Development in Science and Technology: Impact and Consequences On Human Civilisation

CCB 2012-HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT 2014 DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACTS AND THE CHALLENGES ON HUMAN
CIVILISATIONS GROUP MEMBERS NAME 1. MANGAR MAWUT MABENY MAWUT (GROUP LEADER) 2. 3. 4. 5. TANASKUMAR A/L KANESAN NOOR HAFIZAH BT ABDUL RAHIM AZZEEQ AZUAN B ZAINAL ABIDIN AFIQAH BT MOHAMED KAMAL PG ICT PE ICT 15143 18641 18655 18702 PROGRAM PE ID 18582
SUBMISSION VERIFIED BY: ______________________ ( MOHD AZMUDDIN ABDULLAH)
SUBMISSION DATE: 07/03/2014
DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION
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Table of Contents
I. TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................................................................................2 II. ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................................................................3 III. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................................................4 IV. DEFINITION OF TERMS.........................................................5 1.0 PART ONE: HUMAN CIVILISATION...........................................................................................................................7 1.1 PALAEOLITHIC...............................................................................................................................................8 1.2 NEOLITHIC.....................................................................................................................................................10 1.3 THE MAYA CIVILIZATION..16 2.0 PART TWO: THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE BIRTH OF TECHNOLOGY ....18 2.1 NEW INVENTIONS........................................................................................................................................19 2.2 FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1760- 1840)......................................................................................20 2.3 SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (19TH CENTURY 1945)............................................................20 2.4 THIRD SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL REVOLUTION.....................................................................................22 3.0 PART THREE: IMPACTS .............................................................................................................................................25 3.1.0 POSTIVE IMPACT......................................................................................................................................25 3.1.1 THE ECOTECHNOLOGY REVOLUTION......................................................................................26
3.1.2 THE GREEN REVOLUTION..30

