Professional Documents
Culture Documents
May 29, 2013 | Author: Jannatul Ferdous | Posted in Export Performance Table of Contents
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1.1 Origin of The Report 1.2 Objectives of the study 1.3 Methodology 1.4 Scope of the study 1.5 Limitations of the study: 2.1 History of the Company (Envoy Group). 2.2 Product Quality: 2.3 The project purposes and designs 2.4 Product Mix and Production Capacity: 2.5 Raw materials 2.6 Management & Organization: 3.1 Introduction
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3.2 Statement of Research Problem: 3.3 Ready Made Garments Export Condition in Brief: 3.4 Bangladesh: Special Feature (Limitations) 3.4.1 The External Threats 3.4.2 Competitor:
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3.5 Bangladesh economy to grow at 6 percent despite key challenges: IMF 3.6 The Conference of LDCs: 3.7 The products of LDCs: low-price garments in a higher-quality market: 3.8 Govt. trying to overcome problems in RMG sector: 3.9 Bangladesh made faster economic growth: 3.10 The Fastest Growing Export Sector of the Country
3.11 Statement of the current Export data of Readymade Garments of Bangladesh. 4.1 Yarn/Thread Manufacturing Process: 4.2 Fabrics Manufacturers
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4.2.1 Knitted Fabric: 4.2.2 Types o knitted fabrics: 4.3.1 Garments Making:
4.3 Fabric Dyeing and Finishing Unit: 4.4 Garments Quality control flow chart 4.5 Garments Planning:
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Methodology
Envoy group @ global-bd.net Booklets and Brochures of BATEXPO 2005 held on 29 October 2006. Expolitz.com Garments-Bangladesh (Date as of September 1988). www.bgmea.com bangladeshgarments.info News letter o BGMEA issue March 2007. www.google.com Bangladesh country paper on Ready Made Garments Industry of Bangladesh. Presented by: Md. Hossain Ali, Economic Consultant the Dhaka Chamber of Commerce and Industry. BBC NEWS World south Asia Bangladesh garments aim to compete.htm
International Trade forum-The quarterly magazine of the International Trade Centre Textiles and Garments.htm.
From the beginning to end the study has been conducted with the indentation of making it is a complete and truthful one. However many problems appeared in the way of conducting the study. During the study it was not possible to visit the whole area covered by the company although the financial statements and other information regarding the study have been consider. The study considers followings limitations:
All the department of corporate office was not physically visited. All the concerns personnel of the company have not been interviewed.
I have been assigned to perform my internship program Head Office and Nadia complex of Envoy Group in this office export related works are not practiced. This is why acquiring practical knowledge about export activities was not consummated.
Phone-7217403, 7214912, 7217410 E-mail: envoy@bdonline.com Factory: Nadia Complex 44, New Eskaton, Dhaka. Envoy Garments Ltd 400-A, Khilgoan Chowdhurypara, Dhaka. Manta Apparels Ltd. Jamgar, Yearpur, Saver, Dhaka. Employees: Buyers Name& Agent: 1. KohlsLi & Fung. 2. Wranglar -BF Asia. 3. Caree ForeBureav Varitas. Product Name: Shirts, Pants, Denim pants & Shirts etc. 10,000.
Product Quality:
In the export market supply of quality product is considered to be prime determinant for successful marketing of the product. It is generally believed that the buyers do not sacrifice quality for the sake of price. As such, quality of the product must be ensured to compete in the export market. The sponsors of the company to remain always conscious about the quality, design etc. of fabrics. To produce quality fabrics they are required to use proper imported and local raw materials, right -type machinery and to employ experienced and skilled personnel. The quality control section of the project must be equipped with the required and necessary quality control equipment so that at every stage of production quality of the product may be ensured; otherwise, it may difficult for the project to penetrate their product successfully in the international market unless quality is not maintained properly.
Envoy Group setting up a Composite Textile Industries consists of Knitting unit, Fabric Dyeing Finishing unit and Garments unit. The project will produce Knitted Fabric, beached Dyed finished Fabrics and Knitwear apparels like as T-Shirt and polo-Shirt in Garments section. The project has most modem and sophisticated machinery in the section of knitting for producing quality fabrics, most modern and sophisticated machinery also included in the dyeing finishing unit to produce quality product. Finally the fabrics will be using in the garments unit to produce T-Shirt, Polo-shirt and high value knit wear.
