While teaching Ruth Brummund's method of uranian astrology with her assistance, students approached me with the question

of why solar returns were excluded. Ru th's response included the standard comment of how an efficient methodology for daily astrological practice requires determining and abandoning marginally-funct ional methodologies. Many, including myself, had previously used solar returns f or years with quite satisfactory results. Overall, however, there are other ways of doing things, and just as techniques vary, so do their outcomes. Ruth asked me why I need solar returns when there are solar arc directions along with compa risons/synastry between the Universal Chart (Capricorn solar ingress) with the n atal chart. This set me to thinking, and to investigate and then reflect, and I set about to test the other way that Ruth recommended, to see what the outcomes were. I needed to think before blindly perpetuating habit, and be open to diffe rent ideas and techniques, for maximum results. What is needed is a pragmatic de cision based on observation of results rather than partisan or doctrinaire react ion. Thus, I compared solar returns with Universal/winter-solstice chart synastry/com parison and arc directions, and reflected on their technical origins and cyclica l implications. Such considerations and reflections are common in much of the ur anian astrology literature, yet often overlooked in mainstream astrology, as wel l as among astrologers who use uranian midpoint methods as a marginal adjunct to mainstream classical methods rather than as the core of their astrological meth odology. To keep with the original spirit of Witte's and the Kepler Circle's ast rology, one tests and verifies methods for relative efficacy rather than just pa rroting idolized authorities. The astrologer needs to make choices of technique based on results shown, rather than simple replication of predecessors, if credi ble and functional techniques are to result. Ruth had also reminded me that arc directions are indicators of how the potential already in the natal chart manife sts dynamically throughout one's life -- directions are the natal positions move d forward in time. Whether arc directions are 'symbolic' or not is left up to de bate, and both Alfred Witte and Ludwig Rudolph wrote on this issue, as did Joha nnes Kepler centuries ago, no doubt among others. One translation of Kepler's wr itings on this topic, presented by Dorian Greenbaum and J Cornelia Linde, was pu blished in Culture and Cosmos journal in 2010, and Witte and Rudolph echoed the same idea in the 20th century, while many of today's astrologers overlook an iss ue that may add a new dimension of understanding of the technical reasons for wh at we often describe as 'symbolic' methods. Back to the main point... solar returns are the personal, subjective 'new year' that starts on/near one's birthday when our Sun returns to the original degree-m inute-second position at time of birth -- i.e. the actual transits at that speci fic point in time -- and per earlier popular advocate Alexander Volguine, most u seful when compared to the natal positions rather than used alone as an independ ent chart. Volguine's view on natal/solar-return comparison versus independent s olar return chart is still debated, reminding us that the idea that the choice a mong reliable/verifiable techniques is based on what your objective is. Each sou nd and verified method may be valid in its own way, and we choose which seems mo st effective for our objectives. (And in testing solar returns, look at both pre cessed [sidereal-based/-adjusted] and non-precessed [tropical] returns to compar e the pertinence of indicators.) Some astrological authors have rooted their id eas in such pragmatic testing and critical thinking to varying degrees; while ot hers seek primarily to 'preserve traditions' of 'the authorities of yore' rather than test their relative efficacy, or have replicated tradition unthinkingly. The same can and has occurred in other sciences, contributing to mindless parrot ing and even disconnection from evolving and current realities in a world that r eally changes, constantly in fact -- where people sometimes wear names and label s of idolized authority figures rather than speak from experience in practical t esting/application and demonstration in practical examples. Universal Chart (Capricorn solar ingress/Winter Solstice) comparisons to the nat

