Equivalent Citation: AIR2005SC3820, 2005CriLJ3950, 122(2005) L!

19"(SC), (2005)11SCC#00

CASE $%!E &I'&LI'&! I$ !&E S()RE*E C%(R! %+ I$ IA Cri,inal A--eal $o./ 3031305 an2 3091380 o3 200" e4i2e2 %n: 0"/08/2005 A--ellant.: State ($/C/!/ o3 el5i) 6./ Re.-on2ent: $av7ot San25u 8 A3.an 'uru 9Alon:;it5 Cri,inal A--eal $o./ 30#1308 o3 200"< A$ A--ellant.: S5au=at &u..ain 'uru 6./ Re.-on2ent: State ($/C/!/ o3 el5i) 9Alon:;it5 Cri,inal A--eal $o/ 381 o3 200"< &on>?le Ju2:e.: )/ 6en=atara,a Re22i an2 )/)/ $aole=ar, JJ/ Coun.el.: +or A--earin: -artie.: 'o-al Su?ra,aniu,, S5anti @5u.5an S5u.5il Au,ar an2 Ra, Jet5,alani, Sr/ A2v./, *u=ul 'u-ta, *u=ta 'u-ta, Si225art5 A:ar;al, Ra7 S5e=ar Rao, SatBa=a,, aBan Ari.5nan, An=ur Jain, A.5i.5 Jain, $itBa Ra,a=ri.5nan, Salar $/ A5an, San7aB A/ )at5a=, *ini Aau.5i=, Anit5a S5enoB, Aa,ini Jai.;al, Arvin2 $i:a,, Lataa Ari.5na,urti, $an2ita &a=.ar, )/R/ *ala, R/ Anan2 )a2,ana?5an, A/ a.5arat5a, S/ @ala7i Sriniva.an, )ra,o2 aBal, $aveen R/ $at5, Lalit *o5ini @5at, &etu Arora, S5o,ila @a=.5i, In=lee @arooa5, Saqi?, A2ol3 *at5e;, A,rit5a SaraBoo an2 6i7aB Arora, A2v./ Su?7e4t: Cri,inal A4t.CRule.C%r2er.: Cri,inal )ro4e2ure Co2e (Cr)C) 1 Se4tion. 2, 39, 1#1, 1#1(2), 1#2, 1#2(1), 1#2(2), 1#", 103, 19#, 19#(1), 215, 239 an2 313D In2ian )enal Co2e, 18#0 1 Se4tion. 3", "0, "3, 01, 100, 108 to 110, 120A, 120@, 121 to 12#, 130, 18#, 300, 302, 300, 332, 353 an2 "09D )revention o3 !errori., A4t, 2002 1 Se4tion. 2, 2(1), 3, 3(1), 3(2), 3(3), 3("), 3(5), ", 5, 5(2), #, 20, 21, 20, 30, 32, 32(1), 32(2) to 32(5), 3", 3# to "8, 50, 50(2), 50(3), 50("), 52, 52(1), 52(2), 52(3), 52(") an2 5#D EE-lo.ive Su?.tan4e. A4t 1 Se4tion. 3, " an2 5D Ar,. A4t 1 Se4tion. 25 an2 20D )revention o3 !errori., (2n2) %r2inan4e, 2001D In2ian !ele:ra-5 A4t 1 Se4tion. 5, 5(2) an2 25D Con.titution (#9t5 A,en2,ent) A4t, 1991 1 Se4tion 2D $ational Ca-ital !erritorie. o3 el5i A4t, 1991 1 Se4tion "1D In2u.trial i.-ute. A4t, 19"0 1 Se4tion. 2 an2 10D (nion !erritorie. A4t, 19#3D 'eneral Clau.e. A4t 1 Se4tion 2#D !errori.t an2 i.ru-tive A4tivitie. ()revention) A4t 1 Se4tion 15, 15(1), 15(2) an2 20A(2)D !errori.t an2 i.ru-tive A4tivitie. ()revention) Rule.D Evi2en4e A4t, 1802 1 Se4tion. 3, 0, 8, 10, 11, 10 to 23, 2" to 30, 32, #3, #5, #5A, #5@, #5@(2), #5@("), 11" an2 1"5D )oli4e an2 Cri,inal Evi2en4e A4t, 198" 1 Se4tion. #9, 0# an2 0#(2)D &u,an Ri:5t. A4t, 1988D Cri,inal La; A4t, 1900 1 Se4tion 1(1)D In2ian !ele:ra-5 Rule. 1 Rule "19AD $ar4oti4 ru:. an2 ).B45otro-i4 Su?.tan4e. A4tD @u.ine.. Rule.D Con.titution o3 In2ia 1 Arti4le. 1", 20, 20(3), 21, 22, 22(1), 239, 239(1), 239A an2 239AA Ca.e. Re3erre2: 'oa Sa,-lin: E,-loBee.> A..o4iation v/ '/S/ Co/ o3 In2ia )vt/ Lt2/, *A$(CSCC0193C198"D 'o=ul45an2 ;ar=a2a. v/ !5e Ain:, *A$(C)RC0001C19"8D Ja.;ant Sin:5 v/ State o3 )un7a?, *A$(CSCC0050C1950D State o3 @i5ar v/ )/)/ S5ar,a, *A$(CSCC05"2C1992D Su-erinten2ent o3 )oli4e v/ ee-a= C5o;2arB, *A$(CSCC00"5C199#D Ra,?5ai $at5a?5ai 'a25vi an2 %r./ v/ State o3 'u7arat, *A$(CSCC0859C1990D $iran7an Sin:5 Aara, Sin:5 )un7a?i v/ Jiten2ra @5i,ra7 @i7iaBa, *A$(CSCC0330C1990D (.,an?5ai a;oo2?5ai *e,on v/ State o3 'u7arat, *A$(CSCC05#0C1988D State o3 Fe.t @en:al v/ *o5a,,e2 A5alee2, *A$(CSCC015"C1995D Fillia, SlaneB>. 4a.e, *A$(CSCC0038C1955D State o3 A/)/ v/ C/ 'ane.;ar Rao, *A$(CSCC0000C19#3D E.5er Sin:5 v/ State o3 A/)/, *A$(CSCC0223C200"D )/ $araBana S;a,i v/ E,-eror, *A$(C)RC0001C1939D @5arat v/ State o3 (/)/, *A$(CSCC009#C1900D Su?ra,ania 'oun2en v/ !5e State o3 *a2ra., *A$(CSCC00"5C1950D &aroo, &aGi A?2ulla v/ State o3 *a5ara.5tra, *A$(CSCC00#0C19#0D )Bare Lal v/ State o3 A..a,, *A$(CSCC0101C195#D S5an=aria v/ State o3 Ra7a.t5an, *A$(CSCC01#5C1908D )ar,anan2 )e:u v/ State o3 A..a,, *A$(CSCC0#9#C200"D Aa.5,ira Sin:5 v/ State o3 *a25Ba )ra2e.5, *A$(CSCC0031C1952D @5u?oni Sa5u v/ Ain:, *A$(C)RC00"0C19"9D &ari45aran Aur,i v/

State o3 @i5ar, *A$(CSCC0059C19#"D Ja,eel A5,e2 an2 Anr/ v/ State o3 Ra7a.t5an, *A$(CSCC0358C2003D Aartar Sin:5 v/ State o3 )un7a?, *A$(CSCC1581C199"D )eo-le>. (nion 3or Civil Li?ertie. v/ (nion o3 In2ia, *A$(CSCC103#C2003D $an2ini Sat-at5B v/ )/L/ ani, *A$(CSCC0139C1908D Re:ina v/ *i22leton, 1905 All E/R/ 191D *iran2a v/ AriGona, 19##, 38" (S "3#D E.4o?e2o v/ Linnaeu., 308 (S "08D Ae5ar Sin:5 an2 %r./ v/ State ( el5i A2,ini.tration), *A$(CSCC02"1C1988D *irGa A=?ar v/ Ain: E,-eror, *A$(C)RC0030C19"0D Sar2ul Sin:5 Cavee.5ar v/ State o3 @o,?aB, *A$(CSCC00"1C1950D State o3 'u7arat v/ *o5a,,e2 Ati= an2 %r./, *A$(CSCC02#0C1998D *o52/ A5ali2 v/ State o3 Fe.t @en:al, *A$(CSCC0022C2002D @5a:;an S;aru- v/ State o3 *a5ara.5tra, AIR 19#5 SC #82D 1.t Cavee.5ar 4a.e, *A$(CSCC00"1C1950D A,,ini an2 %r./ v/ State o3 Aerala, *A$(CSCC0923C1998D !ri?5u;an v/ State o3 *a5ara.5tra, *A$(CSCC0200C1902D A/ &a.5i, v/ State o3 !a,il $a2u, *A$(CSCC09#0C200"D @5a:;an2a. Ae.5;ani an2 Anr/ v/ State o3 Ra7a.t5an, *A$(CSCC0100C190"D Hueen v/ @la=e, 18"" 115 ER "9D R v/ @la=e, *A$(C)RC0030C19"0D *a7or E/'/ @ar.aB v/ State o3 @o,?aB, *A$(CSCC0123C19#1D Huinn v/ Leat5e,, 1901 AC "95D *ul4a5B v/ Hueen, 18#8 3 &L 30#D 6an Ri-er v/ (nite2 State., 13 + 22/ 9#1D Ia.5-al *ittal v/ State o3 )un7a?, *A$(CSCC01#9C1900D State o3 &/)/ v/ Ari.5an Lal )ra25an, *A$(CSCC0290C1980D State v/ $alini, *A$(CSCC09"5C1999D *o5a,,e2 (.,an v/ State o3 *a5ara.5atra, *A$(CSCC0180C1981D !ani?eert )an=a7 Au,ar, *A$(CSCC0550C1990D 6/C/ S5u=la v/ State, *A$(CSCC0255C1980D $oor *o5a,,a2 Iu.u3 *o,in v/ State o3 *a5ara.5tra, *A$(CSCC0150C1900D R/ v/ An2er.on, 1985 (2) All E/R/ 9#1D Alvin Aru,le;it45 v/ (nite2 State. o3 A,eri4a, 93 L/E2/ 090D (/S/ v/ +al4one, 109 +/ 22,509D Re:ina v/ *ur-5B, (1830) 103 E/R/ 502D +iroGu22in @a.5eeru22in v/ State o3 Aerala, *A$(CSCC0"01C2001D A7aB A::ar;al v/ (nion o3 In2ia, *A$(CSCC02#5C1993D @a?u Lal v/ E,-eror, *A$(C)RC0023C1938D *o5,e2 InaBatulla5 v/ State o3 *a5ara.5tra, *A$(CSCC01##C1905D State o3 *a5ara.5tra v/ a,u, *A$(CSCC0299C2000D )ulu=uri AotaBBa an2 %r./ v/ Ain: E,-eror, *A$(C*&C0125C19"#D Su=5an v/ E,-eror, AIR 1929 La5ore 3""D 'anu45an2ra v/ E,-eror, AIR 1932 @o,?aB 28#D Hueen E,-re.. v/ @a?u Lal, *A$(C()C0102C1898D Atta--a 'oun2an v/ E,-eror, ILR 1930 *a2ra. #95D E,-eror v/ Ra,anu7a ABBan:ar, *A$(C!$C050"C193"D %,-ra=a.5, *A$(CSCC0118C1901D (2ai @5an v/ State o3 (ttar )ra2e.5, *A$(CSCC01""C19#2D &i,a45al )ra2e.5 A2,ini.tration v/ %, )ra=a.5, *A$(CSCC0118C1901D At5a--a 'oun2an>. 4a.e, AIR 1930 *a2 #18D Su=5an v/ t5e Cro;nD Eera?5a2ra--a v/ State o3 Aarnata=a, *A$(CSCC0099C1983D ReE v/ 'aneeD )an2uran: Aalu )atil v/ State o3 *a5ara.5tra, *A$(CSCC0039C2002D @o25ra7 v/ State o3 J J A, *A$(CSCC0023C2002D *o52/ A?2ul &a3eeG v/ State o3 An25ra )ra2e.5, *A$(CSCC0091C1982D Ra,=i.5an v/ @o,?aB State, *A$(CSCC00""C195"D La455,an Sin:5 v/ !5e State, *A$(C)&C1"22C2001D R v/ S5e-ar2, 1993 AC 380D R/*/ *al=ani v/ State o3 *a5ara.5tra, *A$(CSCC020"C1902D Jone. v/ %;en (1800) 3" J) 059D Au,ar, Son o3 Aan7u v/ R, 1955 1 All E/R/ 23#D )ooran,al v/ ire4tor o3 In.-e4tion, *A$(CSCC0055C1903D State v/ $*! JoB I,,a4ulate, *A$(CSCC0""8C200"D Ali *u.3ata v/ State o3 Aerala, *A$(CSCC0050C1995D Ra,.in:5 v/ Ra,.in:5, (1985) Su--l/ SCC #11D */)/ S5ar,a v/ Sati.5 C5an2ra, *A$(CSCC0018C195"D Stri4=lan2 v/ Fa.5in:ton, "## (S ##8D C3/ En:le v/ I.aa4, "5# (S 100 (1982)D !5e )eo-le v/ &ealB,(1 990) 2 IR 03D Sar;an Sin:5 v/ State o3 )un7a?,*A$(C)&C0031C2000D )ra=a.5 C5an2 v/ State ( el5i A2,n/), *A$(CSCC01"0C1908D State o3 @o,?aB v/ Aatti=alu %:5a2, *A$(CSCC013"C19#1D State o3 (/)/ v/ @oota Sin:5, *A$(CSCC0182C1908D *al=5an.in:5 an2 %r./ v/ State o3 */)/, *A$(CSCC0""5C2003D State o3 @i5ar v/ *ura2 Ali A5an, *A$(CSCC0"00C1988D State o3 */)/ v/ 6eere.5;ar Rao A:ni5otri, *A$(CSCC0102C1950D Kaver?5ai v/ State o3 @o,?aB, *A$(CSCC00"0C195"D ReE v/ An2re; &ar2ie, 1820, 1 State !rial. $/S/, #10D $aGir A5an v/ State o3 el5i, *A$(CSCC0#22C2003D *ir &a.an A5an v/ t5e State, *A$(C@&C015"C1950D )an A,eri4an Forl2 Air In4/ v/ A4tna Ca. J Sur Co/, 505, +/R/ 22, 989D *a:anlal Ra25a Ari.5an v/ E,-eror, AIR 19"# $a:-ur 103D JoB. v/ )), 19"# All ER 18#D Lo2e;B= Jo5anne. v/ A' o3 $atal, 1900 AC 32#D Ant5onB Cra,,er v/ (SA, 325 (S 1100D (nite2 State. v/ 6illato, 1090 CC )enn.Blvania "19D Sa5i? Sin:5 v/ State o3 )un7a?, *A$(CSCC0#11C1990D San7aB v/ $C!, *A$(CSCC0088C2001 )rior &i.torB: +ro, t5e Ju2:,ent an2 %r2er 2ate2 29/10/2003 o3 t5e 80 o3 2003 (*A$(C EC102#C2003) el5i &i:5 Court in */R/ $o/ 1C2003 an2 Crl/ A/ $o./ 12 an2

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Aa.5,ira Sin:5 v/ State o3 *a25Ba )ra2e.5 @5u?oni Sa5u v/ Ain: &ari45aran Aur,i v/ State o3 @i5ar Ja,eel A5,e2 an2 Anr/ v/ State o3 Ra7a.t5an Aartar Sin:5 v/ State o3 )un7a? )eo-le>. (nion 3or Civil Li?ertie. v/ (nion o3 In2ia $an2ini Sat-at5B v/ )/L/ ani Re:ina v/ *i22leton *iran2a v/ AriGona E.4o?e2o v/ Linnaeu. Ae5ar Sin:5 an2 %r./ v/ State ( el5i A2,ini.tration) *irGa A=?ar v/ Ain: E,-eror Sar2ul Sin:5 Cavee.5ar v/ State o3 @o,?aB State o3 'u7arat v/ *o5a,,e2 Ati= an2 %r./ *o52/ A5ali2 v/ State o3 Fe.t @en:al @5a:;an S;aru- v/ State o3 *a5ara.5tra A,,ini an2 %r./ v/ State o3 Aerala !ri?5u;an v/ State o3 *a5ara.5tra A/ &a.5i, v/ State o3 !a,il $a2u @5a:;an2a. Ae.5;ani an2 Anr/ v/ State o3 Ra7a.t5an Hueen v/ @la=e R v/ @la=e *a7or E/'/ @ar.aB v/ State o3 @o,?aB Huinn v/ Leat5e, *ul4a5B v/ Hueen 6an Ri-er v/ (nite2 State. Ia.5-al *ittal v/ State o3 )un7a? State o3 &/)/ v/ Ari.5an Lal )ra25an State v/ $alini *o5a,,e2 (.,an v/ State o3 *a5ara.5atra !ani?eert )an=a7 Au,ar 6/C/ S5u=la v/ State $oor *o5a,,a2 Iu.u3 *o,in v/ State o3 *a5ara.5tra R/ v/ An2er.on Alvin Aru,le;it45 v/ (nite2 State. o3 A,eri4a (/S/ v/ +al4one Re:ina v/ *ur-5B +iroGu22in @a.5eeru22in v/ State o3 Aerala A7aB A::ar;al v/ (nion o3 In2ia @a?u Lal v/ E,-eror *o5,e2 InaBatulla5 v/ State o3 *a5ara.5tra State o3 *a5ara.5tra v/ a,u )ulu=uri AotaBBa an2 %r./ v/ Ain: E,-eror Su=5an v/ E,-eror 'anu45an2ra v/ E,-eror Hueen E,-re.. v/ @a?u Lal Atta--a 'oun2an v/ E,-eror E,-eror v/ Ra,anu7a ABBan:ar %,-ra=a.5 (2ai @5an v/ State o3 (ttar )ra2e.5 &i,a45al )ra2e.5 A2,ini.tration v/ %, )ra=a.5 Su=5an v/ t5e Cro;n Eera?5a2ra--a v/ State o3 Aarnata=a ReE v/ 'anee )an2uran: Aalu )atil v/ State o3 *a5ara.5tra @o25ra7 v/ State o3 J J A *o52/ A?2ul &a3eeG v/ State o3 An25ra )ra2e.5 Ra,=i.5an v/ @o,?aB State La455,an Sin:5 v/ !5e State R v/ S5e-ar2 R/*/ *al=ani v/ State o3 *a5ara.5tra Jone. v/ %;en Au,ar, Son o3 Aan7u v/ R )ooran,al v/ ire4tor o3 In.-e4tion State v/ $*! JoB I,,a4ulate Ali *u.3ata v/ State o3 Aerala Ra,.in:5 v/ Ra,.in:5 */)/ S5ar,a v/ Sati.5 C5an2ra

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(i) Cri,inal L 4onvi4tion L Se4tion 19# o3 Cri,inal )ro4e2ure Co2e, 1903, Se4tion 50 o3 )revention o3 !errori., A4t, 2002, In2ian )enal Co2e,18#0 an2 Se4tion 20 o3 Evi2en4e A4t, 1802 L a--eal a:ain.t 4onvi4tion. in vie; o3 atta4=. ,a2e on -arlia,ent L ,atter relatin: to a2,i..i?ilitB an2 evi2entiarB value o3 evi2en4e L retra4te2 4on3e..ion. 4annot ?e a4te2 u-on ?B Court unle.. it i. voluntarB an2 4an ?e 4orro?orate2 ?B ot5er evi2en4e 1 4on3e..ion o3 a44u.e2 4an ?e u.e2 a:ain.t 4o1a44u.e2 onlB i3 t5ere i. .u33i4ient evi2en4e -ointin: to 5i. :uilt 1 4on3e..ion ,a2e un2er )%!A 4annot ?e u.e2 a:ain.t 4o1a44u.e2 a. )%!A o-erate. in2e-en2entlB o3 In2ian Evi2en4e A4t an2 In2ian )enal Co2e L Se4tion 10 o3 Evi2en4e A4t 5a. no a--li4a?ilitB a. 4on3e..ionarB .tate,ent 5a. not ?een relie2 on 3or ren2erin: 4onvi4tion/ (ii) a2,i..i?ilitB o3 inter4e-te2 -5one 4all. L inter4e-te2 -5one 4all. are a2,i..i?le -ie4e o3 evi2en4e un2er or2inarB la;. even t5ou:5 -rovi.ion. o3 )%!A 4annot ?e invo=e2 a. it -re.u--o.e. inve.ti:ation to ?e .et in ,otion on 2ate o3 it. inter4e-tion/ (iii) i,-a4t o3 -ro4e2ural .a3e:uar2. un2er )%!A on 4on3e..ion L 4on3e..ion ,a2e involuntarB i. ina2,i..i?le evi2en4e L i3 -ro4e2ural .a3e:uar2. 5a. not ?een 4o,-lie2 it ;ill a33e4t a2,i..i?ilitB an2 evi2entiarB value o3 evi2en4e L ?ein: -rove2 all 45ar:e. ?eBon2 rea.ona?le 2ou?t 4onvi4tion. ;ere u-5el2/ J( '*E$! )/ 6en=atara,a Re22i, J/ 1/ !5e :ene.i. o3 t5i. 4a.e lie. in a ,a4a?re in4i2ent t5at too= -la4e 4lo.e to t5e noon ti,e on 13t5 e4e,?er, 2001 in ;5i45 3ive 5eavilB ar,e2 -er.on. -ra4ti4allB .tor,e2 t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e 4o,-leE an2 in3li4te2 5eavB 4a.ualtie. on t5e .e4uritB ,en on 2utB/ !5i. un-re4e2ente2 event ?e;il2ere2 t5e entire nation an2 .ent .5o4= ;ave. a4ro.. t5e :lo?e/ In t5e :un ?attle t5at la.te2 3or 30 ,inute. or .o, t5e.e 3ive terrori.t. ;5o trie2 to :ain entrB into t5e )arlia,ent ;5en it ;a. in .e..ion, ;ere =ille2/ $ine -er.on. in4lu2in: ei:5t .e4uritB -er.onnel an2 one :ar2ener .u44u,?e2 to t5e ?ullet. o3 t5e terrori.t. an2 1# -er.on. in4lu2in: 13 .e4uritB ,en re4eive2 in7urie./ !5e 3ive terrori.t. ;ere ulti,atelB =ille2 an2 t5eir a?ortive atte,-t to laB a .eiGe o3 t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e t5u. 4a,e to an en2, tri::erin: o33 eEten.ive an2 e33e4tive inve.ti:ation. .-rea2 over a .5ort .-an o3 10 2aB. ;5i45 reveale2 t5e -o..i?le involve,ent o3 t5e 3our a44u.e2 -er.on. ;5o are eit5er a--ellant. or re.-on2ent. 5erein an2 .o,e ot5er -ro4lai,e2 o33en2er. .ai2 to ?e t5e lea2er. o3 t5e ?anne2 ,ilitant or:aniGation =no;n a. MJai.51E1*o5a,,e2M/ A3ter t5e 4on4lu.ion o3 inve.ti:ation, t5e inve.ti:atin: a:en4B 3ile2 t5e re-ort un2er Se4tion 103 Cr/)/C/ a:ain.t t5e 3our a44u.e2 -er.on. on 1"/5/2002/ C5ar:e. ;ere 3ra,e2 un2er variou. .e4tion. o3 In2ian )enal Co2e (3or .5ort >I)C>), t5e )revention o3 !errori., A4t, 2002 (5ereina3ter re3erre2 to a. >)%!A>) an2 t5e EE-lo.ive Su?.tan4e. A4t ?B t5e 2e.i:nate2 Court/ !5e 2e.i:nate2 S-e4ial Court -re.i2e2 over ?B S5ri S/$/ 5in:ra trie2 t5e a44u.e2 on t5e 45ar:e. an2 t5e trial 4on4lu2e2 ;it5in a re4or2 -erio2 o3 a?out .iE ,ont5./ 80 ;itne..e. ;ere eEa,ine2 3or t5e -ro.e4ution an2 10 ;itne..e. ;ere eEa,ine2 on ?e5al3 o3 t5e a44u.e2 S/A/R/ 'ilani/ )let5ora o3 2o4u,ent. (a?out 330 in nu,?er) ;ere eE5i?ite2/ !5e t5ree a44u.e2, na,elB, *o52/ A3Gal, S5au=at &u..ain 'uru an2 S/A/R/ 'ilani ;ere 4onvi4te2 3or t5e o33en4e. un2er Se4tion. 121, 121A, 122, Se4tion 120@ rea2 ;it5 Se4tion. 302 J 300 rea2 ;it5 Se4tion 120@ I)C, .u?1Se4tion. (2), (3) J (5) o3 Se4tion 3 an2 Se4tion "(?) o3 )%!A an2 Se4tion. 3 J " o3 EE-lo.ive Su?.tan4e. A4t/ !5e a44u.e2 1 J 2 ;ere al.o 4onvi4te2 un2er Se4tion 3(") o3 )%!A/ A44u.e2 $o/" na,elB $av7ot San25u 8 A3.an

"