3.1.3 THE GENE REVOLUTION..............................................................................................................31 3.1.4 THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION REVOLUTION................................................33 3.2.0 NEGATIVE IMPACT..................................................................................................................................34 3.2.1 HEALTH IMPACT.............................................................................................................................35 3.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT...........................................................................................................37 3.2.3 CLIMATE CHANGES........................................................................................................................38 3.2.4 SAFETY IMPACT..............................................................................................................................39 4.0 PART FOUR: CHALLENGES........................................................................................................................................40 4.1 ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY...40 4.2 GLOBAL WARMING .....42 4.3 WARFARE .......44 5.0 PART FIVE: CONCLUSION..........46 6.0 PART SIX: REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................................48
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II.
ABSTRACT Credit to scientific technology and the men behind its break through. One would bluntly asset that with no such thing as science, life would be unimaginable. Human civilization enhanced by science on the other hand has provides answers to questions as the origin of species by the famous theory called the Darwinism. Darwin through his rigorous study claims that man did not start out as he looks today, but has originated from apes hood to a modern man. This piece of evident though its shocking to nonscientist proves the existence of civilization. Therefore science has paved the way for the human civilization to what it is today. Live has becomes easier with technology of medical perspectives, information technology, means of transportation among others. Nevertheless, technological evolution has caused such worrying moments as global warming, nuclear annihilation, pollution, deforestation, production of chemical enhanced food etc. How humanity go about these problems is vital, therefore in this paper, a discussion on human civilization enhanced by science, scientific development, and how the two creates questions of their sustainability, a balanced harmony will be presented to the reader. It is not a cause-solution essay hence facts on the relation of civilization, scientific technological evolution with both positive and adverse effect as well as the challenges to human civilization are discussed. Further study is available for readers interested to further their knowledge through the references provided at the end.
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III.
INTRODUCTION
The beginning of a revolutionary phase that has transformed a Stone Age man to a dominant man among other animals in the universe has taken several dimensions. Scientific technology has brought about human understanding of how the first man evolved to how the universe came into existence through rigorous theories and hypothesis of the likes of BIG BANG theory. The progress has significantly been made and its moving steadily fast into the most controversial part of the evolution; the Artificial Intelligence. Philosophy and science are very much related in that philosophical ideas end up as scientific theories to be proved, in fact science development started as a literature or tales of imagination. For example, the quest to land a man on the surface of moon was a fiction story of how one man was swept away by a strong wind which ended him on the surface of the moon. These facts form the modern scientific technology, therefore in this paper, a brief trace of science history is given, then we discuss about man civilisation and how science has impacted on humanity evolution both positive and the percussions of science inventions. Furthermore, a correlated discussion will also be provided on how some of scientific development have becomes a challenge to survival on the planet leaving no means to address them. Before moving deep, first we familiarize ourselves with the main teams involved in our topic of discussion.
SUSTAINABILITY
ENVIRONMENT
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IV.
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
In this section, we familiarize the reader with terms associated to our topic of discussion in relation to science and technology by breaking it up into the following main terms: Development- The growth and improvement in a given arena. Impacts- Refers to an outcome of an action, situation or an event being positive or negative towards the victims or beneficiaries. Human civilization- The transformation of humanity from apes looking according to Darwinism. Challenges- Our notion of challenges refers to happening (s) which has negative outcomes without control over the problem being encountered. Science is the intellectual; and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment (Oxford dictionary). Technology justify the application of philosophical knowledge practical practically, example in industry.
These terms making up the most fascinating topic to discussed in our modern technological world where heated debates revolved around the environment and sustainability given the extraordinary progress of science. Science and technology are linked closely together. It does usually involve how the political, social and cultural factors affect the civilization of politics, society and the culture itself. Science is a matter of a human understanding the natural world (science) and by that, they can use it to manipulate (technology) it to make the world more civilized and modern.
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Fig. 1. showing the famous Maya civilization god of the sun head (top left), human sacrifices to Maya god of the sun (top right) and the statue of early Islamic Civilization (bottom). Courtesy of Wikipedia also available on the encyclopaedia of history by Raddato, 2014.
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1.0 HUMAN CIVILISATION Moya & Font (2004) assets that Civilization is the stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced with several different essentials elements. For instance, the food production and storage to ascertain adequate food supply line to a certain number of people. This is a significant step to ensure a given community develop other skills hence leading to work specializations. Furthermore it will develop other skills possessions in the community thus improved quality of life. To dwell deeper, lets take a look at the periods involved to achieve the modern humanity first in summary as shown in table 1.3.0 and in the below discussion. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SUB-PERIODS PERIOD Paleolithic Stone Age (2.5 million-20,000) years ago Hunters & Gatherers (20,000-12,000) years ago Upper and Lower Paleolithic Aterian Howiesons Poort and Stillbay Populating the America Hoabinhian Azilians First Farming Societies (12, 000 -5, 000) years ago. Neolithic Revolution Agriculture and Ancestral Farming methods concepts Pre-dynastic Egypt Early Civilisations (3000-1500 B.C). Mesopotamia Indus Valley Old, Middle and New Kingdom of Egypt Ancient Empires (1500-0 B.C.) Olmec (1200-400 B.C.) Zhou Dynasty (1050-256 B.C.), Dong Son (1000-1 BC) Greek Civilization (800-169 B.C.) European Iron Age (800-169 B.C.) Qin dynasty (221 -206 BC) Populating Australia Paleolithic Neanderthals Denisovans Paleoindian Natufian Mesolithic American Archaic Animals and Plants domestication Metal uses Pre-pottery Neolithic Kush Kingdom Culture: Dilmun Shang dynasty African Iron Age (700 BC AD 1000) Persian Empire (648 BC AD 637) Zapotec Civilization (500 B.C. AD 700) Ptolemaic Egypt (305 30 BC) Roman Empire (49 BC AD
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Longshan
and
Silk Road Trade Network (200 B.C. 1500 AD)
476) Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi
Developing States (AD 0- 1000) Aksum (AD 0 -700) Maya Civilisation (250 -900) Islamic Civilisation (622 -1500s) Khmer civilisation (Angkor 800 1300) Medieval Period (AD 1000-1500) Mississippian Culture (1000-1540) Great Zimbabwe (1000-1500) Swahili Culture (11th-15th)
200- 1300) wari/Huari Empire (750 1000) Vikings (Norse 800 1050) Toltec (900- 1200) Inca Empire (1250-1532) Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) Aztec Empire (1430-1521)
Table 1: Brief summary of the important periods and sub-periods devised by archaeologists to study the origin of humanity, its civilisations and the Universe. Note that the periods mention in the table are a sample of the periods, you may refer to the references for further detailed knowledge. Source: About website: Archaeology.
From the table, several kingdoms has existed which hint us to where the process of civilization stem out from hence, we our subsequence discussions, vital periods will be introduced to provide an insight of what characterised tod ays humanity and the civilisation.
1.1 PALAEOLITHIC PERIOD (OLD STONE AGE PERIOD) 1. Skills of surviving: During the primitive age, humans learn to make their own tools and use it to ease them at work. In his articles published on About website, Hirst (n.d) pointed out that there are essentials that effect and facilitate how humans survived at this age. One of it is the adaptation towards the environment and changes that happens around them. Other than that, human upright posture helps in enhancing their strength in working and enables them to use even difficult tools. The growing communication skill allows humans to communicate well between them and enable them to pass on the knowledge needed to the next generation. Humans at this early age are nomads which are groups of people who do not live in one place to have a permanent home but migrating regularly.
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Fig.2. Hunters of Old Stone Age people (about website)
They consist of hunter and gatherer which are those who use self-made tools, which they carry on their backs during the migration in order to fulfil their need of living. The purpose of migrating is simply to seek for items to meet their medical and diet needs. Steven and Evan (2013) explain that the archeological name of the people at this era is called Palaeolithics people. Palaeolithic stem out from Greek meaning old stone. Simply referring to them, these people used stones that they shaped into usable tools, simple but important in their daily live. Later they learn and develop to get their tools in the right shape and size. They developed to learn how to give more impact with the use of their axes by adding handles to it. Soon, the spear was invented. These people managed to adapt to their surroundings. With this ability they had extend throughout the regions that are possible for living throughout the world. 2. Family and Culture: Both men and women possess their own roles in living. Men provide food Fig.3. Ancient Egypt pyramids for the family by hunting for animals, with power Taken from Egypt tour guide. based solely on their endurance and strength. The hunting process starts by fixing their tools or make a new one out of the rocks sharpened and put together by handles that are made of woods. Women on the other hand gathered plants, insects and eggs as well as other kind of foods. Hirst explains that the people are aware of their surrounding by knowing the source the place could offers them, what might harm them and what chances will they have living there and that family is vital for them. They lived in rarely a group consisting more than 250 people and most of them lived in group of 20 to 60. As usual, the men and women of the groups possess their own roles to keep up with the living. Men hunted in a quite distinctive way and build their campsites in the place they are conversant with. They are not very welcoming towards the strangers as the wealth gathered is small in number and knowledge only move from group to group hence forth, though on rare occasions, inter-marriage with other groups allows expansions of their beliefs and ideas. The growth rate of humans was slow. Their live was always at stake as any fierce animal could enter the group and minimize the population. With less understanding of fertility, inadequate food caused women to be less fertile thus, creating adaptability to their limited resource available in a way that could maximize the population. 3. Growing plants and animals: While practicing agriculture and pastoralism, work specialization were taking remarkable steps with seasonal migrations. The population of both humans and animal fluctuate according to the condition of the weather which proves very harsh on certain period of the year but quite stable for humanity of that era.
They travelled along the borders of the lands in what they called semi-arid regions. Even though both the pastoralist and the agriculturalist were seen to live shoulder by shoulder, the growth in population causes the agriculturist to invade the pastoralist lands. In response the pastoralists retaliate and get wealth and foods from the earlier. This practice did not last long, hence both came to realized that agricultural practices were more sustainable and could be practice simultaneously with domestications process. They stop to look after the herds and they made even more tools to support their agricultural life to this very point, humanity became more adaptable and starts creating chances for a new which resulted into their first step of civilization as evidence in what the archeologist call the Neolithic period. 1.2 NEOLITHIC PERIOD (NEW STONE AGE PERIOD) 2. En route for Civilization: Palaeolithic period has undergone several changes which helped to identify the next important period for the human development (Gascoigne, 2014). Migrations in search of foods bring humans to the areas which are rich in source. Here they started to grow plants and even look after the plants that come across their areas. Pastoralist at this time was responsible in domesticating the animals to become of either food or clothing for the group. The tools used in their daily live have got many types and changes as their ways of living were developing around their source of foods.
Fig. 4 a new stone age man using his tools to adapt to the environment (left), an art sculpture of the new stone Age time (top right) and the residence of the New Stone Age man (bottom left). Courtesy of Aztec book of human history.
Gascoigne further elaborates that during the early times, farming cultures were established along the rivers and that it was of no significance travelling all times hence most ancient man made settlement and practice hunting while they take care of the plants that grew along the river. At first it was a trial an error method in that they start to select the food of which they will control then later the type of foods that could grow around the area of living becomes the better choice. Consequently, they select the land along the river valley suitable to grow the plants which finally due to the acts of growing plants the need them to stay close the plantation arise forcing them to stay at that area.
3. Civilization characteristics
Development: of
There
are on
seven the Fig.5. showing Egyptian god of the sun, many other gods exist in many others early kingdoms. (Rashad, 2012)
civilization
based