al chart, in contrast with natal/solar-return comparisons, and in line with thei r astronomical significance, describe how the individual relates to objective pu blic realities of the universal public solar year rather than stages of relative ly internal personal development during the personal solar year based on one's b irthday. Determining which is more important is based on what you want to study and base your prognoses on. For example, is the person you are reading for more focused on personal internal development and self-discovery issues primarily, or more on social/transpersonal/mundane issues? Should a client's age, psychologi cal maturity, or professional condition, be considered in making a choice betwee n the two, if indeed both methods are not used? Setting speculative theory, philosophizing, and sheepish replication aside, you can test the method out, in application, and see the results, and should probabl y do so, as with any and all methods, if you are to feel truly confident in, and competent with, the results. In other words, don't take anyone else's word on a technique, but instead see for yourself if and how it works. Johannes Kepler ge nerally did not parrot and blindly believe, but skeptically tested each method t o see the validity for himself before proceeding, and he did that centuries ago, when independent thought was rare and perhaps a rare luxury in an era of margin al social literacy and relatively minimal access to literature. And while the co nclusions in his writings may reflect the limitations of access to information, and of the substantially different social, political, and cultural/ideological r ealities of the century and culture he lived in, the core principle of a rationa l scientific approach to astrology is relatively timeless and is perhaps more pe rtinent and needed today than ever, and should of course be practiced with ethic al implications in mind, as should each and every science. (This does not mean s ubmission to astrolophobic skeptics on a mission to bash and discredit astrology to satisfy their dysfunctional unresolved sadistic urges or other psychological insecurities.) The Universal comparison method points to the objective consensu s Winter Solstice rather than the subjective individual's birthday as the seed-p oint for a new but different cycle, both of them valid in their own way. Use of the Universal/ingress comparison becomes personalized by its relationship/synast ry between the natal chart and the solstice/universal chart, in effect reading t he transits at the starting point of the astronomically-defined new year as an i ndicator of the full year to come. Interestingly, the closer one is born to the Winter Solstice, the more similar t he planetary positions will be to those of the personal solar return -- saying s omething about Sagittarius and Capricorn Sun people and their inner attunement t o social realities based on a Winter-solstice derived calendar. Does this correl ate with the social facility and general popularity of Sagittarius, and/or the f requent social successes and status of Capricorn, in general, because of such na tural attunement to the universal winter-solstice-as-new-year-seed cycle -- wher e Sagittarius seeks an overview of the implications of past experience, while Ca pricorn tends to start building on what has preceded it? If you have not tested the method already, start with the last completed year if you are doing this ar ound New Year, or with the current year if enough of it has past to see the corr elations, and you may find the results quite remarkable. (Here to point out that the choice between Tropical and Sidereal zodiac is optional, and one should cle arly considere that the two zodiacs will probably no longer have the same signif icance. Some primarily midpoint/uranian astrologers abandon signs altogether, ot her than to measure planetary longitude, to avoid this debate and because method s of thorough use of midpoints is considered by some uranian astrologers to repl ace sign interpretation with more specific indicators that make use of signs or even houses seem relatively vague and less specific, although not to the extreme point of being prescriptive or 'pre-ordained' and without latitude for free-wil l options.) If you are an astrologer of any school/method/sort with regular repeat-clients, you may notice or point out how useful a New Year's Universal chart comparison r

eading can be before envisioning feasible New Year resolutions focused on dealin g with objective global/social probabilities as indicated astrologically. Such readings may be increasingly useful as we move further into a more globally-inte rdependent and globally-interactive society. It does not necessarily mean you ne ed to 'ditch' solar return readings, unless you want to -- nor does it mean that solar returns are more useful in every way than arc direction or universal char t comparison readings. These are methodological issues up for exploration among those astrologers who are still defining their own personal methodology for dai ly practice, and for those who are looking for other ways of refining and upgrad ing their existing personal methodology. Nor does use of universal/ingress compa risons mean that psychological factors in the comparisons are irrelevant and dis placed by material considerations; rather, the psychological factors might be mo re geared to socio-psychological considerations. As in any field of study, there are various methods and approaches available. So me techniques still in pop circulation and pop books and mags/rags are marginal in terms of unreliability and vagueness,and sometimes still based in centuries o ld analyses that excluded all planets except Sun through Saturn -- and so had to find something else, often based on assumed and often-debated and questionable planetary 'rulerships' to fill in empty space or houses now known to be occupied by since-discovered additional planets, asteroids, and significant nodes or bar ycenters that are measurable with relative precision and shown to have consisten t reliable significance in interpretation. But, because astrology is today still not always approached as a science, and some prefer to see it as an 'ancient ar t' like pottery or painting, such questions and ambiguities remain open and unre solved. As with all astrology, the smart astrologer will test each method s/he uses via feedback from family, friends, or clients -- rather than buying a brand name or idolizing methods or individual astrologers religiously. As in every field of pr ofessional study, theoretical or partisan dogmatism in astrology is not only as ridiculous and sophomoric as it is in entry-level academics... but it cripples t he evolutionary advancement of astrology by abandonding critical scientific inqu iry and replacing it with dogma-parroting and tea-party-style name-dropping guru -type astrology for sheep, oversimplified, or accompanied by dazzling conference displays of trivial gadgetry or clever quips that produce entertaining or mesme rizing momentary stage presentations, but little to no functional outcome once t he show is over. In any case, reliable astrology in 2014 remains in need of prioritization of met hods, to increase its credibility, and a greater willingness to test still-debat ed astrological methods at very least via simple research projects. It is also i n need of reviewing previous research for its validity and practical implication s, even if it means abandoning nostalgically cherished notions. There also remai ns a need to not assume that truth is to be found primarily in the books and wri tings of yesteryear, particularly as the world is now changing so rapidly as the ice-caps melt, the coasts and rivers rise, the wind and ocean currents and weat her change erratically, technology evolves dynamically, sciences and ideo-cultur al systems merge, and the global ship's compass needle vacillates with each new and changing day. The planets and stars, ironically, remain, overall, relativel y stable and predictable in their movement, while mundane realities at hand seem relatively quixotic, remembering that astrology measures the movement of planet s and other astronomical factors through space, only referenced to how they appe ar to be from the vantage point of our beautiful planet Earth. If you have not done so already, I invite you to study the impact of the Universal/Winter solst ice/ingress chart on you own natal chart, as well as on those of family, friends , and/or clients. The comparison could serve as a useful pathfinder for each New Year that so many of us celebrate on January 1. It's no doubt been done by othe rs before us, and the method, by its astronomical definition, puts our lives in context of the astronomically-defined world all around us, as viewed and experie

nced from Earth, here and now.