( 2 )

( ) 158

,
,
18 ,
,
, ,
,

,

( CIP)
/ , . - 2 . - : , 2002
ISBN 7302059047
. . . . O313 .5
CIP (2002) 073677

: ( , 100084)
h tt p :/ / ww w .t up .tsinghua .edu .cn
:
:
:
: 787 1092 1/ 16 : 33 .5 : 1 : 563
: 2002 11 2 2002 11 1
: ISBN 7302059047/ T H 104
: 00012000
: 66 .00

Preface
T his book is a compilation of the current developmen ts from t he
t ribology r esea rch results of t he aut hor and his cow or ker s for a long
te rm . It is a systema tic presen tation of t ribology funda men tals and t heir
app lica tion . It also shows t he curr en t state and development t rend in
t ribology resear ch .
T her e a re eigh teen chap ter s in t he book , con sisting of thr ee pa rts
incl uding l ubrication t heory and lubrication design , friction and wea r
mechanism and cont rol, and applied t ribology . Besides the clas sical
t ribology con ten ts , it also covers scopes of in ter cros s r esea rch a reas of
t ribology . This book focuses on t he regu la rities and characteristics of t he
t ribological phenomena in the practice . F urt hermor e, it presents t he basic
t heory , n umerical analysis met hods and experimental m easuring tech
niques of tribology as well as t heir app lication in engineering .
T his book is int ended for use as a tex t book for seniorlevel or gradu
atelevel st udents majoring in mechanology or i n t he related fields in t he
universities . It can also be se rved as a valuable r efe rence for practicing
engineer s active in machine design and r esea rch .


,
,

18 G .A mon tons C .A .Coulomb

,
19 , O .Reynolds
,
, ,
20 20 , ,
, W .B .H a rdy
,
; G .A .Tomlin son
; F .P .Bo wdon D .Tabor
,

,
1965 ,
Tribology( ) ,

,
, :
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,

,
,
,
,
,
, ,
,

,
,
,

, ,
,
,
,
,

( 1990
) , 8000 ,
1992
, ,
,
,

, ,
,


,
, ,
, , ,
,
,

2002

1 2
1 .1 3
1 .2 5
1 .3 6
1 .4 12
1 .5

18

2 22
2 .1 23
2 .2 27
2 .3 31
2 .4 ( ) 36
2 .5 40
2 .6 42
3 50
3 .1 51
3 .2 63
3 .3 68
3 .4 79
4 94
4 .1 94


4 .2 100
4 .3 107
4 .4 112
4 .5 116
4 .6 124
4 .7 129
4 .8 132
4 .9 138
4 .10 140
5 147
5 .1 147
5 .2 154
5 .3 161
5 .4 170
6 179
6 .1 179
6 .2 181
6 .3 189
6 .4 194
7 200
7 .1 201
7 .2 206
7 .3 211
7 .4 224
8 230
8 .1 230
8 .2 236
8 .3 242
8 .4 246

9 256
9 .1 256
9 .2 259
9 .3 263
9 .4 265
10 271
10 .1 271
10 .2 274
10 .3 276
10 .4 282
10 .5 284
10 .6 287
10 .7 289
11 301
11 .1 302
11 .2 305
11 .3 310
11 .4 319
11 .5 331
12 336
12 .1 337
12 .2 340
12 .3 344
12 .4 348
12 .5 350
12 .6 351
12 .7 354


13 361
13 .1 361
13 .2 368
13 .3 372
13 .4 381
14 390
14 .1 390
14 .2 394
14 .3 401
14 .4 404
14 .5 407

15 412
15 .1 412
15 .2 420
15 .3 424
15 .4 430
16 442
16 .1 443
16 .2 447
16 .3 452
16 .4 463
17 472
17 .1 472
17 .2 476
17 .3 479
17 .4 484
17 .5 486
17 .6 489


18 491
18 .1 491
18 .2 498
18 .3 499
18 .4 511

Contents
Introduction
Part One Lubrication Theory and Lubrication Design
Chapter 1 Rheological Properties of Lubrication Film 2
1 .1 Lubrication States 3
1 .2 Densit y of Lubrican ts

1 .3 Viscosit y of Fluids 6
1 .4 NonNewt onian Fluids

12

1 .5 Measurem en t and Exchange of Viscosity 18

Chapter 2 Basic of Hydrodynamic Lubrication Theory 22
2 .1 Reynolds Equation

23

2 .2 H ydrodynamic Lubrication 27
2 .3 Basic Elasticit y Theory of Line and Point
Con tact P roblems 31
2 .4 Elast ohydrodyna mic Lubrication ( inlet analysis) 36
2 .5 Grease Lubrication 40
2 .6 Gener alized Reynolds Equation 42
Chapter 3 Numerical Solutions of Lubrication Calculation

50

3 .1 N umerical Solu tion s of Reynolds Equation 51

3 .2 N umerical Solu tion s of Energy Equation 63
3 .3 N umerical Solu tion s of Elast ohydrodynamic Lubrication 68
3 .4 Multigrid Level Met hod Used in Lu brication P rob le ms

79

Chapter 4 Lubrication Design of Typical Machine Parts

94

4 .1 Slider and T hrust Bea ring 94

4 .2 Journal Bearing 100
4 .3 H ydrostatic Lubrication

107

4 .4 Squeezi ng Bearing 112

4 .5 Dynamic Bearing

116

4 .6 Gas Bearing 124

4 .7 Rolling Bea ring 129
4 .8 Gea r Tr ans mission 132
4 .9 Ca m M achinery 138
4 .10 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication State 140
Chapter 5 Lubrication of Special Fluid Medias 147
5 .1 Magneto Fluid Lu brication

147

5 .2 Micropolar Fluid Lubrication 154

5 .3 Liquid Crystal Lubrication

161

5 .4 Double Elect ric L ayer Effect in Cer amic Wate r

Thin film Lubrication

170

Chapter 6 Boundary Lubrication and Additives 179

6 .1 Transformation from H ydrodynamic Lubrication
to Boundary Lubrication

179

6 .2 Types of Bounda ry Lubrication

181

6 .3 Theory of Boundary Lu brication 189

6 .4 A dditives of Lubrican t 194
Chapter 7 T ransformation of Lubrication States and Thin Film
Lubrication

200

7 .1 Prospect of Elast ohydrodynamic Lubrication St udy 201

7 .2 Transformation of Lubrication Stat es 206
7 .3 Cha racteristics of Thin Film Lubrication

211

7 .4 N umerical A nalysis of T hin Film Lu brication

224

Chapter 8 Lubrication Failure and Mixed Lubrication 230

8 .1 Influence of Roughness and Material Viscoelastic
Proper t y on Lubrication Fail ure 230
8 .2 Influence of Fluid Limiting S hear St ress on
Lubrication Failure

236

8 .3 Influence of T empe rat ure on Lubrication Failure 242

8 .4 Mixed Lubrication 246
Part Two Friction and Wear Mechanism and Friction Control
Chapter 9 Surface Forms and Sur face Contact s 256
9 .1 Para mete rs of Surface T opogr aphy 256
9 .2 Statistic Par amete rs of Surface Topography 259
9 .3 S uperficial St ruct ur e and Surface Proper ties 263
9 .4 Rough S urface Con tacts

265

Chapter 10 Solid Friction and Friction Control 271

10 .1 T he Basic Characteristics of F riction

271

10 .2 Classical Friction T heory

274

10 .3 A dhesive F riction Theory

276

10 .4 F riction Binomial L aw 282

10 .5 Infl uence Factors on Slidi ng F riction
10 .6 Rolling F riction

284

287

10 .7 Sliding Friction and Ot he r P rob le ms 289

Chapter 11 Wear Characteristics and Mechanism 301
11 .1 Wear Classification 302
11 .2 Pa rticle Wear

305

11 .3 A dhesive Wear 310

11 .4 Fatigue Wea r
11 .5 Corrosion Wear

319
331

Chapter 12 Macro Wear Regularities and Wear Theory 336

12 .1 M aterials of F riction Pair

337

12 .2 Curves of Wear P roces ses 340

12 .3 Surface Q uality and Wear
12 .4 A dhesive Wear Theory
12 .5 Energy Wear Theory

344

348
350

12 .6 Spalling Theory and F atigue Wea r T heory 351

12 .7 Wear Calculation 354
Chapter 13 AntiWear Designs and Surface Coatings 361
13 .1 Choice of Lubrication Oil, G rease and Additive 361
13 .2 P rinciples of F riction Pair Mate rial Choice 368
13 .3 Surface Coati ng s 372
13 .4 M easur ement of Coating Proper ties 381
Chapter 14 F riction and Wear E xperiment and State Detection

390

14 .l M ethods and Equipm en ts of F riction and

Wear Experimental

390

14 .2 M easur ement of Wea r 394

14 .3 F orm A nalysis of F riction Surface 401
14 .4 Detection of Wea r States 404
14 .5 A n alysis of Wear Failure

407

Part Three Applied Tribology

Chapter 15 Micro T ribology 412
15 .1 Micro F riction 412
15 .2 Micro Contact and A dhesive Phenomena 420
15 .3 Micro Wear

424

15 .4 Molecu la r Film and Boundary Lubrication

430

Chapter 16 Metal Forming T ribology 442

16 .1 M echanics Basics in F orming Technology
16 .2 F orge T ribology

443

447

16 .3 Drawing T ribology 452

16 .4 Milling Tribology 463

Chapter 17 Biological T ribology 472

17 .1 F unda men tal of M echanics on Biological Sof t Tissue 472
17 .2 Char acte ristics of Joint Liquid Lubrican t 476
17 .3 M en and A nim al Join t Lubrications 479
17 .4 F riction of Joint Prost hesis 484
17 .5 Wear of Join t P rost hesis 486
17 .6 Ot her Biological Tribology St udies

489

Chapter 18 Ecotypical T ribology 491

18 .1 Supe r Sliding T echnique 491
18 .2 Wear Surface P rosthesis 498
18 .3 F riction N oise and Its Cont rol

499

18 .4 G reen Lubrican ts 511

, ,
, ,
,
, ( P T F E )

,
, ,
, ; ,
0 .7
, ,
,
,
, ,
, , ,

( m )
7

( GPa ) ( 10 s

- 1

) (

10 - 3 s ) , ,
,
, ,
,
, ,

3
,
,

1 .1

,
,
: ( 1) ; ( 2 ) ; ( 3 )
( ) ; ( 4) ; ( 5) ; ( 6) 6
11
11

1100m

1100m

0 .11m

10100nm

150nm

110nm

,
, 11

4
, ,

11

, ,
,
12

12

13 St rei
beck ,
, ; U ; p

:
, ,
,

13 Str eibeck

, ,

,
, ,

1 .2
,
, ,
20C 12
12
/ g/ cm3

/ g/ cm3

0 .9150 .937

1 .031 .06

0 .990

0 .981 .00

1 .161

0 .760 .97

1 .205

0 .95

1 .2261 .538

0 .991 .10

, ,
, ,
, ,
C ,

C =

V d( M/ V)
1 dV
1 d
=
= dp
M
dp
V dp

( 1 1)

, V M
p = 0 [ 1 + C( p - p0 ) ]
,0 p p0 p
C
C = ( 7 .25 - lg) 10 - 10
, m Pas , C m2/ N
,
p = 0 1 +

0 .6 p
1 + 1 .7 p

( 1 2)

p G Pa
,
t ,
t = 0 [1 - t ( t - t0 ) ]
,t t , 0 t0 ,t

( 1 3)
- 1

t mPas ,
3000m Pa s , lg3 .5 ,
10 - 9 lg 10 - 4
5
3000m Pa s , lg > 3 .5
t =

t =

5 - 3 lg 10 - 4
8

1 .3
,
,
,
,

1 .3 .1
, ,
,

7
,
1 .
( Newton) ,
, 1 4 h
A , F U ,

, ,
, , ,
AB , u

14

,
,
=

( 1 4)

, , ,= F/ A; ,

d dx
d dx
du
d
=
=
=
dt d z
dz dt
dz
dt

, ,

= d u
dz

( 1 5)

,
( SI) ,
2

Ns/ m Pas , 1 5

8
002m Pas, 1m Pas 2 400m Pas,
700m Pas

,
,
:

15

2 .
,
, ,
=

( 1 6)

m / s
3

= 0 .7 1 .2g/ c m ,
3

0 85 g/ cm ,
= 0 .85

( 1 7)

1 .3 .2
,
,
,
,
,
, ,
, ,
,
,
,

, ,
,

9
, ,
1 .
,

1 d

d T

:
Reynolds
A ndra deErying

= 0 e - ( T -

T )
0

( 1 8)
( 1 9)

/ T

= 0 e

s
(1 10)
m
( a + T)
V ogel
= 0 eb/ ( T+)
(1 11)
,0 T0 ; T ;
Slo tte

, 0 .03/ ; m = 1 , 2 , ; ,
, 95;, s, b
, ,
V ogel
2 . AS T M
AS T M ( ) ,

1/ T

(+ a) = bd

(1 12)

, , a, b, c d , T
2
mm / s , a = 0 .6 0 .75 , b = 1 , d = 10 , AST M

, , , 1 6

16 AST M

10

(1 13)

lglg (+ a) = A - Bl g T

A B ,

, AS T M ,

3 . V I
( VI ) ,

VI =

L - U
100
L - H

(1 14)

210 ( 85 ) , 210
0 100 , L H
100 ( 38 ) U 100
(114 )
1 3
13
VI

100 / mm2 / s

210 / mm 2 / s

100

132

14 .5

10 W/ 30

147

140

17 .5

400

130

53

1 .3 .3
,
, , 0 .02G Pa ,
, ,
GPa , ,
: ,
,

11
Ba rus

= 0 ep

Reoland

= 0 exp{ ( ln0 + 9 .67) [ - 1 + ( 1 + p/ p0 ) ] }

Came ron

= 0 ( 1 + cp )

(1 15)
z

(1 16)

16

(1 17)

, p ;0 ; ; p0
, 5 .1 10

- 9

; , z 0 .68 ; c

/ 15
1G Pa , Ba rus , Reoland

2 .2 10

- 8

m / N

1 4 1 5
14 (10 - 8 m2/ N)
/

30

2 .1

2 .6

2 .8

2 .2

2 .4

3 .4

60

1 .6

2 .0

2 .3

1 .9

2 .1

2 .8

90

1 .3

1 .6

1 .8

1 .4

1 .6

2 .2

15 25

/ 10

- 8

m2 / N

/ 10 - 8 m2 / N

1 .52 .4

1 .41 .8

2 .53 .6

1 .11 .7

48

35

1 .52 .0

0 .75

1 .52 .5

, ,
, 3 GPa

1 .3 .4
,
:
Ba rus Reynold s

=0 exp [p - ( T - T0 ) ]

(1 18)

12
Roelands
=0 exp ( ln0 + 9 .67) (1 + 5 .110

- 9

p)

0 .6 8

T - 138
T0 - 138

- 1 .1

- 1
(1 19)

, ( 1 18) , , (1 19)

1 .4
, ,
, 17 C,
, , ,

17

, 1 7 A , B
D
, ,
n

(1 20)

, n , , n = 1

1 7 A Bingham ,
s , s ,
= s +

(1 21)

Binham ,

= s +

(1 22)

13
,
, , ,

,
1 . ReeEyring

0
sinh
0
0

(1 23)

,
,
, ReeEyri ng ,
1 8
1 0 0 ,
0 ,
;0

18
1 ReeE yri ng ; 2 ;
3 ; 4

2 .
1 8 2 L
, ,
0 | | L ,

=
0

L 0 | | ,

= L

(1 24)

,
,

14

, ,
,
, L
5

:L 410 2 10 Pa
3 .
,
,
L , 1 8 3
=

L
0

(1 25)

L -

4 .
1 8 4 ,

[2]

,
=

0
2 + 1

(1 26)

,= 2x/ cu0 ,
;0 ; x ;
; c ; u0
5 .
, ,
, ,
Max well , 1 9 ,
,
e =

de1

=
G
dz

,e ; G
t ,
e =

d e1

=
d u1 = de1
G
dz

15

19 Maxwell

e =

d u1
= 1 d
dz
G dt

, ,
=

de2
d u2
=
=
d u2 = de2
dz

dz

, Maxwell ,
,
+ 1 d
+
e =
=

G dt

(1 27)

(1 27) ,
G ,
, Maxwell ,
,

6 .
M ax well ( 1 27)
,
,
d
= F() + 1
G dt

(1 28)

, F()
Joh nson T evaar werk

[ 3]

Maxwell ReeEyri ng ,

16

1 d
sinh
+
0
G dt
0

(1 29)

0 , sinh
/ 0 / 0 , F () =
/ 0 ,
, ( 1 29) ( 1 27 )
Joh nson Tevaa rwe rk

, 1 10

110

7 .
Bair Winer

[4]

1 d L
ln 1 L

G d t

(1 30)

, G ,
;L ;
3 ,

(1 30 ) =
/ L ;

/ L ; =
=

d
, (1 30)
G L d t

= - ln( 1 - )

(1 31)

111
(1 31 )

17

111

:
,
,

,
,
(1 ) ( p seudoplastic)
6

( 10 s

- 1

10 s

- 1

( )
2

, ( 10 s

- 1

10 s

- 1

) ,

1 12

112

,
,

18
(2 ) ( t hixot ropic)
1 13 ,
,
, ,
,

,
,
,
,

113

1 .5
,
3 ,
(1 )
,

( 114 ( a ) ) ( 114 ( b) ) ,
,
, ,

114
( a ) ; ( b )

19
(2 )

,
,
, ,
, ,
(3 )
, ,

,
; ,
, ,

1 15 , c,
t( 1 15 A, B
A B ) ,
= ct

115

(1 32)

116

20
,
=

( Red wood ) ( Saybolt )

( Engler) , ,
1 16
(E ) =

200L

(1 33)

,
3 (1cSt = 10

- 6

m / s)

1 17

117

, ,
,
, ,
, [ 5 ]
, ,

21
[ 6 ]

[1] . . : , 1990
[2] , . . , 1996 , ( 2 ) :
1416
[3] Johnson K L , T evaa rwe rk J L . Shea r behavior of elast ohydrodynamic oil films .
Proc . Royal Society of London . 1977 , A356 : 215236
[4 ] Bair S, Wine r W O . A rh eological model for elastohydrodynamic con tacts based on
primary laborat ory data . T ra ns . AS ME , Ser ies F ., 1979 , 101 (3) : 258265
[5] , . . , 1984 , ( 3 ) :
1014
[6] . : [ ] .
: , 1997

, NavierStokes

1883 , Tower ,
, 1886 Osborne Reynolds
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
,
, ,

, ,
,
(1 ) : , NavierSt okes ;
(2 ) : ;
(3 ) : ;
(4 ) : ;
(5 ) :
, ,

23

2 .1
2 .1 .1
(1 )
(2 ) ,
(3 )
,
(4 ) , ,
,
(5 )

(6 ) , ,

(7 ) , ,
,
(8 ) ,

(1 ) ( 4) ,
(5 ) ( 8) , ,

2 .1 .2
, NavierSt okes
, ,
: ( 1) ,
; ( 2 ) , ;
(3 ) ,
1 .
X 2 1 , p
( (1 ) (7 ) ) u, v, w X , Y , Z

24
, u , v z
, x y , ,

v
u
,
z
z

, X , ( d xd z)

21

X ,
pd yd z + +

d z d xd y =
z

p+

p
d x d yd z + d xd y
x

=
x
z
,=

( 2 1)
( 2 2)

u
( (5 ) (6 ) ) ,
z
p
=
x

u
z
z

( 2 3)

p =
y

v
z

( 2 4)

p
= 0 ( ( 3) )
z
p z ( (3 ) ) , z ( ( 8) ) ,
(2 3) z ,

u
=
z

u =

p
dz =
x

p
z + C1
x

p
z + C1 d z =
x

p z
+ C1 z + C2
x 2

C1 C2 (

25
(2 ) ) , U0 U h , z = 0 , u = U0 ; z = h ,
u = U h , 2 2

C2 = U0 C1 = ( U h - U0 )

p h
x 2

, X
z
1 p 2
( z - zh ) + ( Uh - U0 )
+ U0
h
2 x

( 2 5)

p ( z2
- zh) + ( V h - V0 ) z + V0
v = 1
h
2 y

( 2 6)

u =

2 2 u Z : ( 2 5 )
U0 , Z
,
( 25 )
( Uh - U0 ) ,
,

p
,
x

22

2 .
h 2 3 ,
mx m y , qx q y ,
h

ud z

mx =

vd z

my =

ud z

qx =

vd z

qy =

26

23

, ,
mx = qx , my = q y
u, v , ,
3
p
h
h
+ ( U0 + U h )
qx = 12 x
2

( 2 7)

