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20.0 HOMEOSTASIS

20.0 Homeostasis
20.1 20.2 20.3 Concept of homeostasis Negative feedback mechanism Human homeostatic organ: Kidney 20.3.1 Structure and functions of kidney

20.2

Negative feedback mechanism

LEARNING OUTCOMES: Explain the negative feedback mechanism in controlling blood glucose

Learning outcomes: 20.2 Explain the negative feedback mechanism in controlling blood glucose

Negative feedback: Reduce / increase the intensity of the original stimulus & consequently causes a change in a variable that is opposite in direction to the initial change (The output is used to reduce / increase input)

Learning outcomes: 20.2 Explain the negative feedback mechanism in controlling blood glucose

Negative feedback: Primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change (Campbell 8 ed)

Learning outcomes: 20.2 Explain the negative feedback mechanism in controlling blood glucose

Learning outcomes: 20.2 Explain the negative feedback mechanism in controlling blood glucose

Regulation of blood glucose The normal level of glucose in the blood is about 90 mg /100 mL blood Blood glucose level is regulated by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

The cell act as the receptor and control centre

Learning outcomes: 20.2 Explain the negative feedback mechanism in controlling blood glucose

A rise in blood glucose level (hyperglycemia) stimulates -cells secretes insulin Insulin is carried in the bloodstream to the liver / muscle cells / adipose tissues These tissues act as effector
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Learning outcomes: 20.2 Explain the negative feedback mechanism in controlling blood glucose

Insulin stimulates: i. Increase the permeability of the membrane of the target cells to glucose ii. Increase oxidation of glucose to CO2 & H2O
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Learning outcomes: 20.2 Explain the negative feedback mechanism in controlling blood glucose

iii. Increase the conversion of glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis) & stored in liver & muscle cells iv. Synthesis of lipids / protein from glucose
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Learning outcomes: 20.2 Explain the negative feedback mechanism in controlling blood glucose

v. Inhibit liver cells from releasing glucose

The blood glucose level decrease to the normal level

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Learning outcomes: 20.2 Explain the negative feedback mechanism in controlling blood glucose

A decrease in blood glucose level (hypoglycemia) stimulates -cells secretes glucagon

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Learning outcomes: 20.2 Explain the negative feedback mechanism in controlling blood glucose

Glucagon stimulates:

i. The conversion of glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis)

ii. Conversion of protein / fats glucose

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Learning outcomes: 20.2 Explain the negative feedback mechanism in controlling blood glucose

Involves negative feedback mechanism Normal glucose level is restored

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Learning outcomes: 20.2 Explain the negative feedback mechanism in controlling blood glucose

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