J. V. B. Soares and R. M. Cesar-Jr. Segmentation of retinal vasculature using wavelets and supervised classification: Theory and implementation. In H. F.

Jelinek and M. J. Cree, editors, Automated Image Detection of Retinal Pathology. CRC Press, 2009. To appear. [ bib | .pdf ] J. V. B. Soares and R. M. Cesar-Jr. Relatrio de progresso descrevendo alguns avanos em 2006-2007. Technical report, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics - University of So Paulo, July 2007. [ bib | .pdf ] J. V. B. Soares. Segmentao de vasos sangneos em imagens de retina usando wavelets e classificadores estatsticos. Master's thesis, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics University of So Paulo, November 2006. [ bib | .pdf presentation | .pdf ] J. V. B. Soares, J. J. G. Leandro, R. M. Cesar-Jr., H. F. Jelinek, and M. J. Cree. Retinal vessel segmentation using the 2-D Gabor wavelet and supervised classification. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 25:1214-1222, 2006. [ bib | doi | .pdf ] J. V. B. Soares, J. J. G. Leandro, R. M. Cesar-Jr., H. F. Jelinek, and M. J. Cree. Using the 2-D morlet wavelet with supervised classification for retinal vessel segmentation. In IV Workshop de Teses e Dissertaes em Computao Grfica e Processamento de Imagens, CD-ROM - 18th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing - SIBGRAPI, Natal, RN, 2005. [ bib | .pdf presentation ] D. J. Cornforth, H. F. Jelinek, J. J. G. Leandro, J. V. B. Soares, R. M. Cesar-Jr., M. J. Cree, P. Mitchell, and T. R. J. Bossomaier. Development of retinal blood vessel segmentation methodology using wavelet transforms for assessment of diabetic retinopathy. Complexity International, 11, 2005. [ bib | http ] J. J. G. Leandro, J. V. B. Soares, R. M. Cesar-Jr., and H. F. Jelinek. Blood vessels segmentation in non-mydriatic images using wavelets and statistical classifiers. In Proc. of the 16th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing SIBGRAPI, pages 262-269. IEEE Computer Society Press, 2003. [ bib | doi ] J. J. G. Leandro, R. M. Cesar-Jr., and H. Jelinek. Blood vessels segmentation in retina: Preliminary assessment of the mathematical morphology and of the wavelet transform techniques. In Proc. of the 14th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing - SIBGRAPI, pages 84-90. IEEE Computer Society, 2001. [ bib | doi ]

Using pixel classification

R. M. Rangayyan, F. J. Ayres, F. Oloumi, F. Oloumi, and P. Eshghzadeh-Zanjani. Detection of blood vessels in the retina with multiscale Gabor filters. Journal of Electronic Imaging, 17(2), 2008. [ bib | doi ] E. Ricci and R. Perfetti. Retinal blood vessel segmentation using line operators and support vector classification. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 26(10):1357-1365, 2007. [ bib | doi ] M. Sofka and C. V. Stewart. Retinal vessel centerline extraction using multiscale matched filters, confidence and edge measures. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 25:1531-1546, 2006. [ bib | doi ] J. J. Staal, M. D. Abrmoff, M. Niemeijer, M. A. Viergever, and B. van Ginneken. Ridge based vessel segmentation in color images of the retina. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 23(4):501-509, 2004. [ bib | doi ] M. Niemeijer, J. J. Staal, B. van Ginneken, M. Loog, and M. D. Abrmoff. Comparative study of retinal vessel segmentation methods on a new publicly available database. In J. M. Fitzpatrick and M. Sonka, editors, SPIE Medical Imaging, volume 5370, pages 648656, 2004. [ bib | doi ] C. Sinthanayothin, J. Boyce, and C. T. Williamson. Automated localisation of the optic disc, fovea, and retinal blood vessels from digital colour fundus images. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 83:902-910, 1999. [ bib | http ] R. Nekovei and Y. Sun. Back-propagation network and its configuration for blood vessel detection in angiograms. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 6(1):64-72, 1995. [ bib | doi ]

