Literature survey

Literature survey is the most important step in software development process. Before developing the tool it is necessary to determine the time factor, economy n company strength. Once these things r satisfied, ten next steps is to determine which operating system and language can be used for developing the tool. Once the programmers start building the tool the programmers need lot of external support. This support can be obtained from senior programmers, from book or from websites. Before building the system the above consideration r taken into account for developing the proposed system. We have to analysis the !!! T"#$%#&T O$% O$ 'arallel and
(istributed %ystem)

Parallel and distributed computing

(istributed systems are groups of networked computers, which have the same goal for their work. The terms *concurrent computing*, *parallel computing*, and *distributed computing* have a lot of overlap, and no clear distinction exists between them. +,-. The same system may be characteri/ed both as *parallel* and *distributed*0 the processors in a typical distributed system run concurrently in parallel. +,1. 'arallel computing may be seen as a particular tightly2coupled form of distributed computing, +,3. and distributed computing may be seen as a loosely2coupled form of parallel computing. +3. $evertheless, it is possible to roughly classify concurrent systems as *parallel* or *distributed* using the following criteria)

n parallel computing, all processors have access to a shared memory. %hared memory can be used to exchange information between processors.+,4. n distributed computing, each processor has its own private memory 5distributed memory6. nformation is exchanged by passing messages between the processors.
+,7.

The figure on the right illustrates the difference between distributed and parallel systems. 8igure 5a6 is a schematic view of a typical distributed system0 as usual, the system is

represented as a network topology in which each node is a computer and each line connecting the nodes is a communication link. 8igure 5b6 shows the same distributed system in more detail) each computer has its own local memory, and information can be exchanged only by passing messages from one node to another by using the available communication links. 8igure 5c6 shows a parallel system in which each processor has a direct access to a shared memory. The situation is further complicated by the traditional uses of the terms parallel and distributed algorithm that do not 9uite match the above definitions of parallel and distributed systems0 see the section Theoretical foundations below for more detailed discussion. $evertheless, as a rule of thumb, high2performance parallel computation in a shared2memory multiprocessor uses parallel algorithms while the coordination of a large2 scale distributed system uses distributed algorithms.

History
The use of concurrent processes that communicate by message2passing has its roots in operating system architectures studied in the ,:4;s.+,<. The first widespread distributed systems were local2area networks such as !thernet that was invented in the ,:7;s.+,:. #"'#$!T, the predecessor of the nternet, was introduced in the late ,:4;s, and #"'#$!T e2mail was invented in the early ,:7;s. !2mail became the most successful application of #"'#$!T,+=;. and it is probably the earliest example of a large2scale distributed application. n addition to #"'#$!T, and its successor, the nternet, other early worldwide computer networks included >senet and 8ido$et from ,:<;s, both of which were used to support distributed discussion systems. The study of distributed computing became its own branch of computer science in the late ,:7;s and early ,:<;s. The first conference in the field, %ymposium on 'rinciples of (istributed &omputing 5'O(&6, dates back to ,:<=, and its !uropean counterpart nternational %ymposium on (istributed &omputing 5( %&6 was first held in ,:<3.

Applications
There are two main reasons for using distributed systems and distributed computing. 8irst, the very nature of the application may require the use of a communication network that connects several computers. 8or example, data is produced in one physical location and it is needed in another location. %econd, there are many cases in which the use of a single computer would be possible in principle, but the use of a distributed system is beneficial for practical reasons. 8or example, it may be more cost2efficient to obtain the desired level of performance by using a cluster of several low2end computers, in comparison with a single high2end computer. # distributed system can be more reliable than a non2distributed system, as

there is no single point of failure. ?oreover, a distributed system may be easier to expand and manage than a monolithic uniprocessor system.+=,. !xamples of distributed systems and applications of distributed computing include the following)+==.

Telecommunication networks) o Telephone networks and cellular networks. o &omputer networks such as the nternet. o Wireless sensor networks. o "outing algorithms. $etwork applications) o World wide web and peer2to2peer networks. o ?assively multiplayer online games and virtual reality communities. o (istributed databases and distributed database management systems. o $etwork file systems. o (istributed information processing systems such as banking systems and airline reservation systems. "eal2time process control) o #ircraft control systems. o ndustrial control systems. 'arallel computation) o %cientific computing, including cluster computing and grid computing and various volunteer computing pro@ects0 see the list of distributed computing pro@ects. o (istributed rendering in computer graphics.