'uru ;a. a4quitte2 o3 all t5e 45ar:e. eE4e-t t5e one un2er Se4tion 123 I)C 3or ;5i45 .5e ;a. 4onvi4te2 an2 .enten4e2 to un2er:o R/I/ 3or 3ive Bear. an2 to -aB 3ine/ eat5 .enten4e. ;ere i,-o.e2 on t5e ot5er t5ree a44u.e2 3or t5e o33en4e un2er Se4tion 302 rea2 ;it5 Se4tion 120@ I)C (it ;oul2 ?e ,ore a--ro-riate to .aB1 Se4tion 120@ rea2 ;it5 Se4tion 302 I)C) an2 Se4tion 3(2) o3 )%!A/ !5eB ;ere al.o .enten4e2 to li3e i,-ri.on,ent on a. ,anB a. ei:5t 4ount. un2er t5e -rovi.ion. o3 I)C, )%!A an2 EE-lo.ive Su?.tan4e. A4t in a22ition to varBin: a,ount. o3 3ine/ !5e a,ount o3 R./10 la=5., ;5i45 ;a. re4overe2 3ro, t5e -o..e..ion o3 t;o o3 t5e a44u.e2, na,elB, *o52/ A3Gal an2 S5au=at &u..ain, ;a. 3or3eite2 to t5e State un2er Se4tion # o3 t5e )%!A/ 2/ In 4on3or,itB ;it5 t5e -rovi.ion. o3 Cr/)/C/ t5e 2e.i:nate2 Ju2:e .u?,itte2 t5e re4or2 o3 t5e 4a.e to t5e &i:5 Court o3 el5i 3or 4on3ir,ation o3 2eat5 .enten4e i,-o.e2 on t5e t5ree a44u.e2/ Ea45 o3 t5e 3our a44u.e2 3ile2 a--eal. a:ain.t t5e ver2i4t o3 t5e learne2 2e.i:nate2 Ju2:e/ !5e State al.o 3ile2 an a--eal a:ain.t t5e 7u2:,ent o3 t5e 2e.i:nate2 Ju2:e o3 t5e S-e4ial Court .ee=in: en5an4e,ent o3 li3e .enten4e to t5e .enten4e o3 2eat5 in relation to t5eir 4onvi4tion. un2er Se4tion. 121, 121A an2 302 I)C/ In a22ition, t5e State 3ile2 an a--eal a:ain.t t5e a4quittal o3 t5e "t5 a44u.e2 on all t5e 45ar:e. ot5er t5an t5e one un2er Se4tion 123 I)C/ !5e ivi.ion @en45 o3 &i:5 Court, .-ea=in: t5rou:5 )ra2ee- $an2ra7o:, J/ ?B a ;ell 4on.i2ere2 7u2:,ent -ronoun4e2 on 29/10/2003 2i.,i..e2 t5e a--eal. o3 *o52/ A3Gal an2 S5au=at &u..ain 'uru an2 4on3ir,e2 t5e 2eat5 .enten4e i,-o.e2 on t5e,/ !5e &i:5 Court allo;e2 t5e a--eal o3 t5e State in re:ar2 to .enten4e un2er Se4tion 121 I)C an2 a;ar2e2 t5e, 2eat5 .enten4e un2er t5at Se4tion al.o/ !5e &i:5 Court allo;e2 t5e a--eal. o3 S/A/R/ 'ilani an2 $av7ot San25u 8 A3.an 'uru an2 a4quitte2 t5e, o3 all 45ar:e./ !5i. 7u2:,ent o3 t5e &i:5 Court 5a. :iven ri.e to t5e.e .even a--eal.1t;o a--eal. -re3erre2 ?B S5au=at &u..ain 'uru an2 one a--eal -re3erre2 ?B *o52/ A3Gal an2 3our a--eal. -re3erre2 ?B t5e StateC'overn,ent o3 $ational Ca-ital !erritorB o3 el5i a:ain.t t5e a4quittal o3 S/A/R/ 'ilani an2 $av7ot San25u/ It ,aB ?e ,entione2 t5at t5e a44u.e2 *o52/ A3Gal an2 S5au=at &u..ain 'uru are relate2, ?ein: 4ou.in./ !5e " t5 a44u.e2 $av7ot San25u 8 A3.an 'uru i. t5e ;i3e o3 S5au=at &u..ain/ !5e t5ir2 a44u.e2 S/A/R/ 'ilani i. a tea45er in Ara?i4 in el5i (niver.itB/ It i. 5e ;5o o33i4iate2 t5e ,arria:e 4ere,onB o3 S5au=at &u..ain 'uru an2 $av7ot San25u ;5o at t5e ti,e o3 ,arria:e 4onverte2 5er.el3 to I.la,/ 3/(i) $o;, let u. ,a=e a ?rie3 .urveB o3 t5e in4i2ent an2 t5e inve.ti:ation t5at 3ollo;e2, ;5i45 le2 to t5e 3ilin: o3 t5e 45ar:e1.5eet, a. a--arent 3ro, t5e ,aterial on re4or2/ (ii) !5ere i. -ra4ti4allB no 2i.-ute in re:ar2 to t5e 2etail. o3 a4tual in4i2ent, t5e i2enti3i4ation o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. an2 t5e re4overie. an2 ot5er inve.ti:ation. ,a2e at t5e .-ot/ (iii) +ive 5eavilB ar,e2 -er.on. entere2 t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e 4o,-leE in a ;5ite A,?a..a2or Car/ !5e .ai2 3ive -er.on. (5ereina3ter re3erre2 to a. t5e >.lain> or >2e4ea.e2 terrori.t.>) ;ere 5eavilB ar,e2 ;it5 auto,ati4 a..ault ri3le., -i.tol., 5an2 an2 ri3le :rena2e., ele4troni4 2etonator., .-are a,,unition, eE-lo.ive. in t5e 3or, o3 i,-rovi.e2 eE-lo.ive 2evi4e. viG/, ti33in ?o,?. an2 a .o-5i.ti4ate2 ?o,? in a 4ontainer in t5e ?oot o3 t5e 4ar ,a2e ;it5 enor,ou. quantitB o3 a,,oniu, nitrate/ !5e &i:5 Court o?.erve2: M!5e 3ire -o;er ;a. a;e.o,e enou:5 to en:a:e a ?attalion an2 5a2 t5e atta4= .u44ee2e2, t5e entire ?uil2in: ;it5 all in.i2e ;oul2 5ave -eri.5e2/M (iv) It ;a. a 3ortuitou. 4ir4u,.tan4e t5at t5e 6i4e )re.i2ent>. 4a.4a2e, ;5i45 ;a. a;aitin: 2e-arture 3ro, 'ate $o/11 ;a. ?lo4=in: t5e 4ir4ular roa2 out.i2e t5e )arlia,ent ?uil2in:, ;it5 t5e re.ult t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. ;ere una?le to :et 3ree an2 ea.B a44e.. to t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e ?uil2in:/ !5e atta4= ;a. 3oile2 2ue to t5e i,,e2iate rea4tion o3 t5e .e4uritB -er.onnel -re.ent at t5e .-ot an2 4o,-leE/ !5ere ;a. a 3ier4e :un1?attle la.tin: 3or nearlB 30 ,inute./ A. ,entione2 earlier, nine -er.on. in4lu2in: ei:5t .e4uritB -er.onnel an2 one :ar2ener lo.t t5eir live. in t5e atta4= an2 1# -er.on. in4lu2in: 13 .e4uritB -er.onnel, re4eive2 in7urie./ !5e 3ive a..ailant. ;ere =ille2/ (v) +ro, t5e evi2en4e o3 )F5 ;5o ;a. t5e ASI in145ar:e o3 E.4ort1I ve5i4le o3 t5e 6i4e1)re.i2ent, ;e :et t5e 2etail. o3 t5e ori:in o3 t5e in4i2ent/ &e .tate2 t5at at a?out 11/30 a/,/ one ;5ite A,?a..a2or 4ar 5avin: re2 li:5t entere2 t5e )arlia,ent 4o,-leE an2 4a,e to t5e -oint ;5ere t5e 4a.4a2e o3 t5e 6i4e1)re.i2ent ;a. ;aitin: near 'ate $o/11/ Sin4e t5e e.4ort ve5i4le ;a. ?lo4=in: t5e ;aB, t5e 4ar turne2 to;ar2. le3t/ &e :ot .u.-i4iou. an2 or2ere2 t5e ve5i4le to .to-/ !5en, t5e 2river o3 t5e A,?a..a2or 4ar rever.e2 t5e ve5i4le an2 ;5ile 2oin: .o .tru4= t5e rear .i2e o3 t5e 4ar o3 t5e 6i4e1)re.i2ent/ F5en t5e 4ar ;a. a?out to ,ove a;aB, 5e an2 t5e 2river o3 t5e 6i4e1 )re.i2ent>. 4ar ran to;ar2. t5e 4ar an2 4au:5t 5ol2 o3 t5e 4ollar o3 t5e 2river/ A. 5e ;a. trBin: to 2rive a;aB, )F5 too= out 5i. revolver/ At t5at 7un4ture, t5e 3ive -er.on. in t5e 4ar :ot out o3 it an2 qui4=lB .tarte2 laBin: ;ire. an2 2etonator./ !5en )F5 3ire2 a .5ot, ;5i45 .tru4= on t5e le: o3 one o3 t5e terrori.t./ !5e terrori.t al.o returne2 t5e 3ire a. a re.ult o3 ;5i45 5e re4eive2 a ?ullet in7urB on 5i. ri:5t t5i:5/ !5ere ;a. 3urt5er eE45an:e o3 3ire/ !5e evi2en4e o3 ot5er ;itne..e. reveal t5at t5ere ;a. 5e4ti4 ,ove,ent o3 t5e terrori.t. 3ro, :ate to :ate ;it5in t5e 4o,-leE 3irin: at t5e .e4uritB ,en on 2utB an2 t5e latter returnin: t5e 3ire/ (vi) !5e Station &ou.e %33i4er o3 )arlia,ent Street )oli4e Station, S5ri '/L/ *e5ta ()F1) alon: ;it5 5i. tea, o3 -oli4e -er.onnel rea45e2 t5e .-ot a3ter re4eivin: a ;irele.. ,e..a:e/ @B t5at ti,e, t5e 3irin: .-ree ;a. over/ )F1 4or2one2 o33 t5e area/ &e 3oun2 one 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t lBin: o--o.ite 'ate $o/1 o3 t5e )arlia,ent ?uil2in:, one 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t at t5e -or45 o3 'ate $o/5 an2 t5ree 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. lBin: in t5e -or45 o3 'ate $o/9/ !5e @o,? i.-o.al Squa2 o3 $S', a -5oto:ra-5er an2 a 4ri,e tea, ;ere .u,,one2 to t5e .-ot/ )F1 t5en 2e-ute2 t5ree

Su?1In.-e4tor. ()F.2 to ") to 4on2u4t inve.ti:ation at t5e t5ree :ate./ )F1 t5en eEa,ine2 t5e .-ot o3 o44urren4e, -re-are2 a rou:5 .=et45 o3 t5e .4ene o3 o44urren4e an2 .eiGe2 variou. arti4le. in4lu2in: ar,. an2 a,,unition, live an2 e,-tB 4artri2:e. an2 t5e 4ar an2 t5e 2o4u,ent. 3oun2 t5erein/ @loo2 .a,-le. ;ere al.o li3te2 3ro, variou. .-ot./ !5e -5oto:ra-5. o3 t5e 3ive .lain terrori.t. ;ere 4au.e2 to ?e ta=en/ !5en, 5e .ent t5e 2ea2 ?o2ie. to t5e ,ortuarB in t5e 5o.-ital 3or -o.t,orte,/ (vii) A3ter t5e @o,? i.-o.al Squa2 5a2 ren2ere2 t5e area .a3e an2 5i. -reli,inarB o?.ervation. ;ere over, )F1 re4or2e2 t5e .tate,ent o3 S/I/ S5a, Sin:5 ()F55) ;5o ;a. in t5e .e4uritB tea, o3 6i4e1)re.i2ent/ %n t5e ?a.i. o3 t5i. .tate,ent, >Ru==a> (EEt/)F1C1) ;a. -re-are2 an2 )F1 2e.-at45e2 t5e .a,e to t5e -oli4e .tation at a?out 5 -/,/ !5i. 3or,e2 t5e ?a.i. 3or re:i.tration o3 +ir.t In3or,ation Re-ort/ !5e +IR ;a. re:i.tere2 3or o33en4e. un2er Se4tion. 121, 121A, 122, 12", 120@, 18#, 332, 353, 302, 300 I)C, Se4tion. 3, " J 5 o3 t5e EE-lo.ive Su?.tan4e. A4t an2 Se4tion. 25 J 20 o3 t5e Ar,. A4t ?B t5e &ea2 Con.ta?le ()F1") o3 t5e )arlia,ent Street )oli4e Station/ !5e 4o-B o3 +IR ;a. .ent to t5e Court on t5e .a,e 2aB, a. .een 3ro, t5e en2or.e,ent on t5e 2o4u,ent ()F 1"C1)/ !5e 3urt5er inve.ti:ation ;a., ta=en u- ?B t5e .-e4ial 4ell o3 el5i )oli4e/ (viii) Inve.ti:ation. 4on2u4te2 ?B )F1 an2 5i. tea, o3 o33i4er. le2 to t5e re4overB an2 .eiGure o3 t5e 3ollo;in: arti4le. inter alia: A ;5ite a,?a..a2or 4ar, L3CJ1520, ;it5 a 6I) re2 li:5t/ !5e 4ar 5a2 a .ti4=er o3 t5e &o,e *ini.trB (.u?.equentlB 3oun2 to ?e 3a=e) on t5e ;in2.5iel2 (EE/ )F 1C8) 4ontainin: an in.4ri-tion at t5e rear 2eni:ratin: In2ia an2 re3le4tin: a re.olve to >2e.troB> it/ Certain -a-er. relatin: to t5e 4ar ;ere 3oun2 in.i2e t5e 4ar/ SiE 3a=e i2entitB 4ar2. -ur-orte2lB i..ue2 ?B Nan.a Fe?.itB, 30, @un:alo; Roa2, $e; el5i to 2i33erent .tu2ent. ;it5 t5eir a22re.. a. 120A, A2ar.5 $a:ar, el5i an2 t5e tele-5one nu,?er a. 9811"89"29/ !5e.e i2entitB 4ar2. ;ere in t5e na,e. o3 Anil Au,ar, Ra7u Lal, Sunil 6er,a, San7aB Aoul, Ro5ail S5ar,a an2 Ro5ail Ali S5a5 (;5i45 ;ere .u?.equentlB 3oun2 to ?e 3a=e na,e. o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t.)/ %ne 3a=e i2entitB 4ar2 o3 CB?erte45 Co,-uter &ar2;are Solution. in t5e na,e o3 A.5iq &u..ain ;5i45 ;a. ?ein: 4arrie2 ?B t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t *o5a,,e2/ !;o .li-. o3 -a-er ?earin: 3ive 2o,e.ti4 ,o?ile -5one nu,?er., ;5i45 ;ere relate2 to t5e in.tru,ent. 3oun2 on t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. an2 t;o (AE nu,?er./ !5ree SI* 4ar2. 4orre.-on2in: to t5e ,o?ile -5one nu,?er. note2 on t5e .li-. ;ere 3oun2 in.i2e t5e a3ore,entione2 t5ree in.tru,ent.OEEt/ )28, )30 J )20/ In a22ition, t5ree ot5er SI* 4ar2. ;ere re4overe2 3ro, t5e -ur.e o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t *o5a,,a2 at 'ate $o/1/ %ne .5eet o3 -a-er on ;5i45 t5e to-o:ra-5i4al 2etail. re:ar2in: t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e ?uil2in: an2 t5e 4o,-oun2 ;ere 5an2;ritten/ "/(i) So 3ar, a?out t5e in4i2ent an2 t5e -reli,inarB inve.ti:ation. at t5e .4ene o3 o44urren4e re:ar2in: ;5i45 t5ere i. -ra4ti4allB no 2i.-ute/ Fe .5all no; narrate ?rie3lB t5e 3urt5er 3a4tual 2etail. a. un3ol2e2 ?B t5e -ro.e4ution: (ii) F5ile inve.ti:ation. ;ere on at t5e .-ot, )F20 4a,e to t5e )arlia,ent Co,-leE an2 ,et )F1/ )F20 -rovi2e2 t5e 3ir.t lea2. to t5e inve.ti:atin: o33i4ial. ?B in3or,in: )F1 t5at 5e 5a2 .ol2 t5e A,?a..a2or 4ar u.e2 in t5e atta4= ( L 3C J 1520) on 11/12/2001/ &e 5a2 4o,e to t5e .-ot a3ter .eein: t5e .ai2 4ar on t5e televi.ion .4reen/ )F20 5a2 ?rou:5t ;it5 5i, a 2eliverB re4ei-t 2ate2 11/12/2001, -5oto4o-B o3 t5e i2entitB 4ar2 o3 one A.5iq &u..ain et4/ )F20 i2enti3ie2 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t (*o5a,,a2) at 'ate $o/1 a. ?ein: t5e .ai2 A.5iq &u..ain ;5o 5a2 -ur45a.e2 t5e 4ar/ (iii) In.-e4tor *o5an C5an2 S5ar,a o3 .-e4ial 4ellO)F## un2ertoo= t5e inve.ti:ation. -ertainin: to t5e ,o?ile -5one./ )5one 4all 2etail. ;ere o?taine2 an2 analB.e2 3ro, t5e re.-e4tive 4ellular ,o?ile .ervi4e -rovi2er./ AnalB.i. o3 t5e 4all re4or2. in2i4ate2 t5at t5e nu,?er 9811"89"29 ;5i45 ;a. 3oun2 on t5e I/ / 4ar2., (.u?.equentlB 2i.4overe2 to ?e t5at o3 t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal) a--eare2 to ?e inte:rallB 4onne4te2 ;it5 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. an2 t5i. nu,?er 5a2 ?een in 3requent 4onta4t ;it5 t5e 4ell -5one $o/ 9810#93"5# (re4overe2 3ro, t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t *o5a,,a2 at 'ate $o/1) 4ontinuou.lB 3ro, 28/11/2001 till t5e 2ate o3 t5e atta4=/ It ;a. 3urt5er reveale2 t5at t5i. nu,?er o3 A3Gal, na,elB, 9811"89"29 ;a. in 4onta4t ;it5 t5e a?ove 4ell -5one o3 *o5a,,a2, 7u.t ?e3ore t5e in4i2ent i/e/ at 10/"0 a/,/, 11/0" a/,/ an2 11/22 a/,/ It ;a. al.o a.4ertaine2 t5at t5e .ai2 nu,?er o3 A3Gal ;a. a4tivate2 onlB on #/11/2001 4lo.e to t5e atta4=/ +urt5er analB.i. o3 t5e 4ell -5one 4all re4or2. .5o;e2 t5at anot5er 4ell -5one nu,?er i/e/ 981150350# (.u?.equentlB 2i.4overe2 to ?e t5at o3 S5au=at an2 re4overe2 3ro, t5e " t5 a44u.e2 A3.an 'uru) a--eare2 to ?e in 4lo.e 4onta4t ;it5 A3Gal>. nu,?er na,elB 9811"89"29 an2 t5e.e nu,?er. ;ere in 4onta4t ;it5 ea45 ot5er a 3e; ,inute. ?e3ore t5e atta4= on t5e )arlia,ent 4o,,en4e2/ It ;a. al.o 3oun2 t5at t5e .ai2 nu,?er o3 S5au=at ;a. a4tivate2 onlB on 0/12/2001 7u.t a ;ee= -rior to t5e atta4=/ An analB.i. o3 t5e 4all re4or2. relatin: to S5au=at>. ,o?ile -5one 3urt5er reveale2 t5at .oon a3ter t5e atta4= i/e at 12/12 5our., t5ere ;a. a 4all 3ro, S5au=at>. nu,?er to t5e 4ell -5one nu,?er 9810081228 (.u?.equentlB 2i.4overe2 to ?e t5at o3 SAR 'ilani) an2 t5ere ;a. a 4all 3ro, 'ilani>. nu,?er to S5au=at>. nu,?er 10 ,inute. later/ *oreover, it ;a. a.4ertaine2 t5at 'ilani>. nu,?er ;a. in 4on.tant tou45 ;it5 t5e

ot5er t;o a44u.e2 na,elB S5au=at an2 A3Gal/ It tran.-ire2 t5at A3Gal>. 4ell -5one ?earin: nu,?er 9811"89"29 ;a. rea4tivate2 on 0/12/2001 an2 t5e 3ir.t 4all ;a. 3ro, 'ilani>. nu,?er/ Fit5 t5e re4overie. o3 t5e 4ell -5one. an2 SI* 4ar2. an2 on an analB.i. o3 t5e 2etail. o3 -5one nu,?er. note2 on t5e .li-. o3 -a-er. in t5e li:5t o3 t5e 4all re4or2., t5e inve.ti:ation narro;e2 2o;n to t5ree nu,?er., na,elB, 9811"89"29, 981150350# an2 9810081228 ;5i45 ?elon:e2 to A3Gal, S5au=at an2 'ilani re.-e4tivelB/ It ;a. al.o 3oun2 t5at t5e 3ir.t t;o nu,?er. ;ere 4a.5 4ar2. an2 5en4e t5e 2etail. re:ar2in: t5eir o;ner.5i- ;ere not availa?le/ &o;ever, a. re:ar2. 9810081228, t5e in3or,ation ;a. re4eive2 3ro, t5e .ervi4e -rovi2er (AIR!EL) t5at SAR 'ilani ;it5 t5e re.i2ential a22re.. 535, r/ *u=5er7ee $a:ar, el5i ;a. t5e re:ular .u?.4ri?er/ )F## t5en too= .te-. on e4e,?er 13t5 3or o?tainin: -er,i..ion 3ro, t5e Joint ire4tor, I/@/ a. -er t5e require,ent. o3 In2ian !ele:ra-5 A4t 3or =ee-in: .urveillan4e an2 ta--in: o3 t5e ,o?ile -5one $o./9811"89"29, 981150350# an2 9810081228/ %n 1"t5 e4e,?er, at 12/52 5our., an in4o,in: 4all to 'ilani>. $o/ 9810081228 ;a. inter4e-te2 ?B S/I/ &aren2er Sin:5 ()F00)/ !5e 4all ;a. in Aa.5,iri lan:ua:e/ A Aa.5,iri =no;in: -er.on ()F01) ;a. reque.te2 to inter-ret t5e 4all re4or2e2 on t5e ta-e/ &e tran.late2 t5e 4all in &in2i ;5i45 ;a. re4or2e2 in EEt/ )F##C"/ !5at ;a. a 4all 3ro, t5e ?rot5er o3 'ilani ;5i45 ;a. ,a2e 3ro, Srina:ar/ %n t5e .a,e 2aB, at 8/12 )/*/ a 4all ;a. inter4e-te2 on t5e nu,?er 981150350# ;5i45 2i.4lo.e2 t5at one ;o,an ;a. tal=in: in a .tate o3 -ani4 to a ,ale -er.on ;5o, .5e a22re..e2 a. S5au=at/ !5i. 4onver.ation ;a. tran.4ri?e2 ?B )F00 a. -er )F ##C3/ !5e .u?.equent 3oren.i4 analB.i. reveale2 t5at t5e ,ale voi4e in t5e 4onver.ation ;a. o3 t5e a44u.e2 S5au=at &u..ain an2 t5at t5e 3e,ale voi4e ;a. t5at o3 5i. ;i3e1a44u.e2 $o/" ;5o ;a. t5e re4i-ient o3 t5e 4all/ !5e 4all 4a,e 3ro, Srina:ar/ @ot5 t5e inter4e-te2 4onver.ation. ;ere analB.e2 an2 4on.i2ere2 ?B )F ## (In.-e4tor */C/ S5ar,a) at a?out 10 )/*/ on 1" t5 e4e,?er/ )F ## re.ultantlB 2re; an in3eren4e t5at t5e -er.on. ;5o ;ere 4onver.in: on t5e t;o ,o?ile -5one. ;ere 5avin: =no;le2:e a?out t5e atta4= on )arlia,ent an2 t5at t;o -er.on. na,elB, S5au=at an2 C5otu ;5o ;ere 4onne4te2 ;it5 t5e 4a.e ;ere in Srina:ar/ !5e 4allin: $o/ 019" "921#0 ;a. .ent to t5e Central A:en4B o3 Srina:ar )oli4e 3or .urveillan4e/ (iv) !5e neEt ,ove ;a. to arre.t 'ilani, ;5i45 a44or2in: to t5e -ro.e4ution ;a. at a?out 10 A/*/ on e4e,?er 15 t5 ;5en 5e ;a. enterin: 5i. 5ou.e at *u=5er7ee $a:ar/ S5ri 'ilani i. alle:e2 to 5ave ,a2e 2i.4lo.ure. to t5e inve.ti:atin: a:en4B, t5e 4ontent. o3 ;5i45 ;ere re4or2e2 .u?.equentlB a. EE/ )F ##C13/ !5e 2i.4lo.ure .tate,ent i,-li4ate2 5i,.el3 an2 t5e ot5er a44u.e2 in t5e 4on.-ira4B to atta4= t5e )arlia,ent/ A44or2in: to t5e -ro.e4ution, 5e 2i.4lo.e2 t5e 3a4t. on t5e ?a.i. o3 ;5i45 3urt5er inve.ti:ation ;a. 4arrie2 out, 4ertain re4overie. ;ere e33e4te2 an2 2i.4overB o3 3a4t. too= -la4e/ !5e i2entitB o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t *o5a,,a2 an2 ot5er., t5e -art -laBe2 ?B S5au=at an2 A3Gal an2 ot5er 2etail. are .ai2 to 5ave ?een :iven ?B 5i,/ A44or2in: to t5e -ro.e4ution, S5ri 'ilani t5en le2 t5e Inve.ti:atin: %33i4er to t5e 5ou.e o3 S5au=at ;5i45 ;a. al.o lo4ate2 at *u=5er7ee $a:ar/ !5e " t5 a44u.e2 A3.an 'uru1t5e ;i3e o3 S5au=at ;a. 3oun2 t5ere ;it5 4ell -5one $o/ 981150350#/ !5e .ear45 o3 t5e -re,i.e. re.ulte2 in t5e re4overB o3 anot5er 4ell -5one 9810""#305 ;5i45 ;a. in o-eration 3ro, 2 $ove,?er to # t5 e4e,?er/ A44u.e2 $av7ot, on interro:ation, 2i.4lo.e2 t5at *o5a,,a2 (2e4ea.e2 terrori.t) :ave R./ 10 la4 an2 la-to- 4o,-uter to S5au=at an2 a.=e2 5i, to :o to Sri $a:ar in t5e tru4= alon: ;it5 A3Gal/ !5e tru4= ;a. re:i.tere2 in 5er na,e/ !5e 2i.4lo.ure .tate,ent o3 $av7ot i. EE/)F##C1"/ A44or2in: to t5e -ro.e4ution, .5e ;a. arre.te2 at a?out 10/"5 a/,/ on 15t5 e4e,?er/ !5e tru4= nu,?er :iven ?B 5er ;a. 3la.5e2 to Srina:ar/ Srina:ar -oli4e ;a. .u44e..3ul in a--re5en2in: t5e t;o a44u.e2 A3Gal an2 S5au=at ;5ile t5eB ;ere in t5e tru4= ?elon:in: to $av7ot/ %n t5eir -ointin: out, t5e la-to- 4o,-uter an2 an a,ount o3 R./ 10 la4 ;ere re4overe2 3ro, t5e tru4= ?B t5e S )%, Srina:ar ()F#1)/ A ,o?ile 5an2.et ;it5out anB SI* 4ar2 ;a. al.o 3oun2/ It tran.-ire2 t5at t5i. 5an2 .et ;a. u.e2 in t5e o-eration i/e/ $o/ 9811"89"29 ;5i45 e.ta?li.5e2 4onta4t. ;it5 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. ,inute. ?e3ore t5e atta4=/ *o52/ A3Gal an2 S5au=at &u..ain, ;5o ;ere arre.te2 ?B t5e Srina:ar )oli4e at a?out 11/"5 A/*/, ;ere ?rou:5t to el5i in a .-e4ial air4ra3t an2 ;ere 3or,allB arre.te2 in el5i/ !5e inve.ti:ation ;a. 5an2e2 over t5e )F0# (In.-e4tor 'ill o3 S-e4ial Cell) on 1#t5 e4e,?er/ (v) It i. t5e 4a.e o3 t5e -ro.e4ution t5at on interro:ation, t5eB ,a2e 2i.4lo.ure .tate,ent. (EE/)F #"C1 an2 )F #"C2) in relation to t5eir role in t5e 4on.-ira4B/ %n e4e,?er 1#t5, A3Gal an2 S5au=at le2 t5e inve.ti:atin: tea, to t5e variou. 5i2eout., viG/, In2ira 6i5ar an2 'an25i 6i5ar ;5ere t5e terrori.t. .taBe2/ %n t5e .ear45 o3 t5e.e -la4e., t5e -oli4e re4overe2 45e,i4al., -re-are2 eE-lo.ive., 2etonator., :love., ,iEer :rin2er, ,otor 4B4le.1one ?elon:in: to S5au=at an2 t5e ot5er -ur45a.e2 ?B t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t *o5a,,a2 3ro, )F29 ;5i45 ;a. alle:e2lB u.e2 3or re4onnai..an4e (re44ee)/ %n e4e,?er 10t5 , t5e inve.ti:atin: o33i4er too= *o52/ A3Gal to t5e ,ortuarB at t5e L/&/ *e2i4al Colle:e &o.-ital ;5ere A3Gal i2enti3ie2 t5e ?o2ie. o3 t5e 3ive 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. a. *o5a,,a2 (2ea2 ?o2B 3oun2 at 'ate $o/1), Ra7a, Rana, &a,Ga (2ea2 ?o2ie. 3oun2 at 'ate $o/9) an2 &ai2er (2ea2 ?o2B 3oun2 at 'ate $o/5)/ +ro, e4e,?er 10t5 to e4e,?er 19t5, A3Gal le2 t5e -oli4e to variou. .5o-. 3ro, ;5ere t5e 45e,i4al. an2 ot5er ,aterial. require2 3or -re-arin: eE-lo.ive. ;ere -ur45a.e2 an2 al.o t5e .5o-. 3ro, ;5ere re2 li:5t 3oun2 on t5e .eiGe2 4ar, ,otor 4B4le, 2rB 3ruit., ,o?ile -5one. et4/ ;ere -ur45a.e2/ +ro, e4e,?er 10 t5 on;ar2., t5e la-to;a. analB.e2 ?B t5e I% ;it5 t5e a..i.tan4e o3 an eE-ert1)F02/ )F02 .u?,itte2 a re-ort narratin: t5e re.ult. o3 5i. eEa,ination/ !5e la-to- ;a. al.o .ent to @)RJ %33i4e in &B2era?a2 an2 anot5er re-ort 3ro, )F03 ;a. o?taine2/ !5e 3oren.i4 analB.i. reveale2 t5at t5e 2o4u,ent. 3oun2 at t5e .-ot ;it5 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. in4lu2in: variou. i2entitB 4ar2. an2 .ti4=er o3 t5e &o,e *ini.trB, ;ere 3oun2 .tore2 in t5at la-to-/ (vi) %n 19t5 e4e,?er, t5e i,-ortant 2evelo-,ent ;a. t5at t5e -rovi.ion. o3 )revention o3 !errori., %r2inan4e ;ere invo=e2 an2 t5e o33en4e. un2er t5e .ai2 %r2inan4e ;ere al.o in4lu2e2 in t5e relevant 4olu,n. o3 4ri,e 2o4u,ent./

