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ACJC 2010 Prelims

H2 P1 Ans
Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10

Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21

Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31

Q32

Q33

Q34

Q35

Q36

Q37

Q38

Q39

Q40

H2P P2 Ans
1(a)(i)

1(a)(ii)

d 3 , where d = 22 cm (accept values from18 cm to 24 cm)

6
V = 5.6 x 10-3 m3 (accept values from 3.0 to 7.5 x 10-3 m3 ); accept
corresponding values if alternative units are used (e.g. mm3 or m3)
V=

1
mv 2 , where v = 10 m s-1 (accept values from 8 m s-1 to 12 m s-1) and
2
mass = 60 kg (accept values from 40 kg to 100 kg)
KE = 3000 J (accept values from 1900 J to 7200 J); accept corresponding
values if alternative units are used (e.g. kJ)

KE =

(iii)

Density is between 800 to 1100 kg m-3

1(b)(i)

The values are close to each other but very far from the expected value
which should be less than density of water (1000 kg m3).
Therefore, set B is precise but inaccurate.

1(b)(ii)

2a(i)

- mass of beaker is included in the measurement of mass

- balance calibrated incorrectly
- negligence in zero-ing the weighing balance
(either one of the above)
Graph is a straight line through the origin a is directly proportional x
Graph is a straight line with negative gradient
a is in the opposite direction of x

(ii)

2 = 250 rad s-1

= 2/
= 0.40 s

(iii)

Cosine curve
correct amplitude of 0.050 m and with 2

(b)

1
complete waves
2

2
2
=
= rad s-1
T
2

Apply x = x0 sin t where x0 = 50 mm and x = 25 mm

Time interval when shuttle remains open ,

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ACJC 2010 Prelims

25 = 50 sin
t=

3 (a)

1
s
6

2
t
2

t = 0.167s

force on magnet/ balance is downwards since reading increases

(so by Newtons third law)force on the wire is upwards

(b)
(c)

pole P is a north pole (using Flemings left hand rule) (allows ecf from (a))
Egg shape field lines closer at the bottom and spread out at the top
Direction is clockwise

(d)

F = B I L sin 90 and F = mg
2.3 x 10-3 x 9.8 = B x 2.6 x 4.4 x 10-2

( g missing, then 0/2 in this mark)

B = 0.20 T
4ai

Draw a suitable circuit diagram for this investigation.

aii

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ACJC 2010 Prelims

aiii

aiv

As I and V increases, rate of atomic vibration increases

Number of free electrons remains the same, hence resistance increases
Know that R =

l
A

; or mention that R depends on

Therefore must have been unique as R is unique at each temperature.

5(a)(i)

(ii)

(iii)

5(b)(i)

(ii)

Vs is (stopping potential). Electrons with max KE cannot reach the anode/cannot be

collected (as even they do not have enough energy to overcome the electrostatic
repulsive force between cathode and anode.)
(Electrons are emitted with a range of KE), hence when anode is make less negative
with respect to cathode, some electrons may be able to (overcome the electrostatic
repulsive force and) reach the anode
Saturation not achieved immediately once V is +ve because the electrons are
scattered randomly in different directions. (Hence with higher V, the path of more
electrons may be altered so that it is able to reach the anode due to the increased in
the magnitude of the electric force.)
(Saturation current is achieved at V1 when all emitted electrons are collected.)
-19
-19
= 5.32 x 1.6 x 10 = 8.51 x 10 J
-19
hc/ = 8.51 x 10 J
-7
= 2.34 x 10 m

p =h/
p =2.83 x 10-27 N s (allow ecf)
-32

6(a)(i)

For bullet : x = 2.64 x 10 m (allow if given to 1 sf)

-3
For electron x = 1.95 x 10 m (allow if given to 1 sf)
Both correct

(ii)

For bullet, HUP sets no practical limit to the locating of the position of the bullet
accurately.
-17
About 10 times diameter of nucleus
For electron, (the position of the electron is probabilistic.) Cannot determine its exact
position at any instant of time.
7
About 10 times diameter of an atom.
Explanation related to reasonable estimates on order of magnitude stated implicitly or
explicitly.

