CNSST 3.

2: Telephony, Cellular and Facsimile

1. The range of DC current that flows through a telephone is Ans. 20mA to 80mA 2. The typical voltage needed to ring a telephone is: Ans. 90 volts, 20 hertz AC 3. Central offices are connected by: Ans. trunk lines 4. Call blocking: Ans. occurs when the central office capacity is exceeded 5. The cable used for local loops is mainly: Ans. twisted-pair copper wire 6. Loading coils were used to: Ans. reduce the attenuation of voice signals 7. Signal loss is designed into a telephone system to: Ans. prevent oscillation 8. The reference noise level for telephony is: Ans. 1 pW 9. The number of voice channels in a basic FDM group is: Ans. 12 10. Minimum quality circuit available using the PTN. Ans. basic voice channel * In telephone system FDM, voice is put on a carrier using: Ans. SSB In DS-1, bits are robbed in order to: Ans. carry signaling Bit-stuffing is more formally called: Ans. Justification

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Compared to ISDN, internet access using ADSL is typically: Ans. much faster The simplest and most straightforward form of telephone service is called: Ans. Plain and Old Telephone Service (POTS) The modern Touch-tone telephone is called ______ Ans. 2500-type telephone set The feedback signals that helps prevent the speaker from talking too loudly Ans. Sidetone

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Aside from the tip and ring used in local loops the third wire when used is called _____ Ans. sleeve In RJ-11, the RJ stands for Ans. Registered Jack It is a combination of passive components that are used to regulate the amplitude frequency response of the voice signals. Ans. Equalizer circuit It is a special balanced transformer used to convert a two-wire circuit to a four-wire circuit and vice-versa Ans. Hybrid network It is the exchange of signaling messages between switching machines. Ans. Interoffice signaling Category of signaling message that indicates a request for service, going off-hook or ringing in the destination telephone. Ans. Alerting Signals that provide call status information, such as busy or ringing signals Ans. Supervising Signals that provide information in the form of announcements such as a number changed to another number, a number no longer in service, and so on Ans. Controlling Signals that provide the routing information, such as calling and called numbers Ans. Addressing It is an audible signal comprised of two frequencies: 350 Hz and 440 Hz Ans. Dial tone It is a method originally used to transfer digits in the telephone to..the local switch Ans. Dial pulsing This refers to ability of individuals to retain their existing telephone numbers and the same quality of service when switching to a new location and service provider. Ans. local number portability * Systems that are simplex wireless communications systems designed to .subscribers of awaiting messages Ans. Paging Early paging system uses what modulation technique Ans. FM Modern paging system uses what modulation technique Ans. FSK and PSK

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These are unused sections of cables that are connected in shunt working cables.., such as local loop. They are used for party lines. Ans. Bridge tap It is a parameter equivalent to TLP except that it is used as a reference for a transmission Ans. .. Level Point Weighting technique that assumes a perfect receiver only, therefore its weighting curve corresponds to the frequency response of the ear only Ans. ophometric noise weighting It is the difference in circuit gain experienced at a particular frequency with respect to the circuit gain of a reference frequency Ans. Attenuation distortion It is simply the frequency response of a transmission medium referenced 1004-Hz test tone Ans. Attenuation distortion, Differential gain or 1004-Hz deviation It is an indirect method of evaluating the phase delay characteristics of a circuit. Ans. Envelop Delay Distortion

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The process used to improve a basic telephone channel is called ______. Ans. Line conditioning Special type of line conditioning that specifies the maximum limit for attenuation distortion and envelope delay distortion Ans. C-line conditioning The time delay measured in angular units, such as degrees or radians is called _____. Ans. Phase delay The difference between the absolute delays of all frequencies. Ans. Phase distortion It is the time required to propagate a change in an AM envelope through a transmission medium Ans. Envelope delay At the receiver, the phase difference at the different carrier frequencies is called _____. Ans. Envelope Delay Distortion The reference frequency of a typical voice-band circuit is typically around _____. Ans. 1800 Hz A special type of line conditioning that sets the minimum requirements for signal-to-noise ratio a nonlinear distortion Ans. D-type line conditioning