A44or2in: to t5e -ro.e4ution, t5i. ;a. 2one a3ter 2ue 4on.i2eration o3 t5e ,aterial 4olle4te2 ?B t5en an2 u-on :ettin: 2e3inite in3or,ation a?out t5e involve,ent o3 a ?anne2 terrori.t or:aniGation1Jai.51e1 *o5a,,a2/ !5e inve.ti:ation ;a. t5en ta=en over ?B t5e A..i.tant Co,,i..ioner o3 )oli4e S5ri Ra7?ir Sin:5 ()F80)/ &e re4or2e2 a .u--le,entarB 2i.4lo.ure .tate,ent ?ein: EEt/ )F#"C3/ (vii) %n t5e .a,e 2aB i.e/ 19t5 e4e,?er, t5ere ;a. anot5er 4ru4ial 2evelo-,ent/ A44or2in: to t5e -ro.e4ution, t5e t5ree a44u.e2OA3Gal, S5au=at an2 'ilani eE-re..e2 t5eir 2e.ire to ,a=e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent. ?e3ore t5e aut5oriGe2 o33i4er/ %n 20t5 e4e,?er, )F80 ,a2e an a--li4ation ?e3ore t5e C) (S-e4ial Cell) ()F#0) 3or re4or2in: t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent. o3 t5e.e t5ree a44u.e2/ )F#0 :ave 2ire4tion. to )F18 to -ro2u4e t5e t5ree a44u.e2 at t5e %33i4er. *e.., Ali-ur Roa2, el5i/ %n t5e neEt 2aB i/e/ 21 .t e4e,?er, t5e a44u.e2 'ilani ;a. 3ir.t -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore )F#0 at t5e *e.. ?uil2in:/ &o;ever, S5ri 'ilani re3u.e2 to ,a=e a .tate,ent ?e3ore )F#0 an2 t5e .a,e ;a. re4or2e2 ?B 5i,/ !5erea3ter, S5au=at &u..ain ;a. -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore )F#0 at 3/30 )/*/ S5au=at &u..ain eE-re..e2 5i. 2e.ire to ,a=e t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent an2 t5e .a,e ;a. re4or2e2 ?B )F#0 in 5i. o;n 5an2;ritin: ;5i45 a44or2in: to 5i, ;a. to t5e 2i4tation o3 S5au=at/ !5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent re4or2e2 -ur-orte2lB in 4o,-lian4e ;it5 Se4tion 32 i. ,ar=e2 a. EE/ )F#0C#/ !5e ot5er a44u.e2 A3Gal ;a. al.o -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore )F#0 at 0/10 )/*/ on 21 .t e4e,?er/ A3ter 5e eE-re..e2 t5e 2e.ire to ,a=e t5e 4on3e..ion, 5i. .tate,ent ;a. re4or2e2 ?B )F#0 in 5i. o;n 5an2;ritin: alle:e2lB a. -er t5e 2i4tation o3 t5e .ai2 a44u.e2/ !5i. i. EE/)F#0C9/ )F80 o?taine2 4o-ie. o3 t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent. in .eale2 envelo-e./ In .u?.tan4e, ?ot5 A3Gal an2 S5au=at 4on3e..e2 5avin: ?een -artie. to t5e 4on.-ira4B to laun45 an atta4= on t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e/ !5e 2etail. o3 t5e 4on3e..ion. ;ill ?e a2verte2 to later/ %n 22n2 e4e,?er )F80 -ro2u4e2 t5e a44u.e2 -er.on. ?e3ore t5e A22l/ C5ie3 *etro-olitan *a:i.trate ()F#3) in 4o,-lian4e ;it5 Se4tion 32 o3 )%!A/ !5e learne2 *a:i.trate 4on2u4te2 t5e -ro4ee2in:. in re.-e4t o3 ea45 o3 t5e a44u.e2 -er.on. in or2er to .ati.3B 5i,.el3 t5at t5e .tate,ent. re4or2e2 ?B )F#0 ;ere not t5e re.ult o3 anB in2u4e,ent. or t5reat./ $o 4o,-laint o3 anB .u45 t5reat or in2u4e,ent ;a. ,a2e to )F#3/ S5au=at &u..ain an2 SAR 'ilani ;ere re,an2e2 to 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B on 22 n2 e4e,?er it.el3/ &o;ever, t5e -oli4e 4u.to2B o3 *o52/A3Gal ;a. allo;e2 3or t5e -ur-o.e o3 4on2u4tin: 4ertain inve.ti:ation. in t5e li:5t o3 t5e .u--le,entarB 2i.4lo.ure .tate,ent ,a2e ?B 5i, to )F80/ (viii) %n "/5/2002 .an4tion ;a. a44or2e2 ?B t5e Lt/ 'overnor o3 el5i in vie; o3 t5e require,ent. o3 Se4tion 50 )%!A an2 Se4tion 19# Cr/)/C/ San4tion ;a. al.o a44or2e2 ?B t5e Co,,i..ioner o3 )oli4e on 12 t5 A-ril 3or -ro.e4ution un2er EE-lo.ive. Su?.tan4e. A4t/ %n 4on4lu.ion o3 t5e inve.ti:ation., t5e Inve.ti:atin: A:en4B 3ile2 t5e re-ort un2er Se4tion 103 Cr/)/C/ a:ain.t t5e 3our a44u.e2/ @B t5e ti,e t5e 45ar:e .5eet ;a. 3ile2 an2 t5e 45ar:e. ;ere 3ra,e2, t5e )revention o3 !errori., A4t, 2002 ;a. ena4te2 an2 ?rou:5t into 3or4e ;it5 e33e4t 3ro, 28 t5 *ar45, 2002/ @B t5e .a,e A4t, t5e )revention o3 !errori., (2n2) %r2inan4e, 2001 ;a. re-eale2 .u?7e4t to a .avin: -rovi.ion/ !5e 45ar:e. ;ere 3ra,e2 on "t5 June, 2002 an2 t5e trial ?e3ore t5e 2e.i:nate2 Ju2:e 4o,,en4e2 on "t5 JulB/ An A2vo4ate ;a. no,inate2 ?B t5e 4ourt at State>. eE-en.e 3or -rovi2in: le:al a..i.tan4e to t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal a. 5e 2i2 not en:a:e anB 4oun.el on 5i. o;n/ Su?.equentlB, t5e 4oun.el ;a. 45an:e2/ @e3ore t5e trial .tarte2, an or2er ;a. -a..e2 ?B t5e learne2 2e.i:nate2 Ju2:e t5at 4ertain 2o4u,ent. viG/ -o.t1,orte, re-ort. an2 2o4u,ent. relatin: to re4overie. o3 ar,., eE-lo.ive. et4/ 3ro, t5e .4ene o3 o44urren4e .5all ?e treate2 a. un2i.-ute2 evi2en4e in vie; o3 t5e 4on.ent :iven ?B t5e a44u.e2 -er.on. an2 t5ere ;a. no nee2 3or 3or,al -roo3 o3 t5o.e 2o4u,ent./ A3ter t5e trial 4o,,en4e2, an a--li4ation ;a. ,ove2 on ?e5al3 o3 'ilani, S5au=at an2 $av7ot 45allen:in: t5e a2,i..i?ilitB o3 t5e inter4e-te2 4onver.ation. in evi2en4e/ !5e learne2 Ju2:e o3 t5e 2e.i:nate2 Court re7e4te2 t5eir 4ontention ?B 5i. or2er 2ate2 11/0/2002/ A..ailin: t5i. or2er, t5e a44u.e2 ,ove2 t5e &i:5 Court/ !5e &i:5 Court .et1a.i2e t5e or2er o3 t5e 2e.i:nate2 4ourt an2 allo;e2 t5e a--li4ation. o3 t5e a44u.e2/ !5e SL) 3ile2 a:ain.t t5at or2er ;a. 2i.-o.e2 o3 ?B t5i. Court on 9/5/2003 2urin: t5e -en2en4B o3 t5e a--eal. in t5e &i:5 Court 5ol2in: inter alia t5at t5e or2er -a..e2 ?B 2e.i:nate2 Ju2:e ;a. in t5e nature o3 an interlo4utorB or2er a:ain.t ;5i45 a--eal or revi.ion ;a. ?arre2 un2er Se4tion 3" )%!A/ Fit5out eE-re..in: anB o-inion on t5e ,erit., t5e -artie. ;ere -er,itte2 to ur:e t5e -oint at i..ue ?e3ore t5e ivi.ion @en45 o3 t5e &i:5 Court/ !5e 2e4i.ion i. re-orte2 in *A$(CSCC039#C2003/ !5e ver2i4t o3 t5e trial 4ourt ;a. :iven on 1#t5 an2 18t5 e4e,?er, 2002/ !5e 2etail. o3 4onvi4tion an2 .enten4e. 5ave alrea2B ?een re3erre2 to/ A. noti4e2 earlier, t5e &i:5 Court allo;e2 t5e a--eal. o3 A3 an2 A" an2 2i.,i..e2 t5e a--eal. o3 A1 an2 A2 an2 t5eir 2eat5 .enten4e. ;ere 4on3ir,e2/ 5/ )reli,inarB .u?,i..ion.: (i) !5ere are 4ertain i..ue. ;5i45 ari.e at t5e t5re.5ol2 viG/, vali2itB o3 .an4tion or2er., non1a22ition o3 )%!A o33en4e. at t5e ?e:innin: an2 3ra,in: o3 45ar:e. ;5i45 nee2 to ?e a22re..e2 ?e3ore ;e e,?ar= on a 2i.4u..ion o3 ot5er que.tion./ San4tion: (ii) Se4tion 50 o3 )%!A en7oin. t5at no Court .5all ta=e 4o:niGan4e o3 o33en4e. un2er t5e A4t M;it5out t5e -reviou. .an4tion o3 t5e Central 'overn,ent or a. t5e 4a.e ,aB ?e, t5e State 'overn,entM/ So al.o, Se4tion 19# o3 t5e Co2e o3 Cri,inal )ro4e2ure ena4t. a ?ar a:ain.t ta=in: 4o:niGan4e o3 anB o33en4e -uni.5a?le un2er C5a-ter 6I o3 t5e

In2ian )enal Co2e eE4e-t ;it5 t5e -reviou. .an4tion o3 t5e Central 'overn,ent or t5e State 'overn,ent/ So,e o3 t5e o33en4e. 45ar:e2 in t5e -re.ent 4a.e are un2er C5a-ter 6I o3 I)C/ (iii) It i. 3ir.t 4onten2e2 ?B t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el *r/ Ra, Jet5,alani, t5at t5e .an4tion. ;ere not :iven, nor .i:ne2 ?B t5e 4o,-etent aut5oritB/ It i. .u?,itte2 t5at in relation to t5e (nion !erritorB, onlB Central 'overn,ent i. 4o,-etent/ el5i ?ein: a (nion !erritorB =no;n a. t5e $ational Ca-ital !erritorB o3 el5i ;it5 e33e4t 3ro, t5e 2ate o3 4o,,en4e,ent o3 t5e Con.titution (#9t5 A,en2,ent A4t), t5e Central 'overn,ent alone i. t5e 4o,-etent aut5oritB to a44or2 .an4tion/ In t5e -re.ent 4a.e, ?ot5 un2er )%!A an2 Cr/)/C/ .an4tion. 5ave ?een a44or2e2 >?B or2er an2 in t5e na,e o3 t5e Lt/ 'overnor o3 t5e $ational Ca-ital !erritorB o3 el5i>/ !5e Lt/ 'overnor 2i2 not a4t on ?e5al3 o3 t5e Central 'overn,ent nor 2i2 5e a4t a. A2,ini.trator o3 (/!/ &e a4te2 a. t5e Con.titutional 5ea2 o3 t5e 'overn,ent o3 $C! o3 el5i an2 -laBe2 t5e role a..i:ne2 to 5i, un2er Se4tion "1 o3 $C! o3 el5i A4t, a. t5e aut5enti4ation in t5e or2er .5o;./ !5ere3ore, it i. .u?,itte2 t5at t5e .an4tion -ur-orte2lB :rante2 un2er Se4tion 50 o3 )%!A i. a nullitB/ (iv) Fe 3in2 no .u?.tan4e in t5e.e 4ontention./ Se4tion 2(5) o3 )%!A rea2 ;it5 Arti4le. 239 J 239AA o3 t5e Con.titution o3 In2ia 3urni.5 4o,-lete an.;er. to t5e.e ar:u,ent. an2 t5at i. ;5at t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el 3or t5e State 5a. 5i:5li:5te2/ >State 'overn,ent> i. 2e3ine2 in Se4tion 2(5) o3 )%!A an2 it .aB. t5at Min relation to a (nion !erritorB, >State 'overn,ent> ,ean. t5e A2,ini.trator t5ereo3M/ !5e eE-re..ion >A2,ini.trator> 3in2. -la4e in Arti4le 239 o3 t5e Con.titution o3 In2ia/ Arti4le 239(1) rea2.///MSave a. ot5er;i.e -rovi2e2 ?B )arlia,ent ?B la;, everB (nion !erritorB .5all ?e a2,ini.tere2 ?B t5e )re.i2ent a4tin: to .u45 an eEtent a. 5e t5in=. 3it t5rou:5 an A2,ini.trator to ?e a--ointe2 ?B 5i, ;it5 .u45 2e.i:nation a. 5e ,aB .-e4i3BM/ Arti4le 239AA in.erte2 ?B t5e Con.titution (#9t5 A,en2,ent A4t, 1991) e33e4tive 3ro, 1/2/1992 laB. 2o;n t5at 3ro, t5at 2ate, t5e (nion !erritorB o3 el5i .5all ?e 4alle2 t5e $C! o3 el5i an2 Mt5e A2,ini.trator t5ereo3 a--ointe2 un2er Arti4le 239 .5all ?e 2e.i:nate2 a. t5e Lt/ 'overnor/M @B .u45 2e.i:nation a. t5e Lt/ 'overnor, t5e 4on.titutional 3un4tionarB 4onte,-late2 ?B Arti4le 239, na,elB, t5e A2,ini.trator 5a. not lo.t 5i. .tatu. a. A2,ini.trator/ !5e 2e.i:nation o3 A2,ini.trator :et. ,er:e2 into t5e ne; 2e.i:nation o3 Lt/ 'overnor in =ee-in: ;it5 t5e u-:ra2e2 .tatu. o3 t5i. -arti4ular (nion !erritorB/ !5u., t5e Lt/ 'overnor ;5o 4ontinue. to ?e t5e A2,ini.trator al.o 2erive. 5i. or 5er aut5oritB to :rant .an4tion un2er Se4tion 50 o3 )%!A ?B virtue o3 t5e le:i.lative 3i4tion 4reate2 ?B Clau.e (5) o3 Se4tion 2 rea2 ;it5 Arti4le 239/ !5e A2,ini.trator i. 2ee,e2 to ?e t5e State 'overn,ent 3or t5e -ur-o.e o3 Se4tion 50 o3 )%!A/ In e33e4t an2 in .u?.tan4e, t5ere i. a 4lear 2ele:ation o3 -o;er .tatutorilB 4on3erre2 in 3avour o3 t5e A2,ini.trator (2e.i:nate2 a. Lt/ 'overnor) in re.-e4t o3 :rantin: .an4tion un2er )%!A/ !5e 3a4t t5at t5e .an4tion or2er 4arrie. t5e 2e.i:nation o3 t5e Lt/'overnor i. o3 no 4on.equen4e an2 2oe. not in anB ;aB i,-in:e on t5e o-eration o3 Se4tion 2(5) rea2 ;it5 Arti4le 239/ )%!A i. a )arlia,entarB ena4t,ent/ Su?1Clau.e (?) o3 Clau.e 3 o3 Arti4le 239AA ,a=e. it eE-li4it t5at not;it5.tan2in: t5e la; ,a=in: -o;er 4on3erre2 on t5e Le:i.lative A..e,?lB o3 $C!, t5e )arlia,ent retain. it. -o;er un2er t5e Con.titution to ,a=e la;. ;it5 re.-e4t to anB ,atter 3or a (nion !erritorB or anB -art t5ereo3/ !5e relian4e .ou:5t to ?e -la4e2 on Goa Sampling Employees' Association v. G.S. Co. of India Pvt. Ltd. *A$(CSCC0193C198" i. rat5er ,i.4on4eive2/ !5at 4a.e turne2 on t5e inter-retation o3 t5e eE-re..ion >a--ro-riate 'overn,ent> o44urrin: in Se4tion 10 o3 t5e In2u.trial i.-ute. A4t, 19"0/ !5e in2u.trial 2i.-ute -ertaine2 to t5e ;or=,en e,-loBe2 at *or,o:ao )ort ;5i45 i. lo4ate2 in t5e t5en union territorB o3 'oa, a,an an2 iu/ It ;a. 4onten2e2 ?B t5e e,-loBer t5at t5e Central 'overn,ent ;a. not 4o,-etent to re3er t5e 2i.-ute to t5e !ri?unal 3or a27u2i4ation/ !5i. 4ontention 3oun2 3avour ;it5 t5e &i:5 Court o3 @o,?aB ;5i45 5el2 t5at t5e A2,ini.trator a--ointe2 un2er Arti4le 239 o3 t5e Con.titution i. t5e State 'overn,ent 3or t5e (nion !erritorB o3 'oa an2 i. t5e a--ro-riate 'overn,ent ;it5in t5e ,eanin: o3 Se4tion 2(a) o3 t5e In2u.trial i.-ute. A4t/ !5e 7u2:,ent o3 t5e &i:5 Court ;a. rever.e2 ?B t5i. Court a3ter re3errin: to Arti4le. 239 an2 239 A an2 t5e -rovi.ion. o3 t5e 'ovt/ o3 (nion !erritorie. A4t, 19#3 an2 t5e 2e3inition. o3 'eneral Clau.e. A4t an2 o?.erve2 t5u.: M%n a 4on.-e4tu. o3 t5e relevant -rovi.ion. o3 t5e Con.titution an2 t5e 19#3 A4t, it 4learlB tran.-ire. t5at t5e 4on4e-t o3 State 'overn,ent i. 3orei:n to t5e a2,ini.tration o3 (nion !erritorB an2 Arti4le 239 -rovi2e. t5at everB (nion !erritorB i. to ?e a2,ini.tere2 ?B t5e )re.i2ent/ !5e )re.i2ent ,aB a4t t5rou:5 an a2,ini.trator a--ointe2 ?B 5i,/ A2,ini.trator i. t5u. t5e 2ele:ate o3 t5e )re.i2ent/ &i. -o.ition i. ;5ollB 2i33erent 3ro, t5at o3 a 'overnor o3 a State/ A2,ini.trator 4an 2i33er ;it5 5i. *ini.ter an2 5e ,u.t t5en o?tain t5e or2er. o3 t5e )re.i2ent ,eanin: t5ere?B o3 t5e Central 'overn,ent/ !5ere3ore, at anB rate t5e a2,ini.trator o3 (nion !erritorB 2oe. not quali3B 3or t5e 2e.4ri-tion o3 a State 'overn,ent/ !5ere3ore, t5e Central 'overn,ent i. t5e >a--ro-riate 'overn,ent>/ !5at 2e4i.ion, in our vie;, 5a. no relevan4e/ !5i. Court ;a. not 4alle2 u-on to 4on.i2er a .-e4i3i4 -rovi.ion li=e Se4tion 50 or Se4tion 2(5) o3 )%!A/ Fe are, t5ere3ore, o3 t5e vie; t5at ?B virtue o3 .-e4i3i4 .tatutorB 2ele:ation in 3avour o3 t5e A2,ini.trator ;5o i. 4on.titutionallB 2e.i:nate2 a. Lt/'overnor a. ;ell, t5e .an4tion a44or2e2 ?B t5e .ai2 aut5oritB i. a vali2 .an4tion un2er Se4tion 50 o3 )%!A/ It i. o3 relevan4e to note t5at t5e or2er o3 .an4tion un2er )%!A (EEt/)11C1) it.el3 re4ite. t5at t5e Lt/'overnor a4te2 in eEer4i.e o3 -o;er. 4on3erre2 ?B Se4tion 50 rea2 ;it5 Clau.e (5) o3 .u?1Se4tion (1) o3 Se4tion 2 o3 )%!A/ Fe 3in2 on t5e -eru.al o3 relevant 3ile t5at t5e Lt/'overnor .a; t5e 3ile an2 5e 5i,.el3 a--rove2 t5e -ro-o.e2 .an4tion/ !5e :rant o3 .an4tion ;a. not an a4t 2one ?B a 2ele:ate o3 t5e Lt/ 'overnor un2er t5e @u.ine.. Rule./ It ,aB ?e note2 t5at t5e .an4tion 3ile ;a. -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore t5e trial Court an2 ;a. allo;e2 to ?e -eru.e2 ?B t5e 2e3en4e 4oun.el vi2e -ara 1"9 o3 t5e trial Court>. 7u2:,ent/

