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AP Chemistry study guide for Solutions (Chapter 11) & Solution Stoich (Chapter 4b)

Students should be able to... Define solute! sol"ent! solution! electrolyte! nonelectrolyte! types of solutions (combinations of matter states)! suspension! colloid! #ro$nian mo"ement! saturated! unsaturated! supersaturated! miscible! immiscible! %yndall effect! hypertonic! hypotonic! isotonic &no$ the factors that affect solubility Calculate ' composition Calculate (olarity. Calculate molality. Calculate mole fraction. Calculate ' by mass Con"ert ' by mass to (olarity. Calculate changes in free)ing point and boiling point in molecular solutes Calculate changes in free)ing point and boiling point in ionic solutes Calculate the "apor pressures of solutions (*aoult+s ,a$) Calculate osmotic pressure Calculate titration data -.plain the nonideal beha"ior of solutions Sample AP problems 15. The weight of H2SO4 (molecular weight 98.1) in 50.0 milliliters of a .00!molar solution is (") #.10 grams ($) 12.0 grams (%) 29.4 grams (&) 294 grams (') #00. grams 26. How many milliliters of 11.6-molar HCl must be diluted to obtain 1.0 liter of 3.0-molar HCl? (A) 3.9 m (!) 3" m (C) 260 m (#) 1$000 m (%) 3$900 m 2&. '. #ifferen(e in tem)erature between free*in+ )oint of sol,ent and free*in+ )oint of sol,ent and free*in+ )oint of solution ''. -olal free*in+ )oint de)ression (onstant$ . f$ for sol,ent 'n addition to t/e information abo,e$ w/i(/ of t/e followin+ +i,es t/e minimum data re0uired to determine t/e mole(ular mass of a nonioni( substan(e by t/e free*in+ )oint de)ression te(/ni0ue? (A) 1o furt/er information is ne(essary. (!) -ass of solute (C) -ass of solute and mass of sol,ent (#) -ass of solute and ,olume of sol,ent (%) -ass of solute$ mass of sol,ent$ and ,a)or )ressure of sol,ent

36. A))ro)riate laboratory )ro(edures in(lude w/i(/ of t/e followin+? '. 2insin+ a buret wit/ distilled water 3ust before fillin+ it wit/ t/e titrant for t/e first titration ''. ubri(atin+ +lass tubin+ before insertin+ it into a sto))er '''. 4or a((urate results$ waitin+ until warm or /ot ob3e(ts /a,e rea(/ed room tem)erature before wei+/in+ t/em (A) '' only (!) ' and '' only (C) ' and ''' only (#) '' and ''' only (%) '$ ''$ and ''' 53. 6/i(/ of t/e followin+ does 178 be/a,e as an ele(trolyte w/en it is dissol,ed in water? (A) CH37H (!) .2C73 (C) 1H5!r (#) H' (%) 9odium a(etate$ CH3C771a (. $rO#) * 5 $r) * H* +,,,- # $r2 * # H2O .f 25.0 milliliters of 0.200!molar $rO#) is mi/e0 with #0.0 milliliters of 0.450!molar $r) solution that contains a large e/cess of H*1 the amount of $r2 forme01 accor0ing to the e2uation a3o4e1 is (") 5.00 / 10)# mole ($) 8.10 / 10)# mole (%) 1.#5 / 10)2 mole (&) 1.50 / 10)2 mole (') 1. 2 / 10)2 mole &1. A solution of toluene (mole(ular wei+/t 92.1) in ben*ene (mole(ular wei+/t &:.1) is )re)ared. 8/e mole fra(tion of toluene in t/e solution is 0.100. 6/at is t/e molality of t/e solution? (A) 0.100 m (!) 0.&03 m (C) 0.921 m (#) 1.2: m (%) 1.52 m (2. How man5 moles of soli0 $a(6O#)2 shoul0 3e a00e0 to #00. milliliters of 0.20!molar 7e(6O#)# to increase the concentration of the 6O#) ion to 1.0!molar8 ("ssume that the 4olume of the solution remains constant.) (") 0.0 0 mole ($) 0.12 mole (%) 0.24 mole (&) 0.#0 mole (') 0.40 mole