development of Neolithics people which are cities, religion, job specialization, government, society of class, trade and economics and writing. 4. Cities: Inhibiting a city gives the meaning of civilization a term derive from Latin word which is civitas that means city. The farming activities of the Neolithic people open their eyes to see that they need support from others. The tasks that were needed to plant and harvest crops were seen easier when is done in intensive ways. Settlements happened to have more need of attention as they grew further than the farming tasks. Variety of cultures around the globe is the result of how the people at that moment come out with the way to
handle new tasks. Here, civilization development starts making its moves (Mills, 2004 and Gascoigne, 2001). 5. Religion: The natural evidence presented by the nature of the crop development become the force of life in that the cycles of crops and the onset of different seasons give birth to religious beliefs. As a result to give immediate answered to such uncontrollable natural events that had happened to the humans, myths and legend relate to them were developed. The process consolidates under strong foundation of myths believers there for the religion debuted and grown to become complex phenomena built around gods.
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6. Job Specialization: with such development as the religious believes, agricultural practices etc., the advancement of humanity civilization took another dimension of job assignment. Steven and Evan believe that the culture of these people has developed to its prime at this era to become even more complex. There are even more tasks that keep emerging in order to keep pace with the settlement. One person cannot manage every task, as a result stem out job specialization. Individual choose to focus on the task that they can do best compare to the other to developed their level of skills on. On the perspective of the job itself, it developed through other existing jobs since there was increase in complexity of administrative jobs, minister and government leaders among others.
7. Government: It became a necessity to installed social duties with the rising food supplies and the population rising on the other hand in big number. With that came the need of more complex social functions to exist. For their permanent stay at one place, the discovering of materials was made to support their shelter and clothing. A single person in the community gives impact to the community by the choice of decisions they would make. This resulted into governments being formed as the higher levels of organization for the community to regulate on matters that affect the community.
8. Society of Classes: In a city there existed some jobs that were required at the exact time in order to provide comfort to the community. Such occupations were monitored by important people in the community as an integral part of the complex government. It was also realized that there were tasks that were classified as vital and serious compared to the other. The gratitude causes the development of classes meaning that if the person is having a job of high priority in the community, s/he was placed in higher status of the community thus a ladder form of society came into existence.
9. Trading and Economics: Trading originate from job specialization where by specialized worker will trade with people of his likes who have their product of needs or wants with that, trading gain grounds and happened between groups or individual in the society. Fundamental of economics was created when there was exchange in goods that they have produced. Trading activities grew even more since the people no longer migrate and could be possibly hit by shortage of resources at their area which can be available from other groups around them.
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10. Writing: Basically writing at this age developed through those people activities such as they use it for keeping track or records of harvest or even animals and tools. But most probably writing existed at first when temple priest keep record of the grains or animals that the people gave to god. It later evolved to record many other complicated and important purposes such as cycle of the seasons, weather and animals. Besides that, the tasks that were required by the community as well as the trading activities were recorded. In order to achieve civilization, writing is seen to be the final steps taken for a culture to practice. With writing, there were even more knowledge as they are enable to record about their cultures.
11. Mesopotamia and Egypt: In the area where southwest Asia links Northeast Africa, they happened to be the two earliest civilizations which happened about 3200 years before century. The vital part of the story shall be the great rivers there. Between the Euphrates and the Tigris is where the Sumerians settle. The place is now known as Southern of Iraq. As for Egypt, they developed at the valley of Nile. Rivers are important to a developing civilization as it offers two distinctive benefits which are water and ease of transportation. Water in such that that it will help water the plants and transportation is to move easier without the smooth road. The two other early civilizations will also paint the picture on how rivers were important at that time; the Indus and China.
12. The Indus: It is either the relationship made with Mesopotamia that stimulates India very first civilization or it is an impulsive development of the locals there. But during the Neolithic time the villages there along the river of Indus were on the edge of merging into a combine and urbane culture. With both Egypt and Mesopotamia combined, still the Indus civilization with the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro has expanded a larger region. The estimation was 1000 years that it survived in an unusually reliable form.
13. The Aegean: At the Aegean Sea is where the next area to develop a unique civilization hubs. This place was a perfect region for trading to those people whom their levels were high. The beginning of the tradition of the Mediterranean culture is where this civilization made its start.
Crete is the place where it all begins. Which is a huge island that was ideally positioned to protect the entry to the Aegean? 14. China: China was the extensive reliable civilization of human. As the massive eastern empire, China follows their own way and tradition neglecting other effects of others. It all begins in a typically independent way. Somehow there were no recognizable examples of Shang dynastys civilization.
The outstanding bronze vessels appear to gain immediate technological excellence. The writing that was proposed highly influences the Chinese writing in the todays world. This civilization completely begins with confidence.
15. America: With the Chavin in the Andes and the Olmecs in Central America, the earliest American civilization began. Centered on temples is where both of these cultures have developed their cultures which they are also famous now for their sculptures. They were both was at the beginning of chain of civilization which brings them directly to the two which were found and demolished in the 16th century by the Spanish.
Fig. 6.The mummification of the dead practice in Egypt taken from Egpyt Tour website for tourist.
16. The Mediterranean: Aegean which was the initial characteristically civilization reached an unexpected and still unsolved end in around 1200 years before century. The Phoenicians which are the active seafaring people turned widespread traders after in about 200 years. They make Lebanon as their base and from there they create groups of their own sideways of the coast of Africa and into Atlantic. This instance showed by them as the imperialist of the Mediterranean will then be copied by the Greeks then the Romans. Mediterranean then becomes most original place for the clash and mixture of civilizations, which was something to be proud of and they happened not to ever lose it.
17. Regional Civilizations: With the Greece and Rome dominating the west, China in the east, and individual cultures in both central and south of America, they tend to give impact on the traditions of the locals. But there are existences of confusions which come out with new culture in the already civilized area of the world.
18. Global Civilization: The new idea of world-wide civilizations was the result of the initial continued contact among Europe and America, developing over colonies and empires. The civilization of Spanish spread to Latin America. The extents of the English culture in an empire involves India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and many more area of Africa.
Europe civilization was being transmitted around the world by the majestic instinct beginning from the 16th to the 19th century, frequently as somehow over older and very healthy local cultures considered a thin finish. But different forces at work emerge by the 20th century. For the two exact dissimilar ideas of civilization of American capitalism and Russian communism, the 20th century thought motivated the force in spread of those. Mass communication makes it probable to spread an areas much known culture to the world. For example like America through radio and television. Therefore with such gradual shift, man has sealed its transformation process from stone age, bronze age and finally to golden age. In order to have more insight on this development, let us consider the perspectives of science, technology and how it has champions much of mans civilisation in the consequents subtopics.
Fig.7. a) showing Sharjah-Museum-of-Islamic-Civilization, a present day source of information to continuous learning and transmission of Islamic knowledge (Irhal, n.d).
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1.3 MAYAN CIVILIZATION
Maya is one of the earliest civilizations in Central America before the fall of Spanish with exceptional great skills that saw them engineering glorious cities of temples and pyramids made of massive stone out of mechanization. They have precise calendar with the help of their much novel system of writing, mathematics and astronomy hence has huge impact in todays arts, science and religion. Religion
Fig. 7 b) Sacrifice to god (picture by the national geographic)
Mayan cosmos is much compound in comparison with that of the west. Their religion is believed to encompasses thirteen heavens and nine underworlds hence they were ruled by the nine unknown lords of the nights. However, it was believed that there existed conflict between the god of the sky and underworld and complexity causes new god to exist there by the old one enhance the functions of the new gods. The dynamism in their gods is not only seen in their appearance but behaviour of good and evil. The frequency of appearance signifies the importance of the god of sky as their arts reveals. Mayan Religion is very important as it is connected to the calendar interrelated to each other with the ceremonies that had been done.
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MAYAN AND SCIENCE
As the known radical group, Mayan made progressions in mathematics and astronomy thus producing a more precise calendar. Their first calendar shows 260 days in a year with specific name and symbol to represent them. The days are number from 1 to 13 and it will start with day 1 again when it ends with using 20 different day names. Their next calendar bears 365 days of 18 months with name and symbols with each month consisting of 20 days. Some examples of the names used in such calendars are: Wayet is a month that was special as it consists of 5 days but considered unlucky. Day were pronounce as Kin, 1 month as Winals, 1 year as Tun, 20 years of 360 days each as Katun and Baktuns was for 400 year periods.
MAYAN AND LITERATURE
Mayans writings cannot be fully translated due to the fact that they were the only people in America who established form of writing and also the number of text. Popol Vuh is the text that survived which consists of legends and rituals written from words that were said by them. The book explains the Mayans faith of making in a sequential way. They believe it is the key for the questions about conception and earth. Popol Vuh has many names such as The Light That Came from Across the Sea but Popol Vuh is the last name meaning the Council Book. The one who wrote the book was one of the heredities who once lead Quiche. Francisco Ximenez made a Spanish translation of the Popol Vuh. It describes in the details of the making of the sky, land and water which it happens in the way that gods want it to be. It describe in detail where after god create all animals and areas, god wants to have protector of those. God tries to produce humans from mud but it dissolve. Later gods made human out of woods. This manikins grow but eventually they have no heart as mentioned in the Popol Vuh which is the prove of the Mayan civilization.
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2.0 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-THE BIRTH OF TECHNOLOGY In the preceding discussions, we have traced out how human emerged from their Stone Age hood to a dominant man in the universe manipulating the environment around him. What has so far facilitated such magnificent development is the question answered in the study presented in our next discussion. According to the arguments presented by Raddato, (2014), Collins, (2012), Hirst, (2014), Cartwright, (2014) and Gascoigne, (2001) as well as from Wikipedia, the following facts were documented with respect to how man enhance his living standards to the most glittering world we see today. Tools: The birth of technology is traced back in 2 million years BC. It is when a sharp cutting edges made from stone was discovered. It was made by Homo habilis coming from the Hominini tribe. They are mostly known as the extinct species of most ancient human species. Another species that is known in using the tools and weapon made from stone are the Homo Neanderthalis or cave men. They are often considered and recognize as the ancestors of Homo sapiens, which refer to the species of the population of human today. Metals: Between 6500BC 7000BC, metals like Lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) were discovered. It is later developed to a period known as the Iron Age where iron (Fe), a hard and strong metal was built. The wheel: Around 4500 BC, human invent the wheel. The wheel and axel is combined together and the invention has become the most popular invention of all time in history. The use of carts has really made human life easier. Around 2000 BC, the wheel has been developed into windmills and waterwheels. Thus, the invention of wheels is not only for transportation purpose, but as well as provide power and energy.
Fig.8.Ancient Egypt hieroglyphics (forms of writing)
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2.1 NEW INVENTIONS During 7th 18th century, many inventions that are related to science and technology are being made drastically changing the way society evolved. Human become more brilliant in inventing elements that they feel useful and beneficial to them. Alchemy: Born in Egypt, the Egyptian believes in the life after death. Because of that, they developed the mummification process, which preserve the dead body and they will not decompose. The mummification process has led to the discoveries of rudimentary chemical. By 7th century, Egypt was occupied by the Arabs. It has been suggested that the word alchemy comes from the word Kemia. The Arabs then add al-to the word and become al-Khemia. The Arabs believe that mercury and sulfur can be turn into precious metals such as gold. It can be done by using a substance named Philosophers Stone. It proved to be a dead end around 9th century. Regardless of that, the Arabs people have made many discoveries of the chemicals that we use until today. Gunpowder: is a substance use to make the bullet move forward. Its formula was first described by an English philosopher named Roger Bacon with a recipe published in Europe in 1242 hence guns were invented. Printing: The first book to be printed is the Bible in 1456. It was running of 150 copies at that time. They were made by hand before the printing technique is discovered and took approximately 3 years to complete. The first printing machine was developed by Johannes Gutenberg (1398 1468). The
