Name of the Experiment: Temperature Control with Thermistor Objectives:

1) Learn about Thermistor characteristics 2) Gain practical knowledge about application of Thermistor in Temperature Controller

Objective of the Experiment: 1) Explore the behaviour of internal system

2) Study of Thermistor property 3) Proper installation of the system

Apparatus Required:

1) Thermistor, Opamps, relay, load, fan etc containing system experiment box 2) Thermometer

Theory behind the experiment:

Resistive sensors: There are three types of resistive sensors, viz. 1) Temperature sensor : e.g. Thermistor or Resistive Temperature Detector (RTDs) 2) Displacement sensor: e.g. Strain gauzes or piezoresistive sensors 3) Moisture meters Thermistor A thermistor is a type of resistor with resistance varying according to its temperature. Thermistors are special solid temperature sensors that behave like temperature-sensitive electrical resistors. No surprise then that their name is a contraction of thermal and resistor. There are basically two broad types, NTC-Negative Temperature Coefficient, used mostly in temperature sensing and PTC-Positive Temperature Coefficient, used mostly in electric current control. Switching type PTC thermistors are compounds of Ba, Pb and Strontium tinnates and they exhibit high sensitivity in operation. Schmitt Trigger It is a voltage comparator with positive feedback. When the input is higher than a certain chosen threshold, the output is high; when the input is below another (lower) chosen threshold, the output is low; when the input is between the two, the output retains its value. The trigger is so named because the output retains its value until the input changes sufficiently to trigger a change. This dual threshold action is called hysteresis, and implies that the Schmitt trigger has some memory. We can obtain hysteresis or dead band with a Schmitt trigger. See figure 1.1

For any Schmitt trigger, VUT = (+ VSAT* R1) / (R1+R3) and VLT = (- VSAT* R1) / (R1+R3) When V>VUT, Vout= Off (Voltage) V<VLT, Vout= ON (Voltage) Hysteresis A transfer curve of a typical hysteresis band is shown in figure 1.2. In the figure the temperature range from Tmin to Tmax is hysteresis band (dead band). Load is turned on when the temperature is below Tmin and the load is turned off when the temperature is above Tmax. Within the dead band, the status of the load doesnt change. It remains as it was before.

Circuit Diagram:

Expected Graph:

Fig 1.5 Temperature Vs Resistance

Procedure:
Exercise 1: Analysing the behaviour of internal system - Digital thermometer was connected to the system - System was connected to AC mains and was switched on - The selector was set to internal(Int.) - The value of Tmax was set by adjusting the potentiometer RV1 - System behaviour was analysed for 5 different positions of RV1 - Tmin and Tmax for each case were noted and hysteresis band width was determined Hysteresis = Tmax - Tmin Exercise 2: Analysis of thermistor property - Selector was set to external - Relay terminal was connected to Vcc to switch on the system and to Gnd to switch off the system. - The resistances of thermistor were noted for different values of temperatures. Exercise 3: System Implementation - Circuit was connected according to figure 1.4 - Thermistor and relay were used from the system box - The system was set to external and switched on - Width of hysteresis band was noted - The value of R7 was changed to 680k, 470k and 540k and variation in hysteresis band width was noted 3

- Observation Data:
Exercise 1 Pot. Position 1 Tmax Tmin Hysteresis Exercise 2 Reading 1 Temperature Resistance Exercise 3 R7 Tmax Tmin Hysteresis 2 3 4 5

10

680K

470K

540K

Graph:

Conclusion:
Hence the experiment was successfully performed and the results obtained were as expected. Thus 1) The thermistor used was concluded to be NTC 2) Schmitt trigger was studied and hysteresis band was obtained 3) Room temperature controller was studied overall and the design of new system as an assignment was done

Assignment
Search, find and report Principle of Operation of thermistor Resistance thermometer elements made of materials known as semiconductor compounds are called thermistors. These compounds are sintered mixtures of sulphides, silicates, oxides and selenides of metals such as nickel, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, iron, aluminium and uranium. Thermistors are thermally sensitive resistors and, depending on their composition, the resistivity may have its value anywhere from 10-1 to 109-cm. The resistance values of thermistors at 200C may lie in the range of 100 to 1M. Most of the semiconductors used for thermometry have high resistivity and high temperature coefficient (-ve or +ve). The resistance-temperature characteristics is far from linear and is governed by the relation RT=R0 exp [ (1/T -1/T0)] -------------------- (i) RT and R0 are resistances of values of the thermistors at absolute temperature T K and T0 K respectively and is a constant of the material expressed in degrees Kelvin (absolute). Typical value of at 250C is 4000. The temperature coefficient of resistance obtained from eqn i is T= (dRT/dT)/RT= - /T2----------------------(ii)

Discuss and Infer Discuss on the experiment and results, list inferences from the experiment Hence the experiment was successfully performed and the results obtained were as expected. Thus 1) The thermistor that we used was concluded to be with NTC 2) Schmitt trigger was studied and hysteresis band was obtained 3) Room temperature controller was studied overall and the design of new system as an assignment was done From the experiment, the hysteresis band width was found to be around 50C, while analysing the behaviour of internal system. While analysing the thermistor property, the given thermistor was found to have ve temperature coefficient. And finally in the last experiment the value of hysteresis was found to slightly decrease with increasing R7

Innovate Present a design with specifications of a temperature control system of your own using the thermistor under experiment