(b)(i)

Quantum tunneling which is the phenomenon where the probability of the alpha particle
passing through the barrier is non-zero where classically it is unable to overcome the
barrier as it has less energy than the barrier.

(ii)

The long half-life implies low decay constant which is the probability of decay per unit
time,
due to the error in the (huge) underestimate of the transmission probability of the
alpha particle.

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ACJC 2010 Prelims

(iii)

breaking the barrier into segments and (multiplying the successive tunneling
probabilities) or

8 2 m (U (r ) E )
dr
h2

r2

Use T proportional to exp

r1

(Note r is d in the formula) to account for the change of U with r.

(In this case r is from 9.01 to 26.90 fm

7(a)(i)

The body is a relatively good conductor. If the body is in contact with the
ground, the body and the ground will tend to make one equipotential surface.
So the body still have very nearly 0 potential difference between the head and
the feet.
(ii)

Current Density =
=

(iii)

1800
4r 2
1800

4 6380 10 3

(for correct substitutions)

= 3.5 x 10-12 A m-2

Hence current density near the surface of earth is in the order of about 10-12 A
m-2
P = 4 x105 x 1800
= 720 MW (2 sf) (Accept 700 MW)

(b)(i)
Volume of cloud =

d 2 H
4

(2 10 3 ) (2 10 3 )
2

= 6.283 x 109 m3
No. of droplets at lowest density = 50 x 106 m-3
Vol. of each droplet =

4
10 10 6
3

= 4.189 x 10-15 m3
No. of droplets in the cloud = 50x106x6.283x109
= 3.14 x 1017
Total volume of water droplets = 3.14 x 1017x4.189x10-15
= 1.315 x 103 m3

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ACJC 2010 Prelims

= 1.315x103 w

Mass of cloud

= 1.315x106 kg
(b) (ii)

Rainfall =
=

Volume
Area
1.315 10 3

(1 10 3 )

= 0.42 mm
(c)
(i)

W = Q V
= 20 x 1 x 108
= 2 x 109 J
(ii)

P = VI

or

W
t
2 x109
=
10 3

P=

=108 x 20 000
= 2 x 1012 W

= 2 x 1012 W

Accept approx 109 / 10-3

(iii)

dV
dr
80 10 3
E =
(Accept 60 x 103 / 0.07)
0.07

E=

= 1.14 x 106 V m-1

Since the electric field at the top of the tower is greater than the order of 105 (a
few hundred thousands V m-1), a return stroke is likely to occur.
(d) (i) The electrical discharge results in heating up of the atmosphere around the
lightning channel.
The sudden rise in pressure causes the air around it to expand rapidly resulting
in an explosion of the air.
(ii) Distance (m) = 330 (m s-1) x t (s)
(Assuming time taken by light is
negligible)
= 330t m

330
t km
1000
t
=
km
3
I
120 = 10 log 1
I
0
=

(e)(i)

I
124.8 = 10 log 2
I
0

t=

(3 x108 330)d
9.9 x1010

I
124.8 120 = 10 log 2
I
0

I
10 log 1

I1 = 1.0 W m-2 and

I2 = 100.48 W m-2 found separately

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ACJC 2010 Prelims

I
4.8 = 10 log 2
I
1
I
0.48 = log 2
I
1
10 0.48 =

I2
I1

1
r2

I 1 r1 = I 2 r2

I 2 r1
=
= 10 0.48
I 1 r2 2
2

r2

= 10 0.48

r2 = 1.15 km

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ACJC 2010 Prelims

.
Basic procedure
Mentioned that ionisation current and air pressure measured or
State IV is P and DV is ionization current
Explain how pressure is varied using vacuum pump

B1
B1
[2]

Diagram shows
Correct electrical circuit; power supply must be shown.

B1

Alpha source between electrodes, Pressure gauge/Bourdon Gauge and Vacuum pump/ air
pump shown connected correctly.

