FUTURE BIODIESEL RESEARCH IN INDONESIA

Asian Science and Technology Seminar Jakarta, 8 March 2007

SONI SOLISTIA WIRAWAN Institute for Engineering and Technology System Design, BPPT (Engineering Center BPPT) BPPT Bldg. II, 6th Floors Jl. M.H. Thamrin 8, Jakarta, 10340 Telp : 021-3915536-37, 3168240 Fax : 021-3915535 Email address : soni@webmail.bppt.go.id http://ec.bppt.go.id

OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION
- Background - Biodiesel Contribution On Fuel Substitution (2010) - Current Biodiesel Utilization - Biodiesel Industry Stages

2. BIODIESEL R&D ACTIVITY IN INDONESIA 3. BIODIESEL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 4. FUTURE RESEARCH TOPICS 5. CONCLUSION

Background

1. INTRODUCTION

Indonesian energy is S K E M fossil A M ODEL P E N G U S Aresources H AAN P AN AS B U Mlimited I

Deteriorating air quality in major cities eg. Jakarta

Abundant Biofuel Raw Material

In recent years the popularity of biodiesel has increased dramatically in Indonesia.

GOVERNMENT POLICY ON BIOFUEL PROGRAM

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FOSSIL ENERGY RESOURCES

Around 63% of the Indonesians final energy demand is still depend on oil (more than 60% for transportation sector) (DESDM, 2005) Proven reserve of oil is about 9 billion barrels and with an average production rate of 500 million barrels per year, the reserve will be exhausted in 18 years (DESDM, 2005) Diesel fuel consumption in 2002 reached 24.2 million liters, 40% are imported (US Embassy, 2004) The increase of the international crude oil and fuel price has become a burden to the state budget, due to the subsidizing policy of fuel products. If the current crude oil price stays at around US$60 per barrel, for example, Indonesia has to provide around IDR 89 trillion just for fuel subsidy (Prihandana, 2006)
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AIR POLUTION PROBLEMS

Air quality of major cities in Indonesia has been deteriorating especially in the city of Jakarta (Wirahadikusumah, 2003). One of the main contributor of the increases of air pollutant is the transportation sector Ambient air quality monitoring results suggest that NOx , CO and THC are a serious problem in almost all areas of Jakarta. PM10 may be considered as a problem in certain areas and motor vehicles are a major contributor of NOx, PM10, CO and THC emission (more than 70% of each parameter) (Syahril et al., 2002) Implementation of International emission standard (Euro)
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BIODIESEL CONTRIBUTION ON FUEL SUBSTITUTION (2010)

FUEL
TRANSPORTATION (31,7 Million kL) ELECTRICITY (7,6 Million kL) KEROSENE (10 Million kL)

3,8 Million kL PREMIUM (18,529Million kL) 1,85 Million kL ADO/SOLAR (12,4 Million kL)

1 Million kL

4,8 Million kL 1,24 Million kL

BIOETANOL

BIODIESEL

BIO OIL

RAW MATERIAL
CASSAVA 11 Million tons MOLASSES 600 Million tons PALM OIL 30,2 Million tons JATROPHA OIL 3,84 MIllion tons
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CURRENT BIODIESEL UTILIZATION

National Biodiesel Standard No. SNI 04-7182-2006 has been issued regulation of B10 has been issued by the Directorate General Oil and Gas PERTAMINA has been formally selling B5 with the trade name BIOSOLAR
Projected BIOSOLAR and FAME demand estimation In million KL
Projected BIOSOLAR market penetration Region Sumatera Medan, Pekanbaru, Palembang, Lampung 2006 0.00 2007 1.15 2008 2.30 2009 4.00 2010 5.20

Obstacles : Biodiesel producer : Limited number of current biodiesel (FAME) producers which could met the requirement (fuel grade standard, production capacity, experience, product continuity) Price : FAME price is tend to increase and passing the MOPS price ( eg. price of FAME at 10 August 2006 = 108% price of Gas Oil MOPS) Biodiesel still classified as other fuel which is not include in the subsidized fuel category (Price of biodiesel is economical prize and must compete with subsidized conventional fossil diesel fuel)