3
p
h
h
qy = + ( V0 + V h )
12 y
2

( 2 8)

3 .
,
2 3
mx d y + my d x + w 0 d xd y =

mx +

mx
dx d y +
x

my +

my
d y d x + w h d xd y
y

, w0 w h : w0 w h
, h , ( w0 - w h ) d xd y ,
( w0 - wh ) h/

t ,

w0 wh ,

(q x ) +

(qy ) + ( w h - w0 ) = 0

27
qx , qy , U = U0 + Uh , V = V0 + V h ,
3

h
x

p
+
x

h
y

p
= 6
y

( Uh ) +

( Vh ) + 2( wh - w0 )
( 2 9)

(2 9)

2 .2
2 .2 .1
(2 9) x , y
,
(2 9) , :
(1 ) U

h
h
, V

x
y

(2 ) h

U
V
, h

x
y

(3 ) Uh

, Vh

x
y

(4 )

2 4( a )
U , , ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
2 4( b)
,
,
2 4( c) ,
, ,
, ,
,

28

24
( a ) ; ( b ) ; ( c ) ; ( d )

2 4( d )
, , ,

,

, , ,
,
, : ,

29

2 .2 .2
1 .
,
,

p| s = 0
p
n

=0

, s ; n

, ,
,
,
:
p

p
n

= 0

= 0

(1 ) ( 0 x L)

x=0

= 0; p

x= L

=0

x=0

= 0; p

x = x

=0

p
x

x = x

=0

(2 ) ( 0 x L, - B/ 2 y B/ 2)
p

x= 0

= 0; p

x= 0

= 0; p

x= L

x = x

= 0; p
=0

y = B/ 2

p
x

=0

x = x

= 0; p

y = B/ 2

=0

x
2 .
,
, , ( 2 9 )
,

h| t = 0 = h( x , y , 0 )

30

p | t = 0 = p( x , y , 0 )

2 .2 .3
, ,

1 . W
p( x, y) ,

pd xd y

W =
2 . F

F0 , h =

z= 0, h

d xd y

, z = 0 ,
z = h
(2 5) ,
=

( 2 z - h) + ( U h - U0 )
x
h

1
u
=
z
2

, = F/ W ,

3 . Q

q d y

Qx =

q d x

Qy =

31
,

2 .3
H er tz ,
, ,

2 .3 .1
1 .
,
,
,

,
, , 2 5

25

2 5( a ) ,
:
2

h = h0 + ( R1 -

2
1

R - x ) + ( R2 -

x
R - x ) h0 +
2R
2
2

32

R =

R1 R2
R1 + R2

(2 10)

, R , 2 5 ( b)
, R1 > R2 ,
R =

R1 R2
R1 - R2

(2 11)

2 5( b) 25( a) ,
, E
E1 E2 ,
1 2 ,

1
1
=
E 2

1 - 1
1 - 2
+
E1
E2

(2 12)

, ,
, R E
,
,
2 .
2 6 , W ,
, ,
, ,

H er tz , b
8W R
b=
LE

1/ 2

(2 13)

, R ; E ; L
, ,
2

p = p0

x
1 - 2
b

1/ 2

(2 14)

, p ; p0 , :
p0 = 2 W =
bL

W E
2RL

1/ 2

b
= E
4R

(2 15)

33
, ( Z ) x ,y z
, 2 7 Z

26

27

, 45
, 45 x z
,
z x =

1
(z - x )
2

zx , m a x = 0 .301 p0 , 0 .786b ,

2 .3 .2
1 .
,


28
R1 x , R1 y R2 x ,
R2 y X1 , Y1 X2 , Y2 ,

, = 0 ,

34

28

z1 = A1 x + A2 x y + A3 y

(2 16)

z2 = B1 x2 + B2 xy + B3 y2
A1 , A2 , A3 B1 , B2 , B3
Z s
2
2
s = z2 - z1 = ( B1 - A1 ) x + ( B2 - A2 ) xy + ( B3 - A3 ) y

X Y , ( 2 16 ) x y ,

s = Ax + By

(2 17)

, A, B ,
A+ B =

1
2

1
B - A =
2

1
1
1
1
+
+
+
R1 x
R1 y
R2 x
R2 y
1
1
R1 x
R1 y

1
1
2
R1 x
R1 y

1
1
R2 x
R2 y

1
1
cos2
R1 x
R1 y

+
1/ 2

(2 18)

(2 17 ) , X O Y , s
Z ,
2 .
H er tz ,
a, b ,

35
X , p
2

p = p0

x
y
1 - 2 - 2
b
a

(2 19)

3W
2ab

(2 20)

H er tz p0
p0 =
W
, a b :
1/ 3

a = ka

3W
2 E( A + B)

1/ 3

b = kb

3W
2 E( A + B)

cos=

B - A
B+ A

(2 21)
(2 22)

(2 23)

2 9 , k a k b

29 ka k b

,
, ,
, ,

,
, 2 8 0 90 ,

36

2 10 = 0 90, X Y
, XOZ
Rx1 R x2 ,
Y OZ R1 y
R2 y , , (2 17) (2 18)
2

y
s= x +
2 Rx
2 Ry

(2 24)

1 = 1 + 1
Rx1
R x2
Rx

(2 25)

1
1
1
=
+
Ry
R y1
Ry2

(2 26)

210

Rx Ry E

2 10 , O
hc , ( x, y ) ,

h( x, y) = hc + s( x, y) + ( x, y ) - ( 0 , 0)
2

x
y
h( x, y) = hc +
+
+ ( x, y ) - ( 0 , 0)
2 Rx
2 Ry

(2 27)

hc = h0 + ( 0 , 0 ) , h0 ,

h( x, y) = h0 +

x
y
+
+ ( x, y)
2 Rx
2 Ry

(2 28)

, ( 2 27) ( 2 28 )
h0 , , h

2 .4 ( )
( elast ohydrodynamic lubrication)
( E H L E H D ) 30 ,

37
:
, ,
, ,

[ 3]

1949 ,
H e rtz ,

2 .4 .1
2 11 R

W
, ,
,
,
,
H er tz ,

211 He rtz

x2
- 1 - ln x +
2
b
b

2 bp0 x
h =
E b

x2
- 1
b2

(2 29)

EL =E
= 4

x
b

x
- 1 - ln x +
2
b
b

: x ,

x2
- 1
b2

x
1 ,
b

(2 29 ) ,
h =

EL L

2 .4 .2
p

Bar us = 0 e ,
d p = 12 U p h -
h
0 e
3
dx
h

(2 30)

38
1 - e - p
q =
,

d q = - 1 d ( e - p ) = e - p d p
dx
dx
dx
(2 30 ) ,
h -
h
dq
= 12 U0
3
h
dx

(2 31)

(2 31 ) : , q p ,

2 .4 .3
:
(1 ) , e - p 0 ,
q=

- p
1
(1 - e ) 1/ , q , dq/ d x =

0 , ( 2 31 ) h =
h = h0 , ,
, , ,
, H er tz
(2 ) ( x < - b)
, , H er tz ,
,

W
h = h0 +
EL L

(2 32)

(3 ) 212 , p
x = - b , q = 1/
h0
212

, , ,
H er tz ,
d p/ d x = 0 , , U h0
x = + b , d p/ d x = - 2 p0 / b,
,

39

212

213

213 :
, ,
h0 75 %
hmin
,

2 .4 .4
( 2 32 )
(2 31 ) ,
W
dq
= 12 U0
3
E L Lh
dx
,
Q=
X =

W
EL L

q
12U0 b

hE L L
h0 EL L
x
H =
H0 =
b
W
W

H = H0 +
,

dQ
= 3
H
dX

(2 33)

: X = - , Q = 0 X = - 1 Q ,
,

40
-1

-1

3 d X
-
- ( H0 +
)
, H0 X , X ,
Q | X=

-1

3 d X =
H

H0 , ,
Q | X = - 1 = 0 .0986 H0- 1 1/ 8

(2 34)

, x = - b q= 1/ , Q| X =

- 1

W
=
EL L

8 W R 1/ 2
1
,
(2 34) , EL = E, b =
L E
12 U0 b

U0
h0
= 1 .95
R
R

8/ 11

EL R
W

1/ 11

(2 35)

, Dowson

h0

H0 =
R

G = E

=
=

0 U
ER
W
ER L

8/ 11
(G U )
= 1 .95
W 1/ 11

(2 36)

(2 36 ) ,
20 %

, ,

h0
U0
= 1 .73
R
R

5/ 7

ER
W

1/ 21

(2 37)

2 .5

, ,

41

, ,

, 2 14
:
(1 ) ,

(2 ) 2 14 , s , > s
, s ,
, ,
s ,
,

214

(3 ) ,
, ,
, , ,

3
(1 ) Ost wald
n

=
(2 ) Bi ngham

= s +
(3 ) He rschelBul kley
n

= s +
, n ;

, He rschelBul kley ,
, n = 1 , Bingha m ; s = 0

42
Ostwald , H e rschelBul kley
, s n

, n p , s

p
p
s = s0 e

=
,s 0

(2 38)

ep

,
, H e rschel
Bulk ley s ,
, , H e rschel
Bulk ley
dp
= 2
dx

1
2 2+
n

2s
Un ( h -
h) n
1 2 n+ 1
h
d ph
dx

- ( n+ 1 )

2s
1+ n
n + 1 dp
h
dx

- n

(2 39)
( 2 39 ) , [ 4 , 5 ]
h

dp
= 0
dx

s = 0 , ( 2 39 ) Ostwald ,
1
dp = 2
n
2 2+
2 n+ 1 U
n
dx
h

(h -
h) n

s = 0 n = 1 , ( 239 )
h -
h
dp
= 12 U
3
h
dx
,

2 .6
2 .1 ,
,

43
,
:
(1 )
p = xz
x
z
p = yz
y
z

(2 40)

p
= 0
z
,xz ,y z ,

(2 )
u + v + w = 0
x
y
z

(2 41)

(3 )
= f ()

(2 42)

, f () ,
, ,

2 .6 .1
,
, ,
,
, Do wson

= h

[6 ]

:
( F1 + G1 )

p
+
x

(v ) 2
(u) 2
+
x
y

y
-

( F2 + G2 )

p
y

( u2 - u1 ) ( F3 + G2 )
+ u1 G3
F0
x

( v2 - v1 ) ( F3 + G2 )
+ v1 G3
y
F0

, 2 15
h

d z

F0 =

(2 43)

44
h

d z =

F1 =

( z -

F2 =

z) d z

F1
F0

z F0 z =

d z

F3 =

G1 =

G2 =

G3 =

z
z

(
z
dz - z

z
z

d z

d z
0

dz

dz

d z
z

215

2 .6 .2
,
1 2 ,
h,
= h =

,=

h
21 + 22

(2 44)

1 +2 ,

,3 4 , ; < 3 4 ,
( pa rtial lubrication ) ,
,

45

Patir Cheng

[7]

, , ,

p
h3
+
12 x

u1 + u2
2

p
h3
12 y

hT
( u1 - u2 ) s
+
+
x
2
x

hT
t

(2 45)

(2 45 ) , ;
; , p ; hT
; t ; u1 , u2 ;

x , y

2 16

h/

, ,
2 17 ,> 1 ;< 1 ; = 1
,

216

(2 45)

218
s

46

217

218

h ,1
s

h ,2
2
s

(2 46)

Patir Cheng ( 2 45 ) ,
hcr
hc , 2 19
219 :
,
, ,

: ,
,
, 2 3
[ 8]

47

219

: ,

, hmi n Ua , a
, 55 %
95 % , ,

2 .6 .3

[9]

, ,
x

F20

p
+
x

( u1 - u2 ) s
+
2
x

p
=
y

F20

u2 h + ( u1 - u2 )

h
t

F1
+
F0
(2 47)

, t ; u1 , u2 ;

x , y

; s ; p ; h ; h0
; F1 , F0 ( 2 43 ) F1 ,
F0 ; F20 :
h
0

F20 =
h
0

F00 =

dy
; F10 =

1 y - F10
dy
F00

yd y

48

2 .6 .4
, ,

[ 10 ]

:
x

(e h)
p
( u)
= 12 u
+
x
x
t

h
e

(2 48)

e
e
-
e

= 12
e

1
e
e ( u2 - u1 ) +
e u1 ]
[
u
z

e =

h 0

d z
0

e =
3
h

dz

z dz
dz

u =

1
( u1 + u2 )
2

1
= 1
h
e

d z

1
= 12

e
h

z dz

, ,
, ,
,

[1] . . : , 1990
[2] T imoshe nko S, Goodier , J N . T heory of Elasticity . McGrawHill , 1973
[3] .

, . 1949 , 126184
[4] , . . : , 1992
[5] . : [ ] :
, 1985

49
[6] Dowson D . A generalized Reynolds equation for fluid film lubrication . International
Journal of Mecha nical Science , 1962 , 4 : 159170
[7] Pati r N , Cheng H S . An averag e flow model for deter mining effects of T hree
dime nsional roughnes s on Pa r tial hydrodyn amic lubr ica tion . T rans . AS ME , Series
F , 1978 , 100 (1) : 1217
[8] , , . . (
) . : , 1986
[9] , , . . , 1998 ,
(3) : 1618
[10 ] Ya ng Peira n , We n Shi zhu . A generalized Reynolds equa tion for nonNewtonian
t he rmal elastohydrodyn amic lubr ica tion . T ra ns . A SME , Journal of T ribology ,
1990 , 112( 4) : 613636

,
,
3

h
x

p
+
x

h
y

p
h
h
h
+ V
+2
= 6 U
y
x
y
t

( 3 1)

, ,
,

: , ,
( p)
, , ,
,
,
Gaus s Gau ssSeidel ,

,
, ,
,
,
,

51
,

3 .1
3 .1 .1
,
,

,
,

31

, , 3 1 ,
X m , Y n , m n
, m = 12 25 ,
n = 810 ,
, ,

p ,

, O( i, j)

3 2 ,
,

O ( i, j)

32

52
- i - 1, j
2x

i+1, j

i, j

- i, j - 1

2y

i, j + 1

i, j

2
i+ 1 , j

( 3 2)

i, j

+ i - 1, j - 2
2
(x )

i, j

( 3 3)

+ i, j - 1 - 2 i, j
2
y i, j
(y)
,
i, j + 1

x
y

i+ 1 , j

i , j+ 1

i, j

i, j

i, j

( 3 4)
i, j

,
- i-1, j
x i, j
x
( 3 5)
i, j i, j - 1
=
y i, j
y
, , , ,
=

i, j

i+ 1/ 2 , j

=
i, j

i - 1/ 2 , j

+ B

+ C

+ D

= E

A, B, C, D E , ,
(3 2) (3 3 ) , i, j

i, j

= CN

i, j+ 1

+ CS

i, j - 1

+ CE

i+ 1 , j

+ CW

CN =

B
D
2 +
y
2y

CS =

B
D
2
y
2y

CE =

A
C
2 +
x
2x

CW =

A - C
2
2x
x

i - 1, j

+ G

( 3 6)

53

G = -

E
K

K = 2

A + B
2
2
y
x

(3 6)
(3 6) ,
, ,
, ,
,
,

1 .
h ,
, ,
2
2

p =

p
2 +
x

p
= 0
y

( 3 7)

, x = X A, y = Y B , A , B ; p = P pr , pr
2

;= A / B ;
2

P
P
= 0
2 +
2
X
Y

( 3 8)

(3 8)
(1 ) P = 1
(2 )

P=0

(3 3) (3 8 )
P i, j+ 1 + Pi , j - 1 - 2 Pi, j
Pi+ 1 , j + P i - 1 , j - 2 Pi , j
+
= 0
2
2
X
Y

( 3 9)

(3 9)
2 .

h
x

p
+
x

h
y

p
= 6U
y

h
x

(3 10)

h x y , , ( 3 10 )

54
, ,
, ( 3 10 )
,
1)
,
, ( ) ,

Ocvirk , p y ( )
,
p = pc (1 - Y )

(3 11)

, pc ; Y ; , = 2
,

3 3

33

x = XB
y = YL
p = P

6UB
2
h0

= B2
L
h = h0 ( 1 + X) = H h0 ( h1 = 2 h0 )
(3 10 )

55
2

2
P
P
3 dH
2 +
2 +
H dX
X
Y

P
1 dH
= 3
X
H dX

(3 12)

Pois son
2

P = Pc (1 - Y ) ( 3 12) , Pc X
, Pc X
2

Pc
3 dH
2 +
X
H dX

Pc
1 dH
- 2Pc = 3
X
H dX

Pc
Pc
+ bPc = c
2 + a
X
X

(3 13)

(3 13 )
a=

3
3 dH
=
H dX
1+ X
2

b = - 2= - 2 B2
L
c=

1
1 dH
=
3
( 1 + X) 3
H dX

Pi + CE P i - 1 + CW P i+ 1 = G
, CE , CW , G a, b, c
2)
,
, h x ,

, 3 4 , x = R, d x = Rd,

34

56

p
3
2
+ h R

p
dh
= 6 UR
y
d
2

(3 14)

y = Y L/ 2
= ( 2 R/ L)

h = c( 1 + cos) = Hc
p = P

6UR
2
c

P
+ H 3

P = dH
2
d
Y

sin
P + P - 3si n P = 2
2
2
1 + cos
(1 + cos)

(3 15)

, R ; L ; ,= e/ c, e ;
c
, ( 3 6 ) , P
, 5
, ( 3 15 ) :
Y = 0; Y = 1 0 2 ,

(1 )
Y = 1 , P = 0 ; Y = 0 ,

P
= 0
Y

(2 )
: = 0 , P = 0;
P = 0

P
= 0

, , ,
P < 0 P = 0 ,

, ,
, ,
, e

57
Te
,
FU = JcVQT
2

2U RL
FU
=
T =
JcVQc
JcVQ
, T ; F ,
, F =
2UR L/ c; U ; J ; cV ; ; Q
; ; R L ; c
, Te , ,
Te = Ti + kT
, Ti ; k 0 1

[3]

, 0 .9 ,

, ,

3 .1 .2

1 .
,
, :

,

h3
p
+
x 12 x

h3
p
1
=
y 12 y
2

( hU)
1
+
x
2

( hV)
h
+
y
t

(3 16)

h
p = 1 ( hU) + h

12
2
= i

+ j

; U ; h =

(3 17)

58
3 5 ,
, sp , p = p0 ; sq
, q = q0

35

e pe , e Je
3

Je = A

- h pe pe + hU pe - 2 hpe d A + 2
12

pe d s

(3 18)
, A ; s
n ,
n

J =

e= 1

, ,
n

J =

= 0

(3 19)

e= 1

:
(3 17 ) p( x, y) , ( 3 19 ) ,
(3 19 ) p( x , y ) , (3 17)
,
, ( 3 19)
, :
(1 ) ;
(2 ) ;
(3 ) ,
;

59
(4 ) ;
(5 ) ;
(6 )
2 .
20 70
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,

[4 ]

1980 Rayleigh

36

3 6 , 1 , 2
p
2
2

p =

p
2 +
x

p
= 0
y
2

(3 20)

60
, O BCE s
s1 s2 , s = s1 + s2 : s1 p = p0 = 0; s2
q=

p
= q0 = 0 ( 3 20) P,
y

( q -

p) Pd =

( p -

q0 ) Pd s -

s
2

p0 ) Qd s

s
1

,
Q=

P
Y

,
P = l n 1 / 2
r
p i

qPd s

(3 21)

p i + p Qd s =
s

, pi
1 pi + p Qd s = qP d s
2
s
s

(3 22)

r i , P Q , (3 22)
, ( 3 21 )

n
, 37 , n
,
37

(3 22 ) ,
1
pi +
2

q Pd s
pQd s =
j

j= 1

j =1

(3 23)

p q , 2 n n1 p n2
q , n1 + n2 = n, n
(3 23 ) n , , ,
p q ( 3 21 )
(3 21 )