The annual attainable capacity of the proposed project based on three shift operation for Knitting section & Dyeing and Finishing section and one shift operation for Garments section per day and working for 300 days in a year. The annual saleable product of the proposed project based on three-shift operation per day of 8(eight) hours each shift and working for 300 days in a year both for Knitting and Dyeing & Finishing unit and Garments section is 10 hours per day at 100% capacity.
Raw materials
The project will be a Composite unit consisting Knitting unit, Fabric dyeing & finishing unit and Garments unit. The product of spinning unit i.e. 2411, 26/1 & 30/1 combed or iMU/Iy.un 1* thf kisif uw material for knitting unit, Various kinds of Dyos and Chemicals like as Reactive Dyes, Salt, Caustic Soda, Soda ash, Wax, Hydrogen Per-Oxide, Detergent, Softener agent etc will be the basic raw material for its fabric dyeing and Finishing unit, which will be imported. The Dyed and Bleached fabrics are the basic raw materials of its Garments unit, which will be received from its dyeing and finishing unit.
Sources of data:
This study covered two types of data, which are:
Primary data:
Primary data will be collected through a structured questionnaire, constructed specially for this report.
Secondary data:
Going through different documents like as- Nadia complex, Envoy Textile Ltd, company yearly reports, BGMEA reports and by the others are the sources of secondary data.
percent of Bangladeshs garment exportsbegan imposing quotas on Bangladeshi garments, one category at a time. Bangladeshi manufacturers, working with the government, organized with remarkable speed and efficiency to adapt to changing conditions. They policed themselves to stay within quotas, allocating production quotas according to equitable criteria, and began diversifying their production into categories where there were not yet quotas: for example, cotton trousers, knitwear, dresses, and gloves. After a period of adjustment, during which some of the least well-established firms closed and workers were laid off, the industry began stabilizing, and growth continued at a more moderate pace. Exports in FY 1986 rose another 14 percent, to US$131 million, and prospects were good for continued growth at about that rate. The ready-made garment industry in Bangladesh is not the outgrowth of traditional economic activities but emerged from economic opportunities perceived by the private sector in the late 1970s. Frustrated by quotas imposed by importing nations, such as the United States, entrepreneurs and managers from other Asian countries set up factories in Bangladesh, benefiting from even lower labor costs than in their home countries, which offset the additional costs of importing all materials to Bangladesh. Bangladesh-origin products met quality standards of customers in North America and Western Europe, and prices were satisfactory. Business flourished right from the start; many owners made back their entire capital investment within a year or two and thereafter continued to realize great profits. Some 85 percent of Bangladeshi production was sold to North American customers, and virtually overnight Bangladesh became become the sixth largest supplier to the North American market. After foreign businesses began building a ready-made garment industry, Bangladeshi capitalists appeared, and a veritable rush of them began to organize companies in Dhaka, Chittagong, and smaller towns, where basic garmentsmens and boys cotton shirts, womens and girls blouses, shorts, and baby clotheswere cut and assembled, packed, and shipped to customers overseas (mostly in the United States). With virtually no government regulation, the number of firms proliferated; no definitive count was available, but there were probably more than 400 firms by 1985, when the boom was peaking. After just a few years, the ready-made garment industry employed more than 30, 00,000 people. According to some estimates, about 80 percent were women, never previously in the industrial work force. Many of them were woefully underpaid and worked under harsh conditions. The net benefit to the Bangladeshi economy was only a fraction of export receipts, since virtually all materials used in garment manufacture were imported; practically all the value added in Bangladesh was from labor. Countrys RMG producers have been steadily moving towards high value sophisticated items like high quality suits, jackets, branded jeans items, embroidered ladies wear etc. They are now producing a wide range of garments items and have expanded their market worldwide. Increasing at the rate of 27% per year over the. Last several years, utilizing quota and diversifying their products into non-quota items, the country presently holds 6th largest apparel exporter status in the USA while 51h largest in the European Union (EU).