invention of typography has made the knowledge and information spread much faster. Telescope: The Earth was proved to revolve around sun by Galileo Galilee (1564-1642). In 1610, he has improved the telescope that was invented by Dutchman Hans Lippershey (1570 1619) to make this discovery. The device has given human new perspective by making far things look near. Lippershey is an eyeglass maker. He made the first telescope a concave design aligned with a convex objective lens. The microscope: In 1590, Hans Janssen and his son made a primitive microscope by stacking glass lenses. Janssen is a spectacles maker and his invention has enabled small things to be possibly observed by naked eye. In 1676, Anton van Leeuwenhoek has made an improvement with a magnification of 270 times. He first discovered single-celled creatures in pond water by using his device thus the understanding of microorganisms. The Lightning Conductor: In 1752, Benjamin Franklin (1769 1790) an American statesman, scientist and philosopher proved that lightning was a form of electricity.
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He proved this theory by flying a kite through a thunderstorm. After that, he used an iron rod to attract electricity which he put it on top of his house. Later in 1754, Franklin together with Prokop Davis, a Czech scientist invented a lighting conductor that can protect and prevent building from being damage by lightning. Interestingly here are the revolutions by stages.
2.2 FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1760- 1840) 1. Steam power: By this era, the steam engines to power machine started to power the factory machinery during this. The water is heat in a boiler to produce the steam that can power vehicle. In 1765, first steam engine is invented by James Watt (1736 1819). Industrial processes become faster and easier by using steam that comes from water pumped out from mines. The invention was closely followed by George Stephenson (1781 1848) inventing the first locomotive (rocket) set to pulled heavy loads for long distances hence paving the way to the designation of bridges, tunnels, and ships.
2. Photography: Joseph Nicephore firs used bitumen spread on a pewter plate for photography there by years later in 1826 lead to first permanent picture produced by exposing the plate to sunlight for 8 hours. Later on the enhancement was championed by Louis Daguerre (1787 1851) who uses silver compound, the very basis of modern world snapping. 2.3 SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (19TH CENTURY 1945) The electric light: Thomas Edison (1847 1931) is the man behind todays electric light bulb. In 1879, Edison made a long-lasting source of light that uses lower current electricity and highly reliable in other word, it can last for hundreds of hour. At first, he used a small carbonized filament, but then he enhanced the invention using a filament of carbonized sewing thread hence electric lighting system became safe, practical, and economical. The telephone: Telephone was invented in 1876 spearheaded by Alexander graham bell (1847 1922) when he was 29 leading to formation of Bell Telephone Company by 1877. The motor car: German inventor, Nicolas Otto (1832 1891) invented an internal combustion engine in the year 1876. Motor cars were steam driven before he invented the combustion engine still in used today. The first car ever produced is the Benz Patent Motorwagen developed by Karl Benz (1844 1929) in the year 1885.
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The movies: The first movie was shown by Auguste and Louis Lumiere brothers (1862- 1954 and 18641848). The film titled was The Arrival of Train at Ciotat Station (1895). Lumiere brothers created a portable motion-picture camera with a film processing unit and a projector call Cinematography. X-rays: The first x-ray image was developed by Wilhelm Rontgen (1845 1923). He recorded the image of his wife's hand which clearly shows her bones and wedding ring on a photographic paper. In 1895, he discovered that the electrical discharges in a glass tube that he was working with gave a subtle glow on nearby surface. He found that the rays can pass almost through any material and was invisible. Communications: Radio waves were discovered by a German physicist named Heinrich Hertz in 1886. He proved that the radio waves existed with travel rate of 30 000km per second. Not long after the discovery of the radio waves, the first radio station was set up by Guglielmo Marconi (1874 -1937) that can transmits and receive Morse code. In 1899, he sent the first message in the form of wireless signal from England to Newfoundland. The message was receive 2 years later and until today, it is known as the first successful radiotelegraph message. Flight: In 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright (1867 1912 and 1871 1948) built the first airplane known to human being. The Wright brothers were just bicycle repairmen at that time. They flew their first airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The invention of the Wright brothers then progress very fast as the military realized the advantages of the flight to them for WWI.
Rockets: In 1926, American scientist Robert Gaddart (1882 1845) invented a liquid fueled rockets. The first man that travelled to space by rocket is Yuri Gagarin (1934 1968) from Russia. His journey to the outer space is to orbit the earth in 1961. In the year 1969, NASA sent Neil Armstrong to land on the moon. He was the first NASA astronaut. The atomic bomb: There are good and bad in everything including science and technology. In 1932, two physicists, Earnest Walton and John Cockcroft proved Albeit Einstein's theory of relativity (E=mc). They have found the secrets of atomic nucleus. Using this theory, they managed to develop a way to split the atoms which lead to the development of atomic bomb. The most known used of atomic bomb is the used of atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in the year 1945.
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2.4 THE THIRD SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL REVOLUTION After WWII, the discoveries of science and technology have tremendously moved in a really fast rate. Many more invention is made. The modern world of human is really taking its shape. 1950s-In 1950, the first electronic programmed electronic computer was developed. This device is use to solve mathematical problems. First optical laser was made in 1958 by Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow. They created the maser or also known as the microwave laser. In the 1950s, many discoveries such as the invention of renewable energy such as solar cells and rechargeable batteries were made. In 1954, fiber optics was produced by Narinder Kapany. First commercial nuclear power is produced in the year 1956. 1957 was the year where Soviet Union launch the Sputnik which is a space satellite and the first fiber-optic gastrosope was also produced in this year. 1958 is the year where jack Kilby and Robert Noyce developed an integrated circuit. The development of Design Augmented by Computers-1 (DAC-1), the first computer-aided design (CAD) system has taken place in the year 1959. It was develop by IBM and General Motor. 1960s-Ruby laser was invented in the year 1960 by Theodore Maiman. In 1963, the first computer-aided design programs named Sketchpad was develop by Ivan Sutherland. Between the years 1960 to 1969, many more invention was made such as the computer mouse, compact discs, and solar power station, plastic and also electronic books. One of the most important inventions to human being was the CCD. CCD stands for charge-coupled device, invented by Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith. This is a type of light-sensitive chip that is used in digital cameras, webcams, and also other optical equipment. 1970s-In 1971, first electronic ink was developed by Xerox and Ted Hoffs created the first microprocessor. First cell phone was developed by Martin Cooper in the year 1973. Ethernet was developed in the same year as the cell phone by Robert Metcalfe. The usage of barcode on groceries good starts in the year 1974. Between the years 1975 1979, many inventions on technology has been made such as the home automation system, first personal home computer, and also vacuum cleaner. The most famous invention during that period is when scientist sketches out on how the quantum computers work. 1980s- The first Walkman was created by Akio Morita, a Japanese electrical pioneer. The Sony Walkman was the first portable player that are used to record music. 1981 is the year where IBM releases their first personal computer (PC), laser eye surgery to remove cataracts was developed, and quantum dots were discovered.
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In 1983, compact disc (CDs) is introduced by Sony and Philips corporations. It has become the new means to store music. Between the year 1987-1989, projections TV system was created. Besides that, the most important invention during this period of time is the invention of World Wide Web by Tom Berners-Lee. 1990s-In the year 1991, the first version of Linux operating system is created by Linus Torvalds. John Daugman developed a way to make iris scanning systems possible by using mathematics in the year 1994. In the same year, VoIP was developed. It purposes is to make telephone calls over the internet. In 1995, first broadcast.com has become the first online radio station. In the year 1996, the first highdefinition (HDTV) signal was broadcast by WRAL-HD in the US. 2000s-In the year 2001, Apple produced a revolutionized way to listen to the music by introducing iPod MP3 player. The same year witnessed the creation of Wikipedia, an online Encyclopedia created by Larry Sanger and Jimmy Wales. The first vacuum cleaning robot was introduced in the year 2002. In the year 2004, US presidential Election uses electronic voting that created some controversial during that term of election. Many other inventions were made in the millennium era such as the discovery of grapheme, touch screen cell phone, touch screen tablet computer and also 3D TV.
Fig .9 World classical continents (1581): Europe, Africa and Asia with Jerusalem the center. Source: Wikipedia
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No doubt, such overwhelming development in science and technology has been witnessed by the generation of the 21 century thereby one would have breakfast in Delhi, lunch in New York and dinner in Johannesburg. Predictions can easily be made about future disasters and defensive means would be put in place e.g. U.S volcano eruption of 1986 thus saving thousands lives. But what has all these luxury brought about? Science related an accident has done in creditable damage of property and loss of lives henceforth in the next few pages, the reader is walked through some of the positive and the adverse effect that science and technology has imposed on man and the environment.
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3.0 IMPACTS Imagine life without computers, no communication using mobile phones, no textile industry to produce clothing, no airplanes to cross huge natural water bodies like the pacific, the Indian and Atlantic Ocean and the worst case no electricity, how modern life would look like. Then again we ask a simple question what if you bring a typical man of 2 billion years ago to present, how would he comment on the sophistication in technology of today? The question goes on and on as scientific revolution is concerned. All these questions enables us to appreciate the development in science in which with the help of the technology, man would still have not known himself better, how the universe came to existence as in Big Bang theory and it would still have been believed that the planet Earth is the centre of the solar system, thanks to Galileo who proved the centre of the solar system is the Sun.
We cherish the good work bestowed on the technology by scientific thoughts, but they have proved to have adverse effect on natural ecosystem, habitat and human being owns health. Every day, the environment is losing its normal functionality, temperatures increasing extremely and atomic radiation at its peak. All of these problems comes from science and technology which has invented factories both chemical and nuclear, handling of hazardous materials in order improve man life and many problems rising day after day, minutes by minutes. Therefore human civilization would have not been awesome like today without science and also it would have not been filled with issues of global warming and nuclear annihilation threaten the whole world without science and technology. In this section, we will walk you through the positive and negative aspects that have resulted from science and technology since the invention started. 3.1.0 POSITIVE IMPACTS Wu and Butz (2004) explain that scientific knowledge has been accumulating over the past three centuries, and their application in form of technology has changed our lives outwardly. The change in human living style is was less in the past thousands of years compares to the last one hundred years or so. Science has witnessed significant progress in agriculture, medicine and health care, telecommunications, transportation, computerization etc. Scientific advances have sharpened man perception of future thus ability to venture deep in seas not to mention existence of such inventions as aero planes, trains, cars, busses, Television, radio, airconditioners, oven, and room-heater for luxury. Three significant improvements resulting from science and technology revolutionalizing the new century are: i) EcotechnologyBlending the best traditional knowledge and technology with frontier technologies for example; biotechnology, space/information technologies, renewable energy, new materials etc.
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ii)
GeneticA molecular understanding of basis of genes in living organisms and the ability to use the understanding to develop new processes and products for agriculture, industry, the environment, human and animal health. Information & Communication Revolution A very rapid timed systematic assimilation and dissemination of information, hence a dramatic improved ability to access the global knowledge at low-cost electronic networks communicate.
iii)
When coupled with improvements in management and governance, it not only increases the scientific approach to genetic improvement, natural resources management and ecosystems, but also the management of local and regional development strategies. Scientific revolutions are at ever-increasing pace, with industrialized nations taking the lion share. For the requirement of this thesis, lets dwell deeper on these 3 scientific revolutions to pin point how they became such a cant be without factors to humanity.
3.1.1 THE ECOTECHNOLOGY REVOLUTION Wikipedia, (n.d) defined Ecotechnology as an applied science that seeks to fulfil human needs while causing minimal ecological disruption, by harnessing and manipulating natural forces to leverage their beneficial effects. Ecotechnology demand an understanding of the structures and processes of ecosystems and societies by integration of two fields of study, the 'ecology of technics' and the 'technics of ecology. The aim is to allow improvement in economic performance with less harm to environment through the following means:
i) ii) iii) iv) v)
increasing the efficiency in the selection and use of materials and energy sources, control of impacts on ecosystems, development and permanent improvement of cleaner processes and products, eco-marketing, introducing environmental management systems in the production and services sectors, and Development of activities for increasing awareness of the need for environmental protection and promotion of sustainable development by the general public.
Given below are the two typical examples of Ecotechnological revolution which are water treatment and the renewable energy. 1) Water Treatment Water is an essential element for almost every living thing on this planet that has no comparable analogies. Its availability, reliability and quality are not only key factors to the environment as well as ecology but also are similarly fundamental to human health and economic life.
Our use of water and need range from the basic need of water to secondary needs, among them include the following few to mention; agriculture, drinking, cooking and washing. This utilization of water is not only limited to such aforementioned factors only by also the recreational purposes such as the beauty of lakes, streams and waterfalls. Scientific knowledge has taught the humanity even far to mold out of water resource they have such uses like harnessing electrical energy from it, sail ships on it and use it to transport waste products, etc. Furthermore, the dependency is obviously extended to animals, plants, fishes and birds as an essential requirement for their daily functioning.
In recent years there has been growing awareness that the amount of good-quality water resources is deteriorating. The scale of human consumption and uses of water have been growing steadily fast, the quality and quantity of the resources that remain are limited. Competition for access to, and control of, the remaining resources has emerged in some places. Although water is enormously abundant; but about 98% of it is not suitable for the most vital human uses because it contaminates itself by dissolving salts, predicted statistically, not deterministically. As for the present day, global per capita water supplies are declining and are now 30% lower than they were 25 years ago (Myers et al, 1995). By 2050, it is predicted that as much as 42% of the worlds population will live in countries with insufficient freshwater stocks to meet the combined needs of agriculture, industry and domestic use. In addition, water is needed for the maintenance of ecosystems.
Fortunately with the evolution of science and technology, the freshwater stock limitation could be reduced to tolerable level in most countries. Science provided the technologies to water treatment with both rapidly changing, and cost-effective, energy-saving solutions. Water treatment can be organized into three general areas: physical methods, chemical methods, and energy intensive methods. Appropriate technology options in water treatment include both community-scale and household-scale point-of-use (POU) designs. Such designs may employ solar water disinfection methods, using solar irradiation to inactivate harmful waterborne microorganisms directly, mainly by the UV-A component of the solar spectrum, or indirectly through the presence of an oxide photo catalyst, military surplus water treatment units like the ERD labor are still frequently used in developing countries. Recent military styles for example the Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Units (ROWPU), self-contained water treatment plants are becoming more portable and available for public use. The advance of science had made it possible to perform water treatment customized to the severity of water contamination. Figure 10 show the statistical evidence of declining mortality due to infectious disease through water treatment technology and the uses of vaccines.
In the graph the following statistics could be evidence on the case study: from 797 deaths per 100 000 in 1900 to 36 deaths per 100 000 in 1980. From 1981 to 1995, the mortality rate increased to a peak of 63 deaths per 100 000 in 1995 and declined to 59 deaths per 100 000 in 1996. The decline was interrupted by a sharp spike in mortality caused by the 1918 influenza epidemic. Crude death become rampant in the 1980s and early 1990s as a result of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a newly emerging and deadly virus that has already claims thousands lives worldwide.
Fig .10 Infectious disease mortality declined during the first 8 decades of the 20th century taken from Armstrong, et al (1973).
2) Renewable Energy Energy plays a fundamental role in shaping the human well being. People's need for energy is essential for survival, so it is not surprising that energy production and consumption are some of the most important activities of human life. The widespread belief that energy and civilization are inextricably linked certainly has historical foundation. Throughout history, humans have focused on controlling the energy stores and flows that are part of nature. For tens of thousands of years, people relied solely on the chemical (caloric) energy gained from food that produced the mechanical (kinetic) energy of working muscles. However, due to the evolution of science and technology with human intellect, human were able to unlock and overcome physical limits imposed on their own muscle power "by using tools and harnessing the energies outside their own bodies." Energy is classified based on the resources used to produce them, either from non-renewable or renewable resources which are known as;
i)
Renewable energy- energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat
ii)
Non-renewable energy- energy that comes from resources that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-frames. Fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and oil are the non-renewable resources.
Fig. 11 Is a chart for the annual energy demand by region and worldwide for the past 2 decades taken from International Energy Statistics. Generally all the regions are showing an increasing trend for energy demand with an exception for middle east where the energy demand dropped significantly in year 1990 for 5 years until the increase in energy demand back in 1998. North America being the largest energy consumer for the past 2 decades until Asia and Oceania region had a sudden increase in energy demand since year 2002. This encounters for the overall increasing trend of annual demand for energy worldwide even though there are several times when the demand for energy went down.
Fig.11 the average energy use per person vs. world population,
adapted from IEA data from 1990 to 2008
However with the ever-increasing demands for energy at the present world, depending on fossil fuel energy alone such as coal, gas and oil may not be able to fulfil the energy demand. Thus with energy demand awareness, intellectual thinking had brought science into play to look for and harness for major renewable energy such as the generation of energy using wind, biomass, solar and the geothermal. Below is a graph showing the increasing energy production through the renewable resources from year 2004 up to year 2011. This electrical energy is produced by transforming the wind energy, burning biomass, solar energy and geothermal energy. Energy production from wind contributes the most of the total renewable energy production form year 2005 till 2011.
Fig.12 Renewable energy trend by year, as cited in Wikipedia, (n.d).
3.1.2 THE GREEN REVOLUTION
The Green Revolution refers to a series of research, development, and technology transfer initiatives, occurring between the 1940s and the late 1960s, which increased agriculture production worldwide, particularly in the developing world. The Green Revolution, had its most significant development in the decades later, was based on the introduction of varieties of high productivity and high technology inputs. The Green Revolution credited with saving over a billion people from starvation, involved the development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, modernization of management techniques, distribution of hybridized seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides to farmers which led to a rapid increase in yields and total crop production. This scientific revolution ensured the food production remained ahead of population growth for the last 30 years. In the period 1970-2000, output per capita grew 15 % in developed countries and 50% in countries development. A worldwide food production has doubled and in the same period in the countries developing tripled in that period. This growth was particularly evident in the products of greatest importance to the human diet for their contribution in calories such as wheat, corn, rice and sorghum. This represented benefits direct to the producers saw their increased income but also benefited consumers poor, both rural and urban, by reducing the prices of basic foodstuffs. This is supported with the declining malnourished population as shown in Fig 13, where there are declining trend in East Asia, South Asia, West Asia and Latin America. However this was the situation for the past 3 decades, in the present world it is estimated that the population continues to grow at 1.5% a year and it is projected to reach 8 billion by 2020 and 11 billion by 2050 (Alvarez, 2011). Almost all this growth will occur in the already overpopulated, underdeveloped and poorer regions of Africa, Asia and Latin America, which will shelter nearly 90% of the human population. According to Sassoon, 1990 demands for food in the most populated parts of the world will double by the year 2025.
The food problem Application of biotechnology in response to basic human needs regarding food in developing countries is real at present. There are different approaches such as the development of plant biotechnology, biotechnology applied to livestock production and biotechnology applied to food processing. Plant biotechnology can offer an important solution either through the application of conventional methods or with modern methods, or mainly with the proper combination of both (Sassoon and Costarini, 1997). The main genes integrated into crop species to produce transgenic plants provide resistance to many pests, pathogens and herbicides as well as resistance to stress such as temperature, drought and salinity. Among these, the following can be mentioned: genes for improving crop productivity, genes for production of health products and genes for manipulating starch, proteins and oil.
Fig .13 Trend rend in East Asia, South Asia, West Asia and Latin America: Source: Gordon Conway, (1998) as cited in Wu, F.S & Burtz, W.P, (2004) 3.1.3 THE GENE REVOLUTION In the last one decade, there has been a tremendous increase of our understanding on how biological organisms function at the molecular level, as well as our ability to analyse, understand and manipulate DNA molecules, the biological material from which the genes in all organisms are made. Human Genome Project is the catalyst for accelerating the entire process. Human Genome Project has poured substantial resources into the development of new technologies for working with human genes. The same technologies are directly applicable to all other organisms, including plants. Thus, this is how a new scientific discipline of genomics has arisen. This discipline has contributed to powerful new approaches in agriculture and medicine and has helped to promote the biotechnology industry.
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1) Organ transplant Organ transplantation is an established and accepted form of treatment for many severe and end stage diseases, when there is usually no other form of treatment. The number of transplants all over the world has been steadily increasing since the first successful live-related kidney transplant of 1954 by Dr Joseph Murray and Dr David Hume from Boston. The success rate of these organ transplants has shown improvement over the years, with improved techniques and newer anti-rejection drugs. Patients are able to prolong their living with a better quality of life. Those who are in need of transplantation have increased enormously worldwide. History of Organ Transplantation in Malaysia: taken from Ministry of Health Malaysia. 1. Blood and Marrow Transplantation - There were a total of 1,174 haematopoietic stem cell transplantation reported to the National Transplant Registry between 1987 and 2006; 797 were functioning at the end of 2006. There were 124 new transplantation done in Malaysia in 2006 with 11 centres of follow up for transplant recipients (Malaysia Ministry of Health, n.d). 2. Corneal Transplantation - One hundred and seventy four new cornea transplantation was reported in Malaysia in 2006. In 2006, 55% of donated corneas were from the USA, 24% from Sri Lanka and 20% from local sources. 3. Heart and Lung Transplantation - There were a total of 17 heart transplantation reported to the Registry between 1997 and 2006; 7 grafts were functioning at the end of 2006 and all were followed up in Institute Jantung Negara. 4. Liver Transplantation - There were a total of 88 liver transplantation reported to the Registry between 1993 and 2006; 50 grafts were functioning at the end of 2006. There were 8 new liver transplantation done in Malaysia in 2006. 5. Renal Transplantation - There were 132 new renal transplants in 2006. The number of functioning renal transplants has increased steadily from 1,083 in 1997 to 1,728. The transplant prevalence rate was 65 per million population in 2006. 6. Heart Valve Transplantation - There were a total of 167 heart valve homografts reported to the Registry between 1996 and 2006; 148 grafts were functioning at the end of 2006. 7. Bone and Tissue Transplantation - in 2006, 127 bone allograft and 379 amniotic membranes were supplied by National Tissue Bank, USM.
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8. Cadaveric Organ and Tissue Donation - There were 25 donors in 2006 of which 14 were brain dead multi organ and tissue organs and 11 were post cardiac death tissue donors. The donation rate was 1.01 donations per million population, a twofold rise from 0.53 donations pump in 2005 3.1.4 THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION REVOLUTION. With the invention of Information and Communication Technology, online libraries now use various types of technologies such as computers, telecommunications equipment encompasses and other information distribution technologies to aid the services rendered. In present day, every new technological advance affects the way information is handled in libraries and information centres. Every aspect of libraries feels the impact of new technologies. Computing technology, communication technology and mass storage technology are some of the areas of continuous development that reshape the way that libraries access, retrieve, store, manipulate and disseminate information to users. The academic library has been from its inception an integral part of institutions of higher learning, rather than an appendix or adjunct.
Fig.14. an image taken to illustrate the global networking in the present world Wikipedia, (n.d).
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has brought outstanding changes and transformation to academic library and information services, conventional LIS such as OPAC, current awareness services, Audio visual services, bibliographic services, users services, document delivery, interlibrary loan, reference services and customer relations can be provided more efficiently and effectively using ICT. The ICT offers convenient time, place, cost effectiveness, faster and most-up-to-date dissemination as well as end users involvement in the library and information services process. The impact of ICT characterized on information services by changes in format, contents and method of production and contents and method of production and delivery of information products.