61
n

pi =

q Pd s - pQd s

j= 1

j =1

(3 24)

3 .1 .3
1 .
( > 0 .8 ) ,
, hmi n , hmin d h/ d x
hmin
, , ,
, ,

, ,
3/ 2
M = ph , Vogenpohl
3/ 2

M = ph M ,
p hm in , p , M ,
M , M hmin ,
M
2 .
, ,

, 3 3
(1 )
W =
W

pd xd y
W h20
=
=
6 UL B2

Pd Xd Y

(2 )
F =
F

d xd y =

U - h
h
2

p
d xd y
x

Fh0
=
UL B

1
- 3H
H

P
d Xd Y
X

(3 )
3

Qx =

h
p
Uh
dy
2
12 x

62

Qx
=
=
UL h0

Qy =

H3
H
2
2

dY

3
p
h
dx
12 y
3

P
dY =
X

P
dX =
Y

Qy
H
=
= UL h0
2

qy d X

W , F , Qx , Qy , qx qy

Simpson X Qx

Qx =

1
Y ( qx1 + 4 qx2 + 2 qx3 + 4 qx4 + + qxm )
3( m - 1 )

(3 25)

, m , Simp son , m ; qx1 , qx2 , ,

qx m ;Y
W F Simpson , ,

, F Qx , Qy ,

P
P

, , ( 3 2 )
X
Y

,
: p = a x2 + bx + c,
p
= 2 ax + b
x

p
x

= b
1j

b ,
p
x

=
1j

4 p2 j - p3 j - 3 p1 j
2x

3 .
,
,
,
,
, P A , B, C, D, ,
,
,

63
P = K A a Bb Cc D d

(3 26)

, ( 500 )
, (3 26) K a , b, c, d ,
, ,
,

3 .2
,
, ,
,
,
,
, 120 140
, ,
,

3 .2 .1
:
(1 ) ( Z ) ;
(2 ) ( X Y )



, 3 8
1 ,
T0 T1 , 2
T0 , T = T1 T0 B, ,

38

h
1 . Hd
,

64
x T
dT
=
B h
dz

B

Hd =

K d Td x =
dz

T d x = KBT
K x
B h
2h

(3 27)

, K
2 . Hv
qx X ; ; c
, T/ 2 ,
T = 1 UhcT
Hv = qxc
2
4

(3 28)

Peclet ,
Pe =

Hd
2B
= K
2
Hv
c U h

(3 29)

, Peclet
, , ,
, qx T ,
x , Peclet ,
, z ,
, ,

, K/ c = 8 10

- 8

m / s B = 25mm ,

h U Peclet 3 1
31 Peclet ( B= 25mm)

h/ m

U/ m/ s

100

30

10

10

0 .04

0 .4

30

0 .01

0 .1

100

0 .004

0 .04

0 .4

3 1 : Peclet ,
, : Pe 0 .4 , ;
P e 0 .1

65
(3 29) , h , Peclet
h ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,

3 .2 .2

, ,
, ,
, ,
T
= 0 , T x y
z

3 9 , x
x, y 1 , z h qx qy
x y ,
H x = qx Tc

H y = qy Tc
x y
Hx +

Hx
x
x

Hy +

Hy
y
y

x = 1 ,
Hx -

Hx +

Hx
x + Hy x

Hy +

Hy
y = y

Hx
x

Hy
y

S ,
( J )
-

Hx
x

Hy
S
=
y
J

H x H y ,
( qy T )
( qx T )
S
+
= x
y
Jc
:

66
qy
= 0
y

qx
+
x

qx

T + qy
x

T = - S
y
Jc

(3 30)

,
;
, 3 10

39

310

: x
p+

p
x
x

qx +

qx
x - pq
x

,x = 1 , , x
qx

p + p qx
x
x

x y ,
W
W = qx

p + qy
x

p+ p
y

qx
qy
+
x
y

p + qy
x

p
y

qx
qy
+
= 0 ,
x
y
W = qx

2 0 ,

0 U =

- h
2

p - U
U
x
h

67
, S
p
+ qy
x

S = qx

p U
+
U
x
h

h
2

p
y

qx q y ,
2

p
x

U
h
S = h
12

p
y

(3 30 ) ,
qx

T
+ qy
x

U2
h3
T
=
+
y
Jch
12Jc

p
x

p
y

(3 31)

3 .2 .3
,
2

h0
p;
X = x/ B; Y = y/ L; H = h/ h0 ; = B/ L; P =
6 Us B
2

2 Jch0
Q = q ; = ; T =
T
U Bs
Uh0
s
,s ( 331 ) ,

1
T
=
X
Qx

- Q y

T
2
6H
+
+
Y
H

P
X

2
2

P
Y

(3 32)

H - H
Qx =
2
2
H
Qy = 2

P
X

(3 33)

P
Y

(3 32 ) ( 3 33 ) : ,

P
P

X
Y

, ,

T
,
X

Y
: ,

( ma rching) ,

68
:
3 11 ( y )
,
i = 1 , i = 1

T1 j

T ij ,

i = 1

T
Y

1j

,,

P
X

1j

P
Y

1j

( Qx )1 j
311

( Qy )1 j
(3 32 )

T
X

1j

, i = 2 T2 j

T2 j , T3 j ,

: :
, X
, Qx > 0 ,
, , Qx < 0 ,
,

T
, ,
, Qx = 0 , ( 3 32 )
X

3 .3
,
,

3 .3 .1
1951 , epyce ,
,

69
1959 , D owson H iggin son[ 5 ]
,
,
1 .
,
1)
3

d h d p = U d (h )
dx
d x 12 d x

(3 34)

, U = ( u1 + u2 )/ 2; h, x

x = x1 , p = 0;
x = x2 , p =

dp
= 0
dx

, x1 , x1 = (5 15) b; x2
,
2)
3 12 , x
2

h( x ) = hc +

x
+ v( x)
2R

(3 35)

, hc ; R ; v ( x )

312

70
3)
, ,
, ,
3 13

2
2 2
p(
s)
ln(
s
x)
ds + c
v( x) = E s1

(3 36)

, s x ,
p ( s) d s
; p ( s)
; s1 s2 p( x )
; E ;
c
4)
Bar us
= 0 ep

( 3 37)

313

5)

= 0 1 +

0 .6 p
1 + 1 .7 p

(3 38)

2 .
(3 34 ) , , h
, p 33 % ,
, ,
, p , h
, :
,
, : p d p/ d x
,
,
q( x) , q( x) =
,

1
(1 - e - p ) ,

71
d h3 dq
d
(h)
= 120 U
dx
dx
dx

(3 39)

q( x) , p( x )
1
ln [1 - q( x) ]

p( x ) = -

V ogenpohl , M( x ) = p( x) [ h( x ) ]

3/ 2

3/ 2
1/ 2
dM
d h
3 d h M d h
d
(h)
= 12 U

dx
2 dx
dx dx
dx

(3 40)

3 .
p( x) , ( 3 36 )
v( x ) ,
s
2

I =

s
1

p( s) ln ( s - x) d s

, s = x,

s = x ,
x - x

I =

s
1

s
2

p( s) l n( s - x ) d s +

p ( s) ln ( s - x) ds
x + x

, ,
x ,
p( x) ,

[7]

[ x1 , x2 ] ,
p( x) x ,
p( x ) = c1 + c2 x + c3 x2
c1 , c2 c3 i
2

[ xi , xi + 1 ] p i ( x) = c1 i + c2 i x + c3 i x
i [ x i , x i + 1 ] p i ( x )

i+ 1

Ii =

( c1 i + c2 i s + c3 i s ) ln ( x - s) d s

i
x

i+ 1

= 2 c1 i

i+1

ln | x - s | ds + c2 i

i+ 1

sln | x - s | ds + c3 i

s2 ln | x - s | ds

72

ln td t tln td t t l n td t ,
I i
, x ,
, , x x i < xi + 1 , xi < x < xi + 1
xi < x i + 1 x xi < x < xi + 1 , , x = x i
x = x i + 1
, x x i < xi + 1 , D X = xi + 1 - xi X = xi - x,
Ii
2
= ( c1 i + c2 i x + c3 i x ) [ ( X + D X ) ln( X + D X ) - Xln X - DX ] +
2
2

2 XD X + DX
( c2 i + 2c3 i x ) ( X + DX) ln( X + DX) - X ln X 2
2

2+
3

c3 i

3 XD X( X + DX) + DX
( X + DX ) ln( X + DX ) - X ln X 3
3

X 0 Ii X = 0 x = xi , I i ,
lim+ tln t = 0 I i ,
t 0

2
Ii
= ( c1 i + c2 i x + c3 i x ) ( D X ln D X - DX ) +
2
2

( c2 i + 2c3 i x ) DX ln DX 3
DX
c3 i D X ln D X 3

DX
2

2+

xi < x i + 1 x , x = xi + 1
,
4 .
,

, h( x) p( x) ,
p( x) ,
, ,
Dowson p ( x )
d p/ d x , h( x ) ,
h( x) p( x )

73

v( x ) , h( x ) , ,
p( x) , ,

,
, ,

5 . DowsonH iggin son

, Dowson
1961

G
Hmin = 1 .6

, Hmi n =

0 .6

0 .7

0 .1 3

hm in
,
R

(3 41)

74

hmin

0 .03
1 .60 .6 (0 U ) 0 .7 R0 .43 E
L0 .13
=
W0 .13

(3 42)

1967
H

min

= 2 .65

0 .54

U0

.7

(3 43)

W 0 .13

0 .54

hmi n =

2 .65

0 .7

0 .43

(0 U ) R
0 .0 3
0 .1 3
E W

0 .1 3

(3 44)

DowsonH iggin son

H , G , U , W 2 2 .4
, ( 3 41) ( 3 43 ) ,

, G 5000 , 2 .65 G

0 .54

1 .6 G

0 .6

, hmin 0
U , hmin W ,
,
: Do wson hmi n ,
x = - b h0 Dowson
, hc ; ,

hmin
3
=
hc
4

: Do wson Higginson
,
: Do wson Higginson

G < 1000 ,

, W < 105 , ( 3 41 )
(3 43 ) ,
, ;
,

3 .3 .2
,
, 1965 A rchard Cow king
1970 , Zheng
( ) 1976 , H a mrock

75
Dowson ,

[7]

, ,
1 .
,
,
3

h
x

p
+
x

h
y

p
h
h
= 12 U
+ V
y
x
y

(3 45)

3 14 , x
x y u1 , u2 v1 , v2 ,
x y
U =

1
( u1 + u2 )
2

V =

1
( v1 + v2 )
2

A B ,
CD , A D BC , ,
, = 2 ,= 4 ,

314

315

(3 45 ) :
, x = - b y = a , p = 0 x = b
, p = 0

p
= 0
x

,
q( x, y)

76

q( x , y ) =

- p ( x , y )
1
(1 - e
)

- p
q
= e
x

p

x

- p
q
= e
y

p
y

(3 45 ) ,
3

q
+
x

q
= 120 U
y

(h) + V

(h)

(3 46)

(3 46 )
2 .
: p( x, y)
( x , y )
( x, y) =

p (,)
dd
2
2
( x - ) + ( y - )

2
E

(3 47)

3 15 , x y ;
(3 47 ) (,)
( x, y) , x =, y = ,
: (,) , ( 3 47 )
( x , y) =

2
E

p ( x, y)
d xd y
2
2
x + y

: x = rcos, y = rsin,
( x , y ) =

2
p ( r,) d rd
E

, p( x, y ) ,

, ,
,
, x m , y n
kl
( i, j ) x i y j , Dij

( i, j ) ,
( k, l) ,

77
m

kl
2
kl =
Di j p ij

Ei = 1 j = 1

(3 48)

,kl ( k, l) ; pi j ( i, j)
kl

, Di j ,
(3 48 ) , ,

, Diklj ( m n) 2 ,
, y ,
kl

kl

Dij = Dis

, s = | j - l| + 1 Dklis ( m n) m ,
kl

Dij , x ,
( m n) ,
,
2

x
y
h( x, y) = h0 +
+
+ ( x, y)
2 Rx
2 Ry

(3 49)

, Rx Ry x y ( 3 49 )

3 . H amrockDowson
H amrock Dowson ,
, H a mrockDowson
H

mi n

= 3 .63
= 2 .69

0 .4 9

W
G

0 .68

(1 - e

0 .0 73

0 .5 3

0 .67

( 1 - 0 .61e

0 .0 67

hm in
Rx

Hmi n =

Hc =

G =E
0 U

U =
ER x

hc
Rx

- 0 .6 8 k

W
2
ER x

(3 50)

- 0 .73 k

(3 51)

78

k=

a
b

(3 50 ) ( 3 51 ) ,
k
Rx
k = 1 .03
Ry

0 .6 4

, H amrockDo wson
k > 5 , k
, ( 3 50 ) ( 3 41)
; ( 3 51 ) hc
h0 : k > 5

( 2 13)
316 317 Ranger1974
,

316

317

3 16 , ,
,
317 ,
, ,
, ,
: ,
,
, 20 80
,

79
, ,

[8]

; [ 9 ] ,

[ 11 ]

[ 10 ]

[1 2]

,
, ( ,
1992 )

[6]

, , ,
[ 13 ]

[ 14 , 15 ]

, , ,
, ,
, [ 6 ]

,
,

3 .4
3 .4 .1

,
, ,
,
,
,

[1 6]

1 .
, 17 ,
9 , 5 ,

80
3 18
,

n

m , m = 2 + 1 ,
,
,

318

, ,
, xy ,

2 .

(3 52)

Lu= f

, L , ; u ;
f ,
( 352 ) , ,
(3 52 ) ,
(3 52 ) k
k k
k
Lu = f

(3 53)

u = { u } = ( u1 , u2 , , un k - 1 )
k

f = { f } = ( f1 , f 2 , , f nk - 1 )
3 .
, GaussSeidel
(3 53 )
,
, ,
,
, ,

1)
,

81
, 3 19

319

2)
3 20 ,

320

321

3)
321 ,
, ,
,

3 .4 .2 F A S
, ,
FAS ( full approxima tion scheme )
, F AS , FAS

FAS , k
(3 53 )
L k uk = f k
k

k1 ,
u ( 3 53 ) v1 ,
u
, Ikk - 1
uk ,
k- 1

= Ikk - 1
uk

k - 1 ,
L

k- 1

k- 1

= f

k- 1

(3 54)

82
(3 54 ) f k - 1 F AS ( 3 54)
k

( 353 ) ,
u , f

k- 1

(3 53 )
u
k

u ,
(3 53 ) L
L k uk - Lk
uk = f k - L k
uk
k

, , r ,
rk = f k - L k
uk

(3 55)
k

k - 1 k ,
u
,
uk rk ,
k - 1
L

k- 1

uk - 1 - L k - 1 ( I kk - 1
uk ) = Ikk - 1 rk

, ( 3 55 )

k- 1

k- 1

= L

k- 1

k- 1

k- 1

( Ik
u ) + Ik

( f - L
u )

(3 56)

(3 53 ) ( 3 56 ) , (3 56) ,
f

k- 1

= L

k-1

k- 1

k- 1

( Ik
u ) + Ik ( f - L
u )

(3 57)

(3 57 ) , k = m, ,
, ,

( 3 57 ) ( 3 54 ) f

k- 1

, k - 1

k = k - 1 ,
v1 ( k 1) v0 (
k = 1 )
k

k
u ,
,
uk ,
k+1

,
u

k + 1 v2

k+ 1

1
=
uk+ 1 + Ik+
k
(
uk - Ikk+ 1
uk+ 1 )

3 .4 .3 V W
,
(3 53 ) , V

83
W 3 22 m = 4 V
, 323 m = 4 W

3 22 3 23 ,
,
, , v1 , v2 v0

322 m = 4 V

323 m = 4 W

3 .4 .4 [1 7 ]
1 .

H ) = 0
d d P - d(
dX
dX dX

(3 58)

P( Xa ) = 0 P( Xb ) = 0
2

1
H ( X) = H0 + X 2

d P( Xb )
= 0
dX

l n | X - X| p( X) d X

0 .59 10 + 1 .3 4 Pp H

=
0 .59 109 + Pp H

= exp{ [ln(0 ) + 9 .67] [ - 1 + (1 + 5 .1 10- 9 Pp H ) 0 .6 8 ] }

X

Pd X =

(3 58 ) :
=

120 u R
b2 pH

84
, P , P = p/ pH ; p , pH H er tz ;
X , X = x/ b; x , b H er tz ; H
2
,
=
/ 0 ;
, H = hR/ b ; h , R ;

,
=
/ 0 ;
,0 ;
,0 ; u , u = ( u1 + u2 )/ 2; u1 u2
; H0 Xa Xb
Xa , Xb
( 3 58 ) ,
,

2
L i ( p) = [i - 1/ 2 Pi - 1 - (i - 1/ 2 +i + 1/ 2 ) Pi +i + 1/ 2 P i + 1 ]/ -

i - 1 H i - 1 )/ = 0 i = 1 , 2 , , n
(
i H i -
, L ; ;i 1/ 2 =

(3 59)
1
(i +i 1 )
2

: P( Xa ) = 0; 0
n

xi
Ki j P j i = 1 , 2 , , n

Hi = H0 +

2
j =1

(3 60)

Kij =

i - j+

ln

1
ln
2

i - j -

1
- 1 2

i - j -

1
- 1
2
n

i - j+

j =1

( P j + P j+ 1 )
=
2
2

( 361 )

Kij
2 .
, ,
( 3 59 ) ( 3 61 )
, ,
,
( 359 ) ( 3 60 )
(3 61) ,

85

R = L ( I P ) - I [ L ( P ) ]

, , I

, I L L

, R
,
L( P) = 0
, L
,

L (P ) = R

N

X2I
1

= ( I H ) I - H0 +
K IJ ( I P ) J I = 1 , 2 , , N

2
J= 1

N- 1

n- 1

= 0 .5 [ ( I P ) J + ( I P ) J + 1 ] - 0 .5 ( Pj + Pj+ 1 )
I=1

I=1

, I
g =/ 2 ,

g = g + W
:
,
,
3 .
,
, GaussSeidel
; ,
Jacobi

Pi =
P i + c1i
, c1 ;i ;
Pi
Pi

Gaus sSeidel

i =

Li
Pi

- 1

86
Li
Pi

Jacobi i =

- 1

Li
Pi - 1

:
P i - 1 - (i - 1/ 2 +i+ 1/ 2 )
P i + i+ 1/ 2
Pi+ 1 ]/ 2 +
i = - [i - 1/ 2

Hi -
i - 1
H i - 1 )/
(
i
Li
L i P i , Hi
Pi

i
P i - 1
Pi - 1

, , , P i
,
Li
= - (i - 1/
Pi

+i+ 1/ 2 )/ +

1
(
i K ii -
i K i - 1 , i )/

(3 62)

Li

Pi - 1
Jacobi i
i ,

Pi =
Pi + c2 i ;
Pi- 1 =
P i - 1 - c2i
H0 ,

N- 1

H0 + c3

H0 =

g ( P j + Pj+ 1 )

j=1

, c2 c3 ,
,
4 .
,
,
,

, ( 3 62 ) ,

A1 = (i - 1/

A2 =

+ i+ 1/ 2 )/

1
(
P i K ii -
P i K i - 1 , i )/

A1 Guas sSeidel , A2 , i
G uassSeidel ,

87
A1 A2 ,
, A1 0 .1 A2 G uassSeidel , A1 < A2
Jacobi
5 .

, : Guas sSeidel c1 , Jacobic

c2 c3
: c1 = 0 .3 1 .0 c2 = 0 .1
0 6 c2 , , c2
c3 ,
,

h = GU W

, G ; E ;,,
,

- 1

d h = G U W

dW

(3 63)

N-1

( P j + P j+ 1 ) - d W ,
g
j=1

d h,
H0 = - c3 d W
dh =
H0 -

(3 64)

(3 63 ) ( 3 64 ) c3
, v1
v0 , ,
[ 17 ]
v2 V : v1 = 2 ,

v0 = 520 , v2 = 1

, V ,

3 .4 .5

P
+ 2
X

P
Y

(
H ) = 0
X

(3 65)

88
:

120 uR
= 3
=
2
a pH Ke x

P( Xa , Y ) = 0

P( Xb , Y ) = 0

P | Y = 1 = 0

P( Xb , Y )
= 0
X

X + Y + 2
H ( X, Y ) = H0 +
2
E -

P( S , T) d Sd T
2
2
( X - S) + ( Y - T)

P( X , Y ) d Xd Y = 2
3

y Y = y/ b
X Y , = 1 Ke x x
, , Ke x = 1 = 1 Ke x = 1
, 1 / Ke x 1 [ 17]

Lij ( P) = (i - 1/

2, j

P i - 1 , j + i+ 1/ 2 , j P i+ 1 , j +i , j - 1/ 2 Pi , j - 1 +

2
i j H ij -
i - 1 , j H i - 1 , j )/ = 0
i, j+ 1/ 2 Pi , j+ 1 - 0 Pi j )/ - (

,i 1/

2, j

1
(i, j +i 1 , j ) ; 0 =i - 1/
2

2, j

+i + 1/ 2 , j +i, j - 1/ 2 +i, j + 1/ 2

Hi j

Xi + Y j
- 1 Kij kl P k l
= H0 +
2
k= 1 l= 1

, Kij kl

P ij = 2/ 3
i =1

j =1

: i = 1 , 2 , , n, j = 1 , 2 , , n , n
, Gau ssSeidel
, Jacobi GaussSeidel
, Jacobi

89
, ,
,

3 .4 .6
,

,
, , ,
,
, ,
, ,

,
, , ,

h ,
i, j , H ,
I, J , i j 0 , 1 , , n,
I J 0 , 1 , , N
, n = 2 N - 1

w( X) =

ln | X - X| P( X) d X

,
n
h
i

w =

hh
i, j

Pj

(3 66)

j= 0

hh

, Ki, j h , h , i
, h , j

, ,

90
N

H
I

HH
I, J

PJ

(3 67)

J =0

(3 67 ) ( 3 66 ) , ,

:
1 .
,
,

PI =

h
h
h
h
h
1
( - P2 I - 3 + 9 P2 I- 2 + 16 P2 I- 1 + 9 P2 I - P2 I+ 1 )
32

I = 2, 3, , N - 1

(3 68)

, , I = 1
N ,
H

PI =
H

PN =

h
h
h
1
(16 P1 + 18 P3 - 2 P5 )
32

(3 69)

h
h
h
1
( - Pn - 2 + 18 Pn - 1 + 16 Pn )
32

(3 70)

2 .
HH
hh
KI , J = K2 I - 1 , 2 J - 1

(3 71)

, ,
3 .
N

H
I

HH

KI, J P J

(3 72)

J =0

, ( 3 67 ) ,
,
4 .
,

w2 I- 1 = w I

(3 73)

91

h
1 ( - wIH- 1 + 8 w IH + 8 w I+H 1 - wI+H 2 )

w2 I =
16

(3 74)

i = 2 n - 1
5 .
,

1)
: ,

HH
HH
HH
HH
1
( 9 K I+ 1 , J + 9 K I - 1 , J - KI+ 3 , J - K I - 3 , J )
16

hh

K2 I - 1 , 2 J - 1 =

(3 75)

, ,
HH
HH
1
( 9 K2 , J - K4 , J )
8

hh

K1 , 2 J - 1 =

(3 76)

1
( 9 K1H, HJ + 9 K3H, HJ - K3H, HJ - K5H, HJ )
16

(3 77)

K3hh, 2 J - 1 = 1 ( 9 K2H, HJ + 9 K4H, HJ - K2H, HJ - K6H, HJ )

16

(3 78)

K2hh, 2 J - 1 =

,
hh

hh

hh

Ki, j = Ki, j -
Ki , j
,

hh
i, j

0
hh

hh

Ki , j -
K i, j

2)
M
h
2I-1

H
I

=
w +
Kihh, j p j x

(3 79)

j =1

3)
M

h
2I

^ hh
=
w + Ki , j p j x
h
2I

j =1

, M3 + 2 ln( n) , M

(3 80)

92

6 .
, :
(1 ) M 3 + 2 ln( n) M;
(2 ) ( 3 68) (3 71 ) ( )
;
(3 ) ( 3 72) ;
(4 ) ( 3 71) ;
(5 ) ( 3 75) (3 78) ;
(6 ) ( 3 73) ;
(7 ) ( 3 79) ;
(8 ) ( 3 74) ;
(9 ) ( 3 80) ;
(10) ( 4 ) ,

, ,

[1] . . : , 1990
[2] , . .
. : 1992 , 198204
[3] , , . . :
, 1987 , 27 ( 1 ) : 8491
[4] . Ra yleigh . ,
1982 , (3) : 1016
[5] Dowson D , Higginson G R .Elastohydrodynamic L ubrication .London : Pergamon
Press , 1977
[6] , . . : , 1992
[7] , . . , 1985 , ( 4 ) :
2025 , 1986 , ( 4) : 915
[8 ] Zhu Dong , Wen Shizhu .A full numerical solution for t he thermoelastohydrodynamic
problem in ellip tical con tacts . T ra ns . AS ME , Journal of T ribology , 1984 , 106

93
(2) : 246254
[9] Wen Sh izhu , Ying T sineng . A t heoretical and experimental st udy of E HL lubri
cated wit h grease . T rans . ASME , Journal of T ribology , 1988 , 110( 1) : 3843
[10 ] Ren Ning , Zhu Dong , We n Shizhu . Exper imen tal met hod for quan tita tive a naly
sis of t ra nsie nt EH L . T r ibology In ternational , 1991 , 24( 4) : 225230
[11 ] H uang Ping , Wen Shizhu . St udy on oil film and pressure dist ribu tion of mie ro
E H L . T rans .A SME , Journal of T ribology , 1992 , 114( 1) : 4246
[12] Yang Peiran , Wen Shi zhu . Th e behauior of nonNewtonian t he rmal E H L film in
line contact at dynamic loads . T rans . ASME , Journ al of T r ibology , 1992 , 114
(1 ) : 8185
[13 ] Liu Jianhai , Wen Shizhu . Fully flooded , starved and pa rched lubrication at poin t
con tact system .Wear , 1992 , ( 159 ) : 135140
[14 ] H ua ng Cha nghua , Wen Shizhu , H uang Ping . Multilevel solution of th e elasto
hydrodynamic lubrication of concen tr ated contacts in spiroid g ea rs . T ra ns .
AS ME , Journal of T r ibology , 1993 , 115 (3 ) : 481486
[15 ] Hu ang C H , Wen S Z, H uang P . Multilevel solution of the elast ohydrodynamic
lubrication of elliptical con taets wit h rota tonal lubrican t en tr ain me nt . Proc . 1 st
In ternational Sym posiu m on T ribology , Beijing : 1993 , V .1 , 124131
[16 ] L ubr ech t A A , ten Na rel W E , Bosma R . Multigrid , an alterna tive method for
calcula ting film t hicknes s and pressure profiles in elastohydrodynamic lubricated
line contacts . T rans . ASME Journal of T r ibology , 1989 , 108(4 ) : 551556
[17 ] , . . : , 1992 , 32
(5 ) : 2634

[1]

4 .1
,
, ,
,

4 .1 .1
,
,

1 .

d h3 d p = 6U d h
dx
dx
dx
,
6 Ud x + C1
2

p =

d x + C2
3

, C1 C2 ,

( 4 1)

95

2 .
:
(1 ) p | x = 0 = 0 ; p | x =

= 0 ( x , x= B, B )

(2 ) p | x = 0 = 0 ; p | x =

=0

p
x

x = x

= 0 ( x , x B)

3 .
,
,

x , :
(1 )
( 4 2)

p | x = x - 0 = p | x = x+ 0
(2 )
3

- h
12

p + (U
h
1 + U2 )
x
2

x= x
-0

- h
12

p + (U
h
1 + U2 )
x
2

x= x
+0

( 4 3)

4 .1 .2
,
, 4 1
1 .
h1 - h0
h0

K =

x
h = h0 1 + K
B
2 .

41

h x ,
x ,
dh = K

h0
dx
B

, h

96
h
6UB - 1 +
2 + C
h
2h
K h0

p = ,
h

dp
= 0
dx
= 0 p| h = h1 = 0
2 h0 h1
1
C=

h =
h0 + h1
h0 + h1

p | h =

h
0

p = -

1
1
6UB - 1 + h0 h1
2 +
h
h0 + h1 h
h0 + h1
K h0

( 4 4)

3 .
:
W=
L

pd x =

6UB
=
2
2
K h0

ln

h
1

B
h0 K

pd h

h
0

h1
2( h1 - h0 )
h0
h0 + h1

6UB
=
2
2
K h0

ln ( K + 1 ) -

2K
K +2

( 4 5)

, L y
W K ,
K = 1 .2 ,

dW
= 0 , K ,
dK

h1
= 2 .2 , W
h0

4 .
, 4 1 ,
x0 W/ L,
x0 W
=
L

pd x
0

(4 2) ( 4 3) , ,
x0
= K (6 + K) - 2 (2 K + 3) ln( 1 + K)
B
2 K[ (2 + K) l n(1 + K) - 2 K]
5 .

( 4 6)

97
p z - h

+ U
2
x
h

u
=
z

=

B

Fh , 0 / L =

h , 0 d x =

h +U
p
dx
x 2
h

, Fh ,h F0 ,0 z = h z = 0
, ,
B

h = p h
p
x 2
2

h0 K
p dh =
2
2B

pd x =
0

h0 K W
2B L

Fh , 0/ L =

h0 K W
U B ln ( K + 1 )

2B L
K
h0

( 4 7)

6 .
, qy = 0 ,
L

q d y =

Qx =

3
h d p Uh
+
dy
12 d x
2

dp
= 0 ,
dx

, h =
h ,

1
Qx
=
L
L

U
h
K+1
d y = U h0
2
K+2

( 4 8)

4 2 4 3 Rayleigh
,
(4 2) ( 4 3)

42

43 R ayleigh

98

4 .1 .3
,
,
3
:
, , ,

Kingsbury 1931

E
kI
( 4 9)
=
y
x
y
A
, E ; I ; k ; hs ; A
hs

E
+
x

hs

p
+
x

p
= 6U
y

h
x

(4 10)
3

( 4 9 ) ( 4 10 ) , hs h , E p,
k/ A6, I U

h
,
x

; ,
; , ,

, ,
, ,
,

[3]

[2]

4 .1 .4
,
,
,
3m/ s ,

99
, 90 m/ s
3 .5 7MPa , 800mm ,
5
610 N

,
, , , 4 4
, 15 % B =
0 85Dm/ n, L = ( D1 - D2 )/ 2 , n W
, D1 , D2 Dm , n
,
K = 1 ,

7 %



,
44

20 % 40 %

,
T ,
cQT = k H

(4 11)

, ; c ; Q ; H :
k , k = 0 .6
T
,
: , ,
, ,
,
,
: ,
45
,

100
( a ) , ; ( b)
,

45

4 6 , ( a ) ,
, ; ( b )
, ,

46

4 .2

, ,
,

101
, , ,

4 .2 .1
,
, , 4 7

47

O2 ,
O1 O2 W
e
, , e , c c = R1 - R2
c
4 7 : h O1 O2 P ,

R1
e
e
=
sin=
sin
R1
sin sin

cos= (1 - sin )

1/ 2

2
e
1 - 2 sin
R1

1/ 2

2
e
= 1 2 sin +
2 R1

e/ R1 1 , cos= 1

h + R2 = ecos+ R1 cos= ecos+ R1

h = ecos+ c = c(1 +cos)

(4 12)

( 4 12 ) ,
0 .1 %

102

4 .2 .2
y x ,

p
p
,
y
x

p
= 0 h x y ,
x
d 3 dp
dh
h
= 6 U
dy
dy
dx

: y =

(4 13)

L
dp
, p = 0; y = 0 ,
= 0
2
dy

(413 ),
2

1 d h y2 - L
p = 3 U 3
4
h dx

p =

(4 14)

L2
2
- y
4

3 Usin
2
3
c R( 1 + cos)

L/ D = 0 .25
, , L/ D

1 .
Sommerfeld , 0
W W x
W y , :
3
2
UL
Wx =
c2
( 1 - 2 ) 2
3

UL
Wy =
2
2
3/ 2
c
4( 1 - )

W =

UL
W + W = 2
2
c (1 - )
2
x

16 + ( 1 - )
2
16( 1 - )

2
y

(4 15)

Somm erfeld ,
2

c
= W/ L 2
U R
, ( 4 15)

103

L
D

2 2
(1 - )

16
- 1 2 + 1
2

(4 16)

(4 16 ) : L/ D , L/ D ,
, W , L/ D
, h min
,
2 .

tan =
sin
tan=
=
cos

Wy
=
Wx
4

1 - 2

(4 17)

1 - cos

,
= 1 ,
4
cos
cos = = e
c

, 4 8 :

, ,
,

3 .
,
,

48

:
;
, , ;
,
1)

p
1
h
+
Uh
q = 12R 2

104
p
= 0 ,

q =

1
Uh
2

Q =

1
UhL
2

h = c(1 +) , h = c(1 - ) ,
1 U Lc( 1 + ) - 1 UL c(1 - ) = ULc
Qc =
2
2

(4 18)

2)
:

,
[1 ]
4 .
p
= 0 ,

, =

U
,
h
L/ 2

F =

- L/ 2

1
Rdd y = 2UR L
2 1/ 2
c
(1 - )

(4 19)

8 Rc
( 1 - 2 ) 3/ 2
F
= 2
=
W
L ( 0 .622 + 1 ) 1/ 2

(4 20)

4 .2 .3

dp
= 0 ,
dy

dh
d h3 d p
= 6U
dx
dx
dx

dp
h -
h
= 6U 3
dx
h

(4 21)

105

, h =
h

dp
= 0 (4 21 )
dx
h
d p = 6 UR h -
3
d
h

h = c(1 +cos)
d
h
d
-
+ C1
2
c (1 + cos) 3
( 1 + cos)

p = 6UR
2
c

(4 22)

,
h, C1
Somme rfeld Somme rfeld

cos= + cos
1 + cos

(4 23)

cos=

(1 - 2 ) 1/ 2
cos -
d=
d
1 - cos
1 - cos

, ( 4 22)
d

( 1 + cos)

1
sin)
2
3/ 2 ( -
(1 - )
2

d
1
+ sin2
=
- 2sin+
3
2
5/ 2
2
4
( 1 + cos)
(1 - )

(4 22 )
2

6UR - sin

h
sin+ + sin2
p() =
2
2 3/ 2
2 5/ 2 - 2
2
4
c
(1 - )
c(1 - )

+ C1
(424)

, :
= 0 , p = 0; = 2 ,
p = 0 d p/ d x = 0 , 4 9
1 = - ,
2 =+ ,
p = 0 d p/ d x = 0
1 = - , p ,
d p/ d= 0 ,
h,
1 = - ( 4 23 )
49

106
2
(+ cos1 )
1 -
1 - cos1 = 1 =
1 + cos1
1 + cos1
2

1 -
1 -
1 +cos1 =
=
1 - cos1
1 + cos
2

c(1 - )

h = c( 1 + cos1 ) =
1 + cos

,
h ( 424 ) ,
6 UR
p() = 2
2 3/
c (1 - )

2
2
(2 + ) - 4sin+ sincos
- sin + C1
2( 1 + cos)

: = 0 = 0 , p = 0 , C1 = 0
, =2 =+ , p = 0 ,
si ncos+ 2( + ) cos - (+ ) - 2sin= 0

(4 25)

(4 25) , 1 2

W sin =

LR p sind=

2
6 UL ( R/ c) [ ( + ) cos - sin]
2 1/ 2
(1 - ) ( 1 + cos)

Wcos =

LR pcosd= -

2
2
3 UL ( R/ c) ( 1 + cos)
(1 - 2 ) (1 +cos)

W=

( W sin) + ( Wcos)

3UL ( R/ c)

=
( 1 - 2 ) 1/ 2 (1 +cos)

2 (1 + cos) 4
2
+ 4 [ ( + ) cos - sin]

2
1 -

1/ 2

(4 26)

)
t an = - 2( 1 -

1/ 2

[ sin - (+ ) cos]
2
(1 + cos)

(4 27)

h , 0 =

U
dp h
+
h
dx 2

, , z = h; , z = 0

Fh , 0 = L h , 0 d x = L

d p h d+
d 2

U R d
h

: ,
, 0 (+ )

107
, 0 2 ,

,
Fh , 0 =

2UR L
c
W sin+
2 1/
c (1 - )
2R

R
2
1
1
= sin+
2 1/ 2
c
2
(1 - )

(4 28)
(4 29)

, Fh , F0
;
4 10 : Fh
F0 W
R,

Fh R - F0 R = Wcsin
,

Wesin = W csin

410

4 .3

,
:
(1 ) ;
(2 ) , ;
(3 ) ,
: , ,

h
x

p
+
x

h
y

p
= 0
y

(4 30)

108
, ,

4 .3 .1
4 11 R ,
R0 , pr ,
pr

411

1 .
, ,

p
2 +
x

p
= 0
y
2

, ,
, :
r

p
= 0
r

109

2 .
,
:
R0 r R ,
p =

pr
R
ln
ln R/ R0
r

(4 31)

h pr
1
Q=
6 l n( R/ R0 )
2

W =

(4 32)

pr R - R0
3R 2 Q
=
1 3
2 ln( R/ R0 )
h

R0
R

(4 33)

: W pr ,
h

4 .3 .2
4 12 , C1 , C2 , C3 C4
, ps ,
W pr1 , pr2 ,
pr3 pr4


3 , 1
, ,
C1
pr 1 ,
3 ,
, C3
pr3
,

412

110

4 .3 .3
, ,
,
, pr ,
,
, ,
, ,
,
413
4 13 ( a ) ,
, ,
, , , ,

413
( a ) ; ( b )

, 4 13 ( b)
,
, ,

, 413 ( b) ,

111
, , ,
, ,
, ps , pr ,

, , ,
,
, , ,
,

411

1)
,
K
K = - dW
dh
(4 33 )
2

Q 1 - R0
W = 3R3
R
h
, Q ,
3W
(4 34)
h
: ,
K =

2)
,
d l ,
Poiseuille
4

Q = d p
(4 35)
128l
,p ,p = ps - pr , ( 4 35 )
(4 32 ) ,
3

d4 p h pr
1
=
6 ln ( R/ R0 )
128l

112
3
p
1
64 l h
=
4
pr
3 d ln( R/ R0 )

(4 36)

p 1
p 1

= ,
( 4 36 )
pr
2
ps
3

,
3

h Q kc
3W
K =
3
h pr + h Qkc
, kc =

(4 37)

128 l
4 , ( 4 37 ) :
d

3)

, d,
2

d
Q=
4

2p
cd

(4 38)

, cd ; ;p ,p = ps - pr
,
2

d
4

3
h pr
2p c
1
d =

6 l n( R/ R0 )

(4 39)

: ,
,
4)
,
,
, ,

4 .4
,
,
,

113
35M Pa, 55M Pa
, ,

p
+
x

p
= 12 h
y
t

(4 40)

4 .4 .1
4 14 W ,

, ( 4 40)
d h3 d p
dh
= 12
dx
dx
dt
h x ,
,
dp
dx

x= 0

= 0 p | x = B/ 2 = 0

6 d h 2 B2
p= 3
x 4
h dt

(4 41)

(4 41 ) : ,

414

pm a x

3B d h
=
3
2 h dt

W
=
L

B/ 2

- B/ 2

3
B d h
pd x = - 3
h dt

, ,

(4 42)

dh
, :
dt

,
, ,
,
3

W = - B d h
3
L
h dt
B/ L
h1 h2 t

(4 43)

114
h

3
3
B L 1
B L 1 - 1

dh =
2
2
h
W h3
2 W h2
h1
1
2

t = -

(4 44)

4 .4 .2
a , ( 440 )
,
p
3
p
h
h
+
= 12 r
r

t
r

r
,

rh

(4 45)

p
= 0 , h r ,

d rh3 d p = 12r d h
3
dr
h
dr
dt

, :

dp
dr

r= 0

= 0; p | r = a = 0 ,
2

p = 3( r 3 - a ) d h
dt
h

(4 46)

3a d h
W = 2pr d r = 0
2 h3 d t

(4 47)

h1 h2
4

t = 3a
4W

1
- 12
2
h2
h1

(4 48)