Japan has been a very quality conscious market in the world. Bangladesh very recently has proved itself to be prospective in RMG export to Japan also. In 1994-95, export of RMG to Japan from Bangladesh jumped up to US$ 5.61 million or by 168% of the previous years. It shows that the apparel producers are gradually catching up with quality requirement of the buyers in the international market. WE followed by EU led the major share of the countrys RMG export market from the very beginning. But during 1995, EU overtook the US. Among countries in EU, Germany has been topping the list over last several years followed by UK, France, Italy and The Netherlands. In 1995, Germany imported apparels worth US$ 317.86 million against US$ 245.39 million in 1994. Only Shirts and Tshirts that Germany imported in 1995 were worth US$ 202.36 million. As single country, however, US have been the highest apparel importing country for Bangladesh.
Phasing Out of MFA: It seems that the phenomenal growth of RMG exports from Bangladesh has become a threat to its powerful competitors. Naturally, they (the competitors) are preparing to snatch away the markets from Bangladesh with aggressive and innovative business strategies. They will certainly take advantages of the new provisions included in the final Acts of Uruguay Round. One such provision is the phasing out of the MFA. Before we can answer the question whether the phasing out of MFA will be a threat to Bangladesh, we need to understand the origin and meaning of MFA (Multiform Agreement). The GATT did not originally include textile and apparel industries in its principles of MFN (Most Favored Nation). The Uruguay Round (UR) decided to integrate textile and RMG industries into GATT system. As is well known, GATT/WTO prohibits not only unjustified tariff barriers but all forms of non-tariff barriers including imposition of quota. In sixties, while GATT principles prohibited discrimination between the trading partners, it allowed certain exceptions to GATT principles on the ground of fairness. Such an exception is WA. To achieve this goal, a special provision known as MFA was instituted. Under the MFA provisions, GATT allowed the USA and other importers of RMG to impose quota restrictions. The MFA has been in place since 1974. Later on when trade liberalization policy started riding high, the arguments for phasing out the MFA were put foreword by those countries which were hurt by it. Other Non-Tariff Barriers: The final Acts of the Uruguay round (UR) negotiations expanded, integrated and strengthened the GATT principles of reducing / eliminating all forms of trade barriers with a view to increase world trade. It is easier to identify and remove trade restrictive tariff barriers because they take so many and such subtle forms that. Multilateral negotiators face more disagreement than agreement on their definitions. For example, customs evaluation procedures suitable in a particular country may be interpreted as deliberately created non-tariff barriers by its trading partners. Similarly, there is a scope for misinterpretations of subsidies given to exporters by the respective government. The child labor, environmental and human right issues are also susceptible to similar misinterpretation.
Quota System: For decades the worlds garment trade has been governed by a system of quotas. It limited the amount efficient countries like China could export to the big markets of the United States and Europe. The original intention was to protect the garment industries in the West. But the effect was to guarantee less developed countries like Bangladesh a slice of the trade. Quotas were abolished from 1 January 2005. Retailers are now free to buy from whatever country can make garments for the lowest price. It could mean cheaper clothes for consumers but the pain will be felt in slums in the developing world.
Competitor:
Competition has become intense in the garment industry at present. Garment industry is emerging rapidly in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and Korea in Asia. Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Sri Lanka have found the garment industry more attractive to develop their economy from 70s decade. Vietnam has become a potential entrant in garment industry throughout the world. Threat from Various Regional Organizations (Such as NAFTA, EEC, EFTA, etc.) The trend of the modern world is regionalism to strengthen the economy of the member countries through cooperation. North American Free Trade Association has been signed recently and the main initiator of NAFTA is the USA, who is the main buyer of garment from Bangladesh. According to the treaty of NAFTA, USA will invest its domestic resources to develop their economy by using 60% of their own raw materials through utilizing the low cost labor of Mexico. So, it is a potential threat to the garment industry of Bangladesh. On the other hand, EC countries have already declared a single currency for European Common Market called ECU (European Currency Unit) to protect the interest of the member countries through cooperation. This sort of protectionism is great threat to the garment industry of Bangladesh, because Germany, Britain, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Italy, etc. are buyers of the garment of Bangladesh.