4ree 2es)onse ;uestion (1991) 2) 8/e mole(ular formula of a /ydro(arbon is to be determined by analy*in+ its (ombustion )rodu(ts and in,esti+atin+ its (olli+ati,e )ro)erties. (a) 8/e /ydro(arbon burns (om)letely$ )rodu(in+ &.2 +rams of water and &.2 liters of C7 2 at standard (onditions. 4ind t/e em)iri(al formula. (b) Cal(ulate t/e mass in +rams of 72 re0uired for t/e (om)lete (ombustion of t/e sam)le of t/e /ydro(arbon des(ribed in (a). (() 8/e /ydro(arbon dissol,es readily in CHCl3. 8/e free*in+ )oint of a solution )re)ared by mi<in+ 100. +rams of CHCl3 and 0.600 +ram of t/e /ydro(arbon is -65.0 =C. 8/e molal free*in+-)oint de)ression (onstant of CHCl3 is 5.6: =C > molal and its normal free*in+ )oint is -63." =C. Cal(ulate t/e mole(ular wei+/t of t/e /ydro(arbon. (d) 6/at is t/e mole(ular formula of t/e /ydro(arbon? 1998. 2) "n un9nown com:oun0 contains onl5 the three elements %1H1 an0 O. " :ure sam:le of the com:oun0 is anal5;e0 an0 foun0 to 3e 5. 0 :ercent % an0 9.44 :ercent H 35 mass. (a) &etermine the em:irical formula of the com:oun0. (3) " solution of 1.5(0 grams of the com:oun0 in 1 .08 grams of cam:hor is o3ser4e0 to free;e at a tem:erature 15.2 %elsius 0egrees 3elow the normal free;ing :oint of :ure cam:hor. &etermine the molar mass an0 a::arent molecular formula of the com:oun0. (The molal free;ing!:oint 0e:ression constant1 <f1 for cam:hor is 40.0 9g!<!mol)1.) (c) =hen 1.5(0 grams of the com:oun0 is 4a:ori;e0 at #00 >% an0 1.00 atmos:here1 the gas occu:ies a 4olume of 5(( milliliters. =hat is the molar mass of the com:oun0 3ase0 on this result8 (0) $riefl5 0escri3e what occurs in solution that accounts for the 0ifference 3etween the results o3taine0 in :arts (3) an0 (c).

C/a)ter 11>5b A? 9am)le ?roblem Answers


1". C 26. C 2&. C 36. # 53. A 6&. ! &1. %

&2. A
1991 2) a) t/ree )oints &.2 + H27 @ 1:.0 +>mol A 0.50 mol H27 0.50 mol H27 < (2 mol H > 1 mol H27) A 0.:0 mol H &.2 C72 @ 22.5 >mol A 0.32 mol C72 0.32 mol C72 < (1 mol C > 1 mol C72) A 0.32 mol C 72 n A ?B @ 28 A C(1 atm) (&.2 )D @ C(0.0:21 atm molE 1 .1) (2&3 .)D A 0.32 mol C72 0.:0 mol H @ 0.32 A 2." 0.32 mol C @ 0.32 A 1 2." < 2 A " mol H 1 < 2 A 2 mol C em)iri(al formula A C2H" b) two )oints mol 72 for (ombustion A mol C72 F 1>2 mol H27 A 0.32 F 0.20 A 0."2 mol 72 0."2 mol 72 < 32 +>mol A 1& + 72 alternate a))roa(/ for mol 72 from balan(ed e0uation C2H" F 13>5 72 ---G 2 C72 F ">2 H27 ot/er ratio e<am)lesH 1$ 6." ---G 5$ " 0.2"$ 1.62" ---G 1$ 1.2" mol 72 A 0.50 mol H27 < (13>5 mol 72 > ">2 mol H27) A 0."2 mol 72 1oteH startin+ moles of C2H" A 0.16 mol C2H" () t/ree )oints -- stands for molar mass. 8 A (.f (+>--)) > I+ of sol,ent 0." =HC A ((5.6: =HC I+ molEH1) < (0.60 + > --)) > 0.1 I+ -- A (5.6: < 0.60) > (0." < 0.1) A "6 or 6 < 101 an alternate solution for (() molality A 0." =HC > (5.6: 0." =HC>m) A 0.10& m mol solute A( 0.10& mol > I+ sol,ent) < 0.100 I+ sol,ent A 0.010& mol -- A 0.60 + > 0.010& mol A "6 or 6 < 101 d) one )oint ("6 +>mol of (m)d) > (29 +>mol of em)iri(al formula) A 1.9 em)iri(al formula )er mol 72 6 < 101 > 29 A 2.1 em)iri(al formula times 2 e0uals mole(ular formula A C5H10

199:.
2) (a) "ssume a 100 gram sam:le ( not necessar5 for cre0it )?