, a b ,

3 3
dh
3 a b
W = - 3 2
2
h a + b dt

(4 49)

4 .4 .3
4 15 , W ,

de
d
= c , ,
dt
dt
d
dh
= ccos
dt
dt

3
dh
<<
,
2
2
dt

115
p
= 0 , x = R, (4 40 )
y

2
d (1 + cos) 3 d p = 12 R cosd
2
d
d
dt
c

, Sommerfeld
: = 0 , p = 0; = ,

dp
= 0
d

2
1
1
R
d
p = 6 2 1
2
2
(1 + ) d t
c (1 + cos)

=,

415

W
= 2
L

pR cosd=

3
12
d
R
2
2
3/ 2
dt
c (1 - )

(4 50)

(4 50 ) 1 2 t
t = 12L2 R
Wc

2
1
2 1/ 2
(1 - 2 )
( 1 - 21 ) 1/ 2

(4 51)

: ( 4 50 ) ( 4 51) 360 Somm er

fel d Somlnerfeld ,
180 , := / 2 ,
p = 0 ,
3
1 +
+
2
W 12R
=
2
2 3/ 2 arctan
2
1 -
L
c
1 -
(1 - )
3

24L R
t=
W c2

1 + 2
2
2 1/ 2 ar ctan
(1 - 2 )
1 - 2

1 + 1
1

2 1/ 2 ar ctan
1 - 1
(1 - 1 )

1/ 2

d
dt

(4 52)

1/ 2

1/ 2

(4 53)

,
W=

6R4 1
1 d
1
)+ 2
2
3 ln( 1 -

(1 - ) 2 d t
c
2

(4 54)
2

4
1 +2
3R 2 - 1 1 +1
+ 2
ln( 1 - 1 ) ln( 1 - 2 )
t =
2
Wc
12
1
22

(4 55)

116

4 .5
,
,

, ,
,
,
,

, ,
,

, :

,
3

h
x

p
+
x

h
y

p
= 6U
y

h
+ 12V0
x

(4 56)

, V0 = wh - w0 (4 56 ) ,
, ,
wh - w0 = 0
,
,
, ,

,
, ,

117
, ,

(4 56 )
,

4 .5 .1
4 16
, W

= 0 ,

, : c

d (+ )
d
e
,
dt
dt

416

,
M U V0 ,
U = R+ c
V0 = c

d(+ )
d
sin - c
cos
dt
dt

d(+ )
d
cos+ c
sin
dt
dt

U V0 ( 456 ) , c/ R 2 e/ R 2cos,

118
x = R, h = c(1 + cos)

p
+ R2

p
= 6R 2
y

- 2L - 2 d d h + 2c dcos
dt
d t d
(4 57)

,L =

dh
d
W ( 4 57 ) ,
d
dt

dt

(4 57 ) ,
,

p
= 0 ( 4 57 ) Somme rfeld
y

, = 0 = 2 , p = 0 ,
R
p = 6
c

2 +cos sin - 2L - 2 d +
2
2
dt
( 1 + cos) 2 +

(4 58)

1
1
d
1

2 2
( 1 + ) d t
(1 +cos)
: L =

d d
=
= 0 , ( 4 58 ) Somme rfeld
d t dt

(4 58 ) ,

Ssin =
2
2
2 1/
(2 + ) (1 - )
12

Scos
=
2
2 3/
(1 - )
12
p c
, S =
N R

1 - 2L - 2 d

dt

1 d
dt

(4 59)

, , N ( r/ s ) , p =

W
S
LD

, S Sommerfeld L =

d d
=
=0
dt dt

, (459) Sommerfeld
,
p = 6

R
c

p
= 0 , ( 4 57 ) ,

L
D

y
R

1
3
( 1 + cos)

- 2L - 2 d sin - dcos
2
dt
dt

(4 60)

119
(4 60 ) ,
Ssin
=
42

L
D

Scos
=
42

L
D

1 - 2L - 2 d
2
3/ 2
dt

2( 1 - )
1 + 22
(1 - 2 ) 5/

1 d
dt

(4 61)

( 4 59 ) ( 4 61 )
,

d d
, , ( 459 ) ( 4 61)
dt d t

, ,
,
, S
L t , (4 59)
(4 61 )

4 .5 .2
[ 4 ]
1 .
,
, , ,

, L =

d
= 0
dt

(4 59 )
Ssin
d

1 - 2
=
2
2
2 1/ 2
dt
12
(2 + ) (1 - )
Scos

=
2
2 3/
12
(1 - )

1 d
dt

, d t ,
,
2

sin =

12
2 1/
5(1 - )

1 + K (1 - )
S

3/ 4

(4 62)

120
(4 62 ) , K ,
K
, 0 0
(4 59 ) , L =

d d
=
= 0 , ,
dt dt

0
S

=
0 =
2
2
2
1/ 2
2
12
( 2 + 0 ) ( 1 - 0 )
, ( 461 )

si n=
2
3/ 2
S ( 1 - )
S
2
2

D
L

L
D

( 1 - 2 ) 3/ 2
- K

(4 63)

0 =
2
3/ 2
2
( 1 - 0 )

417 ( 4 62 ) ( 4 63 ) ,
0 = 0 .7 : ,
; , = 1

417
( a ) ; ( b )

:
, ,

121

2 .
,
,
,

d d
=
= 0
dt
dt

L
S

=
1 - 2
2
2
2 1/ 2

12
(2 + ) (1 - )
=

(4 64)

: ( 4 64) :
, ; L
180, ( 4 64 )

(4 64 ) : L
L = 0 L / = 0 , , S L = 2
, S ,

4 .5 .3
,
,
,
, ,
, ,

,
1 .
1962 Milne
( 4 57 ) ( 4 60 )
, ( 4 60)
2

L
6c 2
p = 3 y 4
h

d
-
L
- d si n
cos -
2
dt
dt

(4 65)

122
4 16 ,
W W a , ,
p = 0 ,
(4 65 )

2 d
dt

1 = arctan

- 2L - 2

d
dt

2 = 1 +

: 1 ,2 ,

d d
d d
, , 1 ,
dt dt
d t dt

2 W , W a ,
d = k( I2 W + I3 W a )
2
dt
I1 I3 - I2
d = - L - k( I1 W + I2 W a )
2
2
dt
I1 I3 - I2
, k ; I1 , I2 , I3
1 2
,

d d

dt dt

: ,
,

d d
,
d t dt

W W a ,

, ,

d d

d t dt

d d
,
dt dt

d d
,
dt d t

2 .
1957 Hahm

123
2y
=
Y =
L

2R
L

P =

- 2L - 2
2
Q=

d
dt

c
R

d
dt

d
- 2L - 2
dt

(4 57 )

(1 + cos)

P
+ (1 +cos) 3

P = - 6sin+ 6 Qcos
2
Y
(4 66)

(4 66 ) ,
(4 67)

P = P1 + QP 2
P1 , P2

( 1 + cos)

( 1 + cos) 3

P1
3
+ ( 1 + cos)

P1
= - 6sin
Y2

P2
3
+ ( 1 + cos)

P2
= 6cos
Y2

P1 P2 , ( 4 67 )
P P Q ( 4 66 )
P , W , W a

d d
,
dt dt

dt

dt
3 .
, 1949 H olland
: ,
,
, ,
4 18 , ,
, H olland

124
(4 57 ) ,

p
2
+ R

(1 +cos) 3

(1 + cos) 3

d
6R2
= - 2L - 2
sin
2
dt
c

p
y
(4 68)

(1 + cos)

p
2
+ R

(1 + cos)

2
p
12R
dcos
=
y
C dt

(4 69)
Fd Fe
W ,

d
dt

d
,
dt

,
,

,
,

[ 5]

418

4 .6
,
100m/ s ; , D =
34 mm , L = 40mm n = 21000r/ min ,
3 , 7 .35W ( 0 .01 ) ,
,
, , ,

125

,
,

4 .6 .1
,
, 2
3

h
x

p
+
x

h
y

p
=6 U
y

(h ) + 2

(h)

(4 70)

, 20
4000 , ,
,
, ,

,
p
= RT

, T ; R ,
, ,
,
p = k

(4 71)

k , ,

p = k

(4 72)

, n ,
, n = 1 .4
, ( 4 71)

h3 p

p
+
h3 p
x
y

p
= 6 U
y

( p h) + 2

( ph)

(4 73)

(4 73 )
,
, ,
,
, ,

126

,
,
,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,

,

, ,
,
, ,
,
,

4 .6 .2
,
,
,
4 19 , ,
, ,

419

127
,

420 ,
,
, ,
,

420

, 4 21
,

421

422

128
4 22

,

423

423
,
,

, ,

4 2 4 ,

,
424

,
425

, , ,
,,
,

425

129
[ 6 ]
4 26
100 90 ;
0 .41 mm , 6 , ( B )
44 ( A ) 2 3 ,

426
( a ) ; ( b )

: ,
, , ps = 0 .6M Pa , B
2 .17

4 .7
, 20 70 ,
, ,

,
, ,
,
:
,
, ,

130
A FBM A
,
, ,
Dowson

[9]

,
,

,

427

1 . R

427

R1 R2 d = 2 r,
= d/

Dm , Dm ,

R =

R1 r
=
R1 + r

Dm
d d
2
2 2
d
( 1 - )
=
2
Dm
d
d
+
2
2
2

R =

R2 r
=
R2 - r

Dm
d d
+
2
2 2
d
( 1 + )
=
2
Dm
d
d
+
2
2
2

2 . U
n ,

n0 =

1 + 2s n
2 s( 1 + s)

131

nc =

1
n
2( 1 + s)

s=

=
R1
1 -

,
2
Dm
d

n d 1 -
(
n
n
c )
U =
=
2
2

30
30 4

3 . W/ L
, ,

Dowson
: z, Q,

Pm a x =

4Q
z

l,
W = 4Q
L
zl
3 DowsonH iggi nson
(3 44 ) , :

hm in

d (1 - )
= 0 .3 36
2

1 .13
0 .54

0 n
(1 + )

0 .7

zl
1
0 .0 3
4Q
E

0 .13

(4 74)

hm in

d
(1 + )
= 0 .3 36
2

1 .13
0 .54

0 n
(1 - )

0 .7

zl
1
0 .0 3
4Q
E

0 .13

(4 75)

,
, , ,

132
,
[7] [ 8]

4 .8

1916 Mar tin

, ,
AG MA

, ,
, ,
,
H ertz
,

,
, ,

4 .8 .1

, 4 28
a = r1 + r2 ,
i = r2/ r1 > 1 ,
r1 =

a
i+1

r2 =

ai
i+1

K ,
,
N1 N2 N1 N2 =

428

133
( r1 + r2 ) sin, , ,=0 = 20

R1 = r1 sin0 + s
R2 = r2 sin0 - s
R
R =

( r1 sin0 + s) ( r2 sin0 - s)
R1 R2
=
( r1 + r2 ) sin0
R1 + R2

(4 76)

K
u1 =

n1
( r1 sin0 + s)
30

u2 =

n2
( r2 sin0 - s)
30

,
U =

1
n2
( u1 + u2 ) =
2
30

r2 si n0 + s ( 1 - i)
2

(4 77)

s
,
s h1 h2 ,
s
- (

2
2
2
( r2 + h2 ) - r2 cos 0 - r2 sin0 )

+ (

2
2
2
( r1 + h1 ) - r1 cos 0 - r1 sin0 )

Do wson Higginson

[9]

3 ( 3 42 ) ,

(4 76 ) ( 4 77 )
4 29
: a = 0 .3m , n2 = 1000 r/ min ,
6
i = 5 , W/ L = 0 .4 10 N/ m , 0 = 0 .075Pa s

Dp = 5 10 , m = 5 .08 2 .54mm
, B .S .S .436

429 : ,
, ,
, Ma rtin

134

429

,
, ,
,

1974 A kin 3 DowsonH iggi nson ( 344 )

,
1 . R
,
R =

R1 R2
R1 R2

, R1 , R2
, +
-

:
i
2
( i 1)

R = asinn

R =

R = Lm sinn

R =

asi nn
i
2
2
cos ( i 1 )
i
i +1
2

Lm sinn
i
2
2
cos m i + 1

,n : ; Lm

135
;m , 4 30

430

2 . U

U =

n1
30

a
sinn
i1

U =

n1
30

a
sinn
i 1 cos

U =

n1 Lm
sinn
30 i

U =

n1 Lm sinn
30 i cosm

n1
3 . W/ L
Ft , b ,b ,

Ft
W
=
L
bcosn

Ft cosb
W
=
L
bcosn cos

Ft cosb
W =
L
bcosn cosm

, R U

136
W/ L (3 44 ) ,
,

0 .54

hmin

2 .65
= 0 .03
0
E ( W/ L)

.13

n1 0
30

0 .7

1 .1 3

0 .43
( asinn )
i

1 .56
1
cos
( i 1)

.56

(4 78)

.43

(4 79)

hmin

2 .650 .54
= 0 .03
E ( W/ L) 0

.13

n1 0
30

0 .7

1 .1 3

( Lm si nn )

cos1 .5 6

i0 .27
2
( i 1) 0

, ,
, ,
H ertz , ,
, , ,
,
[ 10 ] [ 11 ]

H er tz

[ 12 ]

4 .8 .2
,
,

, ,
,
4 31

,
,
,
,

[ 13 ]

,
431
431

R01 R0 2 s
l

137
( l) ,
, 60 %
80 % , ,
RK1 RK2 , 2 L, l

RK 1 RK 2 ,
2
2
2
RB1 + R0 1 cot
1+
R01 sins + l

coss
cot

2
2
2
RB2 + R0 2 cot
1+
=
R02 sins - l

coss
cot

RK 1 =
RK 2

, ; RB1 RB2 , 4 31

RB 1 =

l2 cos2 s + ( R01 + lsins ) 2

RB 2 =

l cos s + ( R02 - lsins )

2 L
L = l(s - ) = Km n (s - )
K , K = 1 .4; mn ;
VK 1 VK 2
V K1 = V 0
V K2 = V 0

1 + cot +
2

1 + cot +

l
R01

l
R02

2 lsins
+
= V0
R0 1
2 lsins
= V0
R0 2

cot +
2

cot +

RB1
R0 1

RB2
R0 2

, V 0
Fn Ft
Ft
Fn =
coss

1+

coss
cot

, Fn/ 2 L
,
, ,
( 3 42 ) , ,
,
,

138

0 .7
0

hmin = 0 .866 3

2L
Fn

0 .13

( V K1

0 .43

L( RK 2 - RK 1 )
RK 1 RK 2
2 l( RK 1 + RK 2 )
RK 1 + RK 2

0 .7

2
V K2
L VK 1
+ VK 2 ) 2 l RK 1
RK2

(4 80)

, ,
RB 1 = R01 RB 2 = R02 ,
0 .7
0

hmi n = 0 .8 663

2L
Fn

0 .1 3

2V 0 0
sin

.7

0 .43

1 + co t
1 + 1
l+
si ns
R0 2
R01

1
1
- 2
2
R02
R0 1

1+

coss
cot

(4 81)

4 .9
,
, 0 .7
1 4 GPa ,
, ,
, ,

,
, ,
,
,

Deschle r Witt mann

( 3 42 ) ,
, E , , W/ L
hmin , , ( 3 42)
-5
hmin = 1 .6 10

0 U R

(4 82)

4 32
,
K ( ) u2 = 0

139
K ( )
u1 = ( r0 + s) = ( l + )
, ; r0 ; s ; l
c ;

, , K
K
c
, uc = l , U
U =

1
[ ( u1 - uc ) + ( u2 - uc ) ] =
[ 2 - ( r0 + s) ]
2
2

R =
(4 82 ) , K
hmin = 1 .6 10

- 5

0
( r0 + s)
2

2
r0 + s

r0 + s

(4 83)

N =
/ ( r0 + s) , ,
, ( 4 83 ) : N = 0 N = 0 .5 ,
hmin = 0 0 < N < 0 .5 , N = 0 .25 , hm in , hr
N hmin / hr , 4 33

432

433 hmin / hr N

140
: 0 < N < 0 .5
N > 0 .5 , N ,
, 0 < N < 0 .5 , N
N
(4 83 ) hm in
,

4 .10
4 .10 .1
,
,
, ,

,
, , ,

1977 H ooke Johnson

,
, 3 4 ,
, ,
3 Joh nson 3
, 3
3
(1 ) hf
hf =

hmi n W
0 U R L

(4 84)

(2 ) gv
gv =

2 W3
0 U R2 L3

1
2

(4 85)

141
(3 ) ge
ge =

W2
0 U ER L2

1
2

(4 86)

Dowson ( 2 2 .4 )
,

H W
hf =

3/ 2

gv = G W
1/ 2
U

ge = W 1/ 2
U
434 H ooke
gv , ge , hf
, , 4 4 ,

434

142
, B
- 1/ 3
A B : gv = 5 BD : gv ge = 1
- 7/ 5

BC: ge = 2 BE : gv ge

= 2

:
1) ( RI)
, gv ge ,
, ,
,
Ma r tin ,
hf = 4 .9 hmin =

0 U R L
W

(4 87)

, , hf , gv ge
2) ( RV )
, ge , ,
gv , ,

, Blok
2/
hf = 1 .66 gv

(4 88)

Dowson Blok ,

Hmin = 1 .66 ( G U )

2/ 3

Blok ,
hmin = 1 .66 (0 U) 2/ 3 R1/

(4 89)

3) ( EI)
gv , ge

, He rrebrugh H ooke

0 .8

hf = 3 .01 ge

Dowson , H err ebrugh

Hm in = 2 .3 2

0 .6

U
W 0 .2

(4 90)

143

0 .6

hmin

0 .2

2 .32(0 U R) L
=
0 .4
0 .2
E W

(4 91)

4) ( EV )
, gv ge ,

, DowsonH igginson
,
0 .54

hf = 2 .65 gv

0 .0 6

ge

,
hf = 1 .6 5 gv0 .7 5 ge- 0 .25

(4 92)

: ,
10 % 20 %
, 30 %
, gv ge
, 4 34 ,
hf

4 .10 .2

,
,
1979 Ha mrock Dowson ,
,

hmin W
Hmin W
hf = 2 2 3 =
2
0 U Rx
U

3
W
G W
gv = 2 2 4 =
0 U Rx
U2

W4
30 U3 ER5x

2/ 3

ge =

Ry
a
= 1 .03
k=
Rx
b

(4 93)
(4 94)
8/ 3

W
=
2
U

(4 95)

0 .64

(4 96)

, 4

144
1)
Ry
hf = 128
Rx
1

0 .131 tan

- 1

Ry
+ 1 .6 83
2 Rx

2 Rx
= 1+
3 Ry

(4 97)

2)
2/ 3
hf = 1 .66 gv (1 - e

- 0 .6 8 k

(4 98)

3)
hf = 8 .70 gv- 0 .6 7 ( 1 - 0 .85 - 0 .3 1 k )

(4 99)

4)
0 .49

hf = 3 .42 gv

0 .17

ge

(1 - e

- 0 .6 8 k

( 4 100)

4 35 4 36 k = 1 k = 3
4
, gv ge k
, ,

435 k = 1

145

436 k = 3

[1] . . : , 1990
[2] . : Ra yleigh . , 1982 ,
(3) : 1016
[3] , .
. , 1995 , 5
(4) : 435439
[4] Pinkus O , Stern tich t B . . .
: , 1980
[5] . : [
] . : , 1999
[6] , , . . , 1962 , 10
(3) : 116
[7] , . . , 1991 ,
(4) : 610

146
[8] , . . ,
1992 , 12( 2) : 116211
[9] Dowson D, H igginson G R . Elast ohydrodynamic L ubr ication .London : Pe rgamon
Press . 1977
[10 ] H uang C H , Wen S Z . Elastohydrodyn amic lubrication of long ellip tical con tacts
under h eavy load . Chinese Journ al of Mecha nical Engineering . 1993 , 6(2 ) : 145
152
[11 ] H uang C H , Wen S Z , H ua ng P et al . . Mu ltilevel solu tion of t he elast ohydrody
namic l ubrication of ellip tical contacts with rolational lubr ica nt en t rain me nt .
P roc . lst

Inte rn ational Sy mposium

on

T ribology . Beijing ,

1993 ,

Vol .