(v) A. re:ar2. t5e .an4tion un2er Se4tion 19# Cr/)/C/ it i. re4ite2 in t5e .an4tion or2er (EEt/)11C2) t5at t5e Lt/ 'overnor a4te2 in eEer4i.e o3 -o;er. 4on3erre2 ?B .u?1Se4tion (1) o3 Se4tion 19# Cr/)/C/ rea2 ;it5 t5e 'overn,ent o3 In2ia, *ini.trB o3 &o,e A33air. noti3i4ation 2ate2 20t5 *ar45, 190"/ (n2er t5at noti3i4ation, t5ere ;a. 2ele:ation o3 -o;er. to t5e Lt/ 'overnor to :rant .an4tion/ !5e .ai2 noti3i4ation ;5i45 3in2. -la4e in t5e AnneEure. to t5e ;ritten .u?,i..ion. ,a2e on ?e5al3 o3 'ilani .5o;. t5at it ;a. i..ue2 un2er Arti4le 239(1) o3 t5e Con.titution ena?lin: t5e A2,ini.trator o3 t5e (nion !erritorB to 2i.45ar:e -o;er. an2 3un4tion. o3 t5e State 'overn,ent un2er t5e Cr/)/C/ Fe a44e-t t5e .u?,i..ion o3 t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el 3or t5e State t5at t5e 2ele:ation o3 -o;er 4ontaine2 in t5e .ai2 noti3i4ation ;ill 4ontinue to o-erate unle.. t5e )arlia,ent ?B la; -rovi2e. ot5er;i.e/ !5e 'overn,ent o3 $C! o3 el5i A4t, 1991 2oe. not in anB ;aB a33e4t t5e vali2itB o3 2ele:ation 4ontaine2 in t5e )re.i2ential $oti3i4ation i..ue2 un2er Arti4le 239/ Fe t5ere3ore 5ol2 t5at t5e .an4tion. un2er Se4tion 50 o3 )%!A an2 Se4tion 19# o3 Cr/)/C/ ;ere a44or2e2 ?B a 4o,-etent aut5oritB/ (vi) !ou45in: on t5e vali2itB o3 .an4tion, t5e neEt -oint ur:e2 ?B *r/ Ra, Jet5,alani ;a. t5at t5ere ;a. no -ro-er a--li4ation o3 ,in2 ?B t5e aut5oritB :rantin: t5e .an4tion/ !5ere ;a. no .an4tion 3or t5e o33en4e. un2er )%!A ;5erea. .an4tion ;a. :iven 3or ina--li4a?le o33en4e. un2er t5e In2ian )enal Co2e/ !5e 3a4t. 4on.titutin: t5e o33en4e 5ave not ?een .tate2 in t5e .an4tion or2er an2 no evi2en4e 5a. ?een a22u4e2 to .5o; t5at t5e 4o,-etent aut5oritB a22re..e2 5i,.el3 to t5e relevant 3a4t. an2 ,aterial/ !5e 4arele.. an2 ine-t 2ra3tin: o3 t5e .an4tion or2er 5a. :iven .4o-e 3or .o,e o3 t5e.e 4o,,ent./ Sur-ri.in:lB, in t5e 3ir.t -ara o3 t5e or2er 4ontainin: re4ital a. to t5e -ri,a 3a4ie .ati.3a4tion o3 t5e Lt/'overnor t5e )%!A o33en4e. are not .-e4i3i4allB ,entione2/ !5eB are 5o;ever e,?ra4e2 ;it5in t5e re.i2uarB ter,inolo:B Malon: ;it5 ot5er o33en4e.M/ In.tea2 o3 ,entionin: t5e )%!A o33en4e. .-e4i3i4allB an2 4on.-i4uou.lB in t5e or2er -a..e2 un2er Se4tion 50 o3 t5e )%!A, t5e 2ra3ter rever.e2 t5at -ro4e.. ?B ,entionin: t5e )%!A o33en4e. un2er t5e re.i2uarB eE-re..ion Ma-art 3ro, ot5er o33en4e.M/ &o;ever, in our vie;, t5i. 4arele.. 2ra3tin: 4annot 2eal a 3atal ?lo; to t5e .an4tion or2er/ Loo=in: at t5e .u?.tan4e an2 rea2in: t5e entiretB o3 t5e or2er, ;e 4o,e to t5e irre.i.ti?le 4on4lu.ion t5at t5e .an4tion ;a. 2ulB :iven 3or t5e -ro.e4ution o3 t5e a44u.e2 3or t5e o33en4e. un2er )%!A a3ter t5e 4o,-etent aut5oritB (Lt/'overnor) 5a2 rea45e2 t5e .ati.3a4tion -ri,a 3a4ie in re:ar2 to t5e 4o,,i..ion o3 t5e )%!A o33en4e. a. ;ell/ A .-e4i3i4 re3eren4e to t5e )%!A o33en4e. ,entione2 in +IR i. 4ontaine2 in t5e o-enin: -art o3 t5e or2er/ !5e or2er t5en 4ontain. t5e re4ital t5at t5e Lt/'overnor ;a. .ati.3ie2 t5at t5e 3our a44u.e2 -er.on. M5ave -ri,a 3a4ie 4o,,itte2 o33en4e. -uni.5a?le un2er Se4tion. 121, 121A, 122, 12" an2 120@ o3 t5e I)C ?ein: involve2 in 4ri,inal 4on.-ira4B to 4o,,it t5e .ai2 o33en4e. ;it5 intention o3 ;a:in: ;ar a:ain.t t5e 'overn,ent o3 In2ia alon: ;it5 ot5er o33en4e./M In t5e 4onteEt in ;5i45 t5e eE-re..ion >alon: ;it5 ot5er o33en4e.> o44ur., it ,u.t ?e rea.ona?lB 4on.true2 .o a. to ?e re3era?le to )%!A o33en4e. ,entione2 in t5e o-enin: 4lau.e/ !5e o-erative -art o3 t5e or2er i. ,ore eE-li4it ina.,u45 a. t5e Lt/'overnor :rante2 .an4tion 3or t5e -ro.e4ution o3 t5e 3our a44u.e2 in a 4o,-etent Court M3or 4o,,ittin: t5e .ai2 o33en4e. -uni.5a?le un2er Se4tion. 3, ", 5, 20 J 21 o3 t5e )%!AM/ It i. -ertinent to noti4e t5at in t5e .an4tion or2er un2er Se4tion 19# Cr/)/C/ t5e )%!A o33en4e. 2o not 3in2 .-e4i3i4 ,ention at all/ !5u., a 2i.tin4tion ;a. ,aintaine2 ?et;een t5e .an4tion un2er )%!A an2 t5e .an4tion un2er Cr/)/C/ !5e ot5er .u?,i..ion t5at t5e a22ition o3 t5e o33en4e un2er Se4tion 120@ ;5i45 2oe. not require .an4tion, reveal. total non1a--li4ation o3 ,in2, 2oe. not a--eal to u./ !5ou:5 t5e 4on.-ira4B to 4o,,it t5e o33en4e. -uni.5a?le ?B Se4tion 121 i. 4overe2 ?B Se4tion 121A, -ro?a?lB Se4tion 120@ ;a. al.o re3erre2 to ?B ;aB o3 a?un2ant 4aution t5ou:5 t5e -ro.e4ution 3or t5e .ai2 o33en4e 2oe. not require .an4tion/ At anB rate, t5e in.ertion o3 a .ee,in:lB overla--in: -rovi.ion 2oe. not an2 4annot a33e4t t5e vali2itB o3 t5e .an4tion or2er/ $or 4an it ?e .ai2 t5at t5e a22ition o3 Se4tion 12" ;5i45 5a. reallB no a--li4ation to t5e -re.ent 4a.e ?B it.el3 vitiate. t5e .an4tion or2er/ +ro, t5e in.ertion o3 one ina--li4a?le -rovi.ion, a rea.ona?le in3eren4e 4annot ?e 2ra;n t5at t5ere ;a. no a--li4ation o3 ,in2 ?B t5e 4o,-etent aut5oritB/ A ,eti4ulou. an2 le:ali.ti4 eEa,ination a. to t5e o33en4e. a--li4a?le an2 not a--li4a?le i. not ;5at i. eE-e4te2 at t5e .ta:e o3 :rantin: .an4tion/ It ;a. o?.erve2 ?B t5e )rivB Coun4il in Gokulchand D a!kadas v. "he #ing *A$(C)RC0001C19"8 t5at, Mt5e 45ar:e nee2 not 3ollo; t5e eEa4t ter,. o3 t5e .an4tion, t5ou:5 it ,u.t not relate to an o33en4e e..entiallB 2i33erent 3ro, t5at to ;5i45 t5e .an4tion relate.M/ In anB 4a.e ;e 2o not t5in= t5at t5e ,ention o3 an ina--li4a?le Se4tion :oe. to t5e root o3 t5e ,atter or ot5er;i.e ,a=e. it vulnera?le to atta4=/ %n t5e vali2itB o3 .an4tion, ;e 5ave to 4on.i2er Bet anot5er 4ontention o3 t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el *r/ R/ Jet5,alani t5at in t5e a?.en4e o3 re4ital o3 3a4t. to .u.tain -ro.e4ution or -roo3 o3 4on.i2eration o3 .u45 3a4t., t5e .an4tion or2er ,u.t ?e 5el2 to 5ave ?een vitiate2 on t5e :roun2 o3 non1a--li4ation o3 ,in2/ RelBin: on t5e 2i4ta o3 t5e )rivB Coun4il in Gokulchand's 4a.e, it 5a. ?een -ointe2 out t5at no 3a4t. 4on.titutin: t5e relevant o33en4e. ;ere .et out in t5e or2er nor anB eEtraneou. evi2en4e ;a. let in to .5o; t5at t5e .an4tionin: aut5oritB ;a. .eiGe2 o3 t5e 3a4t. alle:e2 to 4on.titute t5e relevant o33en4e/ In Gokulchand's 4a.e (.u-ra), t5e .an4tion or2er o3 t5e 'overn,ent ;a. a ?al2 or2er .tatin: t5at t5e 'overn,ent ;a. M-lea.e2 to a44or2 .an4tion un2er Clau.e 23 o3 Cotton Clot5 an2 Iarn (Control) %r2er to t5e -ro.e4ution o3 *r/ 'o=ul45an2 ;ar=a2a. 3or ?rea45 o3 t5e -rovi.ion. o3 Clau.e 18(2) o3 t5e .ai2 or2erM/ !5e )rivB Coun4il 5el2 t5at t5e .an4tion rea2 ;it5 t5e evi2en4e a22u4e2 at t5e trial ;a. not in 4o,-lian4e ;it5 t5e -rovi.ion. o3 Clau.e 23 o3 t5e .ai2 Control %r2er/ !5e 3ollo;in: o?.ervation. in t5at 7u2:,ent ,aB ?e note2:

10

M///In t5eir Lor2.5i-.> vie;, in or2er to 4o,-lB ;it5 t5e -rovi.ion. o3 4lau.e 23, it ,u.t ?e -rove2 t5at t5e .an4tion ;a. :iven in re.-e4t o3 t5e 3a4t. 4on.titutin: t5e o33en4e 45ar:e2/ It i. -lainlB 2e.ira?le t5at t5e 3a4t. .5oul2 ?e re3erre2 to on t5e 3a4e o3 t5e .an4tion, ?ut t5i. i. not e..ential, .in4e 4lau.e 23 2oe. not require t5e .an4tion to ?e in anB -arti4ular 3or,, nor even to ?e in ;ritin:/ @ut i3 t5e 3a4t. 4on.titutin: t5e o33en4e 45ar:e2 are not .5o;n on t5e 3a4e o3 t5e .an4tion, t5e -ro.e4ution ,u.t -rove ?B eEtraneou. evi2en4e t5at t5o.e 3a4t. ;ere -la4e2 ?e3ore t5e .an4tionin: aut5oritB///M !5e rulin: o3 t5e )rivB Coun4il ;a. 4ite2 ;it5 a--roval ?B t5i. Court in $as ant Singh v. State of Pun%a& *A$(CSCC0050C1950 an2 4ertain ot5er 4a.e./ (lti,atelB, t5e te.t to ?e a--lie2 i. ;5et5er relevant ,aterial t5at 3or,e2 t5e ?a.i. o3 alle:ation. 4on.titutin: t5e o33en4e ;a. -la4e2 ?e3ore t5e .an4tionin: aut5oritB an2 t5e .a,e ;a. -eru.e2 ?e3ore :rantin: .an4tion/ Fe are o3 t5e vie; t5at t5i. te.t 5a. ?een a,-lB .ati.3ie2 in t5e in.tant 4a.e/ !5e .an4tion or2er. on t5eir 3a4e in2i4ate t5at all relevant ,aterial viG/, +IR, 2i.4lo.ure .tate,ent., re4overB ,e,o., 2ra3t 45ar:e .5eet an2 ot5er ,aterial on re4or2 ;a. -la4e2 ?e3ore t5e .an4tionin: aut5oritB/ !5e 3a4t t5at t5e .an4tionin: aut5oritB -eru.e2 all t5i. ,aterial i. al.o 2i.4erni?le 3ro, t5e re4ital in t5e .an4tion or2er./ !5e .an4tion or2er. ,a=e it 4lear t5at t5e .an4tionin: aut5oritB 5a2 rea45e2 t5e .ati.3a4tion t5at -ri,a 3a4ie t5e a44u.e2 4o,,itte2 or 4on.-ire2 to 4o,,it t5e o33en4e. ,entione2 t5erein/ !5e ela?orate narration o3 3a4t. 4ulle2 out 3ro, t5e re4or2 -la4e2 ?e3ore t5e .an4tionin: aut5oritB an2 t5e 2i.4u..ion a. to t5e a--li4a?ilitB o3 ea45 an2 everB Se4tion o3 t5e -enal -rovi.ion quote2 t5erein i. not an i,-erative require,ent/ A -e2anti4 re-etition 3ro, ;5at i. .tate2 in t5e +IR or t5e 2ra3t 45ar:e1.5eet or ot5er 2o4u,ent. i. not ;5at i. 4alle2 3or in or2er to 7u2:e ;5et5er t5ere ;a. 2ue a--li4ation o3 ,in2/ It ,u.t ?e note2 t5at t5e :rant o3 .an4tion i. an eEe4utive a4t an2 t5e vali2itB t5ereo3 4annot ?e te.te2 in t5e li:5t o3 -rin4i-le. a--lie2 to t5e qua.i17u2i4ial or2er. vi2e t5e 2e4i.ion. in State of 'iha! v. P.P. Sha!ma *A$(CSCC05"2C1992 an2 Supe!intendent of Police v. Deepak Cho da!y *A$(CSCC00"5C199#/ A-art 3ro, t5i., t5e oral evi2en4e o3 )F111 e-utB Se4retarB, &o,e ;5o 2ealt ;it5 t5e 3ile al.o reveal. t5at t5e note. -re-are2 ?B 5i,.el3 an2 t5e )rin4i-al Se4retarB, &o,e 5a2 2ra;n t5e attention o3 t5e Lt/ 'overnor to t5e role o3 in2ivi2ual a44u.e2 an2 t5e )rin4i-al Se4retarB>. note ;a. a--rove2 ?B t5e Lt/ 'overnor/ 6ariou. 2o4u,ent. -la4e2 ?e3ore t5e .an4tionin: aut5oritB ;ere al.o ,entione2 ?B )F11/ )F11 ?rou:5t t5e ori:inal .an4tion 3ile an2 it i. .een 3ro, t5e 7u2:,ent o3 t5e trial Court t5at t5e learne2 trial Ju2:e 5a2 :one t5rou:5 t5e 3ile a-art 3ro, ,a=in: it availa?le to t5e 2e3en4e 4oun.el/ !5e oral evi2en4e let in ?B t5e -ro.e4ution ?B eEa,inin: )F11 2i.-el. anB 2ou?t a. to t5e 4on.i2eration o3 t5e ,atter ?B t5e .an4tionin: aut5oritB ?e3ore a44or2in: t5e .an4tion/ !5e 2e4i.ion o3 t5i. Court in (am&hai )atha&hai Gadhvi and *!s. v. State of Gu%a!at *A$(CSCC0859C1990 ;5i45 invali2ate2 t5e .an4tion :rante2 ?B t5e 4o,-etent aut5oritB un2er t5e !errori.t an2 i.ru-tive A4tivitie. ()revention) A4t 2oe. not 4o,e to t5e ai2 o3 t5e a44u.e2 in t5e -re.ent 4a.e/ !5e @en45 4on.i.tin: o3 A/S/ Anan2 an2 A/!/ !5o,a., JJ/, a3ter re3errin: to t5e in3ir,itie. in t5e .an4tion or2er, o?.erve2 t5u.: MIn .u45 a .ituation, 4an it ?e .ai2 t5at t5e .an4tionin: aut5oritB :rante2 .an4tion a3ter a--lBin: it. ,in2 e33e4tivelB an2 a3ter rea45in: a .ati.3a4tion t5at it i. ne4e..arB in -u?li4 intere.t t5at -ro.e4ution .5oul2 ?e laun45e2 a:ain.t t5e a44u.e2 un2er !A A/ A. t5e -rovi.ion. o3 !A A are ,ore ri:orou. an2 t5e -enaltB -rovi2e2 i. ,ore .trin:ent an2 t5e -ro4e2ure 3or trial -re.4ri?e2 i. .u,,arB an2 4o,-en2iou., t5e .an4tionin: -ro4e.. ,entione2 in Se4tion 201 A(2) ,u.t 5ave ?een a2o-te2 ,ore .eriou.lB an2 eE5au.tivelB t5an t5e .an4tion 4onte,-late2 in ot5er -enal .tatute.///M !5e a?ove o?.ervation. 2o not ,ean t5at 2i33erent .tan2ar2. .5oul2 ?e a--lie2 3or 7u2:in: t5e vali2itB o3 a .an4tion ,a2e un2er t5e -rovi.ion. o3 !A A or )%!A an2 t5e .an4tion. un2er or2inarB la;./ !5at i. not t5e ratio o3 t5e 2e4i.ion/ !5e learne2 Ju2:e. ;ere onlB -ointin: out t5at enou:5 .eriou.ne.. ;a. not ?e.to;e2 in t5e -ro4e.. o3 :rantin: .an4tion 3or -ro.e4ution un2er a .trin:ent la;/ !5e o?.ervation. 4ontaine2 in -ara 10 turne2 on t5e 3a4t. o3 t5at 4a.e ;5i45 are tellin:/ It ;a. noti4e2 t5at t5e onlB 2o4u,ent .ent to t5e .an4tionin: aut5oritB, na,elB, t5e ire4tor 'eneral o3 )oli4e, ;a. t5e +IR an2 t5e letter o3 t5e Su-erinten2ent o3 )oli4e :ivin: onlB .=eletal 3a4t./ It ;a. 3urt5er noti4e2 t5at t5e ire4tor1'eneral 2i2 not even :rant .an4tion 3or t5e -ro.e4ution ?ut ;5at 5e 2i2 ;a. to :ive -er,i..ion to a22 4ertain Se4tion. o3 !A A/ !5u., it ;a. a 4a.e o3 utter non14o,-lian4e ;it5 t5e ele,entarB require,ent. :overnin: .an4tion/ !5e 3a4t. o3 t5e -re.ent 4a.e are va.tlB 2i33erent/ $o .e-arate ar:u,ent ;a. a22re..e2 in relation to t5e .an4tion :iven un2er t5e EE-lo.ive Su?.tan4e. A4t/ Su33i4e it to .aB t5at ;e 3in2 no le:al in3ir,itB in t5e .ai2 or2er -a..e2 ?B t5e Co,,i..ioner o3 )oli4e ;5i45 i. EEt/ )F11C3/ A22ition o3 )%!%C)%!A o33en4e. #/ (i) !5e neEt que.tion i. ;5et5er t5e a22ition o3 o33en4e. un2er Se4tion. 3, " J 5 o3 )%!%P ;a. 7u.ti3ie2 an2 ;5et5er )%!% .5oul2 5ave ?een invo=e2 ?B t5e Inve.ti:atin: %33i4er on t5e verB 3ir.t 2aB ;5en t5e +IR ;a. re:i.tere2/ !5i. que.tion ;ill 5ave a ?earin: on t5e a2,i..i?ilitB o3 inter4e-te2 tele-5oni4 4onver.ation. ;5i45 too= -la4e -rior to 19t5 e4e,?er an2 t5e 4o,-lian4e ;it5 t5e -rovi.ion. o3 Se4tion 52 o3 )%!A ;5i45 laB. 2o;n 4ertain .a3e:uar2. 3ro, t5e -oint o3 vie; o3 t5e a44u.e2/ C5a-ter 6 4ontain. -rovi.ion. relatin: to inter4e-tion o3 4o,,uni4ation./ Se4tion "5 ;5i45 .tart. ;it5 a non1o?.tante 4lau.e laB. 2o;n t5at t5e evi2en4e 4olle4te2 t5rou:5 t5e inter4e-tion o3 ;ire, ele4troni4 or oral 4o,,uni4ation un2er C5a-ter 6 .5all ?e a2,i..i?le a. evi2en4e a:ain.t t5e a44u.e2 2urin: t5e trial o3 t5e 4a.e/ !5ere are t;o -rovi.o. to t5e Se4tion an2 t5e 1.t -rovi.o rea2. a. 3ollo;./

11

M)rovi2e2 t5at, t5e 4ontent. o3 anB ;ire, ele4troni4 or oral 4o,,uni4ation inter4e-te2 -ur.uant to t5i. C5a-ter or evi2en4e 2erive2 t5ere3ro, .5all not ?e re4eive2 in evi2en4e or ot5er;i.e 2i.4lo.e2 in anB trial, 5earin: or ot5er -ro4ee2in: in anB 4ourt unle.. ea45 a44u.e2 5a. ?een 3urni.5e2 ;it5 a 4o-B o3 t5e or2er o3 t5e Co,-etent Aut5oritB an2 a44o,-anBin: a--li4ation, un2er ;5i45 t5e inter4e-tion ;a. aut5oriGe2 or a--rove2 not le.. t5an ten 2aB. ?e3ore trial, 5earin: or -ro4ee2in::M It i. 4o,,on :roun2 t5at t5e e,?ar:o -la4e2 ?B t5e 3ir.t -rovi.o 4o,e. into o-eration in t5e in.tant 4a.e ina.,u45 a. no or2er. ;ere o?taine2 3or inter4e-tion 3ro, a 4o,-etent aut5oritB in 4o,-lian4e ;it5 t5e variou. -rovi.ion. o3 C5a-ter 6/ !5e e,?ar:o un2er -rovi.o to Se4tion "5 i. equallB a--li4a?le ;5en t5e .-e4ial Court trie. alon: ;it5 t5e )%!A o33en4e., t5e o33en4e. un2er ot5er ena4t,ent. viG/, I)C, EE-lo.ive. A4t an2 Ar,. A4t/ !5at i. one a.-e4t/ Se4on2lB, t5ere are 4ertain -ro4e2ural .a3e:uar2. t5at are lai2 2o;n in Se4tion 52 ;5en a -er.on i. arre.te2 3or t5e o33en4e. un2er )%!A/ !5e.e .a3e:uar2. ;ere a--arentlB intro2u4e2 in =ee-in: ;it5 t5e :ui2eline. lai2 2o;n in D.#. 'asu's 4a.e/ !5eB are 2i.4u..e2 in 2etail later on/ !5e que.tion ari.e. ;5et5er t5ere ;a. 2eli?erate 3ailure on t5e -art o3 t5e inve.ti:atin: a:en4B to invo=e )%!A initiallB in or2er to 4ir4u,vent t5e require,ent. o3 Se4tion. "5 J 52/ (ii) In4i2entallB, anot5er que.tion rai.e2 i. ;5et5er t5ere ;a. ,ani-ulation o3 +IR ?B not .5o;in: t5e )%!A o33en4e. t5ou:5 in 3a4t )%!A ;a. re.orte2 to ?B t5at 2ate/ In re:ar2 to t5e latter a.-e4t, t5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e a44u.e2 5a. 2ra;n our attention to t5e letter o3 AIR!EL (Cell -5one .ervi4e -rovi2er) a22re..e2 to t5e I/%/O*/C/ S5ar,a ()F##)/ In t5at letter (EEt/)F35C1), ;5ile :ivin: t5e re3eren4e to t5e +IR 2ate2 13/12/2001, t5e o33en4e. un2er variou. Se4tion. o3 )%!% ;ere ,entione2 in a22ition to ot5er o33en4e./ +ro, t5i., an in3eren4e i. .ou:5t to ?e 2ra;n t5at t5e +IR ;a. ta,-ere2 ;it5 ?B 2eletin: re3eren4e to )%!% Se4tion. .o a. to ,a=e it a--ear t5at on t5e 13t5 J 1"t5 e4e,?er ;5en t5e inter4e-tion. too= -la4e, t5e inve.ti:ation ;a. not eEten2e2 to )%!% o33en4e./ Fe 3in2 it 2i33i4ult to a44e-t t5i. 4ontention/ Fe 3in2 no ?a.i. 3or t5e 4o,,ent t5at t5e +IR ;oul2 5ave ?een ,ani-ulate2 ?B 2eletin: t5e )%!% o33en4e./ $o .u45 .u::e.tion ;a. ever -ut to t5e -oli4e o33i4ial. 4on4erne2, na,elB, )F. 1, 9 J 1" 4onne4te2 ;it5 t5e re:i.tration o3 +IR an2 t5eB ;ere not even 4ro..1eEa,ine2/ !5e ori:inal +IR re:i.ter ;a. -ro2u4e2 ?B )F1"/ !5e trial Court -eru.e2 t5e .a,e ;5ile re4or2in: t5e 2e-o.ition. an2 returne2 it/ In 3a4t, t5i. 4ontention a?out t5e ,ani-ulation o3 +IR ;a. not even rai.e2 in t5e trial Court/ !5e &i:5 Court ri:5tlB 3oun2 no .u?.tan4e in t5i. 4ontention/ A. re:ar2. t5e letter o3 AIR!EL, no que.tion ;a. -ut to )F351t5e Se4uritB *ana:er o3 AIR!EL a. to t5e ?a.i. on ;5i45 t5e re3eren4e ;a. :iven to t5e +IR ,entionin: variou. )%!% o33en4e./ F5en t5e que.tion ;a. rai.e2 3or t5e 3ir.t ti,e ?e3ore t5e &i:5 Court, t5e &i:5 Court -eru.e2 t5e 4a.e 2iarie. an2 3oun2 t5at t5e a22re..ee o3 t5e letter (In.-e4tor */C/ S5ar,a) 5a2 .ent u- a ;ritten reque.t on 25/12/2001 to 3urni.5 t5e requi.ite in3or,ation to 5i,/ @B t5at ti,e, t5e )%!% -rovi.ion. ;ere invo=e2/ A44or2in: to t5e &i:5 Court, t5ere ;a. everB -o..i?ilitB t5at in t5at letter o3 25/12/2001, t5e )%!% -rovi.ion. ;ere ,entione2 an2 ?a.e2 on t5at, t5e .a,e ;oul2 5ave ?een note2 in t5e AIR!EL>. letter/ !5e &i:5 Court al.o o?.erve2 t5at t5e -o..i?ilitB o3 t5e 2ate 10 t5 ?ein: a ,i.ta=e 4annot ?e rule2 out/ Irre.-e4tive o3 t5e que.tion ;5et5er t5e &i:5 Court ;a. 7u.ti3ie2 in o?.ervin: t5at t5e 2ate 10t5 note2 in (EEt/ )F35C1) 4oul2 ?e a ,i.ta=e, ;e 2o not 4on.i2er it ne4e..arB to 2elve 3urt5er into t5i. a.-e4t, in vie; o3 t5e 3a4t t5at none o3 t5e ;itne..e. -ertainin: to +IR ;ere 4ro.. eEa,ine2/ @B rea.on o3 t5e -ur-orte2 2e.4ri-tion o3 +IR :iven in t5e letter o3 AIR!EL (EEt/)F35C1) alone, ;e 4annot rea45 t5e 4on4lu.ion t5at )%!% o33en4e. entere2 initiallB in t5e +IR ;ere 2elete2 3or eEtraneou. rea.on./ It i. -ertinent to note t5at t5e letter. a22re..e2 ?B t5e E..ar Cell -5one -rovi2er (vi2e EEt./3#C# an2 3#C0, 2ate2 13t5 an2 18t5 e4e,?er) 2o not 4ontain anB re3eren4e to )%!%/ (iii) It ;a. neEt 4onten2e2 ?B t5e learne2 4oun.el a--earin: 3or S5au=at an2 'ilani t5at 3ro, t5e ?e:innin: it ;a. 4rB.tal 4lear t5at t5e -er.on. ;5o atte,-te2 to ta=e 4ontrol o3 t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e ;ere terrori.t. an2 t5ere ;a. no a--arent rea.on ;5B t5e o33en4e. un2er )%!% ;ere not entere2 in t5e +IR/ Attention i. 2ra;n to t5e 3a4t t5at t5e lan:ua:e u.e2 in t5e narration :iven ?B )F1 in t5e >ru==a>, viG/ Mt5e terrori.t or:aniGation. in or2er to 2i.inte:rate t5e unitB an2 inte:ritB o3 In2ia an2 to 4arrB out 2e.tru4tive a4tivitie. in a -lanne2 ,anner///M i. a 4lear -ointer t5at t5e inve.ti:atin: aut5oritB ;a. 4on.4iou. o3 a--li4a?ilitB o3 )%!% 3ro, t5e ?e:innin:, it i. 4onten2e2/ !5ou:5 ;e 3eel t5at )%!% -rovi.ion. 4oul2 5ave ?een invo=e2 on t5e verB 3ir.t 2aB 5avin: re:ar2 to t5e nature an2 ,ani3e.tation. o3 t5i. :rave 4ri,e, ;e 3in2 no 7u.ti3i4ation to 45ara4teriGe t5e a4tion o3 t5e 4on4erne2 -oli4e o33i4er. a. ,ala3i2e or ,otivate2/ It 4annot ?e 2i.-ute2 t5at )%!A 4ontain. 2ra.ti4 an2 .trin:ent -rovi.ion.1?ot5 .u?.tantive an2 -ro4e2ural, 3or 2ealin: ;it5 .-e4ial 4ate:orie. o3 o33en4e. ;5i45 5ave ?earin: on t5e .e4uritB an2 inte:ritB o3 t5e 4ountrB/ In vie; o3 t5i. .-e4ial 3eature o3 t5e la;, it i. ne4e..arB to ?e.to; .u33i4ient 4are an2 t5ou:5t ?e3ore -ro.e4utin: an o33en2er un2er t5i. .-e4ial la; in.tea2 o3 -ro4ee2in: un2er t5e or2inarB la;/ !5i. a.-e4t 5a. ?een e,-5a.iGe2 in ,ore t5an one 2e4i.ion o3 t5i. Court 2ealin: ;it5 !A A -rovi.ion./ In )i!an%an Singh #a!am Singh Pun%a&i v. $itend!a 'him!a% 'i%iaya *A$(CSCC0330C1990 t5i. Court a3ter noti4in: t5e vie;. eE-re..e2 in +sman&hai Da ood&hai ,emon v. State of Gu%a!at *A$(CSCC05#0C1988 o?.erve2 t5u.: M///t5e -rovi.ion. o3 t5e A4t nee2 not ?e re.orte2 to i3 t5e nature o3 t5e a4tivitie. o3 t5e a44u.e2 4an ?e 45e4=e2 an2 4ontrolle2 un2er t5e or2inarB la; o3 t5e lan2/ It i. onlB in t5o.e 4a.e. ;5ere t5e la; en3or4in: ,a45inerB 3in2. t5e or2inarB la; to ?e ina2equate or not .u33i4ientlB e33e4tive 3or ta4=lin: t5e ,ena4e o3 terrori.t an2 2i.ru-tive a4tivitie. t5at re.ort .5oul2 ?e 5a2 to t5e 2ra.ti4 -rovi.ion. o3 t5e A4t/ F5ile invo=in: a 4ri,inal .tatute, .u45 a. t5e A4t, t5e -ro.e4ution i. 2utB1?oun2 to .5o; 3ro, t5e re4or2 o3 t5e 4a.e an2 t5e 2o4u,ent. 4olle4te2 in t5e 4our.e o3 inve.ti:ation t5at 3a4t. e,er:in: t5ere3ro, -ri,a 3a4ie 4on.titute an o33en4e ;it5in t5e letter o3 t5e la;///M In +sman&hai's 4a.e it ;a. .ai2D