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Emergence of internet as the largest repository of information and knowledge, changed role of library and information science professionals from intermediary to facilitator, new tools for dissemination of information and shift from physical to virtual services environment and extinction of some conventional information services and emergence of new and innovation web based.
Fig.15.Modern electric train (left), satellite orbiting the earth (middle) and water clock (right). (Wikipedia).
Fig.16. impact of science-obesity due to improper health measures.
3.2.0 NEGATIVE IMPACTS Up until 21st century, there are a lot of developments in science and technology. There is always new invention or creation. Human need both science and technology to make lives simpler. Every work can be done effectively and efficiently through high-tech machines and equipments. As we all know, technology has give a lot of benefit to human civilization, however, it has been harmful to Environment and humanity. Everything in the world has it pros and cons. same goes to science and technology, it does not have the positive side only. Furthermore, if we look at the surroundings around us, it is so crowded, polluted and damaged which is caused mainly by the existence of invented technologies throughout the world. Its existence totally affects our earth and our natural environment is replaced by new huge buildings and factories that are managed by technology-based owners. The rapid rise of modern science has created major social problems (Collins, 2012). Kids are growing up learning to communicate through technology rather than on a personal level. The disadvantages of science and technology on to human civilization can be discussed into three divisions which are health, safety, and environment.
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3.2.1 HEALTH IMPACT The greatest wealth in this world is health. A millionaire diagnosed to have cancer, can do nothing with his riches but perish meaning money can buy everything except your life. This shows that a good health very related to have a good live. Nowadays, we can see and hear the increase in type of diseases. However, there is certain ailment that based on what we have created or invented. Some of them may be fatal. One of the negative impacts that grip our attention is the misuse of drugs in our life. Drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered in the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology. Scientist or researchers discover drugs or improve the use of drugs for medicine purpose only. However, there are certain irresponsible people that change the ingredient for personal purpose. There are a few reason of drug overdose which can be divided into two subdivisions: Accidental- a person takes the wrong drug or combination of drugs which is in the wrong amount or wrong time Intentional- a person takes an overdose for high or to self-inflict harm
For example in accidental case, we can relate it to use of steroids. As if we can see, bodybuilding become a trend nowadays, hence, some of the athletes or bodybuilders take a steroid to boost their testosterone hormone level. Steroid will increase your strength and make your muscle to recover faster. It give faster result but the side effect can be a tragedy for example take the case of the Malaysian bodybuilder Afiq Muhammad who loses the battle of building the muscle due to heart attack caused by taking steroids. We look to obesity issues. People nowadays are very lazy because they have machine or technology that can do their jobs. The more time people are spending engrossed in video games, talking to friends online and watching funny cat videos on YouTube, they are spending less time being active or exercising. For example, if we want to order pizza from our house, we just make a call for the delivery. The other consequence of health impact is related to the use of chemical in our foods and drinks. One cannot think well, love well, and sleep well, if one has not dined well a quote by Virginia Wolf. This shows how important what we eat that can affect our daily life. Food contains nutrients essential for our health, but it may also comprise chemicals that can increase your risk of disease. The advancement of science and technology has affected food industry too. Modern food-production methods have opened major avenues of exposure to environmental carcinogens and endocrine-disrupting compounds. Nowadays people just want to taste good in their foods rather than thinking what are the ingredients used. In some ways, our ancestors had it easy as they
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didn't have chemically treated food and chemically enhanced kitchenware, their diets and cooking practices exposed them to fewer toxic hazards. These chemicals known also as food additive can include pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, preservatives, artificial colours and flavours, and industrially produced fats and sweeteners, process and junk food. Today, it's not just the food itself that you have to be aware of, but also the containers they are stored in, which can leach to toxic chemicals such as Bisphenol A (BPA), polystyrene, and vinyl chloride. All this chemicals will give certain side effects to human body. We may find in the long run that tinned food is a deadlier weapon than the machinegun (George Orwell). Type of chemicals Pesticide and Herbicide Function (Used in) -agricultural works(fruits and vegetables) Side effect(s) -breast cancer -Parkinsons disease
Preservative
-preserve food from spoiling (meat and peeled fruits) -margarine and carbonated drinks
-death -nausea -asthma attacks -vomiting
Artificial colour
-alter skin of foods -butter -carbonated drinks
-cancer -allergies and asthma -thyroid -leukaemia -hyperactivity in children
Artificial flavour
-monosodium glutamate (MSG)
-chest pain -allergies -headache
Fats and sweeteners
-processed food (bread, cookies, margarine) -ice-cream
-obesity and diabetes -hyperactivity -allergic reaction
Table 2. clinical information, Source: taken from Wikipedia
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3.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Sometimes we get so lost in the excitement of developing and using new technologies that we don't thoroughly examine their effect on the world around us. For example, ozone layer playing an important role to our global system and climate change act as shield that limits the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun to levels necessary for life on Earth especially human and animal. Today, there is widespread concern that the ozone layer is deteriorating due to the release of pollution containing the chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and hydro fluorocarbon (HFC). All these substances are referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS). All the details below show the type of ODS that commonly used in human invention and its lifetime in atmosphere Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-Used as coolants in refrigerators, freezers and air conditioners in buildings and cars Methyl chloroform-Used widely in industry purpose ( vapor degreasing, cold cleaning, adhesive and chemical processing) Carbon tetrachloride-Used in solvents and some fire extinguishers Table 3. Source: Auditor General of Canada, Accessed 14, 1999 Ozone depletion potential1 Canada's phase-out date Lifetime in atmosphere
Halons
3.0 to 10.0
Jan. 1, 1994
up to 65 years
Carbon tetrachloride
1.1
Jan. 1, 1995
up to 42 years
CFCs
0.6 to 1.0
Jan. 1, 1996
from 50 to 1,700 years
Methyl chloroform
0.1
Jan. 1, 1996
6 years
Methyl bromide
0.6
Jan. 1, 2005
up to 2 years
HCFCs
0.001 to 0.52
Jan. 1, 2020
up to 19 years
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3.2.3 CLIMATE CHANGES According to American Heritage Dictionary of Sciences, global warming is defined as an increase in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere. In the first point of view, global warming commonly the climatic change occurs due to emission of carbon dioxide activity to atmosphere. The emission of carbon dioxide mainly caused by human intervention such as the high amount of smoke is released from factories and vehicles, deforestation and others. This makes greenhouse effect to occur. Greenhouse gases keep heat close to the earths surface making it liveable for humans and animals. Urbanization also contributes to greenhouse effect when human in modern era cut all trees to make more buildings thereby the carbon dioxide cycle is disturbed.
a)
b)
c)
Fig.17. a) The Green house effect. b) Road accidents report-Namibia. c) Global warming. Source U.S Department of State (1992).
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3.2.4 SAFETY IMPACT Safety play important role in our daily life but due to advancement in science and technology, all the machines and equipments that we invented or created may cause harm hence increasing risk exposure level. As we look to invention or development of weapons, from bows and arrow used by the Sumerian until nuclear bomb. During ancient time, weapons were used for hunting or border security. Today, weapon is used to kill one another including innocent people. Atomic bomb is the greatest weapon ever because it can kill more than thousand people. For example World War II is famous of its nuclear annihilation of two Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki discussed later as one of the greatest challenge of invention. In addition, the invention of car also gives negative impact on human civilization. Every year, there is increment of accident involving vehicle. Surprisingly, the consequences technological advancement has reached today does not only stop at the passive effect of TVs, machines accidents and other electron devices such as mobiles phones, it has recently involved claims that technology modernization has even made humanity more stupid than their ancestors. Recent scientific theory claims that humanity might have peak their emotional and intellectuality as early as 4, 000 B.C. Collins, (2012) argued that the intelligence evolved from our ancestors in Africa about 50, 000 and 500, 000 years ago who hunt preys and builds shelters on their wits compare to present man whose genes is possibly altered hence passing on a less intelligent genes to the new generation.
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4.0 CHALLENGES IS SCIENTIFIC TECHNOLOGY DOING MORE HARM THAN GOOD? As exhausted earlier on with a detailed impact of science both how it has transform man into exploitative being on the planet and as well its adverse effects that proves to be challenging to lives and the environment, this section will try to highlighted some few extreme challenges that scientific thinking of some great scientists has remains a threat to our universe if no cautious majors taken. We must appreciate science and Technology for the effort to shape our planet but the forces its create are putting not just lives into danger but eliminating habitats through factors such as pollution, global warming, sophisticated warfare, imbalance in the ecosystem and daily health risks that are faced by both the developed countries and the developing one.
Scientific renaissance was initiated and took a great deal of interest from smart mind that include the likes of Charles Darwin, Isaac Newton, Galileo, Einstein to mention a few. These individuals in one way or another have managed to answered questions of how our universe came to existence contrary to the religious explanation. Since the start of scientific evolution till the early 19 century, genius mind had been busy inventing but there was no question to whether the invention is safe. Botkin & Keller (2003) assets that before 1960s, the word environment was a political or social and that no one had ever heard the word ecology. Which means the quest to fly was achieved with no regard to the adverse effect of flying to both human on the planet and the ecological setting hence there was tremendous achievements in science and technology with no regard to health safety and environment or the inventors themselves. By now you should be aware of such destruction science and technology advancement is inflicting on the future mankind, but does this mean stopping scientific development? To answer such questions, let first put spot light to some of the challenges and how they have emerged a threat to our tiny planet. 4.1 ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY Environment simply is the surrounding around us or in comprehensive form given by Botkin.et al, its a compound word of Environ meaning encircle which is any setting an organism is located. The four important parts of environment are atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. The protecting shell, water provider, mineral source and the natural surface that support lives respectively are greatly influence by scientific development. Its fascinating to point out that these four important natural supporters of mankind have suffered a great deal of changes of their original form until the end of 19 centuries when it was first realized that man scientific innovation is somewhat ruining our natural habitat. This is because questions of sustainability were never taken into account.
That means natural resources such as forest has witness deforestation, water contamination was at its best though the technology was adequate enough to exploit minerals but it was at its infancy with no regard to whether do they deplete or not, let alone the enormous quantities of waste its produce.
Oxygen/CO2 cycle. How can we sustain the natural habitat while innovating in the field of science and technology? It is clear that the natural cycle of life if severally affected, in that the industrial emissions of gases into the atmosphere increases the amount of carbon dioxide while on the other hand, cutting down trees for either agriculture purposes or any other leave less tress to consumes the emitted gas hence giving out less oxygen for man himself.
Fig.18: Oxygen/Carbon dioxide cycle before industrial revolution. Source: Merit Nation.
Fig.19 Oxygen/carbon dioxide cycle after industrial revolution. Source: Merit nation
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The natural cycle of life is a complete and perfect cycle that begins with animals taking in oxygen and in return give out carbon dioxide into the surrounding which is taken in by plants and in return release oxygen for man. Now with the requirements of science, we need to erect a new chemical plant, we need to warm our houses using burning coal, invent means of transportation which uses fuels and release more carbon dioxide and cutting down trees that are suppose to consume the very enormous amount CO2. The cycle is disturbed, something is missing i.e. plants to consumed CO2 hence its concentration starts increasing and the concentration of O2 becomes less hence man has complicate himself. In both Fig 18 and Fig 19, it is clear that when the cycle is altered its impact with great deal leaving it unbalance. Hence the luxurious means of transportation e.g. plans cars etc that made travel easy makes scientific inventions appreciable in one hand and in the other hand leave us with a question, can the invention be sustainable? The urbanization and demand for sophisticated knowledge of science remains a great challenge to man in finding how to advance in such fields while sustaining the natural habitat.