Using tracking

X. Gao, A. Bharath, A. Stanton, A. Hughes, N. Chapman, and S. Thom. A method of vessel tracking for vessel diameter measurement on retinal images. In ICIP01, volume 2, pages 881-884, 2001. [ bib | doi ] M. Lalonde, L. Gagnon, and M.-C. Boucher. Non-recursive paired tracking for vessel extraction from retinal images. In Proc. of the Conference Vision Interface 2000, pages

61-68, 2000. [ bib ]

A. Can, H. Shen, J. N. Turner, H. L. Tanenbaum, and B. Roysam. Rapid automated tracing and feature extraction from retinal fundus images using direct exploratory algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, 3(2):125-138, 1999. [ bib | doi ] Y. A. Tolias and S. M. Panas. A fuzzy vessel tracking algorithm for retinal images based on fuzzy clustering. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 17:263-273, April 1998. [ bib | doi ] O. Chutatape, L. Zheng, and S. M. Krishnan. Retinal blood vessel detection and tracking by matched Gaussian and Kalman filters. In Proc. of the 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, (EMBS'98), volume 20, pages 3144-3149, 1998. [ bib | doi ] L. Zhou, M. S. Rzeszotarski, L. J. Singerman, and J. M. Chokreff. The detection and quantification of retinopathy using digital angiograms. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 13(4):619-626, 1994. [ bib | doi ] I. Liu and Y. Sun. Recursive tracking of vascular networks in angiograms based on the detection-deletion scheme. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 12(2):334-341, 1993. [ bib | doi ]

Using deformable models

D. Nain, A. Yezzi, and G. Turk. Vessel segmentation using a shape driven flow. In Medical Image Computing and Comptuer-assisted Intervention - MICCAI, pages 51-59, 2004. [ bib | doi ] A. Vasilevskiy and K. Siddiqi. Flux maximizing geometric flows. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, pages 1565-1578, 2002. [ bib | doi ] T. McInerney and D. Terzopoulos. T-snakes: Topology adaptive snakes. Medical Image Analysis, 4:73-91, 2000. [ bib | doi ] R. Toledo, X. Orriols, X. Binefa, P. Radeva, J. Vitri, and J. Villanueva. Tracking of elongated structures using statistical snakes. In IEEE Computer Society Conference on

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), volume 1, page 1157, 2000. [ bib | doi ]

J. A. Sethian. Level Set Methods and Fast Marching Methods: Evolving Interfaces in Computational Geometry, Fluid Mechanics, Computer Vision, and Materials Science. Cambridge University Press, 1999. [ bib ]

Other approaches

B. S. Y. Lam, Y. Gao and A. W.-C. Liew. General Retinal Vessel Segmentation Using Regularization-based Multi-concavity Modeling. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2010. [ bib | doi ] B. S. Y. Lam and H. Yan. A novel vessel segmentation algorithm for pathological retina images based on the divergence of vector fields. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 27(2):237-246, 2008. [ bib | doi ] M. E. Martinez-Perez, A. D. Hughes, S. A. Thom, A. A. Bharath, and K. H. Parker. Segmentation of blood vessels from red-free and fluorescein retinal images. Medical Image Analysis, 11(1):47-61, 2007. [ bib | doi ] L. Wang, A. Bhalerao, and R. Wilson. Analysis of retinal vasculature using a multiresolution hermite model. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 26:137-152, 2007. [ bib | doi ] A. M. Mendona and A. Campilho. Segmentation of retinal blood vessels by combining the detection of centerlines and morphological reconstruction. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 25:1200- 1213, 2006. [ bib | doi ] Q. Li, J. You, L. Z. D. Zhang, and P. Bhattacharya. A new approach to automated retinal vessel segmentation using multiscale analysis. In ICPR06, volume 4, pages 77-80, August 2006. [ bib | doi ] J. Lowell, A. Hunter, D. Steel, A. Basu, R. Ryder, and R. Kennedy. Measurement of retinal vessel widths from fundus images based on 2-D modeling. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 23(10):1196-1204, October 2004. [ bib | doi ]