1 , 124131
[12 ] H uang C H , Wen S Z, Hu ang P . Mu ltilevel Solu tion of the elast ohydrodynamic
lubrication of concent rated con tacts in spiroid g ea rs . T ra ns A SME , Journal of
T ribology , 1993 , 115( 3) : 481486
[13 ] . . : , . .
: , 2000 .108111

,
, :

5 .1
18
1938 , Elmore 20nm Fe3 O4
20 40 ,
,
60
,
,

5 .1 .1
,
, ( ) ( )
, :
( FeFe3 O4
) ( MnCl2 , Mn ( NO3 ) 2
)

148
( fe rrofl uid) ,
(
) ; ( H g , K , N a )
,
,

, ;
,

, , ,

, , ,
,

5 .1 .2
,
,
,
1 .
,
V f = Vc + V p
mf = mc + mp
: V f , Vc V p ; mf ,
mc mp

f =

mc + mp
Vc
Vp
=
c +
p
Vc + V p
Vc + Vp
V c + Vp

= (1 -

)c + p

, ,
=

Vp
Vc + Vp

( 5 1)

149

2 .

H = 0 +

( 5 2)

: H ,0 0 ,

0 , M , H x y ,
,
= 0 M H

( 5 3)

: ,
,
51

: ,

51

, ,

3 .
,
Langevin
V pl , ,
Lm H0 M

150
Lm
= M H0
V pl

( 5 4)

4 .

, 5 2
A , B , C , D, E , F 6 175
, , ,

52

,
3

D Ms n d H
dn
= 24 kT d z
dz

( 5 5)

: n ; z ; D ; Ms
; k ; T ; H

1 dn 1
n dz

( 5 6)

151
53

53

, 5 1
51

/
/
- 3
10
g/ cm3
Pas
/ A/ m

(1333
Pa )
/

/ 10 - 2 / kJ/
/ 10 - 3 W/ ( m (kg
N/ m ) )

/ 10 - 4
- 1

D01

2 .51

1 .185

75

- 37

148 .9

0 .5

H01

2 .51

1 .05

4 .4

76 .7

0 .4

28

14 .6

1 .72

2 .78

H02

5 .02

1 .25

76 .7

0 .8

28

14 .6

1 .84

2 .67

F01

1 .26

2 .05

2500

- 34 .4 182 .2

0 .2

18

8 .4

1 .97

3 .28

E01

7 .54

1 .40

35

- 63 .2 40

1 .0

21

13

3 .73

2 .5

E02

5 .02

1 .30

30

- 56 .7 148 .9

0 .8

26

13

3 .73

2 .5

E03

2 .51

1 .15

14

- 56 .7 148 .9

0 .4

26

13

3 .73

2 .5

A01

2 .51

1 .18

25 .6

0 .6

26

58 .6

4 .2

1 .61

A02

5 .02

1 .38

100

25 .6

1 .2

26

58 .6

4 .2

1 .56

V01

1 .26

2 .05

7500

10

260

0 .2

: > 10s - 1 , 25 93

5 .1 .3
Regnolds ,

152

u + v + w = 0
x
y
z
2 , NavierSt okes

p =
x

p
=
y

u
+
z

v
+
z

M dH

x
0

( 5 7)

M dH

y
0

: 0 , Mx M y x y ; H x H y
x y ;H
, , (5 7)
H

Md H

pM =

( 5 8)

, pM (5 7 )
x
y

p - pM
p - pM

=
=

z
z

u
z

v
z

( 5 9)

p= p - pM
2 ,

h
x H

p
+
x

h
y H

p
= 6
y

( Uh) + ( Vh) + 2( wh - w0 )
x
y
(5 10)

: U = U0 + Uh , V = V0 + V h
: ( 5 10 ) p , ,
( 2 ) ,
:
, , ,

p
d xd y +

W =

pM d xd y

(5 11)

153
, W , ,
(5 11 ) , ,
,

5 .1 .4
[ 1]

1)
5 4 , , ,
, ,

54

2)

5 5

55

154
,
,
, ,

5 .2
,
, ,
,
( micropo
lar fluids ) ,
, , ,
, ,
, , ,

[ 2]

1982 Si ngh Sinha

5 .2 .1
1 .

,

u
+
x

v
+
y

( 2+ )
2

w
= 0
z
2

u
2 +
x

(5 12)
2

u
2 +
y

3
u
+
y
z
2

2
z

p
x

u+ u u+ u u
= u
x
y
z
1
( 2+ )

2
= v

v
2 +
x

v
2 +
y

v
v
v
+ v
+ v
x
y
z

1
3
v
+
z
x
z
2

p
y

155
1
(2+ )

w+
2
x

w+
2
y

1
2
w
+
x
y
z
2

p
z

w+ w w+ w w
= w
x
y
z
2

1
+
2
x

= J u
2

1
+
2
z

w y

v
- 21
z

2
+
y2

2
+
z2

u
z

w
- 22
x

v x

u
- 23
y

(5 13)

2
2
2
+ v
+ w
x
y
z

3
+
2
x

= J u

1
+
2
y

1
1
1
+ v
+ w
x
y
z

2
+
x2

= J u

3
+
2
y

3
+
2
z

3
3
3
+ v
+ w
x
y
z

: u, v, w x , y, z ;1 , 2 ,3
x, y, z ; ;
; ; J ;
(5 12 ) , ,
( 513 ) 3 3
l,
3 , 3
2 .
, :
X = x/ a; Y = y/ b; Z = z/ h

u = u/ U ;
v = v/ U;
w = w/ U
2

i = i h/ U; P = ph1 / (+ / 2 ) U a

1 = h/ a; 2 = h/ b; 3 = h1 / a; 4 = b/ a
= h1/ h; L = h1 / l; l = (/ 4)

1/ 2

; N = [/ (2+ ) ]

1/ 2

: a, b x , y ; h ; h1 ; U
; l , L
, N

156
,
,
2

Re = 2h U/ ( 2+ x ) 1; Re= j U h/ 4l 1
x

w u; w v; 1 1; 2 1; 3 1
O(1 ) ; 4 O( 1)
(5 13 ) , ,
2

u
2
1
- 2
2 - 2 N
Z
Z

P
=0
X

1 P

v
2
- 2
=0
2 + 2 N
Z Y
Z
P
=0
Z

(5 14)

v
N L
N L
1 = 0
2
2
2
2
2
Z
2( 1 - N ) Z (1 - N )

N2 L2
2

2 +
2
2
Z
2( 1 - N )

2
2
3

N L
3 = 0

Z2
(1 - N2 )2

N2 L2

u
2 = 0

Z (1 - N2 )2

(5 14 ) , p = p( x, y) ( 5 14 )
:3 = 0 (5 14 ) ,
, :
1
+
2

1
+
2

2
u
+
z
z

p
=0
x

1
z

p
=0
y

v
2

1
v
- 21 + = 0
2
z
z

2
u
- 22 + = 0
2
z
z

(5 15)

,
:
z = 0 u = U1 1 , v = U1 2 ,1 = 0 ,2 = 0
z = h u = U21 , v = U22 ,1 = 0 ,2 = 0

157
: ( 5 15) :
1
u =

2
2
p z
+ A11 z - 2 N [ A21 si nh( mz ) + A3 1 sinh ( mz ) ] + A41
x 2
m

1
v =

2
p z + A
2
N
12 z
[ A2 2 sinh ( mz ) + A32 sinh( mz ) ] + A4 2
y 2
m

1 =

1
2

p
z + A1 2
z

- A22 cosh ( mz ) + A3 2 sinh ( mz )

2 =

1
2

p
z + A1 1
z

- A21 cosh ( mz ) + A3 1 sinh ( mz )

(5 16)

(5 16 ) :
A1 j =

A2 j =

A3 j =

p
1
h
( U2 j - U1 j ) sinh( m h) hsi nh( mh) +
A5
2 x j
2 N2
(1 - cos h( m h) )
m
h
p
1
1 - cosh( mh)
( U2 j - U1 j )

2
2 x j
A 5
h ( cosh ( mh ) - 1 ) +
2

h - 2 N sinh( mh )
m

A1 j
2
2

A 4 j = U1 j +

2N
A3 j
m
2

h si nh( mh) - 2 N ( cosh ( mh) - 1 )

A5 =
mh

, j 1 2 , x1 = x , x2 = y, m = N/ l, = + / 2

(5 16 ) , :
h

h ( U11 + U2 1 ) - f ( N , l, h)
2
12

p
x

h
f ( N , l, h)
( U12 + U22 ) q y = vd z =
0
2
12

p
y

ud z =

qx =

(5 17)

3
2
2
f ( N , l, h) = h + 12 l h - 6 Nl h cot h

Nh
2l

(5 17 ) ( 5 12 ) ,

158
f ( N , l, h)
12
x

1
2

p
+
x

f ( N , l, h)
12
y

[( U12 + U2 2 ) h] - U21

p
1
=
y
2

[( U11 + U21 ) h] +

h
h
- U2 2
+ Vh - V 0
x
y

(5 18)

, ,
3

l 0( L ) , f ( N , l, h) h , ,
(5 18 )
, Singh Sinha ,
, , ( 5 18 )
(5 18) , ,
,

5 .2 .2
1 .
56 57 = 0 .5 B/ D ,
c l
2

L, L = ( c/ l) = 12, N = 1/ 3

56
p
B/ D = 1 .0: ;
B/ D = / 10 :

159

57 W
B/ D = 1 .0: ;
B/ D = / 10 :

: ,

2 .
, N l
L

5 8 5 9 5 10
L N ,
N
58 : ( 1) ,
; ( 2) L l
, ,
c l
( L = 1 ) , ,
L ,

160

58

59

510

161
59
510 :
110 ,
,
, ,
,
N

5 .3
( liquid crystal) ,

, ,
, ,
,
Str eibeck ,
, ,
,
( )
,

: ( 1) ; (2 )
: CB ( 4 , 4

) , ECB (4 , 4
) C PC (
) , CB , CPC : CB
0 .035 , C PC 0 .045 , ECB 0 .04 ,
,
FCK :
, ,
,
,
,

162

5 .3 .1
, ,
:
1 . ( lyot ropic liquid crystal)
, ,
511

511

( ) ,
:
,
,

,
, ,
;

, ,
, ,

, ,
0 .06 0 .08 0 .030 .04 , 5

163
, ,
,
2 . ( t hermot ropic liquid crystal)
,
, 512

512
( a ) A; ( b ) B ; ( c ) C ; ( d) ; ( e )

,
:
(1 ) , ;
(2 ) , ;
(3 ) ,

,
, 513, MS20
TI N ,
TIN , ,
TI N 20 , ,

, : MBBA 100nm ,
,
,
,

164
,
25 % TIN TI N
, ,

513

5 .3 .2
, ,
Rhim

( 5 12( a ) )
514 ,
, ,
, 2, B ,
2 H , 2 h1 ,a , b Burger s
( ) L = ba/
[ 4]

5 15 R him

,
,
, ,
, w ( x, y, z )
w , :

165

514

515
2

w - k
2
z

w+2
4
x

w +
2
2
x z

w
= 0
4
z

(5 19)

, z , x y
, ; e k e , k
,
,
,
X = x/ B; Z = z/ H ; W = w/ H
, B , H
(5 19 )
2

W
2
-
2
Z

W
= 0
4
X

, , ,=

2
2
k H / eB

(5 20)

166
, W ( 5 20 )
:
Wi = -

X - X0

a( Z - Z0 )
erf
4 | Z - Z0 |

X0
4| Z - Z0 |

+ erf

4| Z - Z0 |

(5 21)
, X0 Z0 X Z ,a , erf

, ,
5 14
, ( 5 21 )
:
n

W =

[W

( X , Z, X0 i , Z0 i ) + W ( X, Z) ]

(5 22)

i= 1

, :
n

W [ X , - h( X) ] = 1 - h( X) -

[ X , - h( X) ]

i=1

W [ X , h( X ) ] = - 1 + h( X) -

W [ X , h( X) ]
i

i= 1

W ( 0 , Z) = 0
2

W (0 , Z)
= 0
2
X
n

W ( 1 , Z) = - (1 - h1 ) sign( Z) -

(1 , Z)

i =1

W (1 , Z) = 0
2
X

, sign , Z0 , Z < 0
, , ( 5 20 ) ( 5 21 )
, , W ( X , Z)
, ( 5 20 ) ,
,
W ( X, Z) = Ni (,)W i
, Ni (,) ,Wi

167
Rhim
: B = 0 .01 m , h = 10

- 4

m , k = 10

- 1

N , e= 10 Pa, = h H / eB = 10

- 18

516 ,
,
,

516 W ( h1 = 0 .8 )
( a ) ; ( b)

5 17
h1 = 0 .8 , L = ba = 0 .1
(5 20 ) , 5 17
, , ,
, ( 5 17 ( a ) ) (
5 17 ( b ) ) , 5 16

5 18 Burge rs W 5 17
Burgers , L = ba =
0 .02 5 18 : h1 = 0 .8 20
,
, Burger s
,

168

517 W ( h1 = 0 .8 , L = 0 .1 )
( a ) ; ( b) ; ( c )

518 W ( h1 = 0 .8 , L = 0 .02)

169

5 .3 .3
,
,

,
, MS20
4 , 4
( K15 )
, ,

1 . 4 4

[5]

4 4
( 5CB)

, 5 CB 5CB
, ,
,
44
,
,
, ,
519
4 4
,
,
, ,
2 .

, 520 ,
, , ,
,

,
,

170

519 44

520

5 .4
,
, Tomizawa
Fisher : Si3 N4 ,
0 .002 , 70nm ,
SiC 0 .01
,
, , Al2 O3
0 .002
,

, ,
Macauley 0 .25 nm
01m 0 .011Pas , 0 .001Pas
5 1 0
, Elton
, ,
Zhang U mehara [ 7 ]
, ,

171

5 .4 .1
1 .
521
Ste rm Sterm
, Ste rm
,
,

521

2 .
5 22
z = 0 x U , z

522

172

exp ( - z ) 0 < z < h/ 2

exp [ - ( h - z) ] h/ 2 < z < h

(5 23)

, h ; Debye ;
, ,
x y
d Fx =

z x
d xd yd z
z

z y
d Fy = d xd yd z
z

(5 24)

,
zx = -

ux
z

zy = -

uy
z

, ux u y x y ;
(5 24 ) ,
2

d Fx =
2

d Fy =

ux
2 d xd yd z
z
uy
2 d xd yd z
z

(5 25)

d x d y x y d Px d Py
d Px = -

p d xd yd z
x

d Py = -

p d xd yd z
y

(5 26)

x y d Rx d Ry
d Rx = Exd xd yd z
d Ry = Eyd xd yd z

(5 27)

Ex E y x y
; Ex Ey H elmholtz
Smolucho ws ki
Ex = -

4a x

Ey = 4a y

(5 28)

173
,a ; ;
(5 28 ) ,
, a

d Fx + d P x + d Rx = 0
d Fy + d P y + d Ry = 0

(5 29)

(5 25 ) (5 26) ( 5 27 ) ( 5 29) ,
2

ux
2
z

p
+ Ex = 0
x

uy
2 z

p
+ Ey = 0
y

(5 30)

2
4
=

(5 31)

( 5 31 ) ( 5 30 ) , x y z
2

2
2

2
2

2
2

, ,

ux
z2

Ex 2
p
= 0
2
x
4 z

uy
2 z

E y 2
p
= 0
4 z2
y

(5 32)

, ( 5 32) z ,
u x -

1
Ex
=
2
4

p 2
z + Az + B
x

(5 33)

A B ,
ux = 0
=

z = 0 z = h

(5 33 ) , A B
p
x

A = -

h
2

B = -

E x

, A B ( 533 ) ,
2

u x = z
2

p - hz
x
2

p + Ex( - ) - 1 - z U
x
h
4

(5 34)

174
, y
2

p + Ey( - )
y
4

p - hz
z
2

z
u y =
2

(5 35)

(5 35 ) ,
z = 0 ux = - U; =
z = h ux = 0; =
x
h

u d z

Qx =

(5 34 ) ,
Qx =

h3
1

12

Ex

2
p
(1 - e
h x
4
x

xh/ 2

hU
2

(5 36)

y ,
3

p - Ey h - 2 (1 - e - xh/ 2
)
y
x
4

1 - h
Qy =
12

(5 37)

,
Qx
+
x

Qy
= 0
y

(5 36 ) ( 5 37 )
3
p
h
+
x 12 x

3
p
h
U
= y 12 y
2

- xh/ 2
2
Ex
h (1 - e
)
x
x 4

h
y

Ey
2
(1 - e
h x
y 4

xh/ 2

(5 38)

(5 28 ) Ex E y ( 538 ) , ,
3

h
x 12a

p
+
x

h
y 12a

p
U
= y
2

h
x

(5 39)

a = +

2
2
2 ( 1 - e3 h x
2

4 h

xh/ 2

)
(5 40)

( 5 39 )
(5 40 ) : , a
, h ,
,

175

5 .4 .2
522

1 .
, y , ( 539 )
:
3

h
x 12a

p
U
= x
2

h
x

x ,
3

h
12a

p = - U ( h - h0 )
x
2

h0 ,
(5 40 ) ,
2 ( 1 - e322 h p
6U ( h - h0 )
x
= +
3
2
3
x
h
4 h

xh/ 2

)
(5 41)

, h Debye , xh 1
, ( 5 41)
2
2
6 U ( h - h0 )
3
p
+ 2 3
= 4 h
h3
x

x ,
h0
1
6 U 1
p=
h
H0
2

1 - 1 - h0
3
3
4
3 H0
3h

2
2
1
1
3
+ 2
2
2
h
H0
4

1
1
- 4
4
h
H0

(5 42)

, H1 H0 , ,

H1 - H0
B

(5 42 ) , :
p | h = H0 = 0
p | h = H1 = 0

176
h0 :
2
2
1
1
1 - 1
+ 2
3
3
H1
H0
H0
4 H1
h0 =
2
2
1 - 1 + 3 1 - 1
2
2
4
4
2
2 H1
H0
H0
16 H1

(5 43)

(5 42 ) ,
p = H0

2
2
1
1
3

- 2 + 2
2
h
H0
4

1 - 1 - h0
h
H0
2

1
h0
1
3 3
4
3 H0
3h

1
1
4 4
h
H0

(5 44)

p :
p

= p

H 0
6U

(5 45)

2 .
W B ,
B

W=

1
pd x =

1
0

6 U
pd h =

1
1
h0
32
3 3
4
3 H0
4 3 h

1
1
h0
h
H0
2

1
0

1
1
4 4
h
H0

1
- 12 +
2
h
H0

dh

, :
W = ln

H1 - H0
1
1
+
H0
H20
H1

H1
H1 - H0
h0
H0
H0
2

2
2
3 1

42
6

1
1
- 2
2
H0
H1

H1 - H0
h0 1
1
H1 - H0
3
3
3
4 3h
H40
3 H0
3 H0
(5 46)

, W
2

= W
6U

3 .
( 5 28 )
(5 34 ) , x :
2

u =

z - hz - ( - )
2
2
2
a
16

p -1 - z U
x
h

177

u =
z x = -
z

z -

2
2
a
16

p +U
x
h

z = 0 ,
h
2
+
2
2
16
a

z x = -

p
U
+
x
h

(5 47)

:
( 5 47 ) ,
p( 0) = p( B) = 0 ,
B

F=

z x d x =

h
2

2
x 16
a

U
p
+
dx
z x
h

(5 48)

U H1

W+
ln
=
2

H0
,
1 W + U l n H1
= F =
W
W 2

H0

(5 49)

(5 49 ) ,
=

H1

+
ln
2
6W
H0

4 .
, = 7 .0810

- 10

- 4

; = 1 .910 F/ m ;

= 0 .001Pas; = 0 .003; B = 1 10 - 4 m ,

70nm , pd

p0 5 23

523

178
, ,
,

5 2

52
h0 / n m

W/ N (= 0 mV)

W/ N (= 150mV )