4.2 GLOBAL WARMING Since the invention era started, several industries emerged, including chemical plants, transportation; nuclear activities etc. which emit profound amount of toxic waste inform of gases or radioactive elements. The effect of such transmission was never accounted for till the mid 19th century when it was realized that man activities were depleting the natural ecosystem that support lives. There came the team Global Warming, which is an increase in average global temperature of the atmosphere in the closer set of Earths Surface by the result of human induced process (Botkin & Keller, 2003). Global warming is unequivocal and primarily human-induce climate changes are underway in the United States are projected to grow. (United States Global change Research Program, Department of Defence, NASA, and National Science Foundation, n.d). What causes global warming? To answered this questions lets taken into consideration first one of the four elements of environment we highlighted earlier on, the Atmosphere. Chauhan in his book Environmental Studies defines Atmosphere as layer surrounding the Earth that constitute of gases such as Nitrogen, Oxygen,, water vapour, argon, traceable amount of Methane, Hydrogen, carbon monoxide plus some notable noble gases (page 283). It is a thin mass of gases enveloping the planet earth of 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 0.9% Argon, 0.03% Carbon dioxide and a trace of other elements & compounds that include Methane etc (Botkin & Keller; The Atmosphere, Climate, and Global Warming; pg.451-484).
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The atmosphere is under constant changes determined by changes in temperature, moisture, aerosol content and pressure fuelled by sunlight plus human activities (industrial, agricultural etc.) for its chemical reactivity. By rite, a highly chemical reactive system of the type would need balance of all its supply, which in turn is an opposite with the industrial effluent that result into increase in the amount of carbon dioxide and depleting the other requirements to maintain balance hence rise in temperatures of the atmosphere resulting into global warming. The unbalance in the gases in the atmosphere caused by air pollution by a process of greenhouse gases emission make the ozone layer which is capable of balancing the heat its received from the sun unable to balance its thus penetrating the layer into the earth surface.
Fig.20. Constituents of the Earths Atmosphere: copyright2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Therefore, with scientific technology, man has addressed several issues but has not curved the threats posed by Greenhouse Gases emission into the ozone layer. This remains the biggest threat ever realized in human history and scientist believes that if not stopped, temperatures will hit high, green environment will burnt down and life would ceased to exist on the planet earth. Big problem right; be considerate today toward industrial pollution to curved Global warming.
Fig.21. Atmosphere, a temperature profile and Ozone layer up to an altitude of 110 km. Courtesy of Environmental Science by Botkin.k et al. Page 453
4.3 WARFARE The ancient wars were thought to be fought by using primitive weapons such as spears and others defensive means used by Stone Age man. With the involvement of scientific thinking, man has concocted a series of weapons ranging from manual guns to automatic guns. Not only stopping there, with the outbreak of two major wars known in man history to have claims lives around the globe, the world war I and world war II, the race to absolute super power resulted into the invention of weapons of mass destruction e.g. chemical weapons, biological and nuclear/atomic weapons. Hence it became easy to even eliminate the whole world in a matter of seconds, of which in the era of 21st century mankind wouldnt want to go for another war; it would mean total disaster of the planet earth. Machine gun have been engineered and drones that instead of man flying a jet, it receives its directives by computer mean to carry out the attack at specified location and time. Despite their long term unstoppable destruction once used, categorising into WMD or Non-WMD is debatable in that some claims that only Nuclear weapons could be considered as one. Gert G. Harigel denied that not all the weapons that cause disaster are WMD. He argue that both chemical and biological weapons are not Weapons of Mass Destruction but could be categorise as weapons of terror if used against civilians or weapons of intimidation if used for combatants leaving only the nuclear related weapons as the WMD (Wikipedia, n.d). Nevertheless, this doesnt matter in terms of lives being claims for any of all the three weapons; the reality is that they cause unspeakable disasters with no immediate halt to the destruction. A quite number of countries owns WMD with China, France, India, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States declared to have nuclear capabilities and only South Africa who , in the 1980s has own some nuclear arsenal, has totally disassembled its nuclear program.
In August 6 & 1945 USA drops 2 atomic bombs name Little Boy and Fat Man on two Japanese cities of Hiroshima on the 6th and Nagasaki on the 9 respectively. The death toll for Hiroshima ranged between 90,000166, 000 while for Nagasaki range from 60, 000 to 80, 000 making a total of 150, 000-246, 000 in less than a week.
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a)
b)
c)
Fig.22. (a) US Popular poster after German & Italy Defeat. (b) Atomic Bomb Fat man (c) Mushroom shape after the bomb exploded releasing enamours amount of trillion Joules.
Source: Wikipedia: Bombing of two Japanese cities
Despites all these facts of how harmful it is to own nuclear weapons, top developed countries are ratracing to own them hence making it difficult to properly regulated the ownership of WMD. Besides that, the allies countries who were believed to have decisively won the WWII have the most highest military spending which makes them own weapons though outside WMD box, they are extremely dangerous relative to the size of destruction they can cause e.g. on 5th Feb 2014 at 15:08 GMT, a footage of the latest stealth technology bomber capable of launching precision air strikes in hostile territory was release by UK. This stealth killer machine flies invisible to radar with computer operability in any part of the world.
Indisputably, the development of scientific technology has achieved more than can be imagine in shaping the course of humanity civilization and we must admit that we have benefit a great deal. Nevertheless, if you imagine how peaceful the ancient man was then you will realized that the nature was in perfect cycle, perfect food chain and food web in place hence a more stable ecosystem compare to our todays threat of global warming with one un answered question of sustainability. Furthermore, who to blame if we were to points fingers? Darwinism? For sure it is not, but earlier development that has not account for the outcome of human activity toward the environment.
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5.0 CONCLUSION
We have discussed what scienctific advancement actually portray relative to human civilisation. Human knowledge grow from the need to live and for the sake of better living. The knowledge then grew with time and experience, it is then passed through generations untill this day. Human civilisation can be said as the starting point for today world that we are living. Furthermore, we have seen how science and technology paved the transformation of man and the evironment to a level if not complicated, super sophosticated. Science and technology have led the people towards a modern life. These two has become an important element regarding the improvement of many factors in human life such as health, civilization, education and security. Human civilisation and the development in scientific means are closely related in that the mere need of ease of life has resulted into inventions of flying bodies thus scientific thinking. Further more, with science and technology development, the world has somewhat becomes a better place with improved living standard compared with the stone age period. The modern typo of such differences is the esistence of electrical supply, running tap water and ease of communication by use of mobile phones compare to the past among others. Medical system is just amazing thus making it possible to saved lives, totally opposite to the past when even headeque can kill. Means of transportation are even getting magical to a typical 11 or 12 century man to understand and if brought to the present will be a total night mare.
Fig. 23 Malaysia Haze of 2013 Kuala lumpur city view (bottom top) and Nuclear plant (bottom below) Source: Malaysia Ministry of health website
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Unfortunately, the science evolution though it has progress significantly to improve the living style of man, has also inflicted the most controversial events in the history of man, example the waring machines, ships accidents and nuclear threat with potential of clearing out any living thing on Earth. The challenges remains a vital threat to lives in term of technology related accidents that claims thousands lives when they occured for example the chemical plant gas accident, nuclear plants which emits radio active constituents hence endangering our lives These facts doesnt mean scientifc development should be abandoned, but they should be made more environmnetal friendly, meet the need to maintained the natural cycle of oxygen and carbondiode and more importantly sustainable. The move taken in the 21st century in regard to the shrinkage mother earth will surely make differences. The compaign to go green is at its infancy, therefore its act of everyone to save the mother Earth tiny Ozone layer. In conclusion science and technology is a means to improve our mode of living and understand the nature around us better, hence we must learnt how to sustain its development for the generations to come. Its a sole duty of every human on earth to act considerately in preserving our mother earth.
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6.0 REFERENCES 1. Appleman, P. (2000). Darwin. New York. London: W.W. Norton & Company. 2. Armstrong GL, Conn LA, Pinner RW. Trends in infectious disease mortality in the United States during the 20th century. JAMA 1999:281; 61-6 3. Asia Report. (24 June, 2014). The straits times: Malaysias Worst haze in 16 years. Retrieved 30 January, 2014, from http://www.stasiareport.com. 4. Asian Development Bank. (1997). Country Operational Strategy Study: Malaysia. STS: MAL 97009. 44 pp. 5. Auther, S. (2012). Renewable Energy Policy, Network for the 21st century. Retrieved on 12 Feb. 2014 from http://www.ren21.net. 6. Bellis, M. (n.d). History of flight-The Wright Brothers; the Wright brothers invented and flew the first powered and piloted airplane. Retrieved February 5th, 2014, from http://inventors.about.com. 7. Bellis, M. (n.d). History of the X-ray. Retrieved February 5th, 2014, from http://inventors.about.com. 8. Bellis, M. (n.d). History of the motion pictures: who invented cinema, the camera or film? Retrieved February 5th , 2014, from http://inventors.about.com. 9. Bellis, M. (n.d). Alexander Graham Bell: Biography. Retrieved February 5th , 2014, from http://inventors.about.com. 10. Bellis, M. (n.d). The inventions of Thomas Edison; History of phonograph-light bulb-motion pictures. Retrieved February 5th , 2014, from http://inventors.about.com. 11. Botkin, D.B., & Keller, E.A. (2003). Environmental Science: Earth as a living planet 4th ed. Santa Barbara, California: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 12. Cartwright, M. (26 February, 2014). Aztec Civilization. Retrieved March 01, 2014, from http://www.ancient.eu.com. 13. Chauhan, B.S. (2008). Environmental Studies. New Delhi: University Science Press (an imprint of Laxmi Publications pvt. Ltd.) 11, Golden House, Daryaganj. 14. Collins, N. (November 12, 2012). Civilisation is making Humanity less intelligent, study claims. Retrieved February 28th, 2014, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk. 15. Dosoudil, J. & Nigel, H. (2006 2007). Science and Technology Historical Timeline. Bridge 30 34 16. Egypt tour info, (n.d). Ancient Egypt: Mummification. Retrieved March 1, 2014, from http://www.egypttourinfo.com. 17. Explainthatstuff.com. (2014). History of invention: A science and technology timeline. Retrieved February 2nd, 2014, from http://www.explainthatstuff.com. And http://inventors.about.com. 18. Gascoigne, B. (2001, ongoing). History world. Retrieved February 15th, 2014, from http://www.historyworld.net.
19. Goetsch, D.L. (2008). Occupational safety and health for technologists, engineers, and managers, 6th EDT. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River. 20. Gordon Conway, The Doubly Green Revolution: Food for all in the 21st Century, Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1998. I. lvarez, Oct 17, 2011. Research and technology transfer: essential factors in
the fight against hunger. From http://oa.upm.es. 21. Hirst, K.K. (n.d). History of humans on planet Earth. Retrieved January 29, 2014, from http://archaeology.about.com. 22. Irhal, (n.d). Sharjah Museum of Islamic Civilization-Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Retrieved March 01, 2014, from http://www.irhal.com. 23. James, C. (1998) Global Review of Commercialized Transgenic Crops. The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA), New York, USA. 24. Myers, Norman and Jennifer Kent, Environmental Exodus: An Emergent Crisis in the Global Arena, Climate Institute, Washington, DC, USA, 1995. 25. Mills, C. L. (2004). The theory of Evolution what it is where it came from, and why it works? Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 26. Moya, A., & Font, E. (2004). Evolution; from molecules to ecosystems, Behavior, evolution and human affairs (pp. 229-323). New York: Oxford University Press. 27. Mateo Box, J.M. (1993) Biotecnologa, Agricultural y Alimentacin. Organization de Cooperation y desarrollo econmicos, Mundi Prensa, Paris, France/Madrid, Spain, pp. 15-38. 28. Quiz let, (n.d). Development of human civilization. Retrieved February 16th, 2014, from http://quizlet.com. 29. Rashad, A. (August 3, 2012). Ancient Egyptian facts: Ancient Egyptian achievements. Retrieved March 1, 2014, from http://www.egypttourinfo.com. 30. Raddato, C. (28 February, 2014). Roman Mosaic. Retrieved March 01, 2014 from http://www.ancient.eu.com. 31. Sasson, A.; Costarini, V. (1997) Biotechnology in Perspective. UNESCO, Paris, France, pp. 15-36. 32. Steven & Evan. (2013). Forgotten Origin: New theory of human civilization. Retrieved February 28, 2014, from http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.com. 33. U.S. eia, (January 30, 2014). International Energy Statistics - retrieved on 12 Feb. 2014, from http://www.eia.gov. 34. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, (n.d). Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Retrieved February 28th, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org. 35. Wolf, V. (2001). Wellness words of wisdom. Retrieved March 05, 2014, from http://sophia.smith.edu.
36. Wwf-Malaysia, (2001). Kinabatangan; A corridor of life: A vision for the Kinabatangan 2020. Partners for wetlands, Lower Kinabatangan floodplain, Malaysia. 24 pp. 37. Wu, F. & Buttz, W.P, (2004). The future of genetically modified crops: lessons from the green revolution
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CCB 2012-HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT 2014 DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACTS AND THE CHALLENGES ON HUMAN