K. A. Vermeer, F. M. Vos, H. G. Lemij, and A. M. Vossepoel. A model based method for retinal blood vessel detection. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 34(3):209-219, 2004. [ bib | doi ] B. Fang, W. Hsu, and M. Lee. Reconstruction of vascular structures in retinal images. In ICIP03, volume 2, pages 157-160, 2003. [ bib ] X. Jiang and D. Mojon. Adaptive local thresholding by verification-based multithreshold probing with application to vessel detection in retinal images. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 25(1):131-137, 2003. [ bib | doi ] L. Wang and A. Bhalerao. Model based segmentation for retinal fundus images. In Proc. of Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis (SCIA), pages 422-429, Gotenberg, Sweden, June 2003. [ bib | .html ] L. Gang, O. Chutatape, and S. M. Krishnan. Detection and measurement of retinal vessels in fundus images using amplitude modified second-order Gaussian filter. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 49(2):168-172, 2002. [ bib | doi ] E. Thnnes, A. Bhalerao, W. Kendall, and R. Wilson. A Bayesian approach to inferring vascular tree structure from 2D imagery. In Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), volume 2, pages 937-940, Rochester, USA, September 2002. [ bib | doi ] F. Zana and J.-C. Klein. Segmentation of vessel-like patterns using mathematical morphology and curvature evaluation. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 10:10101019, 2001. [ bib | doi ] A. Hoover, V. Kouznetsova, and M. Goldbaum. Locating blood vessels in retinal images by piece-wise threshold probing of a matched filter response. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 19:203-210, March 2000. [ bib | doi ] M. E. Martnez-Prez, A. D. Hughes, A. V. Stanton, S. A. Thom, A. A. Bharath, and K. H. Parker. Retinal blood vessel segmentation by means of scale-space analysis and region growing. In Medical Image Computing and Computer-assisted Intervention MICCAI, pages 90-97, 1999. [ bib ] S. Chaudhuri, S. Chatterjee, N. Katz, M. Nelson, and M. Goldbaum. Detection of blood vessels in retinal images using two-dimensional matched filters. IEEE Transactions on

Medical Imaging, 8:263-269, 1989. [ bib | doi ]

Segmentation evaluation

M. Niemeijer, J. J. Staal, B. van Ginneken, M. Loog, and M. D. Abrmoff. Comparative study of retinal vessel segmentation methods on a new publicly available database. In J. M. Fitzpatrick and M. Sonka, editors, SPIE Medical Imaging, volume 5370, pages 648656, 2004. [ bib | doi ] K. H. Fritzsche, A. Can, H. Shen, C.-L. Tsai, J. N. Turner, H. L. Tanenbaum, C. V. Stewart, and B. Roysam. Automated model-based segmentation, tracing, and analysis of retinal vasculature from digital fundus images. In J. Suri and S. Laxminarayan, editors, Angiography and Plaque Imaging: Advanced Segmentation Techniques, pages 225-297. CRC Press, 2003. [ bib | http ] K. W. Bowyer and P. J. Phillips, editors. Empirical Evaluation Techniques in Computer Vision. IEEE Computer Society, 1998. [ bib ] See also: the STARE and DRIVE public databases for evaluation.

Wavelets

F. J. Ayres and R. M. Rangayyan. Performance analysis of oriented feature detectors. In Proc. of the 18th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing SIBGRAPI. IEEE Computer Society, October 2005. [ bib | http ] R. S. Feris, V. Krueger, and R. M. Cesar-Jr. A wavelet subspace method for real-time face tracking. Real-Time Imaging, 10:339-350, 2004. [ bib | doi ] D. Van De Ville, T. Blu, and M. Unser. Integrated wavelet processing and spatial statistical testing of fMRI data. NeuroImage, 23(4):1472-1485, December 2004. [ bib | doi ] L. da F. Costa and R. M. Cesar-Jr. Shape analysis and classification: theory and practice. CRC Press, 2001. [ bib ] A. Arnodo, N. Decoster, and S. G. Roux. A wavelet-based method for multifractal image analysis. I. Methodology and test applications on isotropic and anisotropic random

rough surfaces. The European Physical Journal B, 15:567-600, 2000. [ bib | doi ]