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It is a communications term that indicates the presence of a signal power comparable to the power of an actual message transmission Ans. Loaded It is a sudden, random change in the gain of the circuit resulting in a temporary change in the signal level Ans. Gain hits It is the decrease in gain of more than 12 dB lasting longer than 4 ms and a characteristics of temporary open circuit conditions and are generally caused by deep fades on radio facilities or by switching delays Ans. Dropouts It is the sudden, random changes in the phase of the signal. They are classified as temporary variations in the phase of the signal lasting longer than 4 ms. Ans. Phase hits It is a form of incidental phase modulation a continuous uncontrolled variation in the zero crossings of a signal. Ans. Phase Jitter Phase jitter occurs at what frequency? Ans. 300 Hz or lower It is used to convert two-wire circuits to four-wire circuits which is similar to hybrid coil found in standard telephone sets. Ans. Hybrid Circuits The talker hears a returned portion of the signal as an echo, what is the round trip time of delay for an echo to quite annoying? Ans. 45 msec It eliminates the echo by electrically subtracting it from the original signal rather than disabling the amplifier in the return circuit. Ans. Echo cancellers A typical echo suppressor suppresses the returned echo by how much? Ans. 60 dB A type of cross talk which is a direct result of nonlinear amplification in analog communications system Ans. Nonlinear crosstalk In telephony, functions that identify and connect subscribers to a suitable transmission path Ans. Switching functions Circuits that are designed and configured for their use only and often referred to as private circuits or dedicated circuits. Ans. Leased circuits The operator of the instrument Ans. Subscriber

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It is similar to the local loop except that it used to interconnect two telephone offices. Ans. Trunk circuits In a telephone channel, _____ is used if the total via net loss of a given trunk circuit exceeds approximately 2.5 dB. Ans. echo suppressor * It is a central location where subscribers are interconnected, either temporarily or on a permanent basis. Ans. Exchanges The number of dedicated lines used to interconnect 100 parties is Ans. 4950 lines A switchboard with four digits can accommodate how many telephone numbers Ans. 10,000 The most versatile and popular crossbar switch was ______. Ans. #5XB The first computer-controlled central office switching system used in PSTN Ans. No. 1 ESS It is a programmable matrix that allows circuits to be connected to one another. Ans. Circuit switch A telephone call completed within a single local exchange is called _______. Ans. Intraoffice call or Intraswitch call The trunk circuits that are terminated in tandem switches are called ______. Ans. Tandem trunks or Intermediated trunks When subscriber initiates a long distance call, the local exchange connects the caller to the toll office through a facility called _____, Ans. Toll-connecting trunk or Inter-office toll trunk The telephone switching plan that allows a certain degree of route selection when establishing a phone call Ans. Switching hierarchy It is simply a path between two subscribers and is comprised of one or more switches, two local loops or possibly one or more trunk circuits. Ans. Route A call that cannot be completed because the necessary trunk circuits or switching paths are not available. Ans. Blocking Class of switching office which is the local exchange where the subscriber loops terminated and received dial tone. Ans. Class 5 End office