SUBMISSION VERIFIED BY: ______________________ ( MOHD AZMUDDIN ABDULLAH)

SUBMISSION DATE: 07/03/2014

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

3.1.2 THE GREEN REVOLUTION..30

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

Silk Road Trade Network (200 B.C. 1500 AD)

476) Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi

Fig.2. Hunters of Old Stone Age people (about website)

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

1.3 MAYAN CIVILIZATION

Fig. 7 b) Sacrifice to god (picture by the national geographic)

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

MAYAN AND SCIENCE

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

Fig.8.Ancient Egypt hieroglyphics (forms of writing)

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

adapted from IEA data from 1990 to 2008

Fig.12 Renewable energy trend by year, as cited in Wikipedia, (n.d).

3.1.2 THE GREEN REVOLUTION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

Fig.16. impact of science-obesity due to improper health measures.

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

-death -nausea -asthma attacks -vomiting

-alter skin of foods -butter -carbonated drinks

-cancer -allergies and asthma -thyroid -leukaemia -hyperactivity in children

-monosodium glutamate (MSG)

-chest pain -allergies -headache

Fats and sweeteners

-processed food (bread, cookies, margarine) -ice-cream

-obesity and diabetes -hyperactivity -allergic reaction

Table 2. clinical information, Source: taken from Wikipedia

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

from 50 to 1,700 years

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

Source: Wikipedia: Bombing of two Japanese cities

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMAN CIVILISATION

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