "bones" to reinforce it. Composed of two or three circular walls located one within another, the Round Earthen Buildings are deceptively large and multifunctional. The very outer circular wall of these buildings reaches ten meters into the air and has four different floors.

Inside the outer circular walls more than 100 rooms can be found, including a kitchen and dining room on the first floor, a storage warehouse on the second floor, and bedrooms on the third and fourth floors. Inside the inner circular walls of the Round Earthen Building 350 rooms can be found complete with bathrooms, water wells, and other necessary equipment for everyday living. Among these many rooms, multiple guest rooms, ancestor halls, and communal areas for special events such as funerals, marriages, and other celebrations are scattered from the far reaches to the very center of the building.

Each wall is more than 1 meter thick and about 18 meters tall. There is only one door and the windows are small and found only on the higher floors. The big ones are as large as a football field and can accommodate more than 600 people. The bedrooms are at the 3rd and 4th levels while the second level is a granary. The first level is for communal activities such as cooking, dining, washing, meetings, ancestor worship, games, and rearing fowls, goats and pigs.

In order to make the soil walls strong enough against floods and rain, the Hakkas built them on stone groundwork above the highest flood line. Soil was mingled with glutinous rice and sugar soup before it was made into adobes used to build walls. Large eaves were installed to protect the wall from rain drops as much as possible.

Tulou has the additional advantages of being quakeproof, fireproof, theft proof, having good ventilation and day lighting. Also due to their thickness, the earthen walls help to provide thermal insulation and preservation, which makes the building warm in winter and cool in summer.

- Two Types of Round Houses (Yuan Lou: ): Unit Building (maisonette) and Gallery Building

The unit (maisonette) type house in Fujian is constructed so that the units are divided like the segments of an orange with each unit facing a common patio. When entering the dwelling, there is a kitchen and a dining area with a low ceiling; from there you can enter the private rooms on the second to fourth floor. In contrast, in the gallery-style complex each room is connected by a passage surrounding the patio of each floor and communal stairs in the Tulou. Individual dwellings unit are constructed vertically. The kitchen and dining room are located on the g round floor facing the patio; storage is located on the second floor; and individual rooms are on and above the third floor. The rectangular Tulou has a similar construction except for the shape. - Five-Phoenix Buildings ( Wu Feng Lou) Five-Phoenix Buildings ( Wu Feng Lou) are the most representative of Hakka traditional Zhong Yuan() culture as it is built according to Central China (Zhong Yuan) imperial court pattern. Five-Phoenix Building has the following characteristics: 1. 2. 3. 4. It has a central axis with central hall, At least one upper and one lower halls; Left-right symmetrical rooms (houses); In front of the house, it has a large field and pond;

5. The front houses are lower and the back houses are higher from ground level.

Five Phoenix represent five different types of "birds" in five different colors: Pink, Yellow, Green, Purple, and White. It also represent the North, East, South, West and Central section, thus the name Five-Phoenix. The largest is the nine-hall type. In the same central axis, it is composed of three FivePhoenix Buildings, usually for the clans that has about 500-700 years of settlement history in the area. The last Five-Phoenix Building is called the Back Building ( Hou Lou), the three central halls in the central axis are called Upper, Central and Lower Room (Ting). There is a field or open courtyard between the last Five-Phoenix Building (Hou Lou) and the second Five-Phoenix Building which is overall about one step lower in level than the Hou Lou. This second FivePhoenix Building is called Central Tang , and then across another field or open courtyard, yet another step lower in level, is the Lower Tang. Thus we have three independent Five-Phoenix Building, yet on the same axis line, it has three levels of ground height, nine halls (three in each building), aligned in the same axis line. The most popular variation is the three central-structure (tang) and two side-room pattern. The Five-Phoenix Building is usually built facing a river and on a slope. At the back of the building, there is usually a vegetable garden. The front pond is used for washing , irrigating the garden, and for aqua- culture. The roof is usually made of Green "Wa" ( roof tiles), and the walls tends to be in white color.

Jiangxi () Chunan (), Dingnan (), Ronnan () located on the southern border with Guangdong, have many Wei Lou (). Wei Lou style is found in areas requiring defense. It is obvious why these fortified dwellings were developed in these areas.