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The class of switching office that provides service to small groups of class 4 offices within a small area of state Ans. Class 3 Primary center The highest ranking office in the DDD network in terms of size of the geographical area served and the trunk options available Ans. Class 1 Regional center It defines the procedures and protocols necessary to exchange information over the PSTN using a separate digital signaling network to provide wireless and wireline telephone call setup, routing and control. Ans. Common Channel Signaling System no. 7 or SS7 or C7 A telephone service that uses a common 800 area code regardless of the location of the destination Ans. Wide Area Telephone Service (WATS) A mandate that requires all telephone companies to support the porting of telephone number. Ans. Local Number Portability It allows customers to change to a different service and still keep the same phone number Ans. Porting In SS7, signaling points, codes that are carried in signaling messages exchanged between signaling points to identify the source and destination of each message Ans. Point codes _____ are local telephone switches equipped with SS7-compatible software and terminating signal links. Ans. Service Switching Points (SSP) It provides functionality of communicating with the voice switch by creating the packets or signal units necessary for transmission over the SS7 network. Ans. Service Switching Points (SSP) For a certain telephone, the DC loop voltage is 48 V on hook and 8 V off hook. If the loop current is 40 mA, what is the DC resistance of the local loop? Ans. 1000 ohms For a certain telephone, the DC loop voltage is 48 V on hook and 8 V off hook. If the loop current is 40 mA, what is the DC resistance of the telephone? Ans. 200 ohms Calculate the dB of VNL required for a channel with a 3 ms delay. Ans. 1 dB If a telephone voice signal has a level of 0 dBm, what is its level in dBrn? Ans. 90 dBrn

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A telephone test-tone has a level of 80 dBrn at a point where the level is +5dB TLP. If C-weighting produces a 10-dB loss, what would the signal level be in dBrnc0? Ans. 65 dBrnc TLP AMPS uses the _____-MHz band. Ans. 800 The number of ERP classes in AMPS is _____. Ans. three A cell phone permanently installed in a car would be ERP class _______. Ans. I (one) The maximum ERP of class III cell phones is _______. Ans. 600 mW A portable, handheld cell phone would be ERP class _____. Ans. III (three) A MAC is a mobile ________ code. Ans. attenuation A mobile switching center is also call an _________. Ans. MTSO Telephone call traffic is measured in _______. Ans. erlangs Traffic model used in telephone system that is based on the assumption, that calls not immediately satisfied at the first attempt are held in the system until it is satisfied? Ans. Erlang C * The reduction in cell size to increase traffic is called cell _______. Ans. splitting

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100. A _____ site is a very small unit that can mount on a streetlight pole. Ans. microcell 101. Very small cells called ______ are used for reliable indoor reception. Ans. picocells 102. Compared with AMPS, digital cellular phones require _____ bandwidth. Ans. less 103. What is the speed of Cellular Data Packet Data (CDPD) Ans. 17.2 or 19.2 104. In analog CMTS, the interfering signal strength must remain approximately less than _____ percent of the desired signal strength. Ans. 2 105. SCM identifies the _______________. Ans. maximum power level of a cellphone

106. The SID is used by a cell phone to Ans. recognize that it is roaming 107. The CMAC is used to Ans. set the transmit power of the cell phone 108. In an AMPS system, voice is sent using _____. Ans. FM 109. In an AMPS system, control-channel signals are sent using _____. Ans. FSK 110. The ERP of typical handheld AMPS cell phone is Ans. less than 600 mW 111. The combination of the mobile cell phone and the cell site radio are called the Ans. air interface 112. Phone traffic is measured in Ans. erlangs 113. One way to increase the capacity of a cell phone is Ans. increase the number of cells 114. Base stations transmitter output power of Improved Mobile Telephone Services (IMTS) Ans. 100-W to 200-W range 115. An area divided into hexagonal shapes that fit together to form a pattern is called ______. Ans. Cell 116. Macrocells have base stations transmit power between __________. Ans. 1W to 6W 117. Microcells have base stations transmit power between __________. Ans. 0.1W to 0.6W 118. A geographic cellular radio coverage area containing three of more group of cells Ans. Cluster 119. Determine the number of channels per cluster and the total number of channel capacity of a cellular telephone area comprised of 10 clusters with 7 cells in each cluster and 10 channels in each cell Ans. 70 channels per cluster, 700 total channels 120. What is the typical cluster size? Ans. 3, 7 and 12 121. It is when the area of a cell, or independent component coverage areas of a cellular system, is further divided, thus creating more cell areas. Ans. Cell splitting