B1
[2]

Measurements
Measure ionisation current using milliammeter / microammeter / galvanometer

B1

Measure air pressure using pressure sensor with datalogger or direct reading from
pressure gauge / Bourdon gauge

B1
[2]

(accepted if shown on diagram)

Control of variables
Measure that activity of source is ensured to be constant by using a source with long halflife / high activity / checked by using radiation detector.

B1

Separation of parallel metal plates is kept constant throughout the experiment

B1

Position of source is kept constant wrt plates

B1
[max 2]

Any further detail

Use Americium 241, 185 kBq as alpha particle emitter (a relatively pure alpha emitter)

B1

Source of 185 kBq is also relatively safe to use in a school laboratory with standard basic
precautions

B1

Use high voltage (50 V to 1000 V) power supply as current is very small

B1

Place source close to plates as alpha particles have short range in air

B1

Electrical insulation between electrode plates and walls of metal case

B1

8 sets of data is collected (4 below and 4 above atmospheric pressure)

B1

Count recorded over a fixed duration of 1 or 2 minutes if using detector to check for
constant activity

B1

Source placed near to detector if using detector to check for constant activity.

B1

Tap pressure gauge /Bourdon gauge when taking readings in case needle sticks

B1

Plot suitable graph to verify proposed relationship (eg log I vs log P) with suggested conclusion
given
(Do not accept if mention plot I against P)

B1
[max 3]

Safety
Use of source handling tool

B1

Source kept in lead container when not in use

B1

Do not point source at anyone / do not look directly at source

B1

Use safety goggles when working with low/high pressure (Do not award if no explanations given)

B1

Use safety screen in case of explosions

B1
[max 1]

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2010 H2 Prelims
H2 P3
1(a)

Vertical component of tension = weight of stone

Horizontal component of tension/centripetal force is perpendicular to the
velocity or direction of motion.
Horizontal component of tension/Centripetal force/constant net force points
towards a fixed point.
Constant tension supplied to maintain constant centripetal force
Horizontal component of tension/Centripetal force/constant net force just
sufficient to provide circular motion for a given v and r
Constant energy supplied to stone (Do not accept Apply const v)

(b)

H = g t2

T sin > mv2/r when v decreases, hence at this instant r decreases.

When r decreases, decreases.
Hence from T cos > W, therefore T must decrease so that there will be
vertical equilibrium
(c)

H = g t2 .

X = v t and
H=

Use H = g t2

gX2
2v2

X=v
= (22.8)

t = 2.944 s

2H
g

2 (42.5)
(for correct
9.81
substitutions)
= 67.1 m

Use X = ut
X = 67.1 m

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2010 H2 Prelims

2a

An elastic collision is a collision in which the (total) kinetic energy of system

is conserved,
total linear momentum and total energy of the system are all conserved

b(i)
m

u v

Before Collision
After collision
For an elastic collision with a stationary piston, the speed of the gas remains
the same when it bounce off in the opp direction
With a piston moving down, using the fact that relative speed of approach =
rel speed of separation, its rebound speed will be greater than that earlier

Since for ideal gas, T is dependent on ave KE of molecule alone,

Higher ave speed implies higher ave KE, hence Temperature rises

(ii)

Apply U=Q+W where

U = Increase in internal energy, Q is heat supplied to system + W is WD
on system
mentions that Q=0 and work done is done on gas(or W is +ve), hence
higher internal energy,
For ideal gas, Internal energy depends on temp alone
thus higher temperature

(iii)

Process shown correctly

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2010 H2 Prelims

3(a)

There are standing waves produced in the microwave oven during the
cooking process because incident wave from the left gets reflected by the
reflective wall on the right and they superimpose /overlap /interfere
The conditions must be right such that the distance between the source and
wall must be integral multiples of half the wavelength of the microwave.to
form standing wave
as they have the same speed, frequency and almost the same amplitude

(b)(i) Intensity of the microwave is strongest (largest amplitudes) at the

antinodes, hence the dry regions are the regions of antinodes
Wavelength = 3.0 x 108/2.45 x 109
= 0.1224 m = 12.2 cm
Hence distance apart is 6.1 cm
(ii)

(c)

(d)

D
D
D
Standing wave pattern drawn with ends as nodes
(need not have 5 loops)
5 Ds shown
So there are regions in the oven where the microwave has high amplitude
(antinodes) and there are region where the microwave has no displacement
(node). Thus ants can stay away from the regions of high amplitude which
has high heat and thus stay alive.
Understand that the ants will stay away from the position of antinodes to stay
alive.
The turntable enables different parts of the food to move to the antinodes of
the standing wave and get heated up. Thus it helps heat up the food more
uniformly.