Scarcity of Raw Materials: There is no alternative of ample supply of raw materials in order to become self sufficient in any industry. The raw materials of the garment industry of Bangladesh are foreign dependent. Bangladesh has to import raw materials of garments from abroad in order to process it in Bangladesh. About 70% of garment export income has to be spent for the raw materials. Moreover, the export and import policy of Bangladesh is very weak. So, the scarcity of raw materials for the garment industry in Bangladesh is a great threat. Political Instability: Bangladesh is not a stable country politically. Political instability is a great threat for any industry of our country. Frequent strikes and hartals are great obstacles for the growth of any industry. The production cost increases and productivity decreases because of frequent hartals and strikes. Garment producers cannot keep their contract with buyers because of hartals and strikes. Hartals and strikes have become a common phenomenon of Bangladesh.
estimate in June that said the economy was recovering from devastating floods last summer and had coped well in textile exports deposit the loss of quotas that opened up competition with larger rivals Such as China and India. The international textile quota system, known as the Multifibre Arrangement, was abolished at the end of December 2004 prompting predictions that as many as one million jobs would be lost in Bangladesh. In the year to June 2004, Bangladesh exported goods worth 7.56 billion dollars with textiles accounting for 75 percent. Looking forward, (the IMF) underscored that Bangladesh faces the key challenges of accelerating growth and maintaining macroeconomic stability while overcoming the potentially significant impact of the MFA phase-out the IMF said.
products. In 1999, it was by far the largest single LDC exporter of finished, woven fabrics with 85% cotton or more, weighing up to 200 g/m2.
This process makes the silver smoother so more uniform yarns can be produced. The drawing or pulling of this sliver is next. Cotton trivia khaki is derived from a Hindu word that means dust color. Originally, khaki referred to a dull yellow-brown cotton or wool uniform fabric used for its camouflage effect. The sliver is drawn out to a thinner strand and given a slight twist to improve strength, and then wound on bobbins (spools wound with the thread like product for storage). Having completed this process. It is now called roving. The roving bobbins are now ready for the spinning process. Spinning is the last process in yarn manufacturing. Todays mills draw and twist the roving into yearn and place it on bobbins. They do this quite efficiently. A large, modern mill can produce enough yarn of thread in 30 days to wrap around the earth 23000 times or go to and return from the moon 235 times. With the use of automatic winding, the yarn bobbins are transferred to large bobbins called cheese cones can be stored until they are needed in the weaving process. The weaving process uses yarn that, depending on how it lies in the woven goods. This yarn may now be either a warp or a weft yam. Warp refers to yarns that run lengthwise in woven goods. In preparation of warp yarns for weaving, hundreds of yarn strands are wound from cheese cones onto a large warp beam. Yearns on this beam are then coated with a sizing compound (a starch mixture) to add strength for weaving. The sized yarns are then wound onto a loom beam that will be placed on the loom (a machine used to interlace yarns to from cloth). Weft is the yarn that runs crosswise in woven goods and may be referred to as filling yarn. Sizing is not placed on weft because flexibility is needed in the weaving process. In todays most modern mills, the weft is fed into the loom from cheese cones with air-jets at such a high speed that its movement cannot be seen. The woven cloth from the loom, called green or grey, is whitish but has a natural yellow tint. This cloth is further treated by various means to improve its appearance and feel, and then either bleached, dyed or printed to produce the fabrics used in various products seen on store shelves. There are three basic weaves that are used. The plain weave, the most common, is produced by passing the weft yarn over and under each warp yarn, alternating each row. This is used for cotton print cloth, sheeting, muslin and more. The twill weave is produced by interlacing yarns in an angle to form straight, diagonal ridges across the fabric. The satin weave, has a surface that consists mostly or warp yarn which is passed over and under all but one weft yarn that intersects in a regular or irregular formatting, not a straight line. This weave produces a fabric with a smooth surface. It is used for upholstery, home decorating and fashionable apparel. Knitting is another method of turning yarn into fabric. Knit fabric is constructed of yarns made into loops (stitches) which are linked together by the use of needles. There are two basic types of knitted fabric. The weft knit fabrics are made with yarns forming loops the width of the fabric on a circular machine, producing jersey knit used in T-shirts and underwear. The warp knit fabrics are produced by feeding yarns to form loops in a lengthwise direction and are used for tricot fabrics and cotton lace. Knitted fabrics are softer and more flexible than woven fabrics. Making them ideal for sweaters, active sportswear and hosiery.