70

0 .30

0 .36

1 .20

30

0 .73

1 .08

1 .48

: ,

[1] . : [ ] . :
, 1992
[2] Singh C , Sinh a P . T he thr eedimensional Reynolds equ ation for mic ropolarfluid
lubricated b ear ing , Wear , 1982 , 76 ( 2) : 199209
[3] Lukaszewicz G . Micropolar FluidsTheory and Applications , Boston : Birkhauser , 1999
[4] Gir ma Bir esaw Ed ., T ribology a nd LiquidCrystalline State . ACS Sym posiu m
Series 441 , Washing ton D .C .: America Chemical Societ y , 1990
[5] , , . 5CB . , 2000 ,
(3) : 2427
[6] , , . .
, : 1992 , , 8087
[7 ] Zhang B , Umehara N . Hydrodynamic lubrication theory considering elect ric double
laye r for ve ry t hin water film lubrication of ceramics, JS ME , Series C , 1988 , 41
(2) : 285290

,
,

,
,
,
, :
(1 ) ,
;
(2 ) ,
( ) , (
) ;
(3 )
, ,
,

6 .1
,
61 Streibeck ,
S0 = / , Somme rfeld
; ,
, h R

180

61 Str eibeck

, S0
,
,
S0 , c ,
S0 , , d
, ,
,

, f L f s f L ,

du
, , d u/ d z
dz

, , ,
f L ab
u u ,
f s
,
f L , f s , f bc
c , ,
f s , cd

181

6 .2

, 0 .1m ,
, ,
,
( adhesion) ( p loughi ng )

6 .2 .1
1 .
, 1 % 2 % Cn H2 n + 1 +
COO H , , 62 COO H
, ,
, ( Vander Wads )
, ,
, ,
,
, ,

62

182
: , ,
,
,
, Cn H2 n + 1 +
COOM , , ,
,
,
, ,
,

,
,
, 6 3
, ,
,

63
; ; ; ;

: , 5 mi n 90 %
,
,
,
, , , ,
, 6 1

183
61

> 10

79

,
, , ,
, ,
,
2 .
, 6 4 ( a )
,
6 4( b)

64

, 1nm ,
,
, 10nm ,
,
,

, ,
, ,

184
, , 6 5
,
,
,
,
,
,

65

,
,
,
, , ,
,
, 6 6
, 6 7
,
, ,
, 6 7 A
, B
, C : 6 7
A C , ,
, , ,
,
A , ,
, C ,

66

67

185

, , ,
, , 6 8 ( a ) ,
, ,
, ,

68

, 68 ( b) ,

, ,

, ,

,
:
(1 ) ;
(2 ) ,
1 % 2 % ,
: ,
,
10 % ,
, , ;
(3 )
,
,

186

6 .2 .2
,
,
, 6 9 , ,
, ,
,
, ,

, ,

69

, 0 .100 .25
, 1 10 nm
, ,
,
,
,
, ,
, ,

187
,
,

pv ,
, 2 4 ,
1 .
:
(1 ) : ,
,
, :

(2 )
, ,
,
,
,
(3 ) ( ZDDP )
,
(4 )
2 .
(1 )
,
, ,
, ,
,
;
(2 ) ,
,
, ;
(3 )
, , 0 .5 % ,

188
, 10 % 20 %

6 .2 .3
1 .
, ,
, , 1 50 nm ,
, 6 10 ,
,

, ,

610

2 .
,
, , ,
, ,

3 .
, Rehbinder
, ,
, ,

, ,

189

6 .3
6 .3 .1

, 6 11

611

,
, , 6 11 A B
C ,
, S ,
,
A , F
F = A[W s + (1 - W )L ] + FP

( 6 1)

W Am A ,W = Am/ A;
s L FP

W = A[W p0 + ( 1 - W ) pL ]

( 6 2)

, p0 , pL

p (6 2 ) :
W = A
p
(6 1) , f BL
f BL = F/ W = W

+ (1 - W )

+ fP

( 6 3)

f P = FP/
p A , , (6 3) ,
W F

190
W = Ap 0
F = As + FP
p0 =
p F P , f m
p
f m = s/

( 6 4)

(6 3) (6 4 ) , f P , :
f BL/ f m = W + ( 1 - W )

L
s

( 6 5)

L s , ( 65) , f BL / fm = W
,W 1 , ,

(6 3) (6 4 ) , :
f BL = W f m + ( 1 - W )

+ fP

( 6 6)

,W 0 .01 0 .001 ,
, ( 6 6 ) :
f BL =

+ fP

( 6 7)

6 .3 .2
,
,
,
1 .

,
6 12 ,
0
180 ,
,
, 6 12

191
612 , L ,sL s
,
s = sL + L cos

( 6 8)

2 .
:
,
Aa Ab

612

Aa
,
Aa + Ab

,
[ 2]

Bo wden T abor

: f
f a f b
f = f a + ( 1 - ) fb
( 6 9)

f - fb
fa - f
1 - =
fa - fb
f a - fb

Kingsbury( 1958 )
tx
(6 10)
1 - = exp tr
, tx U s x , t x = x/ U s ; tr
F renkel( 1924 )

(6 11)
Rs
, t0 ; ,
cal/ mol , ; R ;s , K
tr = t0 exp

(6 10 )
1 - =

fa - f
= exp fa - fb

exp Us t0
Rs

(6 12)

1
ln l n
1 -

- 1

f a - fb
= l n ln
fa - f

- 1

= ln

U s t0
x

Rs

(6 13)

192
(6 12 ) ( 6 13 ) :
,
Linde mann (1910 )
2/ 3

t0 = 4 .7 5 10

- 13

MV
m

1/ 2

(6 14)
3

, M , g/ mol; V , cm / mol;m
, K
Beerbowe r( 1971 )
x = 1 .46 10

- 8

1/ 3

(6 15)

m = 0 .4r ,r ,
t0 , x m (6 13)
fa - f b
ln l n
fa - f

- 1

= l n 5 .15 10

- 5

M
Us
r

1/ 2

Rs

(6 16)

fa - f b
= Rs ln ln
fa - f

- 1

- ln 5 .1510

- 5

M
Us
r

1/ 2

(6 17)

(6 17 ) ( ) , ( )

3 .
, Ki ng sbury( 1960 ) r
(6 17) 0 << 1
r , r , r
r
2

d
, 2
dr
,
r

- 2 - 5
3
- 12
+ 12
R
R
R
r
r
r
r =

1/ 2

6 .16 m
exp M
r
r
R
Us
R

1/ 2

(6 18)

r
(6 18 )

A kin (1972 ) , = 0 .001

, ( 6 13)

193

r =

ln
t0
R

- l nU s + 6 .907

(6 19)

ln 3 .08 104 m
r =

R
M

1/ 2

- ln Us + 6 .9 07

(6 20)

(6 20 ) A kin , s

r , ,
,
,
,
, ,
,

, ,
6 2
62

16

0 .11

70

0 .13

70

0 .10

46

0 .150 .20

4050

0 .04

94

0 .10

97

0 .09

84

31 .5
44

58

0 .08

87

64

0 .08

91

105

6 .3 .3
,
,

194
p v

, p,
p v p v p v
, ,
p v

, , ,
, 6 2
, ,
,
150160 , 300

, ,
, ,
,

6 .4
( 1 % 2 % )
,
,
( tri bochemical reaction ) ( frictional oxidation )
( mechanoche mist ry ) ,
,
,
,

[3]

1 .
,

195
: ,

, ,
12 14 , 613
, , 614 ( a ) ( b)

613

614

(1 ) ,
,
(2 )
, ,
,
(3 )

(4 ) (
20000)
5 % ,

, ,
, ,

[ 4]

196

2 .
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
/
/
,

:
1)
270 ,
,
, 200 , 250
2)
,

3)
,
,
,
,
4)
,
, ,

3 . ( E P )
,

197
,
,
,

,
,

4 . ( AW )
,
,
,
,

, ,

, ,

[5]

5 .
:
1)
,
,
2)

3)

,
4)
,

198
, ,

: ,
,

615 ,
, ,
,
r ,
r , ,
,
, ,
6 15

615

,
, , ,
,

[1] . . : , 1990
[2] Bowden F P , T abor D . T he Friction a nd Lubrication of Solid , Oxford : 1954
[3] . . : , 1999

199
[4] , , . .
, : , 8087
[5] , , . . ,
1992 , 12( 1) : 7380
[6] , , . . : , 1991

1886 , ,

, 100m 20 60 ,
H ertz
( ) ,

, , 0 .11m
, ,

1919 H a rdy ,
, ,
,
0 .0050 .0 1m

, ,
: ( )
:
?
?
, 20 90 ,

[1 ]

( th in film lubrication ) ,
,
,

201
[ 2 ]
[ 3]

71

71

7 .1
,
,

,

( 1m )
6

( 1 GPa ) ( 10 s

- 1

) , ( 10

- 3

s) ,

,
,
, ,
,
, ,

202

7 .1 .1
,

[ 4 ]
:
,

,
, ,

[5]

1 .
Boose r( 1984 ) ,
, 345 3450M Pa Mylle rup
H amrock (1999 ) , 700M Pa,
4000M Pa ,
, 750MPa , 10
5

, 10 Pa s ,
12

10 Pas , ,
G109 Pa
H amrock [ 6 ] 20 6
, 7 2 V r (
) p d V r/ d p

72

203
, 6 ps p < ps dV r / d p
p p > ps , dV r / d p ,

, ,
13

10 Pa/ s ,
ps ,
,

, , ,
, ,

2 .
,
,
,
Ba rus = 0 ep , 0
- 3

- 1

, p , = ( 5 30) 10 MPa ,
1019 Pas ,
, ( ) ,
0 .04 0 .1
,
,
,
,
[ 7]

H oglund Jacobson

[8 ]

Bair
,
, ,

,
3 .
, ,

204

= h/ = h/

1 + 2

( 7 1)

, h ; ;1 2
, 2 3 , ,
,
,
, ,
,
[ 9]

:
,
, , ,

[1 0]

: ,
,

4 .
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
,
, ( parched lubrication) Kings bury ( 1990 )
: 80 200 nm
, [ 11 ]
, ,

5 .
,
Navie rStokes , H ertz

205

,
,
, ,
:
?
, ?
, Johnst on

[1 2]

: 15nm ,

[ 13 ]

26 nm , Str eat or

Gerhardstei n[ 14 ] 23nm
0 .53nm ,
10 50 ,

7 .1 .2
, ,
,
St reibeck ,
( )
, ( mixed
lubrication ) , , ,

1971 Robe rts Tabor

10nm 20 80 ,
Spikes
, ,
510nm , 3 6
, ,
(ZDDP ) 1050nm ,

[1 5]

206
,
,
,
, ,

Dowson ,
, 20
71
71 20

/ m
- 4

10 - 5

1900

1950

1980

10 - 5 10 - 6

10 - 6 10 - 7

10 - 7 10 - 8

19902000

10

10 - 5

10 - 9

, ,
; ,
;
,

7 .2
1885 Rober t H .Thurst on
,
, Gmbel St r eibeck
, 73

207

73

20 60
h
,
a

, a b Dowson

[ 16 ]

, h 74 ,
Str eibeck ,

74

208
, Dowson 75
4 ,
,
25nm

75

, ,
, ,
, ,
,

, ,

Joh nston

[ 12 ]

, 76

,
0 .7
hc = ku

( 7 2)

, hc ; u ; k , hc
u
76 , 5nm
,
15 nm ,

209

76

15nm ,
, ,
6 64
,
10nm
,
,
, ,
[ 17 ]

,
77
, ,
,
13602 , 15nm , ( 72 ) ,
, ,
,

20 nm , 10

210

77

24nm ,
, 12nm , ,
,
3 % , ,

, ,





,

78

78

[ 13 ]

26nm , ,

211

7 .3
, ,
, ,
, ,

, 1 ,
;
,
,
,

7 .3 .1

[ 13 , 18 ]

79 6 .05 N
20 20mm , 10 ,
, ,
, ,
,

79

710 ,
, , ,

212
,
, ,

710

711 , 13602 4N 25 20mm

, , ,
,
, 15nm , , 77
13602 ,
,

711

213
712 10 , ,
79 , 24nm ,
, , 713
4 N 20 20mm ,

712

713

, ,
,
0 .45 , (72 ) ,
0 .70
, ,
, , 13602
, 77 , 15nm ,
0 .45 , ( 72 ) 0 .7 0 15 nm
, 0 .18 , 0 .4 5
77 713 ,
0 .69 , 0 .70 ,
0 .45 ,
, , ( ordered liquid
film ) ,

214
, 77 , 26nm ,
26nm , H orn
Isr aelachvili( 1981 )

[ 13 ]

714

, 3 ,

714

, ,
,
,
, ,
,
, ,
,

, ,
, ,

714 ,
3 ,
, , ,
, ,

215
, ,
,
,
, ,

,
,
, ,
,
, 3 3

,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,

[2]

, Georges

[ 19 ]

, CH 3 ( C H2 ) 10 CH 3 ,
,

, ,
12 ,
,
,
Georges 3
, , ,

, ,
, , ,

216

7 .3 .2
[ 2,2 0]

,

, ,

715 12N 17 .5mm/ s 18

25 4 mm , 4min 78 min

715

716 717 20mm 27 4 .49mm/ s ,

4N 7 N ,
, , 4 N ,
80 min , 6nm , 7 nm ,
2nm 7N ,
4 N , , 70min
13 nm , 12nm , 7nm
, , ,

217

716 7N

717 4N

718 0 .9mm/ s
, 716 , 70min
11nm , 716 ,

,
,
, ,
,

218

718 0 .9 mm/ s

719 4 N
3 .12mm/ s 20mm ,
, 10 70mi n 30
30 ,
40

719

[1 3]

72 , 720
721

219
72

/ min

/ mm/ s

/ Pa s

/ N

/ mm

/ nm

2 .5

32

13602

3 .3

20

10

30

3 .12

30
40

23
62
118

27

18

70

4 .49
4 .49

02

4
20

0
6 .5
6

23 .2

12

3 .12

0 .90

11

17 .3
17 .3

32 .7

12

5 .70

25 .4

17
7

720

, ,
, ,
, ,

, ,

220

721

, , ,
30nm ,
,

, : ,
, ,

, ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
,

T hompson

[ 21 ]

Alstern Granick( 1990 )

221
, ,
,

, ,
, , ,
, ,

,
,
,

,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,

,

, ,
, ,

7 .3 .3
Str eat or Gerha rdstein[ 1 4 ]
,
, , Ra = 3
2
5nm , Al2 O3 TiC , 3 .1mm 4

, ( dipcoating technique )
, 4
73

222
73 ( 26 )

/ mm 2 / s

/ g/ cm3

/ 10 - 5 N/ cm

143 AZ

29 .4

1 .9

16

143 AY

104

1 .9

18

143 AX

300

1 .9

18

133AD

1030

1 .9

19

Str eastor 150m N , 0 .25 250mm/ s

, 2 .3 80nm ,
, 3 ,

722 h 40 , 23 , 10 4nm ,
,
722( a ) h = 40nm ,
, 4 73
, ( )
722 ( b ) h = 23nm , h =
40 nm , ,

, 23nm
, , 722 ( c ) ( d)
143 AZ h = 10nm ,
23nm
,
, h = 10nm 318m N ,
50m N 5 ,
, , , ,
722( c) ( d) , 10nm 4 nm

,
722( a ) ( b ) , ,

223

722

,
, 143AD
, 250mm/ s , 130m N ,
6 .710

- 3

Pas , 143 AD 1 .95 Pas ,

300
,
,
7

10 10 s

- 1

224

7 .4
7 .4 .1
,
,
,

, , ,
,

, 30 nm
, , ,

,
[ 22 ]

,
,
G ranick (1991 ) ,
, , ,

,
723 , ,
,
, , n = 1 .8
2
,
[ 22 ]

,
, ,

[ 23 ]

225

723

, ,
, ,

, ,
, NavierSt okes
El rod ( 1973 )
, Stokes l , h
, h/ l 1 , ,
h/ l 1 St okes , NavierSt okes
, NavierSt okes

,
,
,
, , ,

7 .4 .2
, ( Rens selaer Poly tech nic Institu te ) Tichy
,
,

226

1 .
1993 , T ichy

[ 24 ]

( director)
, 724 h = 1 10 nm ,
1nm ,
, ,
, T ichy
3 ,
(1 )
,

(2 )

(3 )
,

724 , T ichy

, ,

724

, ,
, ,
2 .
,
Tichy( 1995 )
3 ,
, ,

z , h , ,0 ,s
,

z z h - =s

227
< z < h -

=0

0 s ,

Tichy ,
,
,

3 .
, Tichy (1995 )
, 3
,
,
Tichy Dar cy ,
,

, , ,

[2 5]

, ,

[1] Wen S Z . On thin film lubrication . Proc . lst International Symposium on Tribology ,
Beijing : International Aca demic P ublish ers , 1993 , Vol .1 , 3037
[2] , . . , 2001 , 41( 4/ 5 ) : 6368 , 76
[3] . . , 1993 ,
( 6) : 4856
[4] . . : , 1992
[5] . . : , 1998
[6] H amroc k B J , Jocobson B O, Be rgst rom S I . Measuremen t of t he densit y of base
f luids at pressur e up t o 2 .2GPa . ASL E T ransaction , 1987 , 30( 2) : 196202
[7] H oglu nd E , Jacob son B O . E xpe rim en tal investig ations of sh ea r st re ng th of

228
lubrican ts subjected to high pres sure and tem perat ure . T ra ns . A SME , Journal of
T ribology , 1986 , 108( 4) : 571578
[8] Bair S . H igh shear str ess rheology of liquid lubrican ts . Ph .D . T hesis, Georgia
Institu te of T echnology , U SA , 1990
[9] H uang Ping , Wen Shizhu . St udy on oil film and pr es sure dist ribu tion of mic ro
EH L . T ra ns . AS ME , Journal of T ribology , 1992 , 114 (1 ) : 4246
[10 ] H uang P , Wen S Z . A new mod el of viscoplastic fluid lubrication for sliding
problem . Acta T riboeogica , 1994 , 2 (1) : 2330
[11 ] Liu Jianhai , Wen Shizhu . Fully flooded , starved and pa rched lubrication at poin t
contact system . Wea r , 1992 , ( 159 ) : 135140
[12 ] Johnston G J , Way te R , Spik es H A . T he meas ur emen t and st udy of ve ry thin
lubrican t films in concen t rated contacts . T ribology T ransaction , 1991 , 34 ( 2 ) :
187194
[13 ] . : [ ] . :
, 1994
[14] Streator J L , Gerhardstein J P . Lubrication regimes for nanometerscale lubricant films
with capillary effects, In : Dowson D . ed . T hin Films in Tribology . Elsevier , 1993 ,
461470
[15 ] , , .NG Y2 . , 1994 , 14
( 2) : 175179
[16 ] Dow son D . Bound ary LubricationA n Appraisal of Wor ld Litera ture . US A:
A SME P res s , Chap ter , 1969
[17 ] Luo Jianbin , Wen Shizhu . Mech anism and cha racters of t hin film lubrication .
Science in China ( Ser ies A ) , 1996 , 39( 12) : 13121322
[18 ] , , . . , 1995 , 16
( 1) : 240244
[19 ] Georges J M , Millot S, Loubet J L , et al ., Surface roughnes s and squeezed films
at molecular level . In : Dowson D . ed . T hin Film in T ribology . Elsevier , 1993 ,
443452
[20 ] , , . . ( A ) , 1996 , 26
( 9) : 811819
[21 ] T hom pson P A , Robbins M O , Grest G S . Simulations of lubrica nt behavior a t
th e in terface wit h bearing solids . In : Dowson D . ed . Th in Film in T ribology .
Elsevier , 1993 , 347366
[22 ] , , . . : .
, : , 1996 , 6280

229
[23 ] , .
. , 1995 , 5
( 4) : 435439
[24 ] Tichy J A . Ultr a thin film struct ured tribology . Proc of lst International Sy mpo
sium on Tribology . Beijing : International Academic Pub lish ers , 1993 , V , 1 , 4857
[25 ] , , . .
, 2001 , 37( 1) : 4245

:

,
,

,
,
,
, ,

8 .1
8 .1 .1
, ,
,
,
, ,
,
:

231
(1 )

(2 )
,

[1]

, E1 = E2 1 = 2
8 1( a ) H er tz
( = 0 .562m
h0 .119m) ,
: 8 1 ( a ) ,
,
2

, b H er tz ; H , H = h/ hH , hH = b / R

81
( a ) ; ( b )

232
2

x
+ h( x) + v1
z1 = h0 +
2

( 8 1)

z2 = - v2

( 8 2)

h = z1 - z2 ,
, 8 1 ( b) , ,
, ,

8 .1 .2
,
, ,
,
,
,

,
M ax well KelvinV oigt Max well ,
, ,


KelvinV oig t 82
, M ax well ,
82 KelvinVoigt

Max well , KelvinVoig t

, ,
,
KelvinV oigt
= 0 (1 - e

- t/

( 8 3)

/ G,
: 0 ; t ; ,=
, G
, ,
,

233
, 1MPa s 80 GPa,
1 .25 10

- 5

s :

,
(8 3) ,
,
0 ,

= 0 (1 - e

- t/

( 8 4)

, u,
1 = / u , 8 1 ( b )
1 , 1 8 1 ( b)
,1 = 8 .62 10

- 6

s , ,

8 .1 .3
, ,
,
,

[1 ]

, :
(1 ) ;
(2 ) ;
(3 ) ( 8 4 )
,
1 .