Generally, the complexes are square similar to that of the Chinese letter; some have modified shapes of and , and some large dwellings having additional -shaped circumferences surrounding the buildings. Raised towers () are located at each corner to eliminate blind angles.

Guangdong () - Wei Long Wu () Dwellings Wei Long Wu-type houses are located around Meizhou () in the northeastern part of the province. They have a semi-round pond in front of the dwelling; three buildings, namely, the lower house (Xia Tang: ), middle house (Zhong Tang: ) and upper house (Shang Tang: ), located in the center of the dwelling; side houses (Heng Wu: ) for habitation are arranged on both sides of these. Residential buildings surround the semi-round garden ( ) which rises obliquely backward.

- Tu Wei() and Si Ju () Tu Wei () and towers (Diao Lou ) similar to Jiangxis Wei Wu () are found in the northern region, evidence of the harsher environment. Gigantic dwellings referred to as Si Ju () are found around Shenzhen () in the southern part of the province. The fact that these complexes include large front ponds may relate to Hakka style architecture; or may have emerged from the fusion of Hakka and local Guangdong styles (). Si Ju may more accurately be referred to as villages surrounded by castellated walls.

Spatial Order and Basic Architecture of Hakka Tulou Feng Shui is the art of selecting the site location of a house; it is considered to be the cosmological interpretation of environment and geography. Feng Shuis fundamental rule in determining location for settlement is a landscape with abundant clear water and fertile land with good environmental conditions to provide good production, life and prosperity of descendants. A row of mountains is assumed to be a dragon. It is believed that if the settlement is built on the point () at the mouth of the dragon, the inhabitants could thrive.

Translated into the actual landscape, a place surrounded by mountains, protected from winds, with clear and abundant water is the best place () according to Feng Shui. The geometry of this area with continuous mountain ranges and river systems stretching between mountains in a meshed pattern is suitable for the application of Feng Shui.

The plane composition, roof height, main gate orientation, location of a stove, direction of drain ditches etc. in Tulou dwellings were determined by Feng Shui. Other influences were Chinese traditional philosophy, Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism etc. There is also the concept of the human body as microcosm. Plane construction reflects the Guangdong planes Wei Long Wu () with Three-main two-side house styles (San Tang Liang Heng Shi ) and Five Phoenix (Wu Feng Lou ). Taking the human body as the model, both houses stretch forward as if to greet people Since the overall geometry is based on the round shape and/or rectangular shape, it is not complex; however, when analyzing the plane of a large-scale rectangular Tulou, a small square is revealed inside.

Construction techniques were developed to utilize local materials.

Tulou are a mixed structure of masonry using raw earth, stones, bricks etc, with a lumber framework. External walls used rammed earth construction and mobile mold forms. The interior structure could be built up to 6 stories using logs. Materials were selected depending on their function. For example, exterior walls are constructed in such a manner that the base with a heavy load uses stone masonry with deeper eaves to protect the walls from the weather. Also, the parts serving for defense are made of stones

Other Hakka Buildings Gannan Hakka forts It's not only praised as a wonder in the architectural history by architects, but also intoxicated by historians, folklore experts, poets, artists and normal tourists. It is distributed in Longnan, Quannan and Dingnan (all over the three counties), southern Xinfeng, southern Anyuan and some places of Xunwu, among which Longnan is the one with most Hakka forts concentrated. Most of them are square, showing different style to the round Tulou in western Fujian and Weilongwu (square inside and round outside) in eastern Guangdong. The materials used are brick, stone, and rammed earth. There must be at least one well in a fort to supply water. In order to withstand a protracted siege, a Hakka fort often also had their own sophisticated sewage systems in four different directions, such as Fort Yanyi in Longnan. Features like 'Three Up Three Down" (two-floor house with three main rooms each floor), 'Nine Wells Eighteen Halls", etc.