5. 0g % / (1 mol % @ 12.01 g %) , 5.4 2 mol % 9.44g H / (1 mol H @ 1.00(9 g H) , 9.# mol H mass O , A100 ! ( 5. 0 * 9.44)B , 24.9 g O 24.9 g O / (1 mol O @ 15.9994 g O) , 1.5 0 mol O %5.4 2H9.# O1.5 0 !!!- %#.5H .0O1.0 !!!- %(H12O2

One :oint earne0 for 0etermining moles of % an0 moles of H One :oint earne0 for 0etermining moles of O One :oint earne0 for correct em:irical formula
(3) m , T @ <f , 15.2 >% @40.0 < 9g mol)1 , 0.#80 mol @ 9g 0.01 08 9g / (0.#80 mo @ 1 9g) , 0.00 11 mol molar mass , 1.5(0 g@ 0.00 11 mol , 25( g @ mol

One :oint earne0 for 0etermination of molarit5 One :oint earne0 for con4ersion of molarit5 to molar mass
OC1 moles solute , (T / 9g sol4ent) @ <f , 0.00 11 mol (one :oint) molar mass , 1.5(0 g @ 0.00 11 mol , 25( g @ mol (one :oint) OC1 molar mass , (mass / <f) @ (T / 9g sol4ent) , 25( g @ mol (two :oints) em:irical mass of %(H12O2 , ((12) * 12(1) * 2(1 ) , 128 g@mol 128 g@mol , 1@2 molar mass !!!- molecular formula , 2/ ( em:irical formula) !!!!!- molecular formula , % 14H24O4 (one :oint)

One :oint earne0 if molecular formula is wrong 3ut is consistent with em:irical formula an0 molar mass 6o :enalt5 for sim:l5 ignoring the 4anDt Hoff factor Onl5 one :oint earne0 for :art (3) if res:onse in0icates that T, (15.2 * 2(#) , 288 < an0 molar mass , 1#. g @ mol
(c) n , (:E) @ (CT) , A(1 atm) (0.5(( F)B @ A(0.0821 F atm mol>1 <>1) (5(# <)B , 0.012# mol (one :oint) molar mass , mass of sam:le @ moles in sam:le , 1.5(0 g @ 0.012# mol , 128 g@mol (one :oint)

Onl5 one :oint can 3e earne0 for :art (c) if wrong 4alue for C is use0 an0@or T is not con4erte0 from % to <
(0) The com:oun0 must form a 0imer in solution1 3ecause the molar mass in solution is twice that it is in the gas :hase1 OC1 the com:oun0 must 0issociate in the gas :hase ( " (g) !!- 2$ (g)) 3ecause the molar mass in the gas :hase is half that it is in solution.

One :oint earne0 for a reference to either or 3oth the i0eas of 0imeri;ation an0 0issociation !6o :oint earne0 for a G non ! i0eal 3eha4ior G argument

AP Chemistry / Solutions! Chapter 1104b 1A2 2 3hat are hydrophobic and hydrophilic4

A: H50ro:ho3ic is a Hfear of waterI. 6on:olar su3stances are t5:icall5 h50ro:ho3ic. The5 are not attracte0 to water. H50ro:hilic on the other han0 are Hwater lo4ersI. These com:oun0s are attracte0 to water1 an0 therefore are commonl5 ionic or :olar. Q: Can you explain how vapor pressure causes solute to come out of solutions and what that does to Molarity & Pressure? A: Ea:or :ressure 0oesnJt cause solute to come out of solutions. Fi2ui0s1 when the5 e4a:orate1 change into the gaseous state of matter. Kases ha4e much higher :ressure than li2ui0s. So1 when more molecules are in the gas state1 the :ressure is increase0. Since the sol4ent is 3eing lost1 an0 the solute remains the same1 the Lolarit5 will increase. The onl5 wa5 to get the solute out of solution is to allow "FF of the sol4ent to e4a:orate. Then1 itJs no longer a solution. " solute 0ecreases the 4a:or :ressure 3ecause it lowers the surface area of the li2ui0 e/:ose0 to the air.
2 5o$ do you determine is a substance $ill act as an electrolyte in a solution4

A: 'lectrol5tes must ha4e a 0ifference in electronegati4it5. The 3igger the 0ifference1 the 3etter it can con0uct. Msuall51 non:olar su3stances are consi0ere0 nonelectrol5tes. These are commonl5 organic (car3on 3ase0) molecules. Nolar su3stances are usuall5 fair electrol5tes. These su3stances woul0 ha4e lone :airs on one en0 of the molecule1 an0 a shortage on the other en0. .onic su3stances are 4er5 goo0 electrol5tes. .onic su3stances ha4e large electronegati4it5 0ifferences1 an0 ma5 contain :ol5atomic ions of course. Q: Whats up with i? "? The 4anJt Hoff factor1 i1 is the num3er of :articles that will 3e :resent when a solute 3rea9s a:art. 7or co4alent com:oun0s1 this num3er is one1 since co4alent com:oun0s cannot s:lit into ions. 7or ionic com:oun0s1 this num3er is e2ual to the num3er of ions that woul0 3e :resent if 5ou s:lit the com:oun0 u: into in0i4i0ual ions. '/am:les? %4H4O ? 16aOH ? 2 %a72 ? # (6H4)2SO4 ? #

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