0 ,
: t1 = / 2 u

= 0 (1 - e

- t /
1

( 8 5)

0 - h0 ,
(8 5) ,
5

234

ln(0 / h0 )
2 u

( 8 6)

2 .
,
dV
2
W
= h tan= k
H
ds
: h ; ; W ; H ; k

ud t d s,
dV
= u(0e
dt

- / 2 u

- h0 ) / 0

( 8 7)

( 8 7 ) ( 86 )
(8 7) , , h0
u
3 .
(8 7)

[2 ]

,
,
,
: , ,
: E = 221MPa , R = 0 .02m , u = 1m/ s ,
0 = 0 .05 Pas
1 .1 ,

8 3( a ) 10 25
: ,
, ,

83( b ) [ 2 ]
, ,

235

83
( a ) ; ( b )

,
,
[2 ]

8 4

84

[3 , 4 ]

, ,
8 5
8 6 ,us / b
0 ,
85 86 : ,

236

85

86

,
, , us/
b , ,
,

8 .2
,
, , ,
[ 5 8]

237

8 .2 .1
8 7 , L

du
du
< L
=
dz
dz
=L

du
> L

dz

( 88)

87

:
b = 0 .1m , K = 2 .2 , u0 = 5m/ s , =
5

0 1 Pas , L = 6 .9 10 Pa

8 .2 .2
8 8 ,
[ 7,8 ]

, P = p ( h1 - h2 ) h2/ 2 u0 b ;

T =
/ L ; X = x/ b 88
,
, :
8 8 ( a ) , H2 = h2/ hm =
2 1 ( hm =u0 / L 0 .72m) , T2
, ,
: :
(1 ) , ,
, ;
(2 ) H2 0 .86 ( H1 = 1 .8 9) ,
, ,
d p/ d x = 0 , H2 = 0 .60 ( H1 = 1 .3 2)

238

88
( a ) H 2 = 2 .1; ( b) H 2 = 0 .86; ( c ) H 2 = 0 .6

8 .2 .3

[9]

88 89
w , q w 0 ,0 q0
8 9 , H2
: ,
,
, 22 % , 3 .3 ,
21 % : ,

:
(1 ) ,
(2 ) ,
,

239

89

(3 )
8 10 H2 = 0 .7 ,
, U = u/ u0 ; Y = y/ h

810 ( K = 2 .2 , H2 = 0 .7)

: 1 , 1
0 ,
U = 0 .6
8 1 K ,
H2 , K ,
,

, , 8 11
, : w/ w0 ,
/ 0 q/ q0

240
81 H2
K

H2

1 .2

1 .27

1 .03

0 .87

1 .4

1 .50

1 .01

0 .78

1 .6

1 .69

0 .98

0 .72

1 .8

1 .85

0 .94

0 .67

2 .0

2 .00

0 .89

0 .64

2 .2

2 .10

0 .86

0 .60

2 .4

2 .23

0 .82

0 .58

2 .6

2 .33

0 .78

0 .56

2 .8

2 .42

0 .75

0 .54

3 .0

2 .50

0 .72

0 .53

811

:
(1 ) , ,
, ;
(2 ) , ;
(3 ) , ,

(4 ) ,

[ 5 , 6 ]
812 ( ) ( )
, 813 ( ) ()

241
:
,

812

813

8 14 1
H ertz 0 .49GPa , ,
,
H er tz 0 .5GPa , 0 .53GPa
0 .55 GPa , H er tz
, : ,
,
,
:

242

814

8 .3
,
,
: 60 %
,
,
:
,
,
, ,
,
,
,
, ,

, ,

[ 10 12 ]

,
, ,
:
, ,

243
, , ,
,
: , ,
,
,
,

8 .3 .1
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
:

( p1 )

( p2 )

,
[ 10 ] :
: ,
p1 > p2 , p1 = p2
p1 < p2 ,
: , p1 >

p , p
p < p ,
2

8 .3 .2
:
,

244
du
=
dz
, (
(1 8) , U/ h,

[ 10 ]

:
=

,=

0
2
1 +

( 8 9)

20 x
: ,
cU

(8 9) , , ( 8 9 )
815

815

:
,

(8 9) ,
,
hc =

20 U x
c

(8 10)

815 ,

, x ,
h hc h > hc , ,
, , h hc , h < hc ,

245
,

8 .3 .3
[ 11 13 ] ,
, 8 16 82

82

B
D2
L
U
Z

0
0
0
76
8
0
0
0

.014
.565
.158
.53
.69
.01436
.03

m
m
m
m/ s

rad
Pas
1/ K

816
, ,
2
( p 1/ h )
[ 14 ]

816

:
(1 ) , ,
;

246
(2 ) ,
;
(3 ) ,
;
(4 ) ,
, ,
[ 14 ]

, ,
,

8 16 25 .4m
, h2
(8 10 ) x = L h2

hc = 91m
h2 = 25 .4m , ( 8 10 )
K = 4 .2 , :
x/ L = 0 .5 7
, x 0 .57 L
,

8 .4
,
,
, ,
, ,
1992 ,
:
(1 )
,

(2 )

247
, ,

(3 ) ,
,

(4 ) , , ,


,
(5 )
,

, 8 17

817

, ,
,
, ,

[ 15 1 6 ]

, 3
,

248
,

,
0 .065m , 0 .1 18m 0 .1 66m , 40 20
, 50 0 .034 Pas 0 .017Pas

818
( a ) = 0 .065m ; ( b) = 0 .1 18m; ( c ) = 0 .166m

8 18 40 , hm
v , ,
,

hm v

, = 0 .065m ,= 0 .42;
= 0 .1 18m ,= 0 .26; = 0 .166m ,= 0 .16 ,

249
819
, R
, R

/ R

= 0 .7 1 0 .8

(8 11)

= 0 , =
0 71 ,
0 .70
40 ,
hm w

819

8 20 ,
-
hm w

820
( a ) = 0 .065m ; ( b ) = 0 .118m; ( c) = 0 .166m

(8 12)

250
0 . 065m ,
0 118m 0 .1 66m , 0 .14 , 0 .12 0 .09 ,

8 21 ,
/ R

= 0 .1 8 0 .91

(8 13)

= 0 , = 0 .18 , Dowson Higginson

821

8 22
, ,
, ,
, ( 811 ) ( 8 13 )

hm/ 823 ,
, ,

, ,
, ,
: ,
,
, , ,
, hm

251
, ,
10 110nm , ,

822

823

252
1993 Ju llien
,
, ( fractionated th in film in lu brication)
, 100m
,
0 .1 0 .5m , 0 .12 0 .15
,

[1] , . . , 1996 , 32 ( 3 ) :
2734
[2] Zou Q , H ua ng P, Wen S Z . Abrasive wear mod el for lubricated sliding contacts .
Wea r , 1996 , (196) : 7276
[3] , , Hooke , .
. , 1996 , 36 (10 ) : 5056
[4] H ooke C J , H uang P . Elastohydrodynamic l ubrication of sof t viscoelastic ma teri
als in line con tact . P roc Instn Mech Engrs , 1997 , 211 , Par t J : 185194
[5] H ua ng P , Wen S Z . A new model of viscoplastic fluid lubrication for sliding prob
lems . AC T A T ribologyica of Roma nia . 1994 , 2(1 ) : 2330
[6] , . . , 1995 , 5 ( 4 ) :
435439
[7] , . . , 1996
(6) : 1823
[8 ] H uang Ping , Luo Jianbin , Wen Shizhu . T heoretically study on th e lubr ica tion fail
ure for t he lubrican ts with a limiting shear str ess . T ribology In ternational , 1999 ,
32( 10 ) : 421426
[9] , , . . ,
1999 , 31( 6) : 745752
[10 ] , , , . . ,
2000 , 36 (1 ) : 96100
[11 ] , . . , 1996 ,
(2 ) : 1416
[12 ] , , . .
, 1996 , ( 3) : 59

253
[13 ] , , , . .
, 1998 , 18( 3) : 243247
[14 ] . 29 , . : , 1980
[15 ] . : [ ] . :
, 1993
[16 ] Qian Zou , Fa nrong Kong , Shizhu Wen . A new met hod for measuring the film
t hic kness of mixed l ubrication in line con tacts . T r ibology T ra nsations , 1995 , 38
(4 ) : 869874

,
,

9 .1

91

, 9 1 ,
( X ) Z
X , X

257
, :
1) Ra
,
n

1
Ra =
L

| z( x) | d x = 1 | zi |
n i= 1

( 9 1)

, z( x) ; L ; n ; zi

2) Rq
=

1
L

[ z( x) ]

dx =

2
1
i
z
n
i =1

( 9 2)

3) Rm a x
,

4)

9 2 z1 , a1
c1 , a1 c1 z1
z ,

92

5) Sm a
Sm
,
: 9 3
, Ra , , ,

258
( a ) ( b) Ra ,
( a ) ( b) ,

93 Ra

: ,
,
, :

1) z a z q

z = d z/ d x

z a z q
2) Ca Cq
Ca Cq

,
, :
1)
94 ,

2)
9 5 ,

259

94

95

9 .2
,
,

9 .2 .1
96 , X , z
:
z , ( X ) ( X
)

L ,
i

96

L Li/ L

260

z ,

,
Gaus s Gauss

z
exp - 2
( z) =
2
2
1

( 9 3)

, , Gauss , 2

(9 3) Gaus s
( z) Gaus s -
+ , - 3 + 3 99 .9 % 3
Gaus s
: , ,

z = d z/ d x
,

( z ) , 9 7

97

C r , r = 1/ C,
( C) ( r) 9 8

261

98

9 .2 .2

Gaus s ,

1 . S
,
1
S = 3

z ( z) d z

( 9 4)

Gaus s ( 93) , S = 0 ,
S 1 ,
9 9
2 . K

K = 14

z ( z) d z

( 9 5)

( 9 3) Gauss K = 3 K < 3
, K > 3 , 9 10

262

99

910

9 .2 .3
,
,
, R( l)
,
l ( ) ,
R( l) = E[ z( x ) z( x + l) ]

( 9 6)

, E
L n, xi ,
R( l)
n -1

1
z( x i ) z( xi + l)
R( l) =
n - 1
i=1

( 9 7)

,
1
R( l) = lim
L L

+ L/ 2

- L/ 2

z( x) z( x + l) d x

( 9 8)

R ( l ) l l = 0 , R ( l0 ) ,
R( l0 ) = 2

R( l) = R( l)
R ( l) =
2
R( l0 )

( 9 9)

911
; l ,

263

911

, ,
: ( Ra = 16m )
, ( Ra = 0 .18m )

( z) R ( l)

, ,

[5]

9 .3
, ,

[2]

,
9 12
, , ,
( Bielby layer) ,
,
,

264

: ,
,

, ,

912

913

,
9 13 , ,
< 90
, ,
, > 90 ,
,

, ,

,
,

265

, ,
,

, ,

, ,
, ,
, ,

9 .4
, ,

, ,
,

, R
E

9 .4 .1
9 14 , , W
, , a
, e

9 W2
2
16 E
R

a=

3WR
4 E

W=

1/ 3

1/ 3

1/ 2 3/ 2
4
ER
3

(9 10)

266
2

: a = R A
2

A = a = R

(9 11)

e = R - ( R - ) = 2 R - 2 R
A0
2
A0 = e = 2R = 2 A

(9 12)

914

915

, ,
9 15 ,
,
, ,
,

9 .4 .2

, , ,
9 16 , h,
, ( h - d) , d

n , W i ,
(9 10 )

267

916

W = nW i =

4
nER1/ 2 ( h - d) 3/ 2
3

(9 13)

A i ,
A = n A i = nR( h - d)

(9 14)

( h - d) ,
W =

3/
4 E
A
1/ 2
3 n R

(9 15)

3/ 2

: , 2/ 3
,
s ,
, A0 i = 2R( h - d)
W i = s A0 i = 2s A i

(9 16)

W = nW i = 2s A

(9 17)

(9 17 ) : ,
,
: ,
,
: ,

9 .4 .3
,

[3]

9 17 ( a )
1 2 , h

268

1 +2

, 9 17 ( b)

917

9 17 ( b) , h , z > h
, z > h
,

( z) d z

(9 18)

P( z > h) =

n, m

( Z) d z

m= n

( z - h)(911) A

(z-

A = mR( z - h) = nR

h)( z) d z

W
1/ 2
3/
W = 4 mER ( z - h)
3

= 4 nER1/ 2
3

(z h

h) 3/ 2 ( z) d z

( 919 )

269
Gaus s Gauss , z
( z) = exp ( - z/ ) ,
m = nexp( - h/ )
A = nRexp( - h/ )
W=

(9 20)

1/ 2 3/ 2
4
nER exp ( - h/ )
3

W A, W m :
,
,

(z -

A = 2n R

h)( z) d z

(9 21)

(z -

W = s A = 2n Rs

h)( z) d z

, ( z)
,
, ,
,
Gau ss ,

9 .4 .4
,
, ,
,

[ 4]

G reen wood Willia mson

(9 10 ) ( 9 11 )
4 E1/ 2
W
=
pc =
A
3R1/ 2

(9 22)

: H/ 3 ,
, H ( HB) H ,
pc = H/ 3
(9 22 )
1/ 2

= H R1/ 2 = 0 .78 H R1/ 2

4 E
E

(9 23)

270
, ,

1/ 2

H 1/ 2
R
E

(9 24)

, ,
=

1/ 2

= E
H R

1/ 2

(9 25)

< 0 .6 , = 1 ,
1 < < 10 ,
, ,

[1] . . : , 1990
[2] . . : , 1998
[3] H alling J . P rincip les of T ribology . McMilla n Pr es s Lt d . 1975
[4] Greenwood J A, Williamson J B .Contact of no minally flat surface . P roc . Roy .
Soc . A ., 1966 , (295 ) : 300319
[5] , , . . , 1998 , 9
(7) : 1618

 10

,
,
,
,
:
,
,

, ,
, ,
, ,

10 .1
( Leonado da Vinci ) ( 14521519)
, Amon tons
, Cou lomb , A mon tons
:

,

272

F = fW

(10 1)

, F ; f ; W
(10 1 ) ,

,

, ,
, ,
,
,

1 .
,

,
: 10 1
, ,

,
, ,
,
2 .
: ,
, ,

273

101

Bow den ,

,
:
;
: ,
; ,

,

,
3 .
,
,
,

10 2 :
, , ,
,
, ,
, ,

274
10 3 ,

, ol P P , oQ

, P m S S , oS
, Sn P P

102

103

10 .2

10 .2 .1
,
,

10 4 A mon tons (1699 )

275

F=

= tanW

(10 2)

F= fW
f = tan,

,

104

, ,

10 .2 .2
,
,

Tomlin son (1929 )

,
A mont ons
, Pi , Pp

W+

, n,

P,
W =

= nP

, ,
,
,
f W x = kQ
, x ; Q ; k ,
k = qn x
l
, l ; q

276

f =

qQ
Pl

(10 3)

, Tomlinson ,

, 7
,

,
, ,

,
, 20 30
,
, ,

10 .3
[ 1]

Bow den T abor

10 .3 .1
Bow den ( 1945 )
:
1)
,
s ,
, 105

s ,
A ,
W = As

277

A=

W
s

105

2)
,
, ,
,

10 6
: ,
,

106

3)
10 7
,
, : ,
, , ,
F
F = T + Pe = Ab + Sp e

(10 4)

, T , T = Ab ; Pe , Pe = S pe ; A

278

107

;b ; S ; pe
:b ,

,
pe pe
,
, ,
,
, pe T
, ( 10 4)
F = Ab =

W
= b
s

,
f =

F
=
=
W
s

(10 5)

10 .3 .2
(10 5 )
b = 0 .2s ,
f = 0 .2 ,
0 .5 , , Bow den

Bow den : ,

279
s , b ,
, ,

, ,
,
2

+ = k

(10 6)

, ,> 1 ; k
k = 0 ,
2
2
s , s = k , (10 6 )
2
2
2
+ = s

(10 7)

W
A

F
+
A

= 2s

A =

W
s

F
+
s

(10 8)

F , ( 10 8 )
A , F/ A , W/ A
(10 7 )
2
2
b = s

(10 9)

= s / b
b = 0 .2s , (10 9 ) = 25
< 25 , Bow den = 9
(10 8 ) : W/ s W ,
2

( F/ s ) F
, ,

,
,

, ,

280

, ,

f , f = cb , c 1;b
(10 7 )
2
2
2
+ f = s

( 10 10)

(10 9 )
2
2
2
s = b = 2 f
c

f =

f
=

c
2
(1 - c )

1
2

( 10 11)

10 8 (10 11 ) c 1 , f ,
c , f
, c , (1011 )
f =

f
=
s

( 10 12)

: ,

108 f c

281

10 .3 .3
, ,
,
,
10 9 , ,
, h, ,
2

A =d / 8;
S = d h/ 2

109

, s ,
W Pe
W = As =

1 2 s
d
8

Pe = Ss =

1
dhs
2

f =

4h
2
Pe
=
=
co t
W
d

( 10 13)

= 60 , f = 0 .3 2; = 30 , f = 1 .1 ,
, 10 1 kp ( 10 13 ) f

282
101 kp

kp

1 .55

1 .351 .70

1 .90

1 .55

2 .40

2 .90

,
,
F = Ab + Ss

f =

Ab + Ss
b
2
F
=
=
+ co t
W
As
s

( 10 14)

, , ( 10 14 )
, , ( 10 14 ) ( 10 5 )
,
: Bow den
,

, : ,
,

, ,
,
,
,
, ,
, Pe b
, ( 10 14 )
b s ,

10 .4
K pae [ 2 ]
,
,

283
F = 0 S0 + m Sm
, S0 Sm

( 10 15)

;0 m

, m = Am + Bm p , p
; Am ; Bm ; a ,
1 1
b
0 = A0 + B0 p , A0 ,
; B0 ; b 1
b

F = S0 ( A0 + B0 p ) + Sm ( Am + Bm p )
Sm =S0 , A = S0 + Sm ,
W = pA,
F =

A
W
(Bm + B0 ) +
(A m + A0 )
+ 1
+ 1

B m + B0
=
+ 1
A m + A0
=
+ 1

F = A + W =

A+ W

( 10 16)

(10 16) ,
/ ,

(10 16) ( 101 ) ,

f =

A
+
W

( 10 17)

: f , A/ W ,

: , ,
A W , ( 10 17 ) f
, A mon tons
, 2/ 3 , (10 17 )

284
,
,

10 .5
,
, ,
, :

,
,

10 .5 .1

,
, ,
:
, 2 3

, ,
, ,
,
,
, 102

102 ( )

/ m/ s2

50

110

550

50

110

300

0 .20

0 .22

0 .26

0 .11

0 .11

0 .14

285
, , 0 .17
0 .23

10 .5 .2
,
,
,
10 10 Kpae

, , 2
3 , ,
, ,
, , 1 4

1010

,
f = ( a + bU ) e

- cU

+ d

, U ; a, b, c d , 103
103 a, b, c d

/ N/ mm2

1 .9

0 .006

0 .114

0 .94

0 .226

0 .004

0 .110

0 .97

0 .216

8 .3

0 .022

0 .054

0 .55

0 .125

30 .3

0 .022

0 .074

0 .59

0 .110

22