Java DKI +Jabotabek, Bandung, West Java, East Java + Bali

1.08

4.60

9.20

13.80

15.60

Sulawesi Kalimantan Papua/Maluku

0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00

1.00 1.00 0.20

1.60 2.50 0.78

Projected BIOSOLAR and FAME demand estimation Consumption BIOSOLAR FAME 2006 1.08 0.05 2007 5.75 0.29 2008 11.5 0.58 2009 20 1.00 2010 25.68 1.28

Source : Pertamina, 2006

BIODIESEL INDUSTRY STAGES

Plantation Production
Transportation Blending Retail End Customer

Transportation

Transportation Industry Downstream Upstream

CHALLENGES :
Finding technology (for each stages) which could get more competitive biodiesel fuel price
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2. BIODIESEL R&D ACTIVITY IN INDONESIA

1996, LEMIGAS (Oil and Gas Institute), in cooperation with Pertamina (a state own oil company), has tested biodiesel blended with automotive diesel oil (ADO) at a ratio of 30:70 for commercial diesel engine vehicle in 1996 (Legowo, 2005). Currently, Lemigas specializes in the testing methods for biodiesel fuel properties. ITB (Bandung Institute of Technology) has focused its research and development on macroeconomic studies of biodiesel, developing technology for jatropha oil extraction and its conversion to methyl ester. The institute is also focusing on standardization of fuels and on diesel engine test series. The pilot scale biodiesel plant with the capacity of 150 L product per batch was developed by ITB.

 Department of Agriculture has worked on biodiesel for several years. Its BB-Mektan (Agricultural Mechanization Research Center) has tested the performance of various blending of biodiesel and ADO on the 5.5 KW stationary diesel engines (Handaka and Agung Hendriardi, 2005). PPKS Medan has also carried out research on biodiesel production from palm oil. In cooperation with ITB, they have conducted road test Java-Sumatra in 2004 which covered a total distance of 2,020 km (Reksowardojo et al., 2005). IPB (Bogor Institute of Agriculture, BPPT Biotechnology Center, Puslitbangbun (Center for Plantation Research and Development, Department of Agriculture) now have actively research in the field of farming technology.

On Farm Technology (Biotech Center BPPT)

Biotech Center BPPT has developed another method of vegetative propagation on some woody plant, including Jatropha curcas, which is known as ex vitro culture. This method adopted the in vitro
micropropagation system outside glass vessels. In this method, rooting was induced directly from the apical shoots of plants, after some treatments, and then producing new plantlets. The plantlet derived from this method can directly acclimatize into the green house. Using this method, the plantlets can be produced in larger number compare to conventional stem cuttings. The ex vitro propagation is a relatively low-cost and simple method to propagate the plant with the same quality as the plantlet produced from in vitro micropropagation.

Fig. 1. Cutting of apical shoots; rooting after day-7

Fig. 2. Net house which covering 65% of sun light

Fig. 3. Plantlet with perfect rooting

Fig. 4. Jatropha plantlets ready for planting in the field

Refining and Processing Technology

(Engineering Center BPPT)
2001 2002 2003

Lab scale biodiesel production (400 L)

Engineering design and fabrication of 1.5 ton/day capacity biodiesel plant (Modularised, skid mounted and movable)

2006

2004

Source : Lurgi

Basic Design and Engineering of Biodiesel Plant Cap. 30.000 ton/year

EPC of Biodiesel Pilot Plant l Capacity of 3 ton/day

EPC of Biodiesel Pilot, Capacity of 8 ton/hari

QUALITY PRODUCT TESTING

(Engineering Center BPPT)
2001
PRODUCTION AND PROCESS OPTIMATION PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TEST PRODUK MEET NATIONAL STANDARD