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2010 H2 Prelims

4a)

F spring= kx
5 x 9.81 = k(0.05)
k=.981 N m-1
(No not penalize for inconsistent ve sign that appears) Pls annotate BOD

4b
(i)

By conservation of energy,
At a height 40cm, the contraction of spring is 10 cm.
Energy stored in spring
= (981)(0.1)2
= 4.905 J
Energy gain = Energy lost
mv2= mgh + 4.905
(5)v2= (5)(9.81)(0.1)+4.905 = 9.81
v= 1.98 m s-1

(ii)

By conservation of energy,
Let final extension be x (measured from natural length)
Energy at natural length= Energy at lowest point

Initial energies = final energies

9.81 =
- (5)(9.81)x + (981)x
4.905 =-5 (9.81)(x+0.1) + (981)x2
490.5 x2 49.05 x 9.81 = 0
50 x2 5x 1 = 0
Hence x = -0.10 (initial released point) or + 0.20 (lowest point)
Hence lowest point is (0.30 0.20) = 0.10 m above the ground.

4c

In reality, it is larger. There will be some energy lost due presence of air
resistance/friction in spring and thus less energy will be available for
conversion to elastic potential energy.

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2010 H2 Prelims

(a)(i)

(a)(ii)

(b)(i)

(b)(ii)

| | = | - d/dt |
= | - NA dB/dt |
= | - (80) * ( * 0.052) * (30-120)*10-3 / (0.16-0.12) |
= 1.41 V
(ignore ve sign)
When the magnet is oscillating, an emf will be induced in the coils and
thus induced current will flow since circuit is closed resulting in
either electrical energy being dissipated or heating effect of coils
Hence total (mechanical) energy of the magnet-spring system
decreases continuously as it is being converted into the electrical
energy in the coil
As amplitude of oscillations depends on amount of mechanical
energy present,
Hence the amplitude decreases continuously

A lower amplitude indicates that

more ME is converted into
electrical energy over each cycle,
(that can only be the result of a
higher induced emf, hence induced
current)
(Since system has same frequency
and started with same amplitude)
and N and A are constant, higher
induced emf must be due to higher
rate of change of B.
Magnet field strength of Magnet B
is stronger than that of Magnet A

A lower amplitude indicates that

there is greater damping /induced
force,
(Since system has same frequency
and started with same amplitude)
This is due to greater induced
emf/current which must be due to
greater rate of change of B

Reduce the number of coil. Since | | = | - NA dB/dt |, a lower N will

result in a lower induced emf, therefore higher amplitude for the
oscillation
Use a wire with higher resistance. Same emf will result in a lower
induced current
Use a resistor with higher resistance. Same emf will result in a lower
induced current
Use coil of smaller cross-sectional area
Use spring of smaller k

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2010 H2 Prelims

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
(iv)

As the current pass through the coil, the coil will generate a magnetic field
and will behave like a magnet. As the current is alternating, the polarity of
this coil will change as the direction of the current flow changes.
The magnet will then be attracted and repelled by the coil as the current
changes direction.
As the alternating current in sinusoidal, the force exerted on the magnet
will also be sinusoidal and therefore, the magnet will be forced into a
sinusoidal motion.
Idea that coil generates an alternating(sinusoidal) field
Idea that magnetic force created is hence also alternating
(and its magnitude is proportional to I at that instant.)
with the same frequency as the ac supply.
Hence magnet is undergoing forced oscillation.
Amount of damping on the driven system
The relative values of the natural frequency of the driven system and
the value of the frequency of the external driving force
Amplitude of the periodic driving force
More turns used in the coil

Maximum energy transfer to driven system when driving frequency is

equal to (approaches the) natural frequency of system.
Mention that method is to increase damping on system
Any suitable method that increases damping, examples
Attached an object of large surface area to the magnet
submerged magnet in a viscous fluid
Alternative:
Use AC of lower amplitude
This will result in lower amplitude for all frequencies, hence flatter
peak.