12

M@e3ore 2ealin: ;it5 t5e 4ontention. a2van4e2, it i. ;ell to re,e,?er t5at t5e le:i.lation i. li,ite2 in it. .4o-e an2 e33e4t/ !5e A4t i. an eEtre,e ,ea.ure to ?e re.orte2 to ;5en t5e -oli4e 4annot ta4=le t5e .ituation un2er t5e or2inarB -enal la;/ !5e inten2,ent i. to -rovi2e .-e4ial ,a45inerB to 4o,?at t5e :ro;in: ,ena4e o3 terrori., in 2i33erent -art. o3 t5e 4ountrB/ Sin4e, 5o;ever, t5e A4t i. a 2ra.ti4 ,ea.ure, it .5oul2 not or2inarilB ?e re.orte2 to unle.. t5e 'overn,ent>. la; en3or4in: ,a45inerB 3ail./M &avin: re:ar2 to t5e.e o?.ervation., ;e 4annot 3in2 3ault ;it5 t5e Inve.ti:atin: %33i4er. in :oin: .lo; in ?rin:in: )%!A into -i4ture/ At anB rate, it ,aB ?e a 4a.e o3 ?ona 3i2e error or over4autiou. a--roa45/ %n4e t5e a4tion o3 t5e -oli4e aut5oritie. in 2e3errin: t5e invo4ation o3 )%!A i. 5el2 to ?e not ,ala 3i2e, it i. not -o..i?le to 4ountenan4e t5e 4ontention t5at t5e -rovi.ion. o3 )%!A e.-e4iallB t5o.e 4ontaine2 in C5a-ter 6 an2 Se4tion 52 ou:5t to 5ave ?een 4o,-lie2 ;it5 even ?e3ore 19t5 e4e,?er/ It i. a 2i33erent ,atter t5at D.#. 'asu's :ui2eline. ;ere alrea2B t5ere/ !5e learne2 4oun.el *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, 5a. re3erre2 to t5e 7u2:,ent o3 t5i. Court in State of -est 'engal v. ,ohammed #haleed *A$(CSCC015"C1995 to ?uttre.. 5i. 4ontention t5at t5e non1 invo4ation o3 )%!A on t5e 3ir.t 2aB 4annot ?e 3aulte2/ !5e learne2 4oun.el al.o ar:ue2 t5at )%!A ;a. invo=e2 on 19 t5 ;5en 3urt5er evi2en4e 4a,e to li:5t revealin: a -lanne2 terrori.t a4t at t5e ?e5e.t o3 4ertain terrori.t or:aniGation./ @e t5at a. it ,aB, ;e 3in2 not5in: on re4or2 to 5ol2 t5at t5e inve.ti:atin: o33i4ial. 2eli?eratelB an2 ;it5out .e,?lan4e o3 7u.ti3i4ation 2e4i2e2 to ?B-a.. t5e -rovi.ion. o3 )%!%/ C5ar:e. ;5et5er 2e3e4tiveP 0 (i) Fe no; turn to t5e neEt 4ontention o3 t5e 45ar:e. ?ein: 2e3e4tive/ A44or2in: to S5ri Ra, Jet5,alani, t5e 3ir.t 45ar:e ;5i45 i. a 45ar:e un2er Se4tion 120@ I)C i. utterlB 4on3u.in:/ It i. -ointe2 out t5at a 4on.-ira4B to ;a:e ;ar an2 to 4o,,it a terrori.t a4t i. -uni.5a?le un2er Se4tion 121A I)C an2 Se4tion 3(3) o3 t5e )%!A re.-e4tivelB/ !5ere3ore, a44or2in: to t5e learne2 4oun.el, t5e 45ar:e un2er Se4tion 120@ i. ,i.-la4e2/ It i. al.o 4onten2e2 t5at t5e 45ar:e 2oe. not .et out in 4lear ter,., t5e eEa4t -erio2 2urin: ;5i45 t5e 4on.-ira4B ;a. alle:e2lB 5at45e2/ !5e learne2 4oun.el 3urt5er .u?,it. t5at t5e alle:e2 4on3e..ional .tate,ent. on ;5i45 t5e -ro.e4ution relie2 ;oul2 4learlB .5o; t5at t5e 4on.-ira4B .tarte2 onlB in t5e 3ir.t ;ee= o3 e4e,?er, 2001, Bet t5e -erio2 o3 o33en4e ;a. .tate2 to ?e Mon or ?e3ore 13/12/2001M/ (ii) It i. .ettle2 la; t5at a >3un2a,ental 2e3e4t> .5oul2 ?e 3oun2 in t5e 45ar:e. i3 t5e Court 5a. to qua.5 it/ F5et5er t5e a44u.e2 ;a. ,i.le2 an2 ;5et5er t5ere ;a. rea.ona?le -o..i?ilitB o3 -re7u2i4e ?ein: 4au.e2 to t5e a44u.e2 on a44ount o3 2e3e4tive 45ar:e. are relevant 4on.i2eration. in 7u2:in: t5e e33e4t o3 ;ron: or 2e3i4ient 45ar:e./ Se4tion 215 o3 Cr/)/C/ ,a=e. it 4lear t5at no error or o,i..ion in .tatin: eit5er t5e o33en4e or t5e -arti4ular. require2 to ?e .tate2 .5all ?e re:ar2e2 a. ,aterial unle.. t5e a44u.e2 ;a. in 3a4t ,i.le2 ?B .u45 error or o,i..ion an2 it 5a. o44a.ione2 a 3ailure o3 7u.ti4e/ !5e te.t o3 -re7u2i4e or rea.ona?le -o..i?ilitB o3 -re7u2i4e ;a. a--lie2 ?B t5i. Court in -illiam Slaney's 4a.e *A$(CSCC0038C1955 in te.tin: t5e ar:u,ent ?a.e2 on t5e o,i..ion, error or irre:ularitB in 3ra,in: t5e 45ar:e./ !5e .a,e te.t ;a. al.o a--lie2 in State of A.P. v. C. Ganes a! (ao *A$(CSCC0000C19#3/ It 5a. not ?een 2e,on.trate2 in t5e in.tant 4a.e a. to 5o; t5e a44u.e2 or anB o3 t5e, ;ere ,i.le2 or anB -re7u2i4e ;a. 4au.e2 to t5e, on a44ount o3 t5e alle:e2 2e3e4t. in 3ra,in: o3 45ar:e./ $o .u45 o?7e4tion ;a. even ta=en ?e3ore t5e trial Court/ A. -ointe2 out in -illiam Slaney's 4a.e (-ara "5 o3 AIR), it ;ill al;aB. ?e ,aterial to 4on.i2er ;5et5er t5e o?7e4tion to t5e nature o3 45ar:e ;a. ta=en at an earlB .ta:e/ !o t5e .a,e e33e4t are t5e o?.ervation. in Ganes a! (ao's 4a.e (.u-ra)/ It i. 2i33i4ult to .-ell out ;it5 eEa4titu2e t5e 2etail. relatin: to t5e .tartin: -oint o3 4on.-ira4B/ A. -ointe2 out in Eshe! Singh v. State of A.P. *A$(CSCC0223C200", it i. not al;aB. -o..i?le Mto :ive a33ir,ative evi2en4e a?out t5e 2ate o3 3or,ation o3 t5e 4ri,inal 4on.-ira4BM/ Fe 2o not t5in= t5at i3 in.tea2 o3 ,entionin: >t5e 3ir.t ;ee= o3 e4e,?er, 2001> t5e ;or2in: >?e3ore e4e,?er, 2001> i. e,-loBe2, t5e -ro.e4ution .5oul2 3ail ,erelB 3or t5at rea.on/ !5e a44u.e2 4annot ?e .ai2 to 5ave ?een ,i.le2 or -re7u2i4e2 on t5at a44ount/ %n t5e ot5er 5an2, it i. ,ore t5an 4lear t5at t5e a44u.e2 2i2 un2er.tan2 t5e 4a.e t5eB ;ere 4alle2 u-on to ,eet/ !5e que.tion ;5et5er Se4tion 120@ a--lie. to )%!A o33en4e. or Se4tion 3(3) alone a--lie. i. not a ,atter on ;5i45 a 2e3inite 4on4lu.ion .5oul2 ?e rea45e2 a5ea2 o3 t5e trial/ It i. not un4o,,on t5at t5e o33en4e alle:e2 ,i:5t .ee,in:lB 3all un2er ,ore t5an one -rovi.ion an2 .o,eti,e. it ,aB not ?e ea.B to 3or, a 2e3inite o-inion a. to t5e Se4tion in ;5i45 t5e o33en4e a--ro-riatelB 3all./ &en4e, 45ar:e. are o3ten 3ra,e2 ?B ;aB o3 a?un2ant 4aution/ A..u,in: t5at an ina--li4a?le -rovi.ion 5a. ?een ,entione2, it i. no :roun2 to .et a.i2e t5e 45ar:e. an2 invali2ate t5e trial/ %t5er le:al i..ue. Fe .5all, no;, 2eal ;it5 4ertain le:al i..ue., ;5i45 5ave ?een 2e?ate2 ?e3ore u. in eEten.o/ !5e.e i..ue. 5ave a ?earin: on t5e a2,i..i?ilitBCrelevan4B o3 evi2en4e an2 t5e evi2entiarB value or ;ei:5t to ?e atta45e2 to t5e -er,i..i?le evi2en4e/ 8/ La; re:ar2in: 4on3e..ion. Fe .tart ;it5 t5e 4on3e..ion./ (n2er t5e :eneral la; o3 t5e lan2 a. re3le4te2 in t5e In2ian Evi2en4e A4t, no 4on3e..ion ,a2e to a -oli4e o33i4er 4an ?e -rove2 a:ain.t an a44u.e2/ >Con3e..ion.>1;5i45 i. a ter,inolo:B u.e2 in 4ri,inal la; i. a .-e4ie. o3 >a2,i..ion.> a. 2e3ine2 in Se4tion 10 o3 t5e In2ian Evi2en4e A4t/ An a2,i..ion i. a

13

.tate,ent1oral or 2o4u,entarB ;5i45 ena?le. t5e 4ourt to 2ra; an in3eren4e a. to anB 3a4t in i..ue or relevant 3a4t/ It i. trite to .aB t5at everB 4on3e..ion ,u.t ne4e..arilB ?e an a2,i..ion, ?ut, everB a2,i..ion 2oe. not ne4e..arilB a,ount to a 4on3e..ion/ F5ile Se4tion 10 123 2eal. ;it5 a2,i..ion., t5e la; a. to 4on3e..ion. i. e,?o2ie2 in Se4tion. 2" 130 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ Se4tion 25 ?ar. -roo3 o3 a 4on3e..ion ,a2e to a -oli4e o33i4er/ Se4tion 2# :oe. a .te- 3urt5er an2 -ro5i?it. -roo3 o3 4on3e..ion ,a2e ?B anB -er.on ;5ile 5e i. in t5e 4u.to2B o3 a -oli4e o33i4er, unle.. it ?e ,a2e in t5e i,,e2iate -re.en4e o3 a *a:i.trate/ Se4tion 2" laB. 2o;n t5e o?viou. rule t5at a 4on3e..ion ,a2e un2er anB in2u4e,ent, t5reat or -ro,i.e ?e4o,e. irrelevant in a 4ri,inal -ro4ee2in:/ Su45 in2u4e,ent, t5reat or -ro,i.e nee2 not ?e -rove2 to t5e 5ilt/ I3 it a--ear. to t5e 4ourt t5at t5e ,a=in: o3 t5e 4on3e..ion ;a. 4au.e2 ?B anB in2u4e,ent, t5reat or -ro,i.e -ro4ee2in: 3ro, a -er.on in aut5oritB, t5e 4on3e..ion i. lia?le to ?e eE4lu2e2 3ro, evi2en4e/ !5e eE-re..ion >a--ear.> 4onnote. t5at t5e Court nee2 not :o to t5e eEtent o3 5ol2in: t5at t5e t5reat et4/ 5a. in 3a4t ?een -rove2/ I3 t5e 3a4t. an2 4ir4u,.tan4e. e,er:in: 3ro, t5e evi2en4e a22u4e2 ,a=e it rea.ona?lB -ro?a?le t5at t5e 4on3e..ion 4oul2 ?e t5e re.ult o3 t5reat, in2u4e,ent or -re..ure, t5e 4ourt ;ill re3rain 3ro, a4tin: on .u45 4on3e..ion, even i3 it ?e a 4on3e..ion ,a2e to a *a:i.trate or a -er.on ot5er t5an -oli4e o33i4er/ Con3e..ion. lea2in: to 2i.4overB o3 3a4t ;5i45 i. 2ealt ;it5 un2er Se4tion 20 i. an eE4e-tion to t5e rule o3 eE4lu.ion o3 4on3e..ion ,a2e ?B an a44u.e2 in t5e 4u.to2B o3 a -oli4e o33i4er/ Con.i2eration o3 a -rove2 4on3e..ion a33e4tin: t5e -er.on ,a=in: it a. ;ell a. t5e 4o1a44u.e2 i. -rovi2e2 3or ?B Se4tion 30/ @rie3lB an2 ?roa2lB, t5i. i. t5e .45e,e o3 t5e la; o3 evi2en4e vi.1 a1vi. 4on3e..ion./ !5e allie2 -rovi.ion ;5i45 nee2. to ?e noti4e2 at t5i. 7un4ture i. Se4tion 1#2 o3 t5e Cr/)/C/ It -ro5i?it. t5e u.e o3 anB .tate,ent ,a2e ?B anB -er.on to a -oli4e o33i4er in t5e 4our.e o3 inve.ti:ation 3or anB -ur-o.e at anB enquirB or trial in re.-e4t o3 anB o33en4e un2er inve.ti:ation/ &o;ever, it 4an ?e u.e2 to a li,ite2 eEtent to 4ontra2i4t a ;itne.. a. -rovi2e2 3or ?B Se4tion 1"5 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ Su?1.e4tion (2) o3 Se4tion 1#2 ,a=e. it eE-li4it t5at t5e e,?ar:o lai2 2o;n in t5e Se4tion .5all not ?e 2ee,e2 to a--lB to anB .tate,ent 3allin: ;it5in 4lau.e (1) o3 Se4tion 32 or to a33e4t t5e -rovi.ion. o3 Se4tion 20 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ In t5e P!ivy Council decision of P. )a!ayana S ami v. Empe!o! *A$(C)RC0001C1939 Lor2 At=in elu4i2ate2 t5e ,eanin: an2 -ur-ort o3 t5e eE-re..ion >4on3e..ion> in t5e 3ollo;in: ;or2.: M/// A 4on3e..ion ,u.t eit5er a2,it in ter,. t5e o33en4e, or at anB rate .u?.tantiallB all t5e 3a4t. ;5i45 4on.titute t5e o33en4e/ An a2,i..ion o3 a :ravelB in4ri,inatin: 3a4t, even a 4on4lu.ivelB in4ri,inatin: 3a4t i. not o3 it.el3 a 4on3e..ion/M Con3e..ion. are 4on.i2ere2 5i:5lB relia?le ?e4au.e no rational -er.on ;oul2 ,a=e a2,i..ion a:ain.t 5i. intere.t unle.. -ro,-te2 ?B 5i. 4on.4ien4e to tell t5e trut5/ M eli?erate an2 voluntarB 4on3e..ion. o3 :uilt, i3 4learlB -rove2 are a,on: t5e ,o.t e33e4tual -roo3. in la;M/ (vide !aBlor>. !reati.e on t5e La; o3 Evi2en4e 6ol/ I)/ &o;ever, ?e3ore a4tin: u-on a 4on3e..ion t5e 4ourt ,u.t ?e .ati.3ie2 t5at it ;a. 3reelB an2 voluntarilB ,a2e/ A 4on3e..ion ?B 5o-e or -ro,i.e o3 a2vanta:e, re;ar2 or i,,unitB or ?B 3or4e or ?B 3ear in2u4e2 ?B violen4e or t5reat. o3 violen4e 4annot 4on.titute evi2en4e a:ain.t t5e ,a=er o3 4on3e..ion/ !5e 4on3e..ion .5oul2 5ave ?een ,a2e ;it5 3ull =no;le2:e o3 t5e nature an2 4on.equen4e. o3 t5e 4on3e..ion/ I3 anB rea.ona?le 2ou?t i. entertaine2 ?B t5e 4ourt t5at t5e.e in:re2ient. are not .ati.3ie2, t5e 4ourt .5oul2 e.45e; t5e 4on3e..ion 3ro, 4on.i2eration/ So al.o t5e aut5oritB re4or2in: t5e 4on3e..ion 1 ?e it a *a:i.trate or .o,e ot5er .tatutorB 3un4tionarB at t5e -re1trial .ta:e, ,u.t a22re.. 5i,.el3 to t5e i..ue ;5et5er t5e a44u.e2 5a. 4o,e 3or;ar2 to ,a=e t5e 4on3e..ion in an at,o.-5ere 3ree 3ro, 3ear, 2ure.. or 5o-e o3 .o,e a2vanta:e or re;ar2 in2u4e2 ?B t5e -er.on. in aut5oritB/ Re4o:niGin: t5e .tar= realitB o3 t5e a44u.e2 ?ein: envelo-e2 in a .tate o3 3ear an2 -ani4, anEietB an2 2e.-air ;5ile in -oli4e 4u.to2B, t5e In2ian Evi2en4e A4t 5a. eE4lu2e2 t5e a2,i..i?ilitB o3 a 4on3e..ion ,a2e to t5e -oli4e o33i4er/ Se4tion 1#" o3 Cr/)/C/ i. a .alutarB -rovi.ion ;5i45 laB. 2o;n 4ertain -re4autionarB rule. to ?e 3ollo;e2 ?B t5e *a:i.trate re4or2in: a 4on3e..ion .o a. to en.ure t5e voluntarine.. o3 t5e 4on3e..ion an2 t5e a44u.e2 ?ein: -la4e2 in a .ituation 3ree 3ro, t5reat or in3luen4e o3 t5e -oli4e/ @e3ore ;e turn our attention to t5e ,ore .-e4i3i4 a.-e4t. o3 4on3e..ion. un2er )%!A, ;e .5oul2 5ave a 4on.-e4tu. o3 t5e la; on t5e evi2entiarB value o3 4on3e..ion. ;5i45 are retra4te2 1 ;5i45 i. a :eneral 3eature in our 4ountrB an2 el.e;5ere/ A. to ;5at .5oul2 ?e t5e le:al a--roa45 o3 t5e Court 4alle2 u-on to 4onvi4t a -er.on -ri,arilB in t5e li:5t o3 t5e 4on3e..ion or a retra4te2 4on3e..ion 5a. ?een .u44in4tlB .u,,ariGe2 in 'ha!at v. State of +.P. *A$(CSCC009#C1900/ &i2aBatulla5, C/J/, .-ea=in: 3or a t5ree1Ju2:e @en45 o?.erve2 t5u.: MCon3e..ion. 4an ?e a4te2 u-on i3 t5e 4ourt i. .ati.3ie2 t5at t5eB are voluntarB an2 t5at t5eB are true/ !5e voluntarB nature o3 t5e 4on3e..ion 2e-en2. u-on ;5et5er t5ere ;a. anB t5reat, in2u4e,ent or -ro,i.e an2 it. trut5 i. 7u2:e2 in t5e 4onteEt o3 t5e entire -ro.e4ution 4a.e/ !5e 4on3e..ion ,u.t 3it into t5e -rove2 3a4t. an2 not run 4ounter to t5e,/ F5en t5e voluntarB 45ara4ter o3 t5e 4on3e..ion an2 it. trut5 are a44e-te2, it i. .a3e to relB on it/ In2ee2 a 4on3e..ion, i3 it i. voluntarB an2 true an2 not ,a2e un2er anB in2u4e,ent or t5reat or -ro,i.e, i. t5e ,o.t -atent -ie4e o3 evi2en4e a:ain.t t5e ,a=er/ Retra4te2 4on3e..ion, 5o;ever, .tan2. on a .li:5tlB 2i33erent 3ootin:/ A. t5e )rivB Coun4il on4e .tate2, in In2ia it i. t5e rule to 3in2 a 4on3e..ion an2 to 3in2 it retra4te2 later/ A 4ourt ,aB ta=e into a44ount t5e retra4te2 4on3e..ion, ?ut it ,u.t loo= 3or t5e rea.on. 3or t5e ,a=in: o3 t5e 4on3e..ion a. ;ell a. 3or it. retra4tion, an2 ,u.t ;ei:5 t5e t;o to 2eter,ine ;5et5er t5e retra4tion a33e4t. t5e voluntarB nature o3 t5e 4on3e..ion or not/ I3 t5e 4ourt i. .ati.3ie2 t5at it ;a. retra4te2 ?e4au.e o3 an a3ter1t5ou:5t or a2vi4e, t5e retra4tion ,aB not ;ei:5

1"

;it5 t5e 4ourt i3 t5e :eneral 3a4t. -rove2 in t5e 4a.e an2 t5e tenor o3 t5e 4on3e..ion a. ,a2e an2 t5e 4ir4u,.tan4e. o3 it. ,a=in: an2 ;it52ra;al ;arrant it. u.er/ All t5e .a,e, t5e 4ourt. 2o not a4t u-on t5e retra4te2 4on3e..ion ;it5out 3in2in: a..uran4e 3ro, .o,e ot5er .our4e. a. to t5e :uilt o3 t5e a44u.e2/ !5ere3ore, it 4an ?e .tate2 t5at a true 4on3e..ion ,a2e voluntarilB ,aB ?e a4te2 u-on ;it5 .li:5t evi2en4e to 4orro?orate it, ?ut a retra4te2 4on3e..ion require. t5e :eneral a..uran4e t5at t5e retra4tion ;a. an a3ter1t5ou:5t an2 t5at t5e earlier .tate,ent ;a. true/ !5i. ;a. lai2 2o;n ?B t5i. Court in an earlier 4a.e re-orte2 in Su&!amania Gounden v. "he State of ,ad!as *A$(CSCC00"5C1950/M !5e .a,e learne2 Ju2:e o?.erve2 in .a!oom .a/i A&dulla v. State of ,aha!asht!a *A$(CSCC00#0C19#0 t5at a Mretra4te2 4on3e..ion ,u.t ?e loo=e2 u-on ;it5 :reater 4on4ern unle.. t5e rea.on. :iven 3or 5avin: ,a2e it in t5e 3ir.t in.tan4e are on t5e 3a4e o3 t5e, 3al.e/M !5ere ;a. a 3urt5er o?.ervation in t5e .a,e -ara:ra-5 t5at retra4te2 4on3e..ion i. a ;ea= lin= a:ain.t t5e ,a=er an2 ,ore .o a:ain.t a 4o1a44u.e2/ Fit5 :reat re.-e4t to t5e e,inent Ju2:e, t5e 4o,,ent t5at t5e retra4te2 4on3e..ion i. a M;ea= lin= a:ain.t t5e ,a=erM :oe. 4ounter to a .erie. o3 2e4i.ion./ !5e o?.ervation ,u.t ?e vie;e2 in t5e 4onteEt o3 t5e 3a4t t5at t5e Court ;a. 4on4entratin: on t5e 4on3e..ion o3 t5e 4o1a44u.e2 rat5er t5an t5e evi2entiarB value o3 t5e retra4te2 4on3e..ion a:ain.t t5e ,a=er/ ealin: ;it5 retra4te2 4on3e..ion, a 3our1Ju2:e @en45 o3 t5i. Court .-ea=in: t5rou:5 Su??a Rao, J, in Pya!e Lal v. State of Assam *A$(CSCC0101C195#, 4lari3ie2 t5e le:al -o.ition t5u.: MA retra4te2 4on3e..ion ,aB 3or, t5e le:al ?a.i. o3 a 4onvi4tion i3 t5e 4ourt i. .ati.3ie2 t5at it ;a. true an2 ;a. voluntarilB ,a2e/ @ut it 5a. ?een 5el2 t5at a 4ourt .5all not ?a.e a 4onvi4tion on .u45 a 4on3e..ion ;it5out 4orro?oration/ It i. not a rule o3 la;, ?ut i. onlB rule o3 -ru2en4e/ It 4annot even ?e lai2 2o;n a. an in3leEi?le rule o3 -ra4ti4e or -ru2en4e t5at un2er no 4ir4u,.tan4e. .u45 a 4onvi4tion 4an ?e ,a2e ;it5out 4orro?oration, 3or a 4ourt ,aB, in a -arti4ular 4a.e, ?e 4onvi4te2 o3 t5e a?.olute trut5 o3 a 4on3e..ion an2 -re-are2 to a4t u-on it ;it5out 4orro?orationD ?ut it ,aB ?e lai2 2o;n a. a :eneral rule o3 -ra4ti4e t5at it i. un.a3e to relB u-on a 4on3e..ion, ,u45 le.. on a retra4te2 4on3e..ion, unle.. t5e 4ourt i. .ati.3ie2 t5at t5e retra4te2 4on3e..ion i. true an2 voluntarilB ,a2e an2 5a. ?een 4orro?orate2 in ,aterial -arti4ular./M A. to t5e eEtent o3 4orro?oration require2, it ;a. o?.erve2 in Su&!amania Gounden's 4a.e (1958 SCR "28) t5at ea45 an2 everB 4ir4u,.tan4e ,entione2 in t5e retra4te2 4on3e..ion re:ar2in: t5e 4o,-li4itB o3 t5e ,a=er nee2 not ?e .e-aratelB an2 in2e-en2entlB 4orro?orate2/ !5e learne2 Ju2:e. o?.erve2 : Mit ;oul2 ?e .u33i4ient in our o-inion t5at t5e :eneral tren2 o3 t5e 4on3e..ion i. .u?.tantiate2 ?B .o,e evi2en4e ;5i45 ;oul2 tallB ;it5 ;5at i. 4ontaine2 in t5e 4on3e..ionM/ !5en ;e 5ave t5e 4a.e o3 Shanka!ia v. State of (a%asthan *A$(CSCC01#5C1908 2e4i2e2 ?B a t5ree1Ju2:e @en45/ Sar=aria, J, note2 t5e t;in te.t. to ?e a--lie2 to evaluate a 4on3e..ion: (1) ;5et5er t5e 4on3e..ion ;a. -er3e4tlB voluntarB an2 (2) i3 .o, ;5et5er it i. true an2 tru.t;ort5B/ !5e learne2 Ju2:e -ointe2 out t5at i3 t5e 3ir.t te.t i. not .ati.3ie2 t5e que.tion o3 a--lBin: t5e .e4on2 te.t 2oe. not ari.e/ !5en t5e Court in2i4ate2 one ?roa2 ,et5o2 ?B ;5i45 a 4on3e..ion 4an ?e evaluate2/ It ;a. .ai2: M!5e Court .5oul2 4are3ullB eEa,ine t5e 4on3e..ion an2 4o,-are it ;it5 t5e re.t o3 t5e evi2en4e, in t5e li:5t o3 t5e .urroun2in: 4ir4u,.tan4e. an2 -ro?a?ilitie. o3 t5e 4a.e/ I3 on .u45 eEa,ination an2 4o,-ari.on, t5e 4on3e..ion a--ear. to ?e a -ro?a?le 4atalo:ue o3 event. an2 naturallB 3it. in ;it5 t5e re.t o3 t5e evi2en4e an2 t5e .urroun2in: 4ir4u,.tan4e., it ,aB ?e ta=en to 5ave .ati.3ie2 t5e .e4on2 te.t/M In Pa!manand Pegu v. State of Assam *A$(CSCC0#9#C200" t5i. Court ;5ile a2vertin: to t5e eE-re..ion M4orro?oration o3 ,aterial -arti4ular.M u.e2 in Pya!e Lal 'ha!gava's 4a.e 4lari3ie2 t5e -o.ition t5u.: M@B t5e u.e o3 t5e eE-re..ion >4orro?oration o3 ,aterial -arti4ular.>, t5e Court 5a. not lai2 2o;n anB -ro-o.ition 4ontrarB to ;5at 5a. ?een 4lari3ie2 in Su&!amania Goundan 4a.e a. re:ar2. t5e eEtent o3 4orro?oration require2/ !5e a?ove eE-re..ion 2oe. not i,-lB t5at t5ere .5oul2 ?e ,eti4ulou. eEa,ination o3 t5e entire ,aterial -arti4ular./ It i. enou:5 t5at t5ere i. ?roa2 4orro?oration in 4on3or,itB ;it5 t5e :eneral tren2 o3 t5e 4on3e..ion, a. -ointe2 out in Su&!amania Goundan 4a.e/M !5e analB.i. o3 t5e le:al -o.ition in -ara:ra-5. 18 J 19 i. al.o ;ort5 notin:: M&avin: t5u. rea45e2 a 3in2in: a. to t5e voluntarB nature o3 a 4on3e..ion, t5e trut5 o3 t5e 4on3e..ion .5oul2 t5en ?e te.te2 ?B t5e 4ourt/ !5e 3a4t t5at t5e 4on3e..ion 5a. ?een ,a2e voluntarilB, 3ree 3ro, t5reat an2 in2u4e,ent, 4an ?e re:ar2e2 a. -re.u,-tive evi2en4e o3 it. trut5/ Still, t5ere ,aB ?e 4ir4u,.tan4e. to in2i4ate t5at t5e 4on3e..ion 4annot ?e true ;5ollB or -artlB in ;5i45 4a.e it lo.e. ,u45 o3 it. evi2entiarB value/ In or2er to ?e a..ure2 o3 t5e trut5 o3 4on3e..ion, t5i. Court, in a .erie. o3 2e4i.ion., 5a. evolve2 a rule o3 -ru2en4e t5at t5e 4ourt .5oul2 loo= to 4orro?oration 3ro, ot5er evi2en4e/ &o;ever, t5ere nee2 not ?e 4orro?oration in re.-e4t

