The Triumphs & Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic

1800-1812 American Pageant Chapter 11

Election of 1800

Election of 1800

Federalist John Adams Supported by rank and file Federalists of the Northeast Alexander Hamilton subverts the election Adams gets 65 electoral votes

Democrat -Republican Thomas Jefferson Support from south and west (universal manhood suffrage) Gets boost from Aaron Burr New York Wins election but ties with Burr

Solving the Deadlock

Jefferson and Burr with equal votes in the electoral college =73 Election to be decided by the House 35 ballots undecided and Burr will not withdraw (he had always been running as VP) On the 36th Burr lost the support of one Federalist (probably at the urging of Hamilton) and Jefferson finally won the election.

Twelfth Amendment
Ratified in 1804 Started after the election of 1796 In that Election Adams was elected President (Federalist) and Jefferson (a DemocratRepublican) had the second highest votes and was VicePresident The electoral college now casts separate ballots for the President and Vice-President

The Revolution of 1800

Orderly transition of power Jefferson we are all Republicans, we are all Federalists Washington DC Designed by Pierre LEnfant Paris of the US Jefferson will submit messages to Congress not much of public speaker

JEFFERSON

Believes that Americas future is to be a society of sturdy Independent Farmer and: The Republicans are the guardians of agrarian purity, Liberty and states rights He favors public education Promotes the concept of the Republican Mother

Jeffersons Cabinet

Secretary of State James Madison Supportive of Jeffersons policies And leader of the Constitutional Convention

Secretary of Treasury Albert Gallatin (rival of Hamilton) believes debt is hurting the country and must be paid off as soon as possible.

Yazoo Land Fraud

Yes,

there was such a scandal!!!! A Georgia Governor sold off a large tract of land in present day Mississippi (that was legal, they had claim to it then) for 3 cents an acre (CHEAP)

Yazoo Land Fraud

Jefferson is accused of being a Federalist by then Speaker of the House John Randolph (also a Republican) because he (Jefferson) expects the newlyelected Georgia legislature to solve the issue by compromise thus ignoring his earlier statesrights position. This is finally resolved in Fletcher v Peck 1810

Marbury v Madison
The Republican Congress strikes down the Judiciary Act of 1801 declaring it unconstitutional Chief Justice John Marshall (Federalist) rules that such an action was not within the power of the Legislature or the Executive; but was the duty of the Supreme Court

Marbury v Madison
Thus

establishing the principle of Judicial Review Therefore: the Supreme Court may declare an act of Congress unconstitutional

Marbury v Madison

The Judiciary (Continued)

John Pickering District judge Accused of being drunk (guilty) while on duty Also accused of making unlawful rulings Impeached by the House Found guilty by Senate and removed from office

Samuel Chase (Supreme Court Justice) Cutting down Jefferson from the Bench After his success with Pickering, Jefferson tries to get him removed Impeached by the House Senate could not get 2/3 majority

The Judiciary (Continued)

Samuel Chase stays on the Supreme Court Sets an important precedent impeachment not to be used as a political weapon This precedent is honored by every President until FDR (court-packing scheme) The Supreme Court accordingly has been more non-partisan

Barbary Pirates (not Pirates of the Caribbean)

Barbary States (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia & Tripoli) blackmail and plunder ships that try to trade in the lucrative Mediterranean Even Britain pays $ by the barrel The pasha of Tripoli cuts down the flag pole at the American Embassy his way of declaring of war

Barbary Pirates (not Pirates of the Caribbean)

Jefferson

sends in troops without a declaration of war from Congress Stephen Decatur (1804) Hero leads raid to burn the Philadelphia a US ship soon to be converted into a pirate ship

Louisiana Purchase

Napoleon regains Louisiana from Spain Spain had not been a US threat but France is Right of Deposit threatened Jefferson had sent James Monroe to France (Robert Livingston was already there) and authorized them to buy any Part of New Orleans for up to $10 Million

Louisiana Purchase (Contd)

Jefferson had written Livingston: France a natural friend, "One single spot on earth the possessor was our natural and habitual enemy. If France controls New Orleans, we shall marry ourselves to the British if necessary Livingston and Monroe begin to negotiate

Louisiana Purchase (Continued) Napoleon

Santo Domingo Sugar-rich colony Louisiana to become bread-basket Toussaint LOuverture leads a rebellion Brother-in-law killed Yellow Fever Kills French

Napoleon gives up Willing to sell entire Louisiana Purchase area for $15 Million Plans another war with England Not willing to see them get it post war Did not want us to become allies with Britain

