ENME 313 ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY SCOTT POST 2013 AC MOTORS Induction motors For motors rated above 5 hp (4 kW),

, 3-phase AC Induction motors are the popular choice. 3-phase induction motors are: cheap, robust, explosion proof, require little skilled maintenance, and has self-starting properties (for asynchronous motors). The main disadvantage is that speed cannot be readily adjusted, except for with expensive variablefrequency drives (VFD). They are commonly used in industrial settings for pumps, fans, compressors, and grinders. The rotor voltage is induced rather than being physically connected with wires. An AC motor has a number of poles, P, distributed around the stator. P is always an even number since poles occur in pairs (magnetic north pole and south pole). For 3-phase power, the power connection consists of 4 wires, one for each of the 3 phases and one for the ground. We can write the current in each of the 3 phases as:
ia = I cos( t ) ib = I cos( t 120) ic = I cos( t 240)

For a 3-phase AC Induction motor, the voltage and current drawn from the mains may not be in phase with each other (depending on the reactance of the motor), so the actual electrical power delivered is: & = 3Vicos W where cos is the power factor (pf). Induction motors present a lagging (inductive) power factor to the power line. Active power is the power that does work. Apparent power has a reactive power component. This reactive component is undesirable - the utility company must supply it, but it does no work. A power factor close to unity (100%) is most desirable. Because there are tradeoffs when designing an induction motor for improved efficiency or other performance parameters, power factor sometimes suffers. It can be improved by adding capacitors. The power factor in large fully loaded high speed motors can be as favorable as 90% for large high speed motors. The power factor for small low speed motors can be as low as 50%. At starting, the power factor can be in the range of 10% to 25%, rising as the rotor achieves speed, as shown in the figure below.

The synchronous speed (ns) of an AC machine with P poles, driven by electric current of frequency f is: f ns = P /2
This is the speed at which the electric field in the motor rotates. So for a machine with 2 poles driven by standard 50 Hz line power, the synchronous speed is: ns = 50 / 1 = 50 rev/s = 3000 RPM. For a 4-pole motor, the synchronous speed is 1500 RPM. It is also possible to have machines with 6 or more poles. The slip, s, of an AC motor is the relative speed between rotating electric field and the rotating mechanical parts, divided by the synchronous speed, where nm is the actual measured rotational speed of the motor (in RPM). In an induction motor 0 < nm < ns.

s=

ns nm ns

The torque-speed curve for a 3-phase induction motor is shown in the following figure. Note the trend is different from a PM DC motor (or any DC motor), where torque always decreases with increasing speed. For a typical induction motor, the pullout torque will be 200 to 250% of the rated full load torque, and the starting torque will be 150% of the full load torque.

Fuses or breakers should never be used to protect induction motors from over-current conditions since it takes 2-3 times the rated current to start an induction motor, especially under load (see the figure on the next page). Instead, thermal over-load devices are used to sense extended over-current conditions and remove the applied voltage before the motor is damaged. An AC motor will not stall like a DC motor does.

Example: AC Induction Motor 220 V, 60 Hz, 3 phase motors draws 32 Amps, with a power factor of 75%. Losses are stator copper loss of 400 W, rotor copper loss of 150 W, and rotational loss of 500 W. Find the net output power and efficiency of the motor.
The input electrical power is:

= 3 = 3220 32.0 0.75 = 9145

Subtracting all the losses gives us an output power of 9145 400 150 500 = 8095 W. The efficiency is:

8095 = 88.5% 9145

Efficiency - Large three phase motors are more efficient than smaller 3-phase motors, and most all single phase motors. Large induction motor efficiency can be as high as 95% at full load, though 90% is more common. Efficiency for a lightly load or no-loaded induction motor is poor because most of the current is involved with maintaining magnetizing flux. As the torque load is increased, more current is consumed in generating torque, while current associated with magnetizing remains fixed.
Losses in Motors and Generators: As with DC motors, we have the same losses of Copper loss the i2R loss due to resistance of the windings, Iron (core) loss Due to hysteresis and eddy current losses in the armature (magnetic effects), and Mechanical losses bearing and brush contact friction, air resistance against moving parts. The diagram on the next page shows the energy flow in AC machines. While it is theoretically possible to use an induction motor as a generator, practically this is not done commonly. The exception is for small windmills they are used for electrical power generation due to their small size (for given power rating) and simplicity.

Electronic speed control - Modern solid state electronics increase the options for speed control. By changing the 50 or 60 Hz line frequency to higher or lower values, the synchronous speed of the motor may be changed. However, decreasing the frequency of the current fed to the motor also decreases reactance XL which increases the stator current. This may cause the stator magnetic circuit to saturate with disastrous results. In practice, the voltage to the motor needs to be decreased when frequency is decreased. Conversely, the drive frequency may be increased to increase the synchronous speed of the motor. However, the voltage needs to be increased to overcome increasing reactance to keep current up to a normal value and maintain torque. Combining 3-phase AC motors with variable speed drives improves operational control and limits the starting current, particularly useful for application to pump drives with variable required flow rates. Nameplate Ratings AC induction motor nameplates typically have the following information: Power This the mechanical power output to the shaft, usually in units of kW (or hp in the U.S.), equal to the power of torque and rotational speed. Speed The shaft rotational speed at full-load torque and rated power, in units of RPM. Note that an induction motors speed is always less than the synchronous speed. Voltage The voltage at which the motor is designed to operate Frequency The input power frequency, normally either 50 or 60 Hz. Phase the number of AC power lines supplying the motor. Either single phase or 3phase. Current Current in Amps at rated power and voltage. Power factor - Sometimes denoted PF or pf, given in % at full load condition. Nominal efficiency ratio of output power to input power, given in %

Synchronous AC machines are motors and generators whose field current is supplied by a separate DC power source, while induction machines have a field current supplied by magnetic induction. The speed of a synchronous motor does not change with load, but is constant at the synchronous speed. Unlike an asynchronous induction motor, a synchronous motor cannot start with a full load applied to the shaft, and requires some external starting power. Synchronous generators (or alternators) convert mechanical power to AC electrical power. A DC current is applied to the rotor winding, producing a magnetic field. The rotor is then turned by mechanical power (driven by a belt off the engine in an automobile alternator), producing a rotating magnetic field that induces three-phase voltages in the stator windings. The rotor is a large electromagnet.
Example Motor: Parameters for a 15 HP (11 kW) industrial motor Pole pairs 2 RMS voltage 240 Frequency 60 Hz Stator resistance 0.06 Rotor resistance 0.15 Stator leakage X1 0.44 Rotor leakage X2 0.43 Magnetizing reactance Xm 12.6