T. S. Lee. Image representation using 2D gabor wavelets. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 18(10):959-971, 1996. [ bib | doi ] B. S. Manjunath and W. Y. Ma. Texture features for browsing and retrieval of image data. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 18(8):837-842, 1996. [ bib | doi ] J.-P. Antoine, P. Carette, R. Murenzi, and B. Piette. Image analysis with two-dimensional continuous wavelet transform. Signal Processing, 31:241-272, 1993. [ bib | doi ] O. Rioul and M. Vetterli. Wavelets and signal processing. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 8:14-38, October 1991. [ bib | .html ] A. Grossmann. Wavelet transforms and edge detection. In S. Albeverio, P. Blanchard, M. Hazewinkel, and L. Streit, editors, Stochastic Processes in Physics and Engineering, pages 149-157. D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1988. [ bib ]

Pattern recognition background

R. O. Duda, P. E. Hart, and D. G. Stork. Pattern Classification. John Wiley and Sons, 2001. [ bib ] S. Theodoridis and K. Koutroumbas. Pattern Recognition. Academic Press, USA, first edition, 1999. [ bib ] K. Fukunaga. Introduction to Statistical Pattern Recognition. Academic Press, second edition, 1990. [ bib ]

Medical

Z. M. S. Corra and R. C. J. Eagle. Aspectos patolgicos da retinopatia diabtica. Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 68:410-414, 2005. [ bib | http ]

T. Y. Wong, W. Rosamond, P. P. Chang, D. J. Couper, A. R. Sharrett, L. D. Hubbard, A. R. Folsom, and R. Klein. Retinopathy and risk of congestive heart failure. Journal of the American Medical Association, 293(1):63-69, 2005. [ bib | http ] M. C. Boelter, M. J. de Azevedo, J. L. Gross, and J. Lavinsky. Fatores de risco para retinopatia diabtica. Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, 66:239-247, 2003. [ bib | http ] C. P. McQuellin, H. F. Jelinek, and G. Joss. Characterisation of fluorescein angiograms of retinal fundus using mathematical morphology: a pilot study. In 5th International Conference on Ophthalmic Photography, page 152, Adelaide, 2002. [ bib ] S. J. Lee, C. A. McCarty, H. R. Taylor, and J. E. Keeffe. Costs of mobile screening for diabetic retinopathy: A practical framework for rural populations. Aust J Rural Health, 8:186-192, 2001. [ bib | doi ] H. R. Taylor and J. E. Keeffe. World blindness: a 21st century perspective. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 85:261-266, 2001. [ bib | http ] J. J. Kanski. Clinical Ophthalmology: A systematic approach. Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1989. [ bib ] E. J. Sussman, W. G. Tsiaras, and K. A. Soper. Diagnosis of diabetic eye disease. Journal of the American Medical Association, 247:3231-3234, 1982. [ bib | http ]

Miscellaneous

K. Rothaus, , X. Jiang, and P. Rhiem. Separation of the retinal vascular graph based upon structural knowledge. Image and Vision Computing, 2008. In press. [ bib | doi ] E. Grisan, M. Foracchia, and A. Ruggeri. A novel method for the automatic grading of retinal vessel tortuosity. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 27(3):310-319, 2008. [ bib | doi ] H. F. Jelinek, M. J. Cree, J. J. G. Leandro, J. V. B. Soares, R. M. Cesar-Jr., and A. Luckie. Automated segmentation of retinal blood vessels and identification of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 24(5):1448-1456, 2007. [ bib | http ]

C. Kirbas and F. Quek. A review of vessel extraction techniques and algorithms. ACM Comput. Surv., 36(2):81-121, 2004. [ bib | doi ] H. Li, W. Hsu, M. L. Lee, and H. Wang. A piecewise Gaussian model for profiling and differentiating retinal vessels. In ICIP03, volume 1, pages 1069-1072, 2003. [ bib | doi ] R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods. Digital Image Processing. Addison-Wesley, second edition, 2002. [ bib ] L. Pedersen, B. Ersbll, K. Madsen, M. Grunkin, U. Skands, M. Larsen, and N. Christoffersen. Quantitative measurement of changes in retinal vessel diameter in ocular fundus images. Pattern Recogn. Lett., 21(13-14):1215-1223, 2000. [ bib | doi ]