122. The point when the cell reaches maximum capacity occurs when the number of subscribers wishing to place a call at any given time equals the number of channels in the cell. Ans. Maximum traffic load 123. Determine the channel capacity of a cellular telephone area comprised of seven macrocell with 10 channels per cell Ans. 70 channels per area 124. Determine the channel capacity if 7 macrocells with 10 channels per cell is split into 4 minicells. Ans. 280 channels per area 125. Decreasing co-channel interference while increasing capacity by using directional antenna is called _____. Ans. Sectoring 126. A technique that divides the group of channels into smaller groupings or segments of mutually exclusive frequencies; cell sites, which are within the reuse distance is assigned their own segment of the channel group Ans. Segmentation 127. It is a means of avoiding full-cell splitting where the entire area would otherwise need to be segmented into smaller cells. Ans. Dualization 128. Provides a centralized administration and maintenance point for the entire network and interfaces with the public telephone network through the telephone wireline voice trunks and data links. Ans. Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO) 129. It is when a mobile unit moves from one cell to another from one companys service area to another companys service area. Ans. Roaming 130. The transfer of a mobile unit from one base stations control to another base stations control Ans. Handoff or Handover 131. An open standard that allows PCs, peripherals, cordless telephones, and other consumer electronic devices to communicate and interoperate with one another without the complexity and expense associated with installing new wires? Ans. Shared Wireless Access Protocol (SWAP) 132. A connection is momentarily broken during the cell-to-cell transfer is called Ans. Hard handoff 133. A flawless cell-to-cell transfer is called ______. Ans. Soft handoff 134. Soft handoff normally takes _____ of time delay Ans. 200 ms

135. In IS-41 standard, it is a process where the mobile unit notifies a serving MTSO of its presence and location through a base station controller Ans. Autonomous registration 136. It is a digital telephone exchange located in the MTSO that is the heart of a telephone system Ans. Electronic switching center 137. Component of a cellular telephone network that manages each of the radio channels at each site Ans. Cell-site controllers or Base station controllers 138. The actual voice channel where mobile users communicate directly with other mobile or wireline subscriber through the base station Ans. User channel 139. A channel used for transferring control and diagnostic information between mobile users and a central cellular telephone switch through the base stations. Ans. Control channel 140. What modulation technique is used by Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) Ans. Narrow band FM (NBFM) 141. What is the frequency deviation of AMPS? Ans. 12 kHz 142. Transmission from mobile stations to the base stations is called _____. Ans. Reverse link or Uplink 143. Determine the transmit and receive carrier frequencies for AMPS channel 3 and channel 991. Ans. 870.09 MHz and 869.04 MHz 144. It is a 34-bit binary code that represents the 10-digit telephone number. Ans. Mobile Identification Number (MIN) 145. A 32-bit binary code permanently assigned to each of the mobile unit. Ans. Electronic Serial Number (ESN) 146. Supervisory Audio Tones (SAT) have frequencies Ans. 5970 Hz, 6000 Hz, and 6030 Hz 147. The bit length of System Identification (SID) Ans. 15 148. The bit length of Station Class Mark (SCM) Ans. 4 149. The bit length of Digital Color Code (DCC) Ans. 2 150. It is a database in the PCS network that stores information about the user, including home subscription information and what supplementary services the user is subscribed to. Ans. Home Location Register (HLR)

151. A database in the PCS network that stores information about subscribers in a particular MISO serving area. Ans. Visitor Location Register (VLR) 152. Determine the transmit power for a CDMA mobile unit that is receiving a signal from the base station at 100 dBm. Ans. Pt = -76 dB Pr; Pt =-76 dB 100; Pt = 24 dBm 153. The North American PCS band is Ans. 1.9 GHz 154. PCS cells are typically _______ than AMPS cells. Ans. Smaller 155. IS-136 PCS is usually just called _______. Ans. TDMA PCS 156. GSM is a _____ system. Ans. TDMA 157. IS-95 PCS uses ______ technology. Ans. CDMA 158. Current PCS systems are called ____-generation systems. Ans. Second 159. Types of Class 4 toll center which provides human operators for both outward and inward calling service. Ans. Class 4C 160. The ERP of class II mobile phone used in GSM system. Ans. 1.6 161. The ESS assigned at the factory of cellular mobile phone, consists of how many bits? Ans. 32 162. The speech coding rate for GSM cellular mobile is _______. Ans. 13 kbps 163. What modulation technique is used by the European Cordless Telephone? Ans. GFSK 164. Compared to AMPS, PCS cells are _______ in size. Ans. Smaller 165. The spread-spectrum technique used in IS-95 is ________. Ans. CDMA (direct sequence) 166. The spread-spectrum technique used in GSM is ________. Ans. frequency hopping 167. Unlike AMPS, CDMA such as IS-95 allows for a _______ handoff. Ans. Soft