A Map of Lewis and Clark's Track Across the Western Portion of North America, drawing by W. Clark

A Map of Lewis and Clark's Track Across the Western Portion of North America, drawing by W. Clark Drawn by Meriwether Lewis's traveling mate on the famous expedition and combining Clark's own observations with those of Indians and explorers, this 1814 map gave Americans their first view of the vast territory purchased in 1803. Clark's depiction of the Rockies was substantially accurate, his description of the Southwest less so. (Library of Congress

Geography & Map division)

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Lewis and Clark 1804-1806

Meriwether Lewis Personal Secretary to Jefferson William Clark Military Officer and brother to George Rogers Clark Corps of Discoveryviability of overland trail Sacajawea minor but valuable role as guide and interpreter (own tribe)

Left from St. Louis and traveled up the Missouri Sent to study the Indian tribes, botany, geology, Western terrain and wildlife in the region Wintered on the Pacific Coast Near Astoria, OR Invaluable 1. US to area claim 2. mapping of the area fur trappers and traders

Zebulon Pike

Explored the Southern portion of the Louisiana Purchase Got close enough to Pikes Peak to name it Was captured by Spanish authorities for trespassing on Spanish soil (Napoleon had stated that the US should get as much territory as possible out of the deal)

Aaron Burr Conspiracy

Aaron Burr whom Jefferson dropped from his ticket in 1804 (Jefferson easily won that election against C.C. Pinckney 162 EV to 14) Joined with a group of Federalist Extremists Essex Junto (Junto means a secret club) in a plot for New England to succeed from the Union (Burr would have been NY Governor of course!)

Aaron Burr Conspiracy

Hamilton foiled the ill-advised coup. This is what precipitates the Hamilton Burr Duel

Hamilton-Burr Duel

Alexander Hamilton Head of Federalist Party Commander of NY Militia Hates dueling but felt his honor was at stake Decides not to fire his pistol

Aaron Burr Responsible for Jeffersons victory in 1800 he delivered NY state. Challenges Hamilton to duel after losing (he took 4th) the bid for Governor of NY

Precarious Neutrality

While England and France are at war AGAIN the U.S. (neutral) is making a huge profit U. S. merchant marine second only to Britain

Orders in Council (1806) Britain: no ships could sail to France Berlin and Milan decrees (Napoleon) seize ships going to British ports

Chesapeake Encounter with the Leopard

Chesapeake Encounter with the Leopard A painting of the British frigate Leopard firing its guns into the U.S.S. Chesapeake when the U.S. ship refused to be searched for British deserters. The British boarded the subdued Chesapeake and seized four deserters, three of them American citizens. Americans were humiliated and angered by the British violation of American rights. (Courtesy of William Gilkerson)
Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Chesapeake - Leopard Affair

British Navy had been impressing sailors from American merchant marine Britain is shorthanded and many sailors have jumped ship usually while in America While a US naval ship the Chesapeake the Leopard fires a warning shot and demands 4 deserters Capt. James Baron refuses The British open fire, (kill 3) and take the 4 men off the ship hanging one on the masthead of the Chesapeake (the ultimate insult)

Peaceable Coercion
U.S. demands war A war right now with Britain (or any other country for that matter) would ruin us France is also seizing men and ships Jefferson tries diplomacy

Jefferson is a pacifist He had reduced the size of the Army and Navy He reasons that if we stop trading with Britain and France their economy will be hurt

EMBARGO of 1807

To force British and French to stop impressments and seizing American ships through economic pressure No U.S. ships to any foreign ports even stops coastal trade

Worst economic depression in U.S Federalist revived Essex Junto again Will finally effect France and Britain but the US cannot hold on long enough

EMBARGO of 1807 cont.

Non-Intercourse Act 1809 Opens trade with the world except Britain & France (who just happen to be the most important)

Macons Bill # 2 (Macons bill #1 dealt with western lands- yes everybody who is anybody asks!) If either France or Britain drop their restrictions, we will trade with them Napoleon says he will doesn't

President James Madison

Former Secretary of State Elected in 1808 Federalists run Charles Pinckney Dolly Madison From NC, gracious, energetic and popular becomes Americas First true First Lady

War Hawks

New Congress of 1811 Henry Clay (speaker of House) yields considerable influence John C. Calhoun South Carolina Felix Grundy Tennessee 3 Brothers killed by Indians Hated Impressment, the related issue with freedom of the seas, the Indian problem, and western lands wipe out English base in Canada