Fabrics Manufacturers
Knitted Fabric:
Knitting is one of the ways of turning thread or yarn into clothes. Knitted fabric completely consists of horizontal parallel courses (crosswise) or yarn. These courses are joined to each other by interlocking loops where a short loop of one course of the yarn is wrapped over the bight of another course. Knitted fabric is obtained either by hand knitting process or then by machine. In hand knitting process, a base series of twisted loops of yarn are made on a knitting needle before starting the process. A second needle is then used to reach through each loop in succession to snag a bight of yarn and pull a length back through the loop. Knitting by machine use a different mechanical system producing nearly identical results. Knitted fabric composites show higher impact tolerance compared to the traditional composites or even to woven fabric composites. It is believed that the hand knitting originated among the nomads of the Arabian Peninsula about 1000 BC.
project cost and cheaper management cost. 5) Knitting wears can be handled more easily while using and washing. , 6) Its market price is comparatively cheaper. Manufacturing process: For setting up Composite Industries consists of Knitting unit, Fabric Dyeing Finishing unit and Garments unit. The product of one unit will be the raw material of other unit: The sequential process from yam manufacture to Garments product may be described as follows! For Knitting Unit: Knitting machine is various types where various design produces. Fabrics wili also be produce in the circular -Knitting machines by altering some attachments mainly changing of camas. Rib Knitting and Interlock (double Knitting) fabrics will be produces in the Rib circular and Interlock Knitting machine. Flat Knitting fabrics for collar and cuff will be produced in the flat Knitting machine. After the Knit fabrics are produced, it is inspected in running condition while passing over a table of the inspection machine. The technology involved in Knitted fabrics is fairly simple which may be seen in the following flow process chart:
Garments Making:
The operation process with two outputs i.e. T-shirts and Polo shirts are pre-sewing and finishing. A typical process flow-chart for Garments making is shown below: Process Flow Chart for Garments Making
Shipment
Garments Planning:
To establish a garments factory the location choice is an important factor for correct manufacturing, worker management and proper transport system. The following are some of the factors which will influence the choice of location:
Availability of worker. Availability of housing facility ( In Bangladeshi system it is not provided by any garments authority)
Availability of staff amenities. Availability of transport. Availability of materials. Availability of cover-van parking space. Adequacy of circulation. Availability of services. Gas Electricity Water Drainage Disposal of waste Suitability of land and climate. Local building and planning regulation. Safety requirements. Site cost. Political situation. Special grants.
According to the place and types of manufacturers goods the building shape has been Chosen. Here I mentioned both the advantages of single and multi-story building. It depends on the size of the garments factory, which prefers most.
Control
Control is a regulation of organizational activities so that some targeted elements of performance remains within acceptable limits.
Purposes of control:
Adapting to environmental changes. Limiting the accumulation of errors. Coping with organizational completes. Minimizing cost. Keeping the organizational work on track (according to plan) Production control. Overall/Operational control. Financial control Preliminary control Screening control Post action control
Overall/Operational control:
Preliminary control:
Preliminary control concentrates on the resources-financial, material, and human and information-that the organization brings in form the environment. Preliminary control attempts to monitor the quality or quantity of these resources before they enter the organization. Screening control: Screening control focus on meeting standards for products or service quality or quantity during the actual transformation itself. Screening control relies heavily on feedback process. Post action control: Post action control focus on the outputs of the garments after the transformation process is complete. Comings old system of Post action control-final inspection after the product is completed. Although corning abandoned its Post action control system, this still may be an effective method of control, primarily if a product can be manufactured in only one or two steps or if the service is fairly simple and routine. Although Post action control alone. may not be as effective as preliminary or screening control, it can provide management with information for future planning. Financial control: Financial Control is the control of financial resources as they flow into the garments (i.e., revenues, investments), are held by the garments (i.e., working capital, retained earning), and flow out of the garments (i.e., pay expenses). Business must manage their finances so that revenues are sufficient to cover costs and still return a profit to the firms owners.
