Electronics: Mike Schmit Mentor for Team: 1351 12.14.

.13 Two parts: Basic and Intermediate Basic: Mostly theoretical (equations and the such) Sending power = energy Electronic signal != power o 1E9 times smaller Power equals stream of electrons Computer transistor = 28 nm Transistors are switches Atom: o Matter composed of atoms o Nucleus is very small o Drawings not to scale Electricity caused by free electrons o Electrons in outer band (valence) o Move from atom to atoms, cause electrical current Conductors: o Materials that permit electrons to move freely o Good conductors: copper, aluminum, zinc, gold o Usually just use copper good conductivity and cheap o Cant use anything but copper in robots o Dont use aluminum as it will break Copper lasts longer o You can also put copper in strands Cant use solid wire in robot Twisted strands is better for things that move House wiring is solid copper wire, since it doesnt move (is cheaper) Insulators: o Opposite of conductor o Electrons dont flow o Have tightly bound electrons o Good insulator: plastic, rubber, glass, ceramic Usually want wire insulator to be flexible (like rubber) o Old houses used to use knob wiring Not used as it can catch fire Current: o 1 A(mpere) = 6.24E8 electrons flowing through cross section of the wire o Letter I used in equations o Conventional current: In the first, thought charge carriers were positive

Turns out that they are negative (changes direction of the flow) Current flows in opposite of what conventional Like water flowing in river (how fast)

Voltage o Difference between electron concentration o Like electrons flowing downhill o Use V and E in math, called Volts (emf, electro-motive force) o How forcefully water is being pushed o Named after Alexander Volta o 0 Volts is like a lake (nothing is flowing) More than that is like having a dam will a hole Height difference of hole is voltage (can be forceful of trickle) o Generated in variety of ways: o Robot is 12 V o AC current is 120 Volts AC (60 Hz, changes 60 times per second) o 120 volts is root mean square (I think) Peak voltage of sine wave is ~170 Volts Resistance: o How much something resists flow of current o Measured is Ohms, use Omega o Also use R in equations o All things have a little bit of resistance Resistors: o Use codes to give resistance Ohms Law: o V=I*R o Resistor is squiggle in schematics o Short circuit = low resistance = high current = fire Work and Power: o Power = d(Work)/dt o Power = watts o P = I*V o Rate at which work is done o 15 Amps in House electricity , 120 V circuit breaker breaks at >15 A Max wattage drawn is 1800 W o Plug in outlet is parity specific Only goes in one way Seems to be a security measure o Power generated: Circle rotating produces three points of electric generation Gives o Circuit breaker is thermally sensitive Heats up and then breaks Trips means that it opens up and stops current

When breaker is in middle, it has tripped, must turn off and on o Power dissipated can be turned to heat Electrical Circuits: o Must be closed, like race track o Potentiometer: Variable resistor Can be used for reading position from robot arm, etc. Series Circuits: o Add resistivity o Same current through everything Parallel Circuits: o Harmonic sum of resistivity o Same voltage thorough everything o Used in most robots and in houses Kirchkoffs Current Law (KCL): o not covered Effect of Bad connections: o Should touch motors and board to get used to how it is supposed to be o