2006

Variation of raw material: CPO standard (FFA < 5 %) CPO off grade (FFA 520%) Waste CPO (FFA 20-70 %) PFAD, CFAD (FFA > 70 %) RBDPO RBDPS Used Cooking Oil Jatropha Oil

COMMERCIAL

PERFORMANCE TEST

ROAD TEST

2005 2002

2005

SOCIALIZATION

Refining and Processing Technology

(Other Institutions)

ITB (Bandung Institute of Technology), 150l/batch

Engineering Center BPPT : 8 tons/day Biodiesel pilot plant Location:Pangkalan Baru, Kab. Kampar, Riau

Refining and Processing Technology Jathropa Curcas (Jatropha Oil Extraction Plant)
Milling Units Cap. 100 kg seed/hr (Enginering Center BPPT)

Degumming Tank

Jatropha Oil Product

Clean Oil

ITB, Jathropa Curcas Milling Units

Filter Press
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3. BIODIESEL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Biodiesel = diesel fuel which contents of methyl/ethyl esters from fatty acids Common reaction :
Glycerides/ + Fatty Acids Methanol/ Ethanol Methyl/Ethyl Ester + Glycerol of Fatty Acids 25 80 C (Biodiesel)
catalyst

Palm Oil Coconut Oil Palm Kernel Oil Animal fat Jatropha Oil Moringa/Kelor Seed Oil Etc.

Natural Oil from Indonesia

Biodiesel product depend on raw material and process quality

BIODIESEL PRODUCT QUALITY IS DEPEND ON RAW MATERIAL AND PROCESS QUALITY

Cetane number, iodine number, cloud point : depend on the fatty acid composition of each raw material Kinematic viscosity, Flash point , Acid number, Ester content, Free glycerol, Total glycerol, Phosphorous content, Sulfur content, Ash content (sulfated ash), and Water and sediment :depend on the processing quality level

BIODIESEL PRODUCTION :
CATALYTIC PROCESS (Low Pressure, Low Temperature, Alkaline Catalyst, Acid Catalyst, Enzymatic) NON-CATALYTIC PROCESS High Pressure, High temperature Low Pressure, High temperature

THE CURRENT BIODIESEL PROCESSING IN INDONESIA :

CATALYTIC PROCESS (Low Pressure, Low Temperature) using Alkaline and Acid Catalyst Basic Consideration : Easier to be handled by operator on minimum requirement skill Can be constructed in small up to medium capacity (< 15 ton/day) High domestic local content

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4. FUTURE RESEARCH TOPICS

On Farm Technology (high quality seeding, higher land productivity and various aspects in the plantation) Characterization of Indonesian indigenous biodiesel raw materials to meet the standardized biodiesel product. Stability test for biodiesel (methyl esters) made of Indonesian Indigenous raw materials Biodiesel additive for pour point depressant Application of Membrane for biodiesel purification Material compatibility test for engine component using biodiesel blend (BXX) up to B100 High performance reactor (consistent product quality, reliable and cost effective in production (Lower methanol loss and Lower usage of catalyst)) Glycerol processing to produce more valuable product Integration of Biodiesel Plant, Oil Mill, Biomass Power plant, Methanol plant
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Characterization of Indonesian indigenous biodiesel raw materials to meet the standardized biodiesel product.
Indonesia has more than 40 fatty-oil producing plant species Objective : to obtain the characteristic of those raw materials To select the suitable process to convert them into methyl esters to meet the biodiesel standard To assess the degree of economic feasibility for each raw material

ABUNDANT (BIODIESEL) RAW MATERIAL

Name Randu alas Seminai Siur (-siur) Tengkawang. Terindak Bidaro Bintaro Bulangan Cerakin/Kroton Kampis Kemiri cina Nagasari (gede) Sirsak Srikaya Latin name Bombax malabaricum Madhuca utilis Xanthophyllum lanceatum Isoptera borneensis Ximenia Americana Cerbera manghas/odollam Gmelina asiatica Croton tiglium Hernandia peltata Aleurites trisperma Mesua ferrea Annona muricata Annona squamosa Oil Source Biji Inti biji Biji Inti biji Inti biji Biji Biji Inti biji Biji Inti biji Biji Inti biji Biji Content, %-b kr 18 26 50 57 35 40 45 70 49 61 43 64 ? 50 60 ? ? 35 50 20 30 15 20 P / NP NP P P P NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP

Note : kr dry; P edible fat/oil, NP nonedible fat/oil. (Source, Soerawidjaja, 2005)

ABUNDANT (BIODIESEL) RAW MATERIAL

Name Jarak pagar Sawit Kapok/randu Kelapa Kecipir Kelor Kusambi Nimba Saga utan Akar kepayang Gatep pait Kepoh Ketiau Nyamplung Latin name Jatropha curcas Elais guineensis Ceiba pentandra Cocos nucifera Psophocarpus tetrag. Moringa oleifera Sleichera trijuga Azadirachta indica Adenanthera pavonina Hodgsonia macrocarpa Samadera indica Sterculia foetida Madhuca mottleyana Callophyllum inophyllum Oil Source Inti biji Sabut + dg buah Biji Daging buah Biji Biji Daging biji Daging biji Inti biji Biji Biji Inti biji Inti biji Inti biji Content, %-b kr 40 60 45-70 + 46-54 24 40 60 70 15 20 30 49 55 70 40 50 14 28 65 35 45 55 50 57 40 73 P / NP NP P NP P P P NP NP P P NP NP P NP

Note : kr dry; P edible fat/oil, NP nonedible fat/oil. (Source, Soerawidjaja, 2005)

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Stability test for biodiesel (methyl esters) made of Indonesian Indigenous raw materials
JAMA (Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association) representative has shown that problems were found in the automobile components that have contact with the fuel, related to the fuels stability Such biodiesel tests however have never been conducted thoroughly on biodiesel derived from Palm oil or Jatropha Curcas Oil. It is necessary to carry out such test to further ensure biodiesel customers and to maintain the infant biodiesel program in Indonesia Objective : to obtain the stability of the biodiesel derived from indigenous raw materials against the factors such as storage, oxidation, temperature and humidity to find alternative measures such as suitable anti oxidants to maintain its stability, as well as economic feasibility providing such measures
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INTEGRATED BIODIESEL PLANT

BIOMASS GASIFICATION

Biogas Plant
BIOMASS BIOGAS PLANT

APR PROCESS

METHANOL PLANT

GLYCERINE PURIFICATION

TBS PLANTATION PALM OIL MILL

CPO BIODIESEL PLANT

High Quality Biodiesel Product

Empty Bunch

Biomass (boiler) Power Plant

CATALYST RECOVERY

Shell

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5. CONCLUSION
In recent years the popularity of biodiesel has increased dramatically in Indonesia. Limited number of biodiesel producer, price of raw material and biodiesel still classified as other fuel are the main obstacles in the utilization of biodiesel commercially Challenges : To obtain the technology (for each stages : from raw material preparation, processing, storage, transportation) which could get more competitive biodiesel fuel price Current development :
Catalytic process :Low Pressure, low Temperature, using Alkaline and Acid Catalyst Raw material : CPO, RBDPO, PFAD, Jatropha curcas, coconut, CFAD, used cooking oil Small up to medium capacity plant (3.000 t/y constructed, 30.000 t/y)

Future Research Topics :

On Farm Technology To find other alternatif biodiesel raw material other than palm, jatropha and coconut Biodiesel stability test High quality and performance biodiesel product (high CN, low pour point, additive) Application of Membrane for biodiesel purification Material compatibility test for engine component using biodiesel blend (BXX) up to B100 High performance reactor (low cost production, low methanol, low catalyst, shorter time reaction) Glycerol processing to produce more valuable product Integration of Biodiesel Plant, Oil Mill, Biomass Power plant, Methanol plant

END

Thank You.