Crane Lake Hakka House (Longgang Hakka Folk-custom Museum) () Crane Lake Hakka House is the largest and best-preserved group of Hakka dwellings, it sits in Luoruihe Village in Longgang District, 28 km from Shenzhen's city center. Crane Lake Hakka House is a gathering place for the Luo Family that lives in the castle-style roundhouses. These houses are over 24 thousand square meters of useable space and occupy an area of 14 thousand meters. The complex is comprised of three central structures and two horizontal houses, partitioned by walls. Numerous houses, halls, room are within. The massive scale of the structures makes them unusually large compared to other Hakka roundhouses. According to records, the first generation of the Luos in Longgang built an inner wall; four guard towers, and a watchtower. Subsequent generations built the outer walls, another four guard towers, and a watchtower extending the compound. There are over 300 rooms in the roundhouse complex and houses over one thousand people. Crane Lake is one of the Shenzhen area's protected cultural units, and now functions as a Hakka Custom museum.

Fook Tet Soo Hakka Temple The Fook Tet Soo Hakka Temple, , (formerly known as Fook Tet Soo Khek Temple) in Palmer Road was built by the Hakkas and may have predated the arrival of the British in 19th century Singapore. It is the oldest Da Bo Gong temple (Tua Pek Kong) temple in Singapore, the Fook Tet Soo Hakka Temple is a rare example of a temple that has remained in its original location since its founding. The temple was built facing the sea and so was commonly known as the Sea facing Da Bo Gong temple, . Most Chinese temples came into existence on a bottom up basis in that a shrine might first be erected by a devotee either out of gratitude or to commemorate a historic event. The shrines reputation would then grow, attracting worshippers and becoming increasingly popular to the extent that when resources were available, a proper temple would be built to replace the original, modest structure.

In 1861, the Fook Tet Soo Hakka Temple underwent a major renovation funded by private individuals, social organizations and corporations including pawnshops and Chinese medical halls. After the transformations were completed, the interior of the temple was adorned with couplets and calligraphic scrolls of different periods.

Yimin Temple (Heroes Temple) The establishment of the Yimin Temple during the Qing () period is related to three people: Zhu Yigui (), Lin Shuangwen (), Dai Chaochun (). According to historical records, the Lin Shuang Wen Insurrection took place in the 51st year of the Qianlong Reign and the Qing Court could do nothing about it. Volunteer Hakka armies went in support of the Qing Court and defeated Lin Shuang Wen's army. In tracing the time of Yimin, the emperor promulgated different imperial orders, which caused the temple to have different names. For example, the Yimin temple in Xinpu () village in Hsinchu () county was called "Baozhong () Yimin Temple" because emperor Qianlong () conferred the temple with a board with the inscription "Baozhong" on it. Yimin temple in Beigang () village in Yunlin () county was called "Jingyi Ting ()" because emperor Ganlong bestowed a board with the inscription "Jingyi" on it. Chiayi Baozhong Yimin Temple In terms of worship, it follows its principal temple, but there is also change according to circumstances: the worship space, the division of alternate worship area, worship rituals, and thetransfer form of alternate worship follow the system of principal temple Hsinchu Xinpu Baozhong Yimin Temple, however, there is change according to circumstances. It is not the building of traditional temple style: It presents the influence of the political ecology in Chiayi City when the establishment of temple and the historical background for occurrence of 228 Incident.

Fangliaoyimin Temple This temple located in Hsialiao Li in Hsinpu Town is the most famous yimin temple. It is not only a place of worship for the surrounding 15 communities, but also for believers from other areas of Taiwan and other countries. The Fangliaoyimin Temple is a 3rd class heritage site. It is a 4-sided compound with 2 entrances and 2 corridors. The swallow s tail style common in most temples is also seen here. The steps leading to the entrance,the pillars,lion statues,walls and window frames are made from stone, making the compound appear grand and imposing. The wood carvings and patterns are exquisite.

Fan Family Mausoleum The Hakka people have a long history in Kuansi. In many areas,old Hakka residences and shrines have been well-preserved. The Fan family mausoleum in Pinglin is the most representative and well preserved of the areas Hakka mausoleums. This mausoleum is dedicated to the descendants of Pan Chung-yen. The main hall is in the shape of a swallows tail. On the left side are four protective dragons and on the right side are three protective dragons. The front hall is spacious. In fact the whole

mausoleum is large. From a distance it is simple in form. But, if you look closely, the carvings invoke a sense of grandeur and elegance.

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