15

o3 ea45 an2 everB ,aterial -arti4ular/ @roa2lB, t5ere .5oul2 ?e 4orro?oration .o t5at t5e 4on3e..ion ta=en a. a ;5ole 3it. into t5e 3a4t. -rove2 ?B ot5er evi2en4e/ In .u?.tan4e, t5e 4ourt .5oul2 5ave a..uran4e 3ro, all an:le. t5at t5e retra4te2 4on3e..ion ;a., in 3a4t, voluntarB an2 it ,u.t 5ave ?een true/M !5e u.e o3 retra4te2 4on3e..ion a:ain.t t5e 4o1a44u.e2 5o;ever .tan2. on a 2i33erent 3ootin: 3ro, t5e u.e o3 .u45 4on3e..ion a:ain.t t5e ,a=er/ !o 4o,e to t5e :ri-. o3 t5e la; on t5e .u?7e4t, ;e 2o no ,ore t5an quotin: t5e a-t o?.ervation. o3 6ivian @o.e, J, .-ea=in: 3or a t5ree1Ju2:e @en45, in #ashmi!a Singh v. State of ,adhya P!adesh *A$(CSCC0031C1952/ @e3ore 4lari3Bin: t5e la;, t5e learne2 Ju2:e note2 ;it5 a--roval t5e o?.ervation. o3 Sir La;ren4e Jen=in. t5at a 4on3e..ion 4an onlB ?e u.e2 to Mlen2 a..uran4e to ot5er evi2en4e a:ain.t a 4o1a44u.e2/M !5e le:al -o.ition ;a. t5en .tate2 t5u.: M!ran.latin: t5e.e o?.ervation. into 4on4rete ter,. t5eB 4o,e to t5i./ !5e -ro-er ;aB to a--roa45 a 4a.e o3 t5i. =in2 i., 3ir.t to ,ar.5all t5e evi2en4e a:ain.t t5e a44u.e2 eE4lu2in: t5e 4on3e..ion alto:et5er 3ro, 4on.i2eration an2 .ee ;5et5er, i3 it i. ?elieve2, a 4onvi4tion 4oul2 .a3elB ?e ?a.e2 on it/ I3 it i. 4a-a?le o3 ?elie3 in2e-en2entlB o3 t5e 4on3e..ion, t5en o3 4our.e it i. not ne4e..arB to 4all t5e 4on3e..ion in ai2/ @ut 4a.e. ,aB ari.e ;5ere t5e Ju2:e i. not >-re-are2 .et on t5e ot5er evi2en4e a. it .tan2. even t5ou:5, i3 ?elieve2, it ;oul2 ?e .u33i4ient to .u.tain a 4onvi4tion/ In .u45 an event t5e Ju2:e ,aB 4all in ai2 t5e 4on3e..ion an2 u.e it to len2 a..uran4e to t5e ot5er evi2en4e an2 t5u. 3orti3B 5i,.el3 in ?elievin: ;5at ;it5out t5e ai2 o3 t5e 4on3e..ion 5e ;oul2 not ?e -re-are2 to a44e-t/M !5e 4ru4ial eE-re..ion u.e2 in Se4tion 30 i. Mt5e Court ,aB ta=e into 4on.i2eration .u45 4on3e..ionM/ !5e.e ;or2. i,-lB t5at t5e 4on3e..ion o3 a 4o1 a44u.e2 4annot ?e elevate2 to t5e .tatu. o3 .u?.tantive evi2en4e ;5i45 4an 3or, t5e ?a.i. o3 4onvi4tion o3 t5e 4o1a44u.e2/ !5e i,-ort o3 t5i. eE-re..ion ;a. .u44in4tlB eE-laine2 ?B t5e )rivB Coun4il in 'hu&oni Sahu v. #ing*A$(C)RC00"0C19"9 in t5e 3ollo;in: ;or2.: M!5e Court ,aB ta=e t5e 4on3e..ion into 4on.i2eration an2 t5ere?B, no 2ou?t, ,a=e. it. evi2en4e on ;5i45 t5e Court ,aB a4tD ?ut t5e .e4tion 2oe. not .aB t5at t5e 4on3e..ion i. to a,ount to -roo3/ ClearlB t5ere ,u.t ?e ot5er evi2en4e/ !5e 4on3e..ion i. onlB one ele,ent in t5e 4on.i2eration o3 all t5e 3a4t. -rove2 in t5e 4a.eD it 4an ?e -ut into t5e .4ale an2 ;ei:5e2 ;it5 t5e ot5er evi2en4eM/ (e,-5a.i. .u--lie2) A3ter re3errin: to t5e.e 2e4i.ion., a Con.titution @en45 o3 t5i. Court in .a!icha!an #u!mi v. State of 'iha! *A$(CSCC0059C19#" 3urt5er 4lari3ie2 t5e le:al -o.ition t5u.: M///In 2ealin: ;it5 a 4a.e a:ain.t an a44u.e2 -er.on, t5e Court 4annot .tart ;it5 t5e 4on3e..ion o3 4o1a44u.e2 -er.onD it ,u.t ?e:in ;it5 ot5er evi2en4e a22u4e2 ?B t5e -ro.e4ution an2 a3ter it 5a. 3or,e2 it. o-inion ;it5 re:ar2 to t5e qualitB an2 e33e4t o3 t5e .ai2 evi2en4e, t5en it i. -er,i..i?le to turn to t5e 4on3e..ion in or2er to re4eive a..uran4e to t5e 4on3e..ion o3 :uilt ;5i45 t5e 7u2i4ial ,in2 i. a?out to rea45 on t5e .ai2 ot5er evi2en4e/M (e,-5a.i. .u--lie2) F5at i. t5e le:al -o.ition relatin: to C%$+ESSI%$S ($ ER !&E )%!A i. t5e neEt i,-ortant a.-e4t/ +ollo;in: t5e -at5 .5o;n ?B it. -re2e4e..or, na,elB !A A A4t, )%!A ,ar=. a nota?le 2e-arture 3ro, t5e :eneral la; o3 evi2en4e in t5at it ,a=e. t5e 4on3e..ion to a 5i:5 ran=in: -oli4e o33i4er a2,i..i?le in evi2en4e in t5e trial o3 .u45 -er.on 3or t5e o33en4e un2er )%!A/ A. re:ar2. t5e 4on3e..ion to t5e -oli4e o33i4er, t5e !A A re:i,e i. 4ontinue2 .u?7e4t to 4ertain re3ine,ent./ $o;, let u. ta=e .to4= o3 t5e -rovi.ion. 4ontaine2 in Se4tion 32 o3 )%!A/ Su?1Se4tion o3 (1) o3 t5i. Se4tion .tart. ;it5 a non o?.tante -rovi.ion ;it5 t5e ;or2. M$ot;it5.tan2in: anBt5in: in t5e Co2e o3 Cri,inal )ro4e2ure or in t5e In2ian Evi2en4e A4t///M !5en it .aB.: Ma 4on3e..ion ,a2e ?B a -er.on ?e3ore a -oli4e o33i4er not lo;er in ran= t5an a Su-erinten2ent o3 )oli4e an2 re4or2e2 ?B .u45 -oli4e o33i4er eit5er in ;ritin: or on anB ,e45ani4al or ele4troni4 2evi4e/// .5all ?e a2,i..i?le in t5e trial o3 .u45 -er.on 3or an o33en4e un2er t5e A4t or t5e rule., .u?7e4t to ot5er -rovi.ion. o3 t5e .e4tionM/ @B t5i. -rovi.ion, t5e ?an a:ain.t t5e re4e-tion o3 4on3e..ional .tate,ent. ,a2e to t5e -oli4e i. li3te2/ !5at i. ;5B t5e non1o?.tante 4lau.e/ !5i. .u?1.e4tion i. al,o.t i2enti4al to Se4tion 15(1) o3 !A A eE4e-tin: t5at t5e ;or2. Mor 4o1a44u.e2, a?ettor or 4on.-irator o44urrin: a3ter t5e eE-re..ion Min t5e trial o3 .u45 -er.onM ;ere o,itte2/ !5e ot5er 3our .u?1.e4tion. (2) to (5) o3 Se4tion 32 are ,eant to -rovi2e 4ertain .a3e:uar2. to t5e a44u.e2 in or2er to en.ure t5at t5e 4on3e..ion i. not eEtra4te2 ?B t5reat or in2u4e,ent/ Su?1.e4tion (2) .aB. t5at t5e -oli4e o33i4er, ?e3ore re4or2in: a 4on3e..ion .5oul2 eE-lain in ;ritin: to t5e -er.on 4on4erne2 t5at 5e i. not ?oun2 to ,a=e a 4on3e..ion an2 t5at t5e 4on3e..ion i3 ,a2e ?B 5i, 4an ?e u.e2 a:ain.t 5i,/ !5e ri:5t o3 t5e -er.on to re,ain .ilent ?e3ore t5e -oli4e o33i4er 4alle2 u-on to re4or2 t5e 4on3e..ion i. re4o:niGe2 ?B t5e -rovi.o to .u?1

1#

.e4tion (2)/ Su?1.e4tion (3) en7oin. t5at t5e 4on3e..ion .5all ?e re4or2e2 in a t5reat13ree at,o.-5ere/ *oreover, it .5oul2 ?e re4or2e2 in t5e .a,e lan:ua:e a. t5at u.e2 ?B t5e ,a=er o3 t5e 4on3e..ion/ !5e ,o.t i,-ortant .a3e:uar2 -rovi2e2 in .u?1.e4tion. (") J (5) i. t5at t5e -er.on 3ro, ;5o, t5e 4on3e..ion ;a. re4or2e2 i. require2 to ?e -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore a C5ie3 *etro-olitan *a:i.trate or C5ie3 Ju2i4ial *a:i.trate, ;it5in "8 5our., to:et5er ;it5 t5e ori:inal .tate,ent o3 4on3e..ion in ;5atever ,anner it ;a. re4or2e2/ !5e C** or t5e CJ* .5all t5en re4or2 t5e .tate,ent ,a2e ?B t5e -er.on .o -ro2u4e2/ I3 t5ere i. anB 4o,-laint o3 torture, t5e -oli4e .5all ?e 2ire4te2 to -ro2u4e t5e -er.on 3or ,e2i4al eEa,ination an2 t5erea3ter 5e .5all ?e .ent to t5e 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B/ 9/ Se4tion 15 o3 !A A It i. ne4e..arB to a2vert to t5e eE-o.ition o3 la; on t5e -ro?ative qualitB o3 t5e 4on3e..ion re4or2e2 ?B t5e e,-o;ere2 -oli4e o33i4er un2er Se4tion 15 o3 !A A A4t/ Fe ,aB re4all t5at un2er Se4tion 15, t5e 4on3e..ion i. a2,i..i?le in t5e trial o3 t5e -er.on ;5o ,a2e t5e 4on3e..ion or t5e 4o1 a44u.e2Ca?ettorC4on.-irator/ In State v. )alini (.u-ra), !5o,a., J too= t5e vie; t5at t5e 4on3e..ion 4o,in: ;it5in t5e -urvie; o3 Se4tion 15 i. a .u?.tantive evi2en4e a. a:ain.t t5e ,a=er t5ereo3 ?ut it i. not .o a. a:ain.t t5e 4o1a44u.e2Ca?ettor or 4on.-irator in relation to ;5o, it 4an ?e u.e2 onlB a. a 4orro?orative -ie4e o3 evi2en4e/ Fa25;a, J, 5el2 t5at t5e 4on3e..ion o3 an a44u.e2 .erve. a. a .u?.tantive evi2en4e a:ain.t 5i,.el3 a. ;ell a. a:ain.t t5e 4o1a44u.e2, a?ettor or 4on.-irator/ S/S/*/ Hua2ri, J, ?roa2lB a:ree2 ;it5 t5e vie; ta=en ?B Fa25;a, J/ !5e 3ollo;in: o?.ervation. ,a2e ?B t5e learne2 Ju2:e re3le4t 5i. vie;1-oint: M%n t5e lan:ua:e o3 .u?1.e4tion (1) o3 Se4tion 15, a 4on3e..ion o3 an a44u.e2 i. ,a2e a2,i..i?le evi2en4e a. a:ain.t all t5o.e trie2 7ointlB ;it5 5i,, .o it i. i,-li4it t5at t5e .a,e 4an ?e 4on.i2ere2 a:ain.t all t5o.e trie2 to:et5er/ In t5i. vie; o3 t5e ,atter al.o, Se4tion 30 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t nee2 not ?e invo=e2 3or 4on.i2eration o3 4on3e..ion o3 an a44u.e2 a:ain.t a 4o1a44u.e2, a?ettor or 4on.-irator 45ar:e2 an2 trie2 in t5e .a,e 4a.e alon: ;it5 t5e a44u.e2/M !5e learne2 Ju2:e 3urt5er o?.erve2 t5at in vie; o3 t5e non o?.tante -rovi.ion o3 Se4tion 15(1), t5e a--li4ation o3 Se4tion 30 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t .5oul2 ?e eE4lu2e2 an2 t5ere3ore t5e 4on.i2eration. :er,ane to Se4tion 30 4annot ?e i,-orte2 in 4on.truin: Se4tion 15(1)/ Hua2ri, J, t5ere3ore 2i..ente2 3ro, t5e vie; ta=en ?B !5o,a., J/ At t5e .a,e ti,e t5e learne2 Ju2:e ;a. o3 t5e vie; t5at in .o 3ar a. t5e u.e o3 4on3e..ion a:ain.t t5e 4o1a44u.e2 i. 4on4erne2, rule o3 -ru2en4e require. t5at it .5oul2 not ?e relie2 u-on Munle.. 4orro?orate2 :enerallB ?B ot5er evi2en4e on re4or2M/ In -ara:ra-5 005, t5e learne2 Ju2:e ,a2e t5e 3ollo;in: o?.ervation.: M@ut I ;i.5 to ,a=e it 4lear t5at even i3 4on3e..ion o3 an a44u.e2 a. a:ain.t a 4o1a44u.e2 trie2 ;it5 t5e a44u.e2 in t5e .a,e 4a.e i. treate2 a. >.u?.tantive evi2en4e> un2er.too2 in t5e li,ite2 .en.e o3 3a4t in i..ue or relevant 3a4t, t5e rule o3 -ru2en4e require. t5at t5e 4ourt .5oul2 eEa,ine t5e .a,e ;it5 :reat 4are =ee-in: in ,in2 t5e 4aution :iven ?B t5e )rivB Coun4il in 'hu&oni Sahu 4a.eM, =ee-in: in vie; t5e 3a4t t5at t5e 4on3e..ion o3 a 4o1a44u.e2 i. not require2 to ?e :iven un2er oat5 an2 it. vera4itB 4annot ?e te.te2 ?B 4ro..1eEa,ination i. Bet anot5er rea.on :iven ?B t5e learne2 Ju2:e 3or in.i.tin: on .u45 4orro?oration/ !5u. t5e learne2 Ju2:e .tru4= a ?alan4e ?et;een t;o eEtre,e ar:u,ent./ !5e vie; ta=en ?B Hua2ri, J/ 2oe. not .ee, to 4on3li4t ;it5 t5e vie; o3 Fa25;a, J/ !5ou:5 Fa25;a, J/ o?.erve2 t5at 4on3e..ion o3 t5e a44u.e2 i. a2,i..i?le ;it5 t5e .a,e 3or4e in it. a--li4ation to t5e 4o1a44u.e2 an2 it i. in t5e nature o3 .u?.tantive evi2en4e, t5e learne2 Ju2:e, 5o;ever, quali3ie2 5i. re,ar=. ?B o?.ervin: t5u.: MSu?.tantive evi2en4e, 5o;ever, 2oe. not ne4e..arilB ,ean .u?.tantial evi2en4e/ It i. t5e qualitB o3 evi2en4e t5at ,atter./ A. to ;5at value i. to ?e atta45e2 to a 4on3e..ion ;ill 3all ;it5in t5e 2o,ain o3 a--re4iation o3 evi2en4e/ A. a ,atter o3 -ru2en4e, t5e 4ourt ,aB loo= 3or .o,e 4orro?oration i3 4on3e..ion i. to ?e u.e2 a:ain.t a 4o1a44u.e2 t5ou:5 t5at ;ill a:ain ?e ;it5in t5e .-5ere o3 a--rai.al o3 evi2en4e/M !5o,a., J/ ;a. o3 t5e vie; t5at t5e non1o?.tante ;or2. in Se4tion 15(1) o3 !A A ;ere not inten2e2 to ,a=e it .u?.tantive evi2en4e a:ain.t t5e non1 ,a=er, an2 it 4an ?e u.e2 onlB a. a -ie4e o3 4orro?orative ,aterial to .u--ort ot5er .u?.tantive evi2en4e/ Re3eren4e i. to ?e ,a2e to a re4ent 2e4i.ion o3 t5i. Court in Ja,eel Ahmed and An!. v. State of (a%asthan *A$(CSCC0358C2003 1 a 4a.e ari.in: un2er !A A/ A3ter a .urveB o3 t5e earlier 4a.e. on t5e .u?7e4t, t5i. Court o?.erve2: MI3 t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent i. -ro-erlB re4or2e2 .ati.3Bin: t5e ,an2atorB -rovi.ion. o3 Se4tion 15 o3 !A A A4t an2 t5e rule. ,a2e t5ereun2er an2 i3 t5e .a,e i. 3oun2 ?B t5e Court a. 5avin: ?een ,a2e voluntarilB an2 trut53ullB t5en t5e .ai2 4on3e..ion i. .u33i4ient to ?a.e 4onvi4tion o3 t5e ,a=er o3 t5e 4on3e..ion/M !5i. -ro-o.ition i. uneE4e-tiona?le/ !5e neEt -ro-o.ition, 5o;ever, -re.ent. .o,e 2i33i4ultB/ !5e learne2 Ju2:e. a22e2: MF5et5er .u45 4on3e..ion require. 4orro?oration or not, i. a ,atter 3or t5e Court 4on.i2erin: .u45 4on3e..ion on 3a4t. o3 ea45 4a.e/M !5i. Court o?.erve2 t5at on4e t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent ?e4o,e. a2,i..i?le in evi2en4e t5en, li=e anB ot5er evi2en4e, Mit i. 3or t5e Court to 4on.i2er ;5et5er .u45 .tate,ent 4an ?e relie2 u-on .olelB or ;it5 ne4e..arB 4orro?oration/M !5e ratio ?e5in2 t5e vie; ta=en ?B t5e learne2 Ju2:e. i. -er5a-. 2i.4erni?le 3ro, t5e 3ollo;in: -a..a:e:

10

MFe 5ave alrea2B noti4e2 t5at t5i. -rovi.ion o3 la; i. a 2e-arture 3ro, t5e -rovi.ion. o3 Se4tion. 25 130 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ A. a ,atter o3 3a4t, Se4tion 15 o3 t5e !A A A4t o-erate. in2e-en2ent o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t an2 t5e Co2e o3 Cri,inal )ro4e2ure/M !5e Court t5en o?.erve2 t5at t5e 4on3e..ion 2ulB re4or2e2 un2er Se4tion 15 o3 !A A A4t ?e4o,e. a2,i..i?le in evi2en4e ?B virtue o3 .tatutorB ,an2ate an2 i3 it i. -rove2 to ?e voluntarB an2 trut53ul in nature t5ere i. no rea.on ;5B .u45 a .tate,ent .5oul2 ?e treate2 a. a ;ea= -ie4e o3 evi2en4e requirin: 4orro?oration ,erelB ?e4au.e t5e .a,e i. re4or2e2 ?B a -oli4e o33i4er/ Fe 5ave to a22 a 4aveat 5ere, ;5ile ;5ole5earte2lB a44e-tin: t5e vie; t5at t5e 4on3e..ion re4or2e2 ?B a -oli4e o33i4er un2er Se4tion 15(1) o3 !A A A4t (4orre.-on2in: to Se4tion 32(1) o3 )%!A) .tan2 on t5e .a,e 3ootin: a. t5e 4on3e..ion re4or2e2 ?B a *a:i.trate an2 t5e Court 4an a4t u-on it in .-ite o3 it. retra4tion i3 it in.-ire. 4on3i2en4e in t5e ,in2 o3 t5e Ju2:e, ;e 3eel t5at t5e rule o3 4orro?oration evolve2 ?B t5i. Court a. a ,atter o3 -ru2en4e in relation to a retra4te2 4on3e..ion re4or2e2 ?B a *a:i.trate un2er Cr/)/C/ nee2 not ?e 2i.-en.e2 ;it5/ 6ie;in: t5e 4on3e..ion in t5e li:5t o3 ot5er evi2en4e on re4or2 an2 .ee=in: 4orro?orative .u--ort t5ere3ro, i. onlB a -ro4e.. o3 a.4ertainin: t5e trut5 o3 t5e 4on3e..ion an2 i. not eEtraneou. to t5e 3ir.t -ro-o.ition lai2 2o;n ?B t5eir Lor2.5i-. in -ara:ra-5 35/ 6ie;e2 3ro, anot5er an:le, ;e ;on2er ;5et5er a 4on3e..ion re4or2e2 ?B a -oli4e o33i4er un2er t5e .-e4ial ena4t,ent .5oul2 5ave ,ore .an4titB an2 5i:5er 2e:ree o3 a44e-ta?ilitB .o a. to 2i.-en.e ;it5 t5e nor,al rule o3 4orro?oration an2 leave it to t5e 2i.4retion o3 t5e 4ourt ;5et5er to in.i.t on 4orro?oration or not, even i3 it i. retra4te2/ !5e ?etter vie; ;oul2 ?e to 3ollo; t5e .a,e rule o3 -ru2en4e a. i. ?ein: 3ollo;e2 in t5e 4a.e o3 4on3e..ion. un2er :eneral la;/ !5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent re4or2e2 ?B t5e -oli4e o33i4er 4an ?e t5e ?a.i. o3 4onvi4tion o3 t5e ,a=er, ?ut it i. 2e.ira?le to loo= to 4orro?oration in a ?roa2 .en.e, ;5en it i. retra4te2/ !5e non o?.tante -rovi.ion a2verte2 to ?B t5e learne2 Ju2:e. .5oul2 not, in our 4on.i2ere2 vie;, a33e4t t5e o-eration o3 t5e :eneral rule o3 4orro?oration ?roa2lB/ A. re:ar2. t5e 4on3e..ion ?ein: u.e2 a:ain.t a 4o1a44u.e2, t5i. Court in $ameel Ahmed's 4a.e (.u-ra), lai2 2o;n t5e 3ollo;in: -ro-o.ition.: M(iii) In re:ar2 to t5e u.e o3 .u45 4on3e..ion a. a:ain.t a 4o1 a44u.e2, it 5a. to ?e 5el2 t5at a. a ,atter o3 4aution, a :eneral 4orro?oration .5oul2 ?e .ou:5t 3or ?ut in 4a.e. ;5ere t5e 4ourt i. .ati.3ie2 t5at t5e -ro?ative value o3 .u45 4on3e..ion i. .u45 t5at it 2oe. not require 4orro?oration t5en it ,aB ?a.e a 4onvi4tion on t5e ?a.i. o3 .u45 4on3e..ion o3 t5e 4o1a44u.e2 ;it5out 4orro?oration/ @ut t5i. i. an eE4e-tion to t5e :eneral rule o3 requirin: 4orro?oration ;5en .u45 4on3e..ion i. to ?e u.e2 a:ain.t a 4o1a44u.e2/ (iv) !5e nature o3 4orro?oration require2 ?ot5 in re:ar2 to t5e u.e o3 4on3e..ion a:ain.t t5e ,a=er a. al.o in re:ar2 to t5e u.e o3 t5e .a,e a:ain.t a 4o1a44u.e2 i. o3 a :eneral nature, unle.. t5e 4ourt 4o,e. to t5e 4on4lu.ion t5at .u45 4orro?oration .5oul2 ?e on ,aterial 3a4t. al.o ?e4au.e o3 t5e 3a4t. o3 a -arti4ular 4a.e/ !5e 2e:ree o3 4orro?oration .o require2 i. t5at ;5i45 i. ne4e..arB 3or a -ru2ent ,an to ?elieve in t5e eEi.ten4e o3 3a4t. ,entione2 in t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent/M F5ile ;e a:ree ;it5 t5e -ro-o.ition t5at t5e nature o3 4orro?oration require2 ?ot5 in re:ar2 to t5e u.e o3 4on3e..ion a:ain.t t5e ,a=er an2 t5e 4o1 a44u.e2 i. :eneral in nature, our re,ar=. ,a2e earlier in relation to t5e 4on3e..ion a:ain.t t5e ,a=er ;oul2 equallB a--lB to -ro-o.ition $o/(iii) in .o 3ar a. it -er,it. t5e Court in an a--ro-riate 4a.e to ?a.e t5e 4onvi4tion on t5e 4on3e..ion o3 t5e 4o1a44u.e2 ;it5out even :eneral 4orro?oration/ Fe ;oul2 onlB a22 t5at ;e 2o not vi.ualiGe anB .u45 a--ro-riate 4a.e 3or t5e .i,-le rea.on t5at t5e a..uran4e o3 t5e trut5 o3 4on3e..ion i. ineEtri4a?lB ,iEe2 u- ;it5 t5e -ro4e.. o3 .ee=in: 4orro?oration 3ro, t5e re.t o3 t5e -ro.e4ution evi2en4e/ Fe 5ave eE-re..e2 our 2i..ent to t5i. li,ite2 eEtent/ In t5e nor,al 4our.e, a re3eren4e to t5e lar:er @en45 on t5i. i..ue ;oul2 ?e -ro-er/ @ut t5ere i. no nee2 in t5i. 4a.e to a--lB or not to a--lB t5e le:al -o.ition 4lari3ie2 in -ro-o.ition $o/(iii) 3or t5e .i,-le rea.on t5at t5e trial 4ourt a. ;ell a. t5e &i:5 Court 2i2 loo= 3or 4orro?oration 3ro, t5e 4ir4u,.tantial evi2en4e relatin: to variou. 3a4t. narrate2 in t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent/ )er5a-., t5e vie; eE-re..e2 ?B u. ;oul2 onlB -ave t5e ;aB 3or a 3re.5 loo= ?B a lar:er @en45, .5oul2 t5e o44a.ion ari.e in 3uture/ !5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el *r/ Ra, Jet5,alani .everelB 4riti4i.e2 t5e vie; ta=en in )alini0 $ameel Ahmed an2 ot5er 4a.e. 2e4i2e2 a3ter )alini/ &e -ointe2 out t5at t5e 4on3e..ion o3 a 4o1a44u.e2 i. 5el2 to ?e a2,i..i?le in vie; o3 t5e eE-re..ion M.5all ?e a2,i..i?le in t5e trial o3 .u45 -er.on or 4o1 a44u.e2M/ @ut, t5e le:i.lature 2i2 not inten2 t5at in 2eviation o3 t5e :eneral la;, t5e 4on3e..ion o3 a 4o1a44u.e2 4oul2 ?e4o,e t5e .ole ?a.i. o3 4onvi4tion irre.-e4tive o3 ;5et5er it i. 4orro?orate2 in relation to ,aterial -arti4ular. or not/ !5e 4oun.el 4o,,en2. t5e a44e-tan4e o3 t5e ratio lai2 2o;n ?B )rivB Coun4il in 'hu&oni Sahu in t5e 4onteEt o3 a 4on3e..ion 4overe2 ?B Se4tion 30 o3 Evi2en4e A4t/ !5e 4oun.el re,in2. u. t5at a2,i..i?ilitB i. one t5in:, an2 t5e ;ei:5t to ?e atta45e2 to t5e evi2en4e i. anot5er/ !5e learne2 4oun.el *r/ Ra, Jet5,alani re-eate2lB -ointe2 t5at t5e 4ru4ial o?.ervation. o3 t5e Con.titution @en45 in #a!ta! Singh's 4a.e (.u-ra) ;ere not noti4e2 ?B t5i. Court in )alini's 4a.e an2 t5i. error, a44or2in: to t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el, -er-etuate2/ !5e learne2 4oun.el 5a. 2ra;n our attention to t5e 4ate:ori4al o?.ervation o3 t5i. Court in -ara:ra-5 255 o3 t5e ,a7oritB 7u2:,ent to t5e e33e4t t5at Mt5e -re.ent -o.ition i. in 4on3or,itB ;it5 Se4tion 30 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/M &e 5a. al.o 2ra;n our attention to t5e .u?,i..ion o3 t5e learne2 A22itional Soli4itor 'eneral in #a!ta! Singh's 4a.e t5at t5e -ro?ative value o3 t5e 4on3e..ion re4or2e2 un2er Se4tion 15 .5oul2 ?e le3t to t5e Court to ?e 2eter,ine2 in ea45 4a.e on it. o;n 3a4t. an2 4ir4u,.tan4e./ A44or2in: to t5e learne2 4oun.el, t5e 4on3e..ion o3 4o1a44u.e2 .5oul2 not 5ave ?een elevate2 to t5e .tatu. o3 4on3e..ion o-eratin: a:ain.t t5e ,a=er/ !5e 4ontention a2van4e2 ?B t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el i. not ;it5out 3or4e/ &o;ever, ;e nee2 not 2ilate 3urt5er on t5i. a.-e4t a.