Submission of budget request by the units to division head. Integration of unit budget and consolidated into division budget. Forwarding of division budget to budget committee.
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In order to sustain the smooth growth and development of the garment industry of Bangladesh, Government should play a key role to offer a good export policy. Otherwise the production, employment, earning of foreign currency and economic development of the country will be affected seriously. Some recommendations have been offered to face the problems of the garment industry of Bangladesh.
Regarding the problem of RMG sector Ive identified some recommendation for the betterment of this
sector. The recommendations are as follows: The Government of Bangladesh should play a key role for the expansion of the market of garment by diversified items for manufacture and export. It is very important fact that there are many items in the RMG product lines which Bangladeshi entrepreneurs have not yet started production. Leather items, life jackets, gloves, bags etc. are among few such items. Among other items are umbrella, nylon school bags and jackets, ice sport kits and wears, staffed toys, high competitive market fashion garments are examples. There are numerous such items not yet touched by our entrepreneurs.
All out efforts would be made and steps taken for production and export of high priced readymade garments in the light of the prevailing market demand. Immediate steps shall be taken to establish a Fashion Institute establishment of the Fashion Institute measures will be taken, under special arrangements, to extend expert services to match the actual demand. Liberal credit may
be considered for capacity building and hiring technology for producer of high quality garments. Product-Specific decisions: Readymade Garments
Provisions have been made for the exporters of readymade garments to retain in their respective foreign currency accounts the portion of their export earnings required for meeting the expenses on importing fabrics and other accessories through back-to-back letter of credit. The exporters that way shall be saved from incurring losses by first converting their export earnings to Taka and then reconverting the same to foreign exchange for payment of import bills on raw materials. For making hand-woven sweaters of natural and synthetic wool imported under customs and permission would be accorded to take up such wool outside the bonded area, provided the concerned firm furnishes a bank guarantee for equivalent amount of customs duty livable on such raw materials.
However, it is to be noted that the lower material procurement cost may not be enough for Bangladesh to maintain its competitive edge in international markets. Bangladesh must increase productivity, which is lower than many of its competitors. It is true that wages are low in Bangladesh, but it does not necessarily mean that relatively low wages automatically lead to higher productivity. Wages are only one of the determinants of labor productivity. Time required by the Workers to perform a task are another important determinant. Available efficiencies indicate that Bangladeshi workers are not as those of Hong Kong, South Korea and Sri Lanka. The workers skills and supervisors managerial efficiency are higher in those countries than in Bangladesh. In addition, those countries use the latest technology, for example, computerize sewing machines, design facilities, etc. but Bangladesh uses relatively older technology.
advantage of technology transfer. EPB can take further progressive role and arrange training, workshop, interviews and field works in various capacities.
Import of samples for each category of garments: At present, facility exists for duty free import of 20 pieces of samples for each category of garments subject to a maximum of 100 pieces. Imported samples are, however, subject to mutilation at the customs paid. Rationalizing the rate of value addition: It has been found that keeping the rate of value addition flexible is congenial for the growth of the countrys export trade. Therefore a Standing Committee will be forme d for rationalizing the existing rates of value addition for all commodities including readymade garments. When a garment export unit relies exclusively on locally procured cotton and accessories through back-to-back L/c the maximum amount of back-to-back L/C in case of knitwear unit would be equal to the value of the master L/C. Import of grey clothes: With a view to expanding the base of backward linkage industries, permission is being accorded for import of grey clothes, through usual procedure for use in the export industries or for direct export against specific export orders. So long this facility used to be given only to the dyeing, printing and finishing factories. Since value addition in the readymade garments sector did not take place up to its potentialities in spite of this facility the government has allowed the exporters of readymade garments to import grey clothes.