AMCS 334 - Problem set #2

Amjad Alshaarawi
March 12, 2014
1 Problem 2.1
Recall the momentum and energy equations written as:

Du
Dt
= b + div (T) ,

DE
Dt
= T : D div (q) ,
where E is the specic internal energy of the uid, T = pI + V , V being the non-ideal part of the stress
tensor. Integrate the momentum equation over a xed spatial domain V to get:

t
_
V
ud V =
_
V
(pI + u u V ) ndA +
_
V
bd V
Next, introduce the total (i.e. internal + kinetic) energy per unit mass of the uid, e = E + u
2
/2, and show
that:

t
_
V
ed V =
_
V
(u(e + p/) + q u V ) ndA +
_
V
b ud V
Interpret each term on the right-hand sides of these equations.
Solution
Lets start by the continuity equation,
D
Dt
+ div (u) = 0, (1.1)
multiplying Eq.(1.1) by u and adding it to the given momentum equation gives:
D(u)
Dt
+ udiv (u) = b + div (T)
D(u)
Dt
= b udiv (u) + div (T) . (1.2)
Using the Reynolds Transport Theorem, the equation becomes:
D(u)
Dt
=
(u)
t
+ udiv (u) = b udiv (u) + div (T) , (1.3)
1
Mathematical Fluid Dynamics, AMCS 334 Problem set #2

(u)
t
= b udiv (u) udiv (u) + div (T) = b div (uu) + div (T) , (1.4)
integrating the equation of the xed volume V gives:

t
_
V
ud V =
_
V
bd V
_
V
div (uu) d V +
_
V
div (T) d V . (1.5)
Using the divergence theorem, the last two terms become surface integrals and combine:

t
_
V
ud V =
_
V
(T + u u) ndA +
_
V
bd V . (1.6)

t
_
V
ud V =
_
V
(pI + u u V ) ndA +
_
V
bd V
On the right-hand-side of this equation, the rst term represents the eect of: 1) pressure normal to the
surface, 2) convection of momentum through the surface, and 3) viscous eects on the surface. The second
term represents the generation of momentum through body forces.
Next, let the quantity k be dened as follows:
k =
1
2
u u, (1.7)
then its rate of change inside V is given by:

Dk
Dt
= u
Du
Dt
= b u + u div (T) , (1.8)
adding the energy equation to it gives:

_
Dk
Dt
+
DE
Dt
_
= b u + u div (T) + T : D div (q) , (1.9)

De
Dt
= b u + u div (T) + T : D div (q) . (1.10)
Mulitiplying the continuity equation, Eq. (1.1), by e and adding it to Eq. (1.10) gives:

De
Dt
+ e
D
Dt
= e div (u) + b u + u div (T) + T : D div (q) , (1.11)

D(e)
Dt
= e div (u) + b u + u div (T) + T : D div (q) . (1.12)
Using the Reynolds Transport Theorem:
D(e)
Dt
=
(e)
t
+ u div (e) = e div (u) + b u + u div (T) + T : D div (q) , (1.13)
Amjad Alshaarawi 2
Mathematical Fluid Dynamics, AMCS 334 Problem set #2

(e)
t
= div (ue) + u div (T) + T : D div (q) + b u, (1.14)
Now, lets only consider the second and third terms in the right-hand-side:
u div (T) + T : D = u div (p) + u div (V ) +p div (u) + V : D, (1.15)
u div (T) + T : D = div (up) + u div (V ) + V : D, (1.16)
since D is the symmetric part of the strain rate tensor, the term V : D can as well be written as:
V : D = V : (u), (1.17)
by denition of the double contraction, this becomes:
V : D = V : (u) = (V ) u = u div (V ) , (1.18)
This makes Eq. (1.16):
u div (T) + T : D = div (up) + u div (V ) + u div (V ) = div (up + u V ) , (1.19)
substituting this back in Eq. (1.14) gives:
(e)
t
= div (ue) + div (up + u V ) div (q) + b u, (1.20)

(e)
t
= div (ue + up u V + q) + b u, (1.21)
integrating the equation over the xed volume V gives:

t
_
V
e d V =
_
V
div (u(e + p/) + q u V ) d V +
_
V
b ud V , (1.22)
using the divergence theorem, the expression becomes:

t
_
V
e d V =
_
V
(u(e + p/) + q u V ) ndA +
_
V
b ud V
On the right-hand-side of the equation, the rst term terms represents energy transfer through the surface
of the control volume by: 1) convection of enthalpy (e + p/), 2) heat conduction, and 3) work done on the
surface by viscous forces. The second term represents the work done on the control volume by external body
forces.
Amjad Alshaarawi 3
Mathematical Fluid Dynamics, AMCS 334 Problem set #2
2 Problem 2.2
Consider the incompressible Newtonian uid occupying a xed domain, V , on the boundary of which the
uid velocity vanishes, i.e., u = 0 on V (a no-slip condition). Show that the kinetic energy of the uid
dissipates at the rate fully controlled by the vorticity, i.e., if:
K =
1
2
_
V
u
2
d V , and = u,
then
dK
dt
=
_
V