18

t5e ter,inolo:B in )%!A i. 2i33erent an2 t5e vie; ;5i45 ;e 5ol2 i. t5at Se4tion 32 o3 )%!A 2oe. not ena?le t5e Court to ta=e into a44ount t5e 4on3e..ion o3 t5e 4o1a44u.e2/ Fe .5all no; a2vert to t5i. a.-e4t, on a 4o,-arative re3eren4e o3 t5e -rovi.ion. o3 !A A A4t an2 )%!A/ 10/ (.e o3 4on3e..ion un2er )%!A a:ain.t 4o1a44u.e2 $o;, let u. eEa,ine t5e que.tion ;5et5er Se4tion 32(1) o3 )%!A ta=e. ;it5in it. .;ee- t5e 4on3e..ion o3 a 4o1 a44u.e2/ Se4tion 32(1) o3 )%!A ;5i45 ,a=e. t5e 4on3e..ion ,a2e to a 5i:5 ran=in: -oli4e o33i4er a2,i..i?le in t5e trial 2oe. not .aB anBt5in: eE-li4itlB a?out t5e u.e o3 4on3e..ion ,a2e ?B 4o1 a44u.e2/ !5e ;or2. in t5e 4on4lu2in: -ortion o3 Se4tion 32(1) are: M.5all ?e a2,i..i?le in t5e trial o3 .u45 -er.on 3or an o33en4e un2er t5i. A4t or rule. ,a2e t5ereun2er/M It i., 5o;ever, t5e 4ontention o3 t5e learne2 Senior Coun.el S5ri 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, t5at Se4tion 32(1) 4an ?e .o 4on.true2 a. to in4lu2e t5e a2,i..i?ilitB o3 4on3e..ion. o3 4o1a44u.e2 a. ;ell/ !5e o,i..ion o3 t5e ;or2. in )%!A Mor 4o1a44u.e2, a?ettor or 4on.-iratorM 3ollo;in: t5e eE-re..ion Min t5e trial o3 .u45 -er.onM ;5i45 are t5e ;or2. 4ontaine2 in Se4tion 15(1) o3 !A A 2oe. not ,a=e ,aterial 2i33eren4e, a44or2in: to 5i,/ It i. 5i. .u?,i..ion t5at t5e ;or2. >4o1a44u.e2> et4/ ;ere in4lu2e2 ?B t5e 1993 a,en2,ent o3 !A A ?B ;aB o3 a?un2ant 4aution an2 not ?e4au.e t5e una,en2e2 Se4tion o3 !A A 2i2 not 4over t5e 4on3e..ion o3 4o1a44u.e2/ A44or2in: to t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el, t5e -5ra.e M.5all ?e a2,i..i?le in t5e trial o3 .u45 -er.onM 2oe. not re.tri4t t5e a2,i..i?ilitB onlB a:ain.t t5e ,a=er o3 t5e 4on3e..ion/ It eEten2. to all t5o.e ;5o are ?ein: trie2 7ointlB alon: ;it5 t5e ,a=er o3 t5e 4on3e..ion -rovi2e2 t5eB are al.o a33e4te2 ?B t5e 4on3e..ion/ !5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el 5i:5li:5t. t5e 4ru4ial ;or2.1Min t5e trial o3 .u45 -er.onM an2 ar:ue. t5at t5e 4on3e..ion ;oul2 not ,erelB ?e a2,i..i?le a:ain.t t5e ,a=er ?ut ;oul2 ?e a2,i..i?le in t5e trial o3 t5e ,a=er ;5i45 ,aB ?e a trial 7ointlB ;it5 t5e ot5er a44u.e2 -er.on./ %ur attention 5a. ?een 2ra;n to t5e -rovi.ion. o3 Cr/)/C/ an2 )%!A -rovi2in: 3or a 7oint trial in ;5i45 t5e a44u.e2 4oul2 ?e trie2 not onlB 3or t5e o33en4e. un2er )%!A ?ut al.o 3or t5e o33en4e. un2er I)C/ Fe 3in2 no 2i33i4ultB in a44e-tin: t5e -ro-o.ition t5at t5ere 4oul2 ?e a 7oint trial an2 t5e eE-re..ion Mt5e trial o3 .u45 -er.onM ,aB en4o,-a.. a trial in ;5i45 t5e a44u.e2 ;5o ,a2e t5e 4on3e..ion i. trie2 7ointlB ;it5 t5e ot5er a44u.e2/ +ro, t5at, 2oe. it 3ollo; t5at t5e 4on3e..ion ,a2e ?B one a44u.e2 i. equallB a2,i..i?le a:ain.t ot5er., in t5e a?.en4e o3 .-e4i3i4 ;or2.P !5e an.;er, in our vie;, .5oul2 ?e in t5e ne:ative/ %n a -lain rea2in: o3 Se4tion 32(1), t5e 4on3e..ion ,a2e ?B an a44u.e2 ?e3ore a -oli4e o33i4er .5all ?e a2,i..i?le a:ain.t t5e ,a=er o3 t5e 4on3e..ion in t5e 4our.e o3 5i. trial/ It ,aB ?e a 7oint trial alon: ;it5 .o,e ot5er a44u.e2D ?ut, ;e 4annot .tret45 t5e lan:ua:e o3 t5e .e4tion .o a. to ?rin: t5e 4on3e..ion o3 t5e 4o1 a44u.e2 ;it5in t5e 3ol2 o3 a2,i..i?ilitB/ Su45 .tret45in: o3 t5e lan:ua:e o3 la; i. not at all ;arrante2 e.-e4iallB in t5e 4a.e o3 a la; ;5i45 vi.it. a -er.on ;it5 .eriou. -enal 4on.equen4e. (vi2e t5e o?.ervation. o3 A5,a2i, J (a. 5e t5en ;a.) in )i!an%an Singh v. $itend!a *A$(CSCC0330C1990, ;5i45 ;ere 4ite2 ;it5 a--roval in #a!ta! Singh's 4a.e)/ Fe ;oul2 eE-e4t a ,ore eE-li4it an2 tran.-arent ;or2in: to ?e e,-loBe2 in t5e .e4tion to ro-e in t5e 4on3e..ion o3 t5e 4o1a44u.e2 ;it5in t5e net o3 a2,i..i?ilitB on -ar ;it5 t5e 4on3e..ion o3 t5e ,a=er/ An evi2entiarB rule o3 .u45 i,-ortan4e an2 :rave 4on.equen4e to t5e a44u.e2 4oul2 not 5ave ?een 4onveBe2 in a 2e3i4ient lan:ua:e/ It .ee,. to u. t5at a 4on.4iou. 2e-arture ;a. ,a2e ?B t5e 3ra,er. o3 )%!A on a 4on.i2eration o3 t5e -ro. an2 4on., ?B 2ro--in: t5e ;or2. M4o1a44u.e2M et4// !5e.e .-e4i3i4 ;or2. 4on.4iou.lB a22e2 to Se4tion 15(1) ?B 1993 a,en2,ent o3 !A A .o a. to 4over t5e 4on3e..ion. o3 4o1 a44u.e2 ;oul2 not 5ave e.4a-e2 t5e noti4e o3 )arlia,ent ;5en )%!A ;a. ena4te2/ A--arentlB, t5e )arlia,ent in it. ;i.2o, ;oul2 5ave t5ou:5t t5at t5e la; relatin: to 4on3e..ion o3 4o1a44u.e2 un2er t5e or2inarB la; o3 evi2en4e, .5oul2 ?e allo;e2 to 5ave it. .;aB, ta=in: 4lue 3ro, t5e o?.ervation. in #a!ta! Singh's 4a.e at -ara:ra-5 255/ !5e 4on3e..ion re4or2e2 ?B t5e -oli4e o33i4er ;a., t5ere3ore, allo;e2 to ?e u.e2 a:ain.t t5e ,a=er o3 t5e 4on3e..ion ;it5out :oin: 3urt5er an2 tran.-o.in: t5e le:al -o.ition t5at o?taine2 un2er !A A/ Fe 4annot 4ountenan4e t5e 4ontention t5at t5e ;or2. >4o1 a44u.e2> et4/ ;ere a22e2 in Se4tion 15(1) o3 !A A, eE ,a7ore 4autela/ Fe are, t5ere3ore, o3 t5e vie; t5at 5avin: re:ar2 to all t5e.e ;ei:5tB 4on.i2eration., t5e 4on3e..ion o3 a 4o1a44u.e2 ou:5t not ?e ?rou:5t ;it5in t5e .;ee- o3 Se4tion 32(1)/ A. a 4orollarB, it 3ollo;. t5at t5e 4on3e..ion. o3 t5e 1 .t an2 2n2 a44u.e2 in t5i. 4a.e re4or2e2 ?B t5e -oli4e o33i4er un2er Se4tion 32(1), are o3 no avail a:ain.t t5e 4o1a44u.e2 or a:ain.t ea45 ot5er/ Fe al.o a:ree ;it5 t5e &i:5 Court t5at .u45 4on3e..ion. 4annot ?e ta=en into 4on.i2eration ?B t5e Court un2er Se4tion 30 o3 t5e In2ian Evi2en4e A4t/ !5e rea.on i. t5at t5e 4on3e..ion ,a2e to a -oli4e o33i4er or t5e 4on3e..ion ,a2e ;5ile a -er.on i. in -oli4e 4u.to2B, 4annot ?e -rove2 a:ain.t .u45 -er.on, not to .-ea= o3 t5e 4o1 a44u.e2, in vie; o3 t5e ,an2ate o3 Se4tion. 25 an2 2# o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ I3 t5ere i. a 4on3e..ion ;5i45 quali3ie. 3or -roo3 in a44or2an4e ;it5 t5e -rovi.ion. o3 Evi2en4e A4t, t5en o3 4our.e, t5e .ai2 4on3e..ion 4oul2 ?e 4on.i2ere2 a:ain.t t5e 4o1a44u.e2 3a4in: trial un2er )%!A/ @ut, t5at i. not t5e 4a.e 5ere/ +or t5e.e rea.on., t5e 4ontention o3 t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el 3or t5e State t5at even i3 t5e 4on3e..ion o3 4o1 a44u.e2 i. not 4overe2 ?B Se4tion 32(1), it 4an .till ?e ta=en into a44ount ?B t5e Court un2er Se4tion 30 3or t5e li,ite2 -ur-o.e o3 4orro?oratin: or len2in: a..uran4e to t5e ot5er evi2en4e on re4or2 4annot ?e a44e-te2/ Learne2 .enior 4oun.el a--earin: 3or t5e State .u?,it. t5at t5ere i. no 4on3li4t ?et;een Se4tion 32 o3 )%!A an2 Se4tion 30 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t an2 t5ere3ore t5e 4on3e..ion re4or2e2 un2er Se4tion 32(1) o3 )%!A 4an ?e ta=en into 4on.i2eration a:ain.t t5e 4o1a44u.e2, at lea.t to 4orro?orate t5e ot5er evi2en4e on re4or2 or to len2 a..uran4e t5ereto/ !5ere i. no 2i33i4ultB in a44e-tin: t5e 4ontention t5at Se4tion 30 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t 4an al.o -laB it. -art in a 4a.e o3 trial un2er )%!A, e.-e4iallB ;5en t5e ot5er o33en4e. un2er t5e I)C are al.o t5e .u?7e4t ,atter o3 trial/ @ut a 4on3e..ion to t5e -oli4e o33i4er ?B a -er.on in -oli4e 4u.to2B i. not ;it5in t5e real, o3 Se4tion 30 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t an2 t5ere3ore .u45 a 4on3e..ion 4annot ?e u.e2 a:ain.t t5e 4o1a44u.e2 even un2er Se4tion 30 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/

19

F5ile on t5e .u?7e4t o3 4on3e..ion ,a2e to a -oli4e o33i4er un2er .u?1 .e4tion (1) o3 Se4tion 32 o3 )%!A, it ;oul2 ?e a--o.ite to re3er in ?rie3 to t5e 2e4i.ion o3 t5i. Court in #a!ta! Singh v. State of Pun%a&111111 *A$(CSCC1581C199"/ !5e 4on.titutional vali2itB o3 t5e -rovi.ion. o3 !A A A4t 4a,e u- 3or 4on.i2eration ?e3ore t5e Con.titution @en45/ Se4tion 15(1) o3 !A A A4t ;a. t5e ,ain tar:et o3 atta4=/ !5e ,a7oritB o3 Ju2:e., ;it5 Ratnavel )an2ian, J, lea2in: t5e,, u-5el2 t5e -rovi.ion. o3 t5e A4t in4lu2in: Se4tion 15(1)/ !5ere ;a. a ;ei:5tB 2i..ent ?B t;o learne2 Ju2:e. (A/ Ra,a.;a,B, J/ an2 R/*/ Sa5ai, J/) a. 1Qre:ar2. t5e vali2itB o3 Se4tion 15(1)/ !5e 4on.titutional i..ue o3 t5e vire. o3 t5e i,-u:ne2 -rovi.ion. o3 !A A, in4lu2in: Se4tion 15(1), ;a. eEa,ine2 3ro, t5e -er.-e4tive o3 Arti4le. 1" an2 21 o3 t5e Con.titution, t5at i. to .aB, 3ro, t5e .tan2-oint o3 4la..i3i4ation o3 o33en2er. an2 7u.tne.. an2 3airne.. o3 t5e -ro4e2ural -rovi.ion./ !5e t5ree learne2 Ju2:e. 2i2 not 3in2 Se4tion 15(1) o?noEiou. to Arti4le 1" or Arti4le 21, t5ou:5 t5eB too= 7u2i4ial noti4e o3 t5e in5u,an treat,ent o3ten ,ete2 out ?B overGealou. -oli4e o33i4er. an2 t5e ar45ai4, t5ir2 2e:ree ,et5o2. a2o-te2 ?B t5e, 2urin: t5e inve.ti:ation o3 t5e 4a.e./ In u-5ol2in: t5e vali2itB, t5e Court too= into a44ount t5e le:al 4o,-eten4e o3 t5e le:i.lature to ,a=e a la; -re.4ri?in: a 2i33erent ,o2e o3 -roo3, t5e ,eanin:3ul -ur-o.e an2 o?7e4t o3 t5e le:i.lation, t5e :ravitB an2 4on.equen4e. o3 terrori., an2 t5e relu4tan4e o3 t5e -u?li4 in 4o,in: 3or;ar2 to :ive evi2en4e/ &o; 3ar t5e.e 4on.i2eration. are relevant in -rovi2in: 3or t5e re4e-tion in evi2en4e o3 t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent re4or2e2 ?B a -oli4e o33i4er 5a. not ?een ela?orate2/ A--arent 5e.itation o3 t5e learne2 Ju2:e. in u-5ol2in: t5e ,o.t 4riti4iGe2 -rovi.ion, na,elB Se4tion 15(1) o3 !A A, i. re3le4te2 in t5e .et o3 :ui2eline. .et out ?B t5eir Lor2.5i-. at -ara:ra-5 2#3 to en.ure a. 3ar a. -o..i?le t5at t5e 4on3e..ion o?taine2 ?B t5e -oli4e o33i4er i. not tainte2 ;it5 anB vi4e an2 to i,-art a -ro4e.. o3 3airne.. into t5e eEer4i.e o3 re4or2in: t5e 4on3e..ion/ !5e Central 'overn,ent ;a. ?i22en to ta=e note o3 t5e :ui2eline. an2 in4or-orate ne4e..arB a,en2,ent. to t5e A4t/ !5e.e :ui2eline., ?B an2 lar:e, 5ave ?e4o,e -art o3 Se4tion 32 o3 )%!A to ;5i45 ;e 5ave alrea2B re3erre2/ !5ere ;a. al.o an eE5ortation at -ara:ra-5 25" to t5e 5i:51ran=in: -oli4e o33i4er. e,-o;ere2 to re4or2 t5e 4on3e..ion t5at t5ere .5oul2 ?e no ?rea45 o3 t5e a44e-te2 nor,. o3 re4or2in: t5e 4on3e..ion ;5i45 .5oul2 re3le4t onlB a true an2 voluntarB .tate,ent an2 t5ere .5oul2 ?e no roo, 3or 5B-er 4riti4i., t5at t5e aut5oritB 5a. o?taine2 an invente2 4on3e..ion/ Anot5er intere.tin: -art o3 t5e 2i.4u..ion i. t5e ,anner in ;5i45 t5e Court :ave it. re.-on.e to t5e 4riti4al 4o,,ent. ,a2e ?B t5e 4oun.el a. to t5e re-re5en.i?le ,et5o2. a2o-te2 to eEtra4t t5e 4on3e..ion/ !5e learne2 Ju2:e. .ai2 ;it5 re3eren4e to t5i. 4o,,ent: Mi3 it i. .5o;n to t5e Court t5at a 4on3e..ion ;a. eEtorte2 ?B ille:al ,ean. .u45 a. in2u4e,ent, t5reat or -ro,i.e, t5e 4on3e..ion t5u. o?taine2 ;oul2 ?e irrelevant an2 4annot ?e u.e2 in a 4ri,inal -ro4ee2in: a:ain.t t5e ,a=er/M !5e Court t5u. ,erelB e,-5a.iGe2 t5e o?viou. an2 a22e2 a re,ar= t5at t5e Court on .everal o44a.ion. a;ar2e2 eEe,-larB 4o,-en.ation to t5e vi4ti, at t5e 5an2. o3 t5e -oli4e o33i4ial./ !5e Court too= t5e -re4aution o3 4lari3Bin: t5at t5e -oli4e o33i4er inve.ti:atin: t5e 4a.e un2er !A A A4t 4an :et t5e 4on3e..ion or .tate,ent o3 t5e a44u.e2 re4or2e2 un2er Se4tion 1#" Cr/)/C/ ?B a *a:i.trate/ !5e Con.titution @en45 Ju2:e,ent i. ?in2in: on u./ In 3a4t, t5e ratio o3 t5at Ju2:,ent a--lie. ;it5 :reater 3or4e to t5e )%!A, a. t5e :ui2eline. .et out ?B t5e Con.titution @en45 are .u?.tantiallB in4or-orate2 into Se4tion 32/ It i. -er5a-. too late in t5e 2aB to .ee= re4on.i2eration o3 t5e vie; ta=en ?B t5e ,a7oritB o3 t5e Ju2:e. in t5e Con.titution @en45/ @ut a. ;e .ee Se4tion 32, a 3or,i2a?le 2ou?t lin:er. in our ,in2. 2e.-ite t5e -ronoun4e,ent in #a!ta! Singh's 4a.e (.u-ra)/ !5at -ertain. to t5e rationale an2 rea.on ?e5in2 t5e 2ra.ti4 -rovi.ion, ,a=in: t5e 4on3e..ion to -oli4e o33i4er a2,i..i?le in evi2en4e in a trial 3or )%!A o33en4e./ *anB que.tion. 2o ari.e an2 ;e are una?le to 3in2 .ati.3a4torB or even -lau.i?le an.;er. to t5e,/ I3 a -er.on volunteer. to ,a=e a 4on3e..ion, ;5B .5oul2 5e ?e not -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore t5e Ju2i4ial *a:i.trate at t5e earlie.t an2 5ave t5e 4on3e..ion re4or2e2 ?B a *a:i.trateP !5e *a:i.trate 4oul2 ?e rea45e2 ;it5in t5e .a,e ti,e ;it5in ;5i45 t5e e,-o;ere2 -oli4e o33i4er 4oul2 ?e a--roa45e2/ !5e 2ou?t ?e4o,e. ,ore -uGGlin: ;5en ;e noti4e t5at in -ra4ti4al ter,., a :reater 2e:ree o3 4re2i?ilitB i. atta45e2 to a 4on3e..ion ,a2e ?e3ore t5e 7u2i4ial o33i4er/ !5en, ;5B .5oul2 not t5e Inve.ti:atin: %33i4er a2o-t t5e .trai:5t3or;ar2 4our.e o3 5avin: re.ort to t5e or2inarB an2 a:e1ol2 la;P I3 t5ere i. anB .-e4i3i4 a2vanta:e o3 4on3errin: -o;er on a -oli4e o33i4er to re4or2 t5e 4on3e..ion re4eiva?le in evi2en4e, i3 t5e inten2,ent an2 2e.i2eratu, o3 t5e -rovi.ion in2i.-uta?lB re,ain. to ?e to en.ure an at,o.-5ere 3ree 3ro, t5reat. an2 -.B45olo:i4al -re..ure.P F5B t5e 4ir4uitou. -rovi.ion o3 5avin: 4on3e..ion re4or2e2 ?B t5e -oli4e o33i4er o3 t5e ran= o3 S/)/ (even i3 5e ?e t5e i,,e2iate .u-erior o3 t5e I/%/ ;5o over.ee. t5e inve.ti:ation) an2 t5en requirin: t5e -ro2u4tion o3 t5e a44u.e2 ?e3ore t5e C5ie3 *etro-olitan or Ju2i4ial *a:i.trate ;it5in "8 5our.P Fe 4an un2er.tan2 i3 t5e a44u.e2 i. in a re,ote area ;it5 no ea.B ,ean. o3 4o,,uni4ation. an2 t5e *a:i.trate i. not ea.ilB a44e..i?le/ %t5er;i.e, i. t5ere real eE-e2ien4B or :oo2 rea.on 3or allo;in: an o-tion to t5e I/%/ to 5ave t5e 4on3e..ion re4or2e2 eit5er ?B t5e .u-erior -oli4e o33i4er or a Ju2i4ial *a:i.trateP Fe 2o not t5in= t5at t5e 4o,-arative ea.e ;it5 ;5i45 t5e 4on3e..ion 4oul2 ?e eEtra4te2 3ro, t5e a44u.e2 4oul2 ?e -lea2e2 a. 7u.ti3i4ation/ I3 it i. .o, .5oul2 t5e en2 7u.ti3B t5e ,ean.P S5oul2 t5e -oli4e o33i4er ?e ?etter tru.te2 t5an a *a:i.trateP oe. t5e ,a:nitu2e an2 .everitB o3 t5e o33en4e 7u.ti3B t5e entru.t,ent o3 t5e 7o? o3 re4or2in: 4on3e..ion to a -oli4e o33i4erP oe. it i,-lB t5at it i. ea.ier to ,a=e an a44u.e2 4on3e.. t5e :uilt ?e3ore a -oli4e o33i4er .o t5at it 4oul2 -ave t5e ;aB 3or 4onvi4tion in a .eriou. o33en4eP Fe 3in2 no 2ire4t an.;er to t5e.e que.tion. eit5er in #a!ta! Singh's 4a.e (.u-ra) or t5e late.t 4a.e o3 People's +nion fo! Civil Li&e!ties v. +nion of India *A$(CSCC103#C2003/ !5e qualitB o3 a nation>. 4iviliGation 4an ?e lar:elB ,ea.ure2 ?B t5e ,et5o2. it u.e. in t5e en3or4e,ent o3 it. 4ri,inal la;, a. .ai2 ?B t5e e,inent A,eri4an 7uri.t S45ae3er/ Fe ,aB re4all a. ;ell t5e a-t re,ar=. o3 Ari.5na IBer, J/ in )andini Satpathy v. P.L. Dani *A$(CSCC0139C1908: M!5e 3ir.t o?li:ation o3 t5e 4ri,inal 7u.ti4e .B.te, i. to .e4ure 7u.ti4e ?B .ee=in: an2 .u?.tantiatin: trut5 t5rou:5 -roo3/ %3 4our.e, t5e ,ean. ,u.t ?e a. :oo2 a. t5e en2. an2 t5e 2i:nitB o3 t5e in2ivi2ual an2 t5e 3ree2o, o3 t5e 5u,an -er.on 4annot ?e .a4ri3i4e2 ?B re.ort to i,-ro-er ,ean., 5o;ever ;ort5B t5e en2./ !5ere3ore, >t5ir2 2e:ree>