Indian Problems

1794 Mad Anthony Wayne Battle of Fallen Timbers Treaty of Grenville Indians ousted from Ohio English inciting the Indians against the US on the frontier paying for scalps, providing arms etc. William Henry Harrison uses trickery to obtain treaties Defeats Tecumsehs coalition forces at The Battle of Tippecanoe destroys the Indian Confederation put together by Tecumseh

Tecumseh and the Prophet

secular leader, wants Indians to join in a united action against white encroachment do not cede land without universal consent Tenskwatawa (The Prophet) religious leader able to mobilize the Indians against Harrison but is killed and Indians lose the conflict
Tecumseh

Tecumseh and the Prophet

Shawnee Chief Tecumseh:

"No tribe has the right to sell, even to each other, much less to strangers.... Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the great sea, as well as the earth? Didn't the Great Spirit make them all for the use of his children? The way, the only way to stop this evil is for the red man to unite in claiming a common and equal right in the land, as it was first, and should be now, for it was never divided." We gave them forest-clad mountains and valleys full of game, and in return what did they give our warriors and our women? Rum, trinkets, and a grave. Brothers -- My people wish for peace; the red men all wish for peace; but where the white people are, there is no peace for them, except it be on the bosom of our mother. Where today are the Pequot? Where today are the Narragansett, the Mohican, the Pakanoket, and many other once powerful tribes of our people? They have vanished before the avarice and the oppression of the White Man, as snow before a summer sun."

Florida

Slaves escape to Florida Indians and escaped slaves raid border towns (US side) and then return to Florida Spain is too weak to patrol the border or stop attacks on US towns

West Florida acquired in 1810 part of Mississippi and Louisiana Baton rouge seized by American settlers There is a desire to gain all of Florida Spain an ally with Britain a victory might achieve this

War Declared

Madison, convinced that war is inevitable, asks congress to declare war June 1, 1812 Close vote, supported by South and West and Republicans in Pennsylvania & Virginia

New England Federalist were against the war Pro-British anti-French Napoleon butcher Opposed the acquiring of Canada more Republican land Loaned money to Great Britain, sent food to Canada

Dolly Madison by Gilbert Stuart, 1804 As the attractive young wife of Secretary of State James Madison, Dolley Madison acted virtually as the nation's First Lady during the administration of Jefferson, a widower. Friendly, tactful, and blessed with an unfailing memory for names and events, she added to her reputation as an elegant hostess after her husband became president. ( White House

Historical Association)

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Manning the Navy, English engraving showing the impressment of American sailors The impressment of sailors into the British navy from American ships was one of the more prominent causes of the War of 1812. This 1790 engraving shows an American sailor being seized at gunpoint while those who might try to assist him are elbowed aside. (Library of Congress)
Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

New Orleans Under My Wings The French and Spanish developed this port city during the eighteenth century. By century's end many in the United States saw New Orleans as a key to the new nation's future expansion and prosperity. (Chicago Historical Society)

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The Shawnee chief Tecumseh Tecumseh and his brother, Prophet, led a revival of traditional Shawnee culture and preached Native American federation against white encroachment. In the War of 1812 they allied themselves with the British, but Tecumseh's death at the Battle of the Tames (1813) and British indifference thereafter caused Native Americans' resistance and unity to collapse. (Tecumseh: Field Museum of

Natural History, Chicago, FMNH Neg. #A93851)

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Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1805 This portrait of President Thomas Jefferson was painted by Rembrandt Peale in 1805. Charles Willson Peale (Rembrandt's father) and his five sons helped establish the reputation of American art in the new nation. Rembrandt Peale achieved fame for his presidential portraits; here he has captured Jefferson in a noble pose without the usual symbols of office or power, befitting the Republican age. ((c)

Collection of The New-York Historical Society)

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Thomas Jefferson's Polygraph, 1806 Jefferson judged this "polygraph" to be the finest invention of his age. He used it to make copies of his letters from 1806 until his death. (Monticello/Thomas Jefferson

Memorial Foundation, Inc.)

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Toussaint L'Ouverture by William Edouard Scott With backing from the French, Franois Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture (center) led his fellow slaves in a revolt against their French and Spanish masters, driving the Europeans from the West Indian island of Santo Domingo in 1791. Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte double-crossed L'Ouverture in 1802, sending a French army to seize the island. Although L'Ouverture was captured, his army defeated the French, creating the republic of Haiti in 1804.

(Amistad Research Center, New Orleans, AFAC Collection)