2
d V
Solution
Lets start by dening as = u u/2. The rate of change of in a xed control volume is:
D
Dt
=
D
Dt
_
1
2
u u
_
+
1
2
u u
D
Dt
= u
Du
Dt
+

D
Dt
, (2.1)
from the continuity equation, Eq. (1.1),
D
Dt
= u
Du
Dt
div (u) , (2.2)
from the Reynolds Transport Theorem, the expression becomes:
D
Dt
=

t
+ u div () = u
Du
Dt
div (u) , (2.3)

t
= u
Du
Dt
div (u) , (2.4)
from Eq. (1.8), the expression becomes:

t
= b u + u div (T) div (u) , (2.5)
integrating the equation over the control volume V gives:
dK
dt
=
_
V
b ud V +
_
V
u div (T) d V
_
V
div (u) d V , (2.6)
using the divergence theorem, the last term can be expressed as a surface integral:
dK
dt
=
_
V
b ud V +
_
V
u div (T) d V
_
V
u ndA. (2.7)
Amjad Alshaarawi 4
Mathematical Fluid Dynamics, AMCS 334 Problem set #2
As the boundary V , the velocity vanishes. Therefor, the surface integral vanishes as well:
dK
dt
=
_
V
b ud V +
_
V
u div (T) d V , (2.8)

dK
dt
=
_
V
b ud V
_
V
u div (p) d V +
_
V
u div (V ) d V , (2.9)

dK
dt
=
_
V
(b div (P)) ud V +
_
V
u div (V ) d V , (2.10)
Assuming that div (p) is equal to external potential feld:
dK
dt
=
_
V
u div (V ) d V , (2.11)

dK
dt
=
_
V
div (u V ) d V
_
V
V : ud V , (2.12)
using the divergence theorem, the rst term in the right-hand-side of the equation becomes:
dK
dt
=
_
V
(u V ) ndA
_
V
V : ud V , (2.13)
but, velocity vanishes at the boundary:
dK
dt
=
_
V
V : ud V . (2.14)
For an incompressible Newtonian uid, V = D, then:
dK
dt
=
_
V
D : Dd V , (2.15)
3 Problem 2.3
Recall the vorticity equation from Lecture 6:
D
Dt
= u +
1

2
p.
Suppose, the lines of constant p are y = const and the lines of constant are y x = const, with both p and
increasing downward, to y < 0. By considering two nearby uid particles along y = const, explain how the
mis-aligned gradients of p and lead to the generation of vorticity.
Amjad Alshaarawi 5
Mathematical Fluid Dynamics, AMCS 334 Problem set #2
Solution
Pressure gradient points in the direction j, and the density gradient points in the direction i j.
From a mathematical point of view, the term is simply as shown in the equation, vorticity is generated
in the k direction from the cross product:
1

p
y

j =

x
p
y

k (3.1)
From a physical point of view, lets recall the momentum equation:
Du
Dt
= b
1

p +
1

(u) +
1

(2D), (3.2)
in particular, the term (1/)p, which represents the term forcing the velocity. Two particles along a
horizontal line y = const are subject to the same pressure and pressure gradient pointing in the j direction,
which means that both particles are being pushed in the +j direction. Now, density of the particle to the
right is higher, making its corresponding force, (1/)p, smaller. As a result, the particle to the left is
pushed upwards faster than the nearby particle to its right, which in tern generates rotation/vorticity in
the k direction. In equations, a v/x is generated, i.e., vorticity in the k direction.
4 Problem 2.4
Show that for an incompressible Newtonian uid, the stress vector t, whose components are:
t
i
= pn
i
+ n
j
_
u
i
x
j
+
u
j
x
i
_
, (4.1)
can be written as:
t = pn + (2n u + n (u)) . (4.2)
Show that in purely rotating ow, u = u

(r)e

, with n = e
r
, the stress tensor becomes:
t = pe
r
+ r
d
dr
_
u

r
_
e

. (4.3)
Solution
Lets start by putting Eq. (4.2) in the index notation:
t
i
e
i
= pn
i
e
i
+
_
2n
j
e
j

u
k
x
l
e
k
e
l
+ n
j
e
j
(
u
k
x
l
e
m

lkm
)
_
, (4.4)
t
i
e
i
= pn
i
e
i
+
_
2n
j
u
k
x
l
e
k

jl
+ n
j
u
k
x
l

lkm

jmn
e
n
_
, (4.5)
t
i
e
i
= pn
i
e
i
+
_
2n
j
u
k
x
j
e
k
+ n
j
u
k
x
l

lkm

njm
e
n
_
, (4.6)
Amjad Alshaarawi 6
Mathematical Fluid Dynamics, AMCS 334 Problem set #2
using the identity
ijm

klm
=
ik

jl

il

jk
:
t
i
e
i
= pn
i
e
i
+
_
2n
j
u
k
x
j
e
k
+ n
j
u
k
x
l
(
ln

kj

lj

kn
)e
n
_
, (4.7)
t
i
e
i
= pn
i
e
i
+
_
2n
j
u
k
x
j
e
k
+ n
j
u
k
x
l

ln

kj
e
n
n
j
u
k
x
l

lj

kn
e
n
_
, (4.8)
t
i
e
i
= pn
i
e
i
+
_
2n
j
u
k
x
j
e
k
+ n
j
u
j
x
l
e
l
n
j
u
k
x
j
e
k
_
= pn
i
e
i
+
_
n
j
u
k
x
j
e
k
+ n
j
u
j
x
l
e
l
_
, (4.9)
renaming the dummy indeces gives:
t
i
e
i
= pn
i
e
i
+
_
n
j
u
i
x
j
e
i
+ n
j
u
j
x
i
e
i
_
, (4.10)
t
i
= pn
i
+ n
j
_
u
i
x
j
+
u
j
x
i
_

