What is Computer?

Is an electronic device operating under the control of a set of instructions stored in the memory. It accepts data or input, process the data arithmetically and logically, and then process the output in the form of useful information.

History of Computers:
First Computer was called ENIAC, which was built during war ||. tili!ed vacuum tubes and were very large "sometimes room si!e#.

Types of Computers:
Supercomputer:
$upercomputers are fast because they are really many computers wor%ing together. &hese computers were used for comple' calculations such as forecasting weather and (uantum physics. &oday, supercomputers are one of a %ind) they are fast and very advanced.

Mainframe:
*ainframes are computers where all the processing is done centrally, and the user terminals are called +dumb terminals+ since they only input and output "and do not process#. *ainframes are computers used mainly by large organi!ations for critical applications, typically bul% data processing such as census. E'amples, ban%s, airlines, insurance companies, and colleges.

Workstation
-or%stations are high.end, e'pensive computers that are made for more comple' procedures and are intended for one user at a time. $ome of the comple' procedures consist of science, math and engineering calculations and are useful for computer design and manufacturing.

The Personal Computer or PC

/C is an abbreviation for a /ersonal Computer, it is also %nown as a *icrocomputer. /hysical characteristics and low cost are appealing and useful for its users.

Microcontroller
*icrocontrollers are mini computers that enable the user to store data, do simple commands and tas%s, with little or no user interaction with the processor. &hese single circuit devices have minimal memory and program length but can be integrated with other processors for more comple' functionality.

Computer Architecture
0ver all design and setup of the Computer. "A#Input 1evices, Is a hardware device that sends information in to the C/ . 2eyboard and mouse are the standard way to insert with the Computer. 0ther 1evices "3oystic%s, games, scanner, etc#. "4#0utput 1evices, &hese 1evices display and generate information that has been held or generated within Computer. *onitor, /rinter, $pea%er, and /ro3ector. "C#$torage 1evices, 1evice is a hardware device designed to store information. /rimary storage "5A*#. $econdary storage "6ard dis%, C1#. (D) *icroprocessor, 4rain of the Computer.

Software and hardware

Software
$oftware is the Computer /rograms Containing instructions that cause the Computer to do specific wor%s. 7overns how the hardware is utili!ed. "A# $ystem $oftware "0perating system#, /rovides a 8user interface9 for users. Control the wor%ing of Computer. "4# Application $oftware, It is a collection of programs which is written by the users themselves to solve their problems. se the operating system software and provides the real functionality of a Computer.

*$ 0ffice. 7ames. Internet 4rowsers. "C# Networ% $oftware. utilities . communications . web server . web browser . file server . networ% diagnostics . multiplayer games . distributed computing "E#:anguage $oftware. ;4, C, C<<, etc=

Hardware:
Consist of the Components that can be physically handled.

Machine Language:
&he language of the Computer is binary number system > and ?. Each > or ? is called a bit "binary digital#. ? byte is an arrangement of eight bits ">?>>?>>> @6#.

Number Systems:
"?# 4inary Numbers ">,?#A "A# 0ctal Numbers ">,?,A,B,C,D,E,F#G "B# 1ecimal Numbers ">,?,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H#?> "C# 6e'adecimal numbers ">,?,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H.A,4,C,1,E,F# ?E