(d)

Displacem ent / cm

1
Time / s

0
0

0.5

-1

-2

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2010 H2 Prelims

(a)(i)

(ii)

(iii)

The distinct lines shows that only photons of certain frequency are emitted.
This took place for electron transition from higher energy levels to a lower energy
levels.
This electron transition results in the release of a photon from the atom of an
amount of energy (E = h) equal to the difference in energy of the electronic energy
levels involved in the transition.
Hence showing the energy levels are quantised.
The high voltage applied broke the bonds of the hydrogen molecules into its
(isolated) atoms (and promote the electrons into higher energy levels.)
= 23.2o
= 656.6 nm

(b)(i) 1,2,3,4 L to R
(ii)
1 410.3 nm; 3 486.3 nm; 4 656.6 nm (no ecf)
All 3 points plotted correctly
(iii)

Axes given to correct units

Wavelength read correctly as 435 nm (theoretical value 434 nm)
(accept 430 to 440 nm as read correctly from graph)
(c)(i)

E = hc/
E = 6.63 x 10-34 x 3 x 108/
(correct sub for h and c)
E2 = 4.57 x 10-19 J(allow ecf)
E4 = 3.03 x 10-19 J
(credit given only if both calculations are correct)

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2010 H2 Prelims

(ii)

-19

6 (-0.59 x 10 -19 J)
5 (-0.87 x 10-19 J)
4 (-1.35 x 10 J)
-19

3 (-2.41 x 10

J)

-19

2 (-5.44 x 10

J)

5 energy levels draw with decreasing spacing

Scale correct
Transitions all correct
Energy values all correct
(d)(i) For significant diffraction to occur so that higher wavelength photons could be
observed.
Accept (so that lines further away from straight through position are observable)
(ii)
Brighter line spectrum / better contrast
Any other acceptable answer

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2010 H2 Prelims

7a

Random
Impossible to predict when and which individual nuclide will decay
OR
There is a constant probability or decay
Or
Unable to predict which atom and how many will decay at the next instant
of time
Spontaneous: Decay is unaffected by environmental changes such as temp
/ pressure, external source of energy supplied etc.

7bi

Q = (MRa MRn M )c 2

) (

= ( 226.0254 222.0176 4.0026 ) 1.66 1027 3 108

= 7.7688 10 13 J
= 4.86 MeV
ii

COM: MV + MV = 0 --------- (1)

2
1
1
COE: Q = MV 2 + MV --------- (2)
2
2
M
From (1): V = -------------- (3)
V
M
Subst (3) into (2)
2
2
1 M 1
Q = M
V
+ MV
2 M 2

2 M
1
= MV + 1
2
M

= K + 1
M

iii

4.0026

4.86 = K
+ 1 (correct substitution shown)
222.0176
K = 4.77 MeV
The alpha particles carries away most of the energy 98 %

7ci

ln2

-
2.5

A0 e 5.2

37 1010

A0 5.16(3) 1011 Bq
A0 = 5.2 1011 Bq

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2010 H2 Prelims

ii

= ln2 (5.2 365 24 60 60)

= 4.2268 x 10-9 s-1

A0 = N0

5.2 1011 Bq
N0 =
ln2 (5.2 365 24 60 60)
= 1.23 x 1020
m
1.23 1020 = 6.02 1023
60
m = 12.3 mg
iii

iv

Energy emitted per decay = 0.31+1.17+1.33=2.81 MeV

Rate =( 2.81 x 1.6 x 10-13 J) x 37 x 1010 decay per second
= 166 mW
The -decay energy is low compared to the -ray.

Hence the (2) strong -lines, could be used as a -ray source to check for
uniformity of the thickness of metal sheets in the industries

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