168. The orthogonal PN sequences used in CDMA are called a ______ code. Ans. Walsh 169. ______ diversity is inherent in any spread-spectrum system. Ans. Frequency 170. RF channels S/N ratios _____ than zero is typical in CDMA systems. Ans. Less 171. CDMA uses a ______-rate vocoder. Ans. Variable 172. A phone user typically talks less than ________ of the time during a conversation. Ans. 50% 173. How does GSM achieve frequency diversity? Ans. It uses limited frequency hopping. 174. Why was PCS assigned to 1.9 GHz instead of the 800-MHz band used for AMPS? Ans. The 800 MHz band was already overcrowded. 175. The forward PCS channel is Ans. from base to the mobile 176. CDMA technology was invented by Ans. Qualcomm 177. In GSM, voice channels are called Ans. traffic channels 178. In CDMA Ans. all frequencies are used in all cells 179. CDMA uses a set of PN sequences that are _______. Ans. Orthogonal 180. If a 28.8 kbps modem is being used over a cell phone, how many words of text would be lost during a 100-msec handoff interruption assuming 10 bits per letter and 5 letters per word? Ans. 57.6 181. A certain cell site contains 200 cell phones. The probability that cell phone is being used is 15%. What is the traffic in erlangs? Ans. 30 182. WISPs offer access to the internet at speed up to _____ Mbps. Ans. 11 * 183. The data signaling channel in a cellular system that handles the administrative overhead is known as Ans. Paging channel 184. The data rate of information transfer of mobile devices using Bluetooth Ans. 1 Mbps

185. The access method used in 3G mobile telephony. Ans. WCDMA 186. A 3G wireless system promise to increase its network capacity by how much percent as compared to lower generation wireless system. Ans. 70 187. In CMTS, the frequency separation between forward and reverse channel is Ans. 45 MHz 188. The period for a single time slot in the GSM-TDMA slot is ______ sec. Ans. 577 * 189. The ratio of the separation distance between two co-channel cells and the cell radius is known as Ans. co-channel interference reduction 190. Bluetooth Standard Ans. IEEE 802.15 191. Bluetooth maximum distance Ans. 10 m 192. Bluetooth is operating at the ISM frequency range of Ans. 2.402 2.480 GHz * 193. Bluetooth uses Ans. frequency hopping 194. What is the other name of the IEEE 802.16 standard for broadband wireless Ans. WiMAX

ACRONYMS
AMPS BSC CDPD CMAC DCC EDGE ERP ESN ESN GPRS IMSI IMT MIN MSC Advanced Mobile Phone Service Base Station Controller Cellular Digital Packet Data Control Mobile Attenuation Code Digital Color Code Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution Effective Radiated Power Electronic Serial Number Electronic Serial Number General Packet Radio Service International Mobile Subscriber Identification International Mobile Telecommunications Mobile Identification Number Mobile Switching Center MSC MTSO NAM PCS PN RCC SAT SCM SID SIM UPT UWT WCDMA WISP Mobile Switching Center Mobile Telephone Switching Office Number Assignment Module Personal Communication Systems Pseudo random Noise Radio Common Carrier Supervisory Audio Tone Station Class Mark System Identification Number Subscriber ID Universal Personal Telecommunications Universal Wireless Telecommunications Wide CDMA Wireless Internet Service Provider