For the eld u = u

(r)e

,
t = pn + (2n u + n (u)) = pe
r
+ (2e
r
u + e
r
(u)) (4.11)
t = pe
r
+ (2e
r
(u

(r)e

) + e
r
((u

(r)e

))) . (4.12)
Lets consider the term 2e
r
(u

(r)e

):
2e
r
(u

(r)e

) = 2e
r

_
u

r
e

e
r
+
du

dr
e
r
e

_
= 2
du

dr
e

, (4.13)
Now, lets consider the term e
r
((u

(r)e

)):
e
r
((u

(r)e

)) = e
r

_
1
r

r
(ru

)e
z
_
=
1
r
d
dr
(ru

)e

, (4.14)
This simplies the expression to:
t = pe
r
+
_
2
du

dr
e

1
r
d
dr
(ru

)e

_
= pe
r
+
_
2
du

dr
e

du

dr
e

r
e

_
, (4.15)
t = pe
r
+
_
du

dr
e

r
e

_
, (4.16)
t = pe
r
+ r
du

dr
,
Amjad Alshaarawi 7
Mathematical Fluid Dynamics, AMCS 334 Problem set #2
5 Problem 2.5
Consider uid ow between two innitely long coaxial cylinders of radii r
1
and r
2
> r
1
(Taylor-Couette
ow). The cylinders rotate with angular velocities
1
and
2
, respectively. Show that u
r
= u
z
= 0 and
u = Ar + B/r is the steady-state solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, where:
A =

2
r
2
2

1
r
2
1
r
2
2
r
2
1
,
B =
(
1

2
)r
2
1
r
2
2
r
2
2
r
2
1
,
Use the result from problem 2.4 to calculate the total torque on the inner cylinder per unit length (along
z) of the cylinder. Also calculate the vorticity vector, , the deformation tensor, D, and provide physical
interpretation for the latter. Calculating e-values and e-vectors of D should help. What is the magnitude of
the vorticity vector when
1
=
2
and why?
Solution
Substituting the given solution in the steady-state form of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in
cylindrical coordinates is:
0 =
_
1
r

r
_
r
u

r
_

r
2
_
, (5.1)
u

r
2
=
1
r

r
_
r
u

r
_
u

= r

r
_
r
u

r
_
, (5.2)
u

= r
u

r
+ r
2

2
u

r
2
, (5.3)
u

r
u

r
r
2

2
u

r
2
= 0, (5.4)
u

= r
k
, k = 1 u

= Ar + B/r, (5.5)
applying the boundary conditions u

(r
1
) =
1
and u

(r
2
) =
2
gives:
A =

2
r
2
2

1
r
2
1
r
2
2
r
2
1
, (5.6)
B =
(
1

2
)r
2
1
r
2
2
r
2
2
r
2
1
, (5.7)
hence the solution is varied.
From the result shown in problem 2.4, the stress exerted on the surface of the inner cylinder in the angular
direction is:
t
r
= r
d
dr
_
u

r
_
= r
d
dr
_
A +
B
r
2
_
= r
_
2
B
r
3
_
= 2
B
r
2
. (5.8)
Amjad Alshaarawi 8
Mathematical Fluid Dynamics, AMCS 334 Problem set #2
The total torque on the inner cylinder is:
T
inner
=
_
A
t
r
rdA = 2
B
r
2
1
r
1
(2r
1
) = 4B
The vorticity is given by:
u =
1
r

r
_
Ar
2
+ B
_
e
z
=
1
r
(2Ar) e
z
= 2Ae
z
(5.9)
The velocity gradient is given by:
u =
_
_
0 AB/r
2
0
AB/r
2
0 0
0 0 0
_
_
, (5.10)
thus the deformation tensor is given by:
D =
1
2
_
u + (u)
T
_
=
_
_
0 B/r
2
0
B/r
2
0 0
0 0 0
_
_
, (5.11)
eigen-values and eigen vectors of the deformation tensor are:
{0, B/r
2
, B/r
2
}, (5.12)
and

_
_
_
_
_
0
0
0
_
_
,
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
,
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
_
_
_
, (5.13)
hence physically, no deformation occurs in the zdirection, particles are streched at a rate B/r
2
in the e
r
+e

direction, and contracted at a rate B/r

2
in the e
r
+ e

direction.
If
1
=
2
= , vorticity becomes = from Eq. (5.9). As both cylinders rotate with the same
rotational speed , uid particles rotate similarly.
Amjad Alshaarawi 9