20

5a. to ?e outla;e2 an2 in2ee2 5a. ?een/ Fe 5ave to 2ra; u- 4lear line. ?et;een t5e ;5irl-ool an2 t5e ro4= ;5ere t5e .a3etB o3 .o4ietB an2 t5e ;ort5 o3 t5e 5u,an -er.on ,aB 4o1eEi.t in -ea4e/M In People's +nion fo! Civil Li&e!ties 4a.e, a t;o Ju2:e @en45 o3 t5i. Court u-5el2 t5e 4on.titutional vali2itB o3 Se4tion 32 3ollo;in: t5e -ronoun4e,ent in #a!ta! Singh's 4a.e/ !5e learne2 Ju2:e. -arti4ularlB note2 t5e >a22itional .a3e:uar2.> envi.a:e2 ?B .u?1Se4tion. (") an2 (5) o3 Se4tion 32/ !5e 4ourt re3erre2 to t5e 4ontention t5at t5ere ;a. reallB no nee2 to e,-o;er t5e -oli4e o33i4er to re4or2 t5e 4on3e..ion .in4e t5e a44u.e2 5a. to ?e in anB 4a.e -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore t5e *a:i.trate an2 in t5at 4a.e t5e *a:i.trate 5i,.el3 4oul2 re4or2 t5e 4on3e..ion/ !5i. ar:u,ent ;a. not 2ealt ;it5 ?B t5eir Lor2.5i-./ &o;ever, ;e re3rain 3ro, .aBin: anBt5in: 4ontrarB to t5e le:al -o.ition .ettle2 ?B #a!ta! Singh an2 People's +nion fo! Civil Li&e!ties/ Fe 2o no ,ore t5an eE-re..in: 4ertain 2ou?t. an2 let t5e ,atter re.t t5ere/ It 5a. ?een -ointe2 out to u. t5at even in a2van4e2 4ountrie. li=e (/A/ an2 (/S/A/, ;5ere in2ivi2ual li?ertB i. :iven -ri,a4B, t5ere i. no le:al ta?oo a:ain.t t5e re4e-tion o3 4on3e..ional .tate,ent ,a2e to -oli4e in evi2en4e/ Fe 2o not t5in= t5at it i. a-t to 4o,-are t5e -o.ition o?tainin: in t5o.e 4ountrie. to t5at in In2ia/ !5e :roun2 realitie. 4annot ?e i:nore2/ It i. an un2enia?le 3a4t t5at t5e -oli4e in our 4ountrB .till re.ort to 4ru2e ,et5o2. o3 inve.ti:ation, e.-e4iallB in ,o3u..il an2 rural area. an2 t5eB .u33er ,anB 5an2i4a-., .u45 a. la4= o3 a2equate -er.onnel, trainin:, equi-,ent an2 -ro3e..ional in2e-en2en4e/ !5e.e 3eature., ?B an2 lar:e, are not .o ra,-ant in t5o.e a2van4e2 4ountrie./ Con.i2ere2 3ro, t5e .tan2-oint o3 .4ienti3i4 inve.ti:ation, inten.itB o3 trainin: an2 ,ea.ure o3 o?7e4tivitB, t5e .tan2ar2. an2 a--roa45e. o3 -oli4e -er.onnel are ,u45 2i33erent in t5o.e 4ountrie./ !5e evil. ;5i45 t5e 3ra,er. o3 t5e In2ian Evi2en4e A4t 5a2 in ,in2 to eE4lu2e 4on3e..ion. to t5e -oli4e, are .till -revalent t5ou:5 not in t5e .a,e 2e:ree/ A3ter in2e-en2en4e, no 2ou?t, .o,e -o.itive .te-. 5ave ?een ta=en to i,-rove t5e ;or=in: -attern, utilitB an2 i,a:e o3 t5e -oli4e 3or4e, ?ut, ,u45 2e.ire. to ?e a45ieve2 in t5i. 2ire4tion/ Co,-laint. o3 violation o3 5u,an ri:5t. ?B re.ortin: to 2u?iou. ,et5o2. o3 inve.ti:ation, -oliti4iGation o3 t5e -oli4e e.ta?li.5,ent an2 vi4ti,iGation o3 t5e .trai:5t3or;ar2 an2 5one.t o33i4er. are .o,e o3 t5e 4riti4i.,. t5at are ?ein: 5ear2 2aB in an2 2aB out/ Even ,anB a,on:.t t5e -u?li4 ta4itlB en2or.e t5e u.e o3 violen4e ?B -oli4e a:ain.t t5e 4ri,inal./ In t5i. .4enario, ;e 5ave .eriou. 2ou?t. ;5et5er it ;oul2 ?e .a3e to 4on4e2e t5e -o;er o3 re4or2in: 4on3e..ion. to t5e -oli4e o33i4er. to ?e u.e2 in evi2en4e a:ain.t t5e a44u.e2 ,a=in: t5e 4on3e..ion an2 t5e 4o1a44u.e2/ !5e La; Co,,i..ion o3 In2ia in it. 185t5 Re-ort on revie; o3 t5e In2ian Evi2en4e A4t 5a. eE-re..e2 .tron: vie;. 2i.3avorin: t5e a2,i..ion o3 4on3e..ion. ,a2e to )oli4e %33i4er./ !5e Co,,i..ion 4o,,ente2 t5at t5e ?a.i. 3or intro2u4in: Se4tion. 25 an2 2# in t5e Evi2en4e A4t in 1802 5ol2. :oo2 even to2aB/ !5e Co,,i..ion o?.erve21M;e are 4o,-elle2 to .aB t5at 4on3e..ion. ,a2e ea.B, 4annot re-la4e t5e nee2 3or .4ienti3i4 an2 -ro3e..ional inve.ti:ationM/ In En:lan2, even t5ou:5 t5e 4on3e..ion. to t5e -oli4e 4an ?e re4eive2 in evi2en4e t5e voluntarine.. o3 t5e 4on3e..ion. are te.te2 ?B a2o-tin: .trin:ent .tan2ar2./ Se4tion 0# o3 t5e )oli4e an2 Cri,inal Evi2en4e A4t, 198", 2eal. ;it5 4on3e..ion in En:lan2/ Su?1.e4tion QQ(2) o3 Se4tion 0# i. i,-ortant: M(2) I3, in anB -ro4ee2in:. ;5ere t5e -ro.e4ution -ro-o.e. to :ive in evi2en4e a 4on3e..ion ,a2e ?B an a44u.e2 -er.on, it i. re-re.ente2 to t5e 4ourt t5at t5e 4on3e..ion ;a. or ,aB 5ave ?een o?taine21 (a) ?B o--re..ion o3 t5e -er.on ;5o ,a2e itD or (?) in 4on.equen4e o3 anBt5in: .ai2 or 2one ;5i45 ;a. li=elB, in t5e 4ir4u,.tan4e. eEi.tin: at t5e ti,e, to ren2er unrelia?le anB 4on3e..ion ;5i45 ,i:5t ?e ,a2e ?B 5i, in 4on.equen4e t5ereo3, t5e 4ourt .5all not allo; t5e 4on3e..ion to ?e :iven in evi2en4e a:ain.t 5i, eE4e-t in .o 3ar a. t5e -ro.e4ution -rove. to t5e 4ourt ?eBon2 rea.ona?le 2ou?t t5at t5e 4on3e..ion (not;it5.tan2in: t5at it ,aB ?e true) ;a. not o?taine2 a. a3ore.ai2/M !5u. t5e -ro.e4ution 5a. to -rove ?eBon2 rea.ona?le 2ou?t t5at t5e 4on3e..ion ;a. ,a2e voluntarilB an2 ;a. relia?le/ !5e Court o3 A--eal 2e4i.ion in (egina v. ,iddleton (1905 All E/R/ 191) .5o;. t5at ;5enever t5e a2,i..i?ilitB o3 a 4on3e..ion i. 45allen:e2 Ma trial ;it5in a trialM i. 4on2u4te2 to te.t t5e voluntarine.. o3 .u45 4on3e..ion at t5e earlie.t/ In En:lan2, in t5e li:5t o3 t5e &u,an Ri:5t. A4t o3 1988, a 3re.5 loo= i. ?ein: ta=en into t5e eEi.tin: -rovi.ion. o3 t5e )oli4e an2 Cri,inal Evi2en4e A4t an2 ot5er allie2 la;. in4lu2in: t5e La; o3 Con3e..ion./

21

In (nite2 State., a44or2in: to t5e 2e4i.ion. o3 t5e Su-re,e Court viG/, ,i!anda v. A!i/ona 938" (S "3#<D E.4o?e2o v/ Linnaeu. 9308 (S "08<, t5e -ro.e4ution 4annot ,a=e u.e o3 t5e .tate,ent. .te,,in: 3ro, 4u.to2ial interro:ation unle.. it 2e,on.trate. t5e u.e o3 -ro4e2ural .a3e:uar2. to .e4ure t5e ri:5t a:ain.t .el31in4ri,ination an2 t5e.e .a3e:uar2. in4lu2e a ri:5t to 4oun.el 2urin: .u45 interro:ation an2 ;arnin:. to t5e .u.-e4tCa44u.e2 o3 5i. ri:5t to 4oun.el an2 to re,ain .ilent/ In ,i!anda 4a.e (2e4i2e2 in 19##), it ;a. 5el2 t5at t5e ri:5t to 5ave 4oun.el -re.ent at t5e interro:ation ;a. in2i.-en.a?le to t5e -rote4tion o3 t5e 6 A,en2,ent -rivile:e a:ain.t .el31 in4ri,ination an2 to en.ure t5at t5e ri:5t to 45oo.e ?et;een .ilen4e an2 .-ee45 re,ain. un3ettere2 t5rou:5out t5e interro:ation -ro4e../ &o;ever, t5i. rule i. .u?7e4t to t5e 4on.4iou. ;aiver o3 ri:5t a3ter t5e in2ivi2ual ;a. ;arne2 o3 5i. ri:5t/ A. t5e la; no; .tan2., t5e 4on3e..ion re4or2e2 ?B t5e -oli4e o33i4er un2er Se4tion 32(1) o3 )%!A i. a2,i..i?le in evi2en4e/ !5e voluntarine.. an2 relia?ilitB o3 4on3e..ion 4an o3 4our.e ?e te.te2 ?B t5e 4ourt/ !5e a2,i..ion o3 .u45 4on3e..ion ;oul2 al.o ?e .u?7e4t to t5e o?.ervan4e o3 t5e ot5er -rovi.ion. o3 Se4tion 32 o3 )%!A ;5i45 are in t5e nature o3 -ro4e2ural .a3e:uar2. ai,e2 at en.urin: t5at t5e 4on3e..ion. are ,a2e ?B t5e a44u.e2 in an at,o.-5ere 3ree 3ro, t5reat an2 in2u4e,ent/ !5ere i. one ar:u,ent o3 *r/ Su.5il Au,ar a--earin: 3or t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal ;5i45 nee2. to ?e a2verte2 to/ &i. 4ontention i. t5at t5e ;or2 >evi2en4e> i. not u.e2 eit5er un2er Se4tion 32(1) or Se4tion 32(2) o3 )%!A unli=e Se4tion 15(2) o3 !A A ;5i45 require. t5e )oli4e %33i4er to ;arn t5e -er.on ,a=in: t5e 4on3e..ion t5at it ,aB ?e u.e2 a. >evi2en4e> a:ain.t 5i,/ &e t5ere3ore ar:ue. t5at t5e onlB route t5rou:5 ;5i45 t5e 4on3e..ion 4an ?e treate2 a. evi2en4e a:ain.t t5e a44u.e2 i. ?B 5avin: re4our.e to Se4tion 1#" Cr/)/C/ !5e 4ontention, in our vie;, i. 2evoi2 o3 ,erit/ !5e ,ere 3a4t t5at t5e eE-re..ion >a2,i..i?le onlB> i. u.e2 ;it5out ?ein: 3ollo;e2 ?B t5e ;or2. >in evi2en4e>, 2oe. not, ?B anB 4anon o3 4on.tru4tion, 2e-rive t5e 4on3e..ion re4or2e2 un2er Se4tion 32 o3 )%!A it. evi2entiarB valueD ot5er;i.e Se4tion 32(1), ,ore e.-e4iallB t5e eE-re..ion >a2,i..i?le> 4ontaine2 t5erein ;ill ?e4o,e ine33e4tual an2 .en.ele../ Fe 4annot, t5ere3ore, a44e-t t5i. eEtre,e 4ontention/ 11/ Se4tion 10 o3 Evi2en4e A4t !5e neEt que.tion i. ;5et5er t5e 4on3e..ion o3 t5e a44u.e2 ;5i45 4annot ?e -rove2 a:ain.t a 4o1a44u.e2 eit5er un2er Se4tion 32(1) o3 )%!A or un2er Se4tion 30 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t, ;oul2 ?e relevant evi2en4e a:ain.t t5e 4o1 a44u.e2 involve2 in t5e 4on.-ira4B ?B rea.on o3 Se4tion 10 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ !5e .e4tion rea2. t5u.: M10/ !5in:. .ai2 or 2one ?B 4on.-irator in re3eren4e to 4o,,on 2e.i:n/1 F5ere t5ere i. rea.ona?le :roun2 to ?elieve t5at t;o or ,ore -er.on. 5ave 4on.-ire2 to:et5er to 4o,,it an o33en4e or an a4tiona?le ;ron:, anBt5in: .ai2, 2one or ;ritten ?B anB one o3 .u45 -er.on. in re3eren4e to t5eir 4o,,on intention, a3ter t5e ti,e ;5en .u45 intention ;a. 3ir.t entertaine2 ?B anB one o3 t5e,, i. a relevant 3a4t a. a:ain.t ea45 o3 t5e -er.on. ?elieve2 to .o 4on.-irin:, a. ;ell 3or t5e -ur-o.e o3 -rovin: t5e eEi.ten4e o3 t5e 4on.-ira4B a. 3or t5e -ur-o.e o3 .5o;in: t5at anB .u45 -er.on ;a. a -artB to it/M In #eha! Singh and *!s. v. State 2Delhi Administ!ation3 *A$(CSCC02"1C1988, Ja:annat5a S5ettB, J/, 5a. analB.e2 t5e .e4tion a. 3ollo;.: M+ro, an analB.i. o3 t5e .e4tion, it ;ill ?e .een t5at Se4tion 10 ;ill 4o,e into -laB onlB ;5en t5e 4ourt i. .ati.3ie2 t5at t5ere i. rea.ona?le :roun2 to ?elieve t5at t;o or ,ore -er.on. 5ave 4on.-ire2 to:et5er to 4o,,it an o33en4e/ !5ere .5oul2 ?e, in ot5er ;or2., a -ri,a 3a4ie evi2en4e t5at t5e -er.on ;a. a -artB to t5e 4on.-ira4B ?e3ore 5i. a4t. 4an ?e u.e2 a:ain.t 5i. 4o1 4on.-irator/ %n4e .u45 -ri,a 3a4ie evi2en4e eEi.t., anBt5in: .ai2, 2one or ;ritten ?B one o3 t5e 4on.-irator. in re3eren4e to t5e 4o,,on intention, a3ter t5e .ai2 intention ;a. 3ir.t entertaine2, i. relevant a:ain.t t5e ot5er./ It i. relevant not onlB 3or t5e -ur-o.e o3 -rovin: t5e eEi.ten4e o3 4on.-ira4B, ?ut al.o 3or -rovin: t5at t5e ot5er -er.on ;a. a -artB to it/M Se4tion 10 o3 Evi2en4e a4t i. ?a.e2 on t5e -rin4i-le o3 a:en4B o-eratin: ?et;een t5e -artie. to t5e 4on.-ira4B inter .e an2 it i. an eE4e-tion to t5e rule a:ain.t 5ear.aB te.ti,onB/ I3 t5e 4on2ition. lai2 2o;n t5erein are .ati.3ie2, t5e a4t 2one or .tate,ent ,a2e ?B one i. a2,i..i?le a:ain.t t5e 4o1 4on.-irator. (vide AIR 19#5 SC #82)/ !5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, .u?,it. t5at Se4tion 10, ;5i45 i. an eE4e-tion to Se4tion 30 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t, 4an ?e availe2 o3 ?B t5e -ro.e4ution to relB on t5e 3a4t. .tate2 in t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent o3 t5e a44u.e2 to -rove t5e eEi.ten4e o3 4on.-ira4B an2 t5e 4o14on.-irator ?ein: -artB to it/ &e 4onten2. t5at t5ere i. ,ore t5an -ri,a 3a4ie evi2en4e in t5i. 4a.e t5at t5ere ;a. a 4on.-ira4B to laun45 an atta4= on t5e )arlia,ent ?uil2in: an2 t5ere3ore, t5e 3ir.t in:re2ient. o3 t5e rea.ona?le :roun2 o3 ?elie3 i. .ati.3ie2/ !5e neEt an2 ,ore 4ontrover.ial -art o3 t5e .u?,i..ion i. t5at t5e .tate,ent o3 one o3 t5e 4on.-irator. ;5o 5a. ,a2e t5e 4on3e..ion t5ro;in: li:5t on t5e 4o,,on intention o3 all t5e a44u.e2 4an ?e u.e2 in evi2en4e a:ain.t t5e 4o14on.-irator. or t5e 4o1a44u.e2 irre.-e4tive o3 t5e 3a4t t5at .u45 .tate,ent. ;ere ,a2e a3ter t5e 4on4lu.ion o3 t5e 4on.-ira4B an2 a3ter t5e a44u.e2 ;ere arre.te2/ A. t5e la; lai2 2o;n ?B t5e )rivB Coun4il in ,i!/a Ak&a! v. #ing Empe!o! *A$(C)RC0030C19"0 on t5e inter-retation o3 Se4tion 10 2oe. not .u--ort t5e 4ontention o3 t5e 4oun.el 3or t5e State, t5e learne2 4oun.el ;a. 4riti4al o3 t5e 2i4tu, lai2 2o;n in t5at 4a.e an2 equallB 4riti4al o3 t5e lon: line o3 aut5oritie. ;5i45 a44e-te2 t5e rulin: o3 t5e )rivB Coun4il/ !5i. i. ;5at Lor2 Fri:5t .ai2 in ,i!/a Ak&a!'s 4a.e:

22

M!5i. ?ein: t5e -rin4i-le, t5eir Lor2.5i-. t5in= t5e ;or2. o3 Se4tion 10 ,u.t ?e 4on.true2 in a44or2an4e ;it5 it an2 are not 4a-a?le o3 ?ein: ;i2elB 4on.true2 .o a. to in4lu2e a .tate,ent ,a2e ?B one 4on.-irator in t5e a?.en4e o3 t5e ot5er ;it5 re3eren4e to -a.t a4t. 2one in t5e a4tual 4our.e o3 4arrBin: out t5e 4on.-ira4B, a3ter it 5a. ?een 4o,-lete2/ !5e 4o,,on intention i. in t5e -a.t/ In t5eir Lor2.5i-.> 7u2:,ent, t5e ;or2. >4o,,on intention> .i:ni3B a 4o,,on intention eEi.tin: at t5e ti,e ;5en t5e t5in: ;a. .ai2, 2one or ;ritten ?B one o3 t5e,/ !5in:. .ai2, 2one or ;ritten ;5ile t5e 4on.-ira4B ;a. on 3oot are relevant a. evi2en4e o3 t5e 4o,,on intention, on4e rea.ona?le :roun2 5a. ?een .5o;n to ?elieve in it. eEi.ten4e/ @ut it ;oul2 ?e a verB 2i33erent ,atter to 5ol2 t5at anB narrative or .tate,ent or 4on3e..ion ,a2e to a t5ir2 -artB a3ter t5e 4o,,on intention or 4on.-ira4B ;a. no lon:er o-eratin: an2 5a2 4ea.e2 to eEi.t i. a2,i..i?le a:ain.t t5e ot5er -artB/ !5ere i. t5en no 4o,,on intention o3 t5e 4on.-irator. to ;5i45 t5e .tate,ent 4an 5ave re3eren4e/ In t5eir Lor2.5i-.> 7u2:,ent Se4tion 10 e,?o2ie. t5i. -rin4i-le/ !5at i. t5e 4on.tru4tion ;5i45 5a. ?een ri:5tlB a--lie2 to Se4tion 10 in 2e4i.ion. in In2ia/ /// In t5e.e 4a.e. t5e 2i.tin4tion ;a. ri:5tlB 2ra;n ?et;een 4o,,uni4ation. ?et;een 4on.-irator. ;5ile t5e 4on.-ira4B ;a. :oin: on ;it5 re3eren4e to t5e 4arrBin: out o3 4on.-ira4B an2 .tate,ent. ,a2e, a3ter arre.t or a3ter t5e 4on.-ira4B 5a. en2e2, ?B ;aB o3 2e.4ri-tion o3 event. t5en -a.t/M In Sa!dul Singh Caveesha! v. State of 'om&ay *A$(CSCC00"1C1950, a t5ree1Ju2:e @en45 o3 t5i. Court a--rovin:lB re3erre2 to t5e 2e4i.ion o3 t5e )rivB Coun4il/ &o;ever, t5e 3ollo;in: o?.ervation ,a2e t5erein 2oe. not :o 4ounter to t5e .u?,i..ion o3 *r/ Su?ra,aniu,: M;5ere t5e 45ar:e .-e4i3ie2 t5e -erio2 o3 4on.-ira4B, evi2en4e o3 a4t. o3 4o14on.-irator. out.i2e t5e -erio2 i. not re4eiva?le in evi2en4eM/ @ut, t5e ulti,ate 4on4lu.ion i. not .tri4tlB in 4on3or,itB ;it5 t5at re,ar=/ A3ter re3errin: to t5i. an2 t5e ot5er 2e4i.ion., !5o,a., J/ o?.erve2 in State of Gu%a!at v. ,ohammed Atik and *!s. *A$(CSCC02#0C1998 t5u.: M!5u., t5e -rin4i-le i. no lon:er re. inte:ra t5at anB .tate,ent ,a2e ?B an a44u.e2 a3ter 5i. arre.t, ;5et5er a. a 4on3e..ion or ot5er;i.e, 4annot 3all ;it5in t5e a,?it o3 Se4tion 10 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/M Re3errin: to t5e 2e4i.ion in ,ohammed Atik's 4a.e (.u-ra) an2 Sa!dul Singh Caveesha! (.u-ra), Ari7it )a.aBat, J/, .-ea=in: 3or a t5ree1Ju2:e @en45 in ,ohd. #halid v. State of -est 'engal *A$(CSCC0022C2002, .tate2 t5e le:al -o.ition t5u.: MFe 4annot overloo= t5at t5e ?a.i4 -rin4i-le ;5i45 un2erlie. Se4tion 10 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t i. t5e t5eorB o3 a:en4B/ EverB 4on.-irator i. an a:ent o3 5i. a..o4iate in 4arrBin: out t5e o?7e4t o3 t5e 4on.-ira4B/ Se4tion 10, ;5i45 i. an eE4e-tion to t5e :eneral rule, ;5ile -er,ittin: t5e .tate,ent ,a2e ?B one 4on.-irator to ?e a2,i..i?le a. a:ain.t anot5er 4on.-irator re.tri4t. it to t5e .tate,ent ,a2e 2urin: t5e -erio2 ;5en t5e a:en4B .u?.i.te2/ %n4e it i. .5o;n t5at a -er.on ?e4a,e .na--e2 out o3 t5e 4on.-ira4B, anB .tate,ent ,a2e .u?.equent t5ereto 4annot ?e u.e2 a. a:ain.t t5e ot5er 4on.-irator. un2er Se4tion 10/M (lti,atelB, t5e te.t a--lie2 ;a. ;5et5er anB -arti4ular a44u.e2 4ontinue2 to ?e t5e ,e,?er o3 t5e 4on.-ira4B a3ter 5i. arre.t/ !5ou:5 t5e learne2 Ju2:e .tate2 t5at M.i,ilar vie; ;a. eE-re..e2 ?B t5i. Court in State v. )aliniM, ;e 3in2 no .u45 .tate,ent o3 la; in )alini's 4a.e/ &o;ever, t5i. a44i2ental .li- 2oe. not ,a=e anB 2i33eren4e/ !5e la; i. t5u. ;ell .ettle2 t5at t5e .tate,ent. ,a2e ?B t5e 4on.-irator. a3ter t5eB are arre.te2 4annot ?e ?rou:5t ;it5in t5e a,?it o3 Se4tion 10 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t, ?e4au.e ?B t5at ti,e t5e 4on.-ira4B ;oul2 5ave en2e2/ I3 .o, t5e .tate,ent 3or,in: -art o3 t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent ,a2e to t5e -oli4e o33i4er un2er Se4tion 32(1) o3 )%!A 4annot ?e -re..e2 into .ervi4e ?B t5e -ro.e4ution a:ain.t t5e ot5er 4o1a44u.e2/ !5u., t5e en2eavour to ?rin: t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent o3 4o1a44u.e2 into t5e :a,ut o3 evi2en4e t5rou:5 t5e route o3 Se4tion 10 i. 3ru.trate2 ?B a .erie. o3 2e4i.ion., .tartin: 3ro, ,i!/a Ak&a!'s 4a.e (19"0)/ Learne2 .enior 4oun.el *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, ar:ue2 t5at t5e vie; ta=en ?B t5e )rivB Coun4il run. 4ounter to t5e lan:ua:e o3 Se4tion 10, an2 ,oreover, i3 t5at inter-retation i. to ?e a2o-te2, t5ere ;oul2 5ar2lB ?e anB evi2en4e ;5i45 4oul2 ?e a2,itte2 un2er .e4tion 10, t5e rea.on ?ein: t5at t5e .tate,ent. ;oul2 ne4e..arilB ?e ,a2e ?B t5e ;itne..e. a3ter t5e ter,ination o3 4on.-ira4B/ !5e 4orre4t inter-retation, a44or2in: to t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el i., ;5et5er t5e .tate,ent. ,a2e ?B t5e 4on.-irator. te.ti3Bin: to t5e 4o,,on -lan, ;5et5er 4on3e..ional or not, relate to t5e -erio2 o3 4on.-ira4B or to t5e -erio2 -o.t1ter,ination/ !5e relevan4e o3 .u45 .tate,ent. un2er Se4tion 10 4annot ?e ;5ittle2 2o;n ;it5 re3eren4e to t5e -oint o3 ti,e ;5en t5e .tate,ent ;a. ,a2e/ !5e leane2 .enior 4oun.el, t5ere3ore, .u?,it. t5at t5e eE4lu.ion o3 -o.t1arre.t .tate,ent. o3 t5e 4on.-irator., i. not ;arrante2 ?B t5e lan:ua:e e,-loBe2 in t5e .e4tion an2 it ,a=e. Se4tion 10 nu:atorB/ !5ou:5, in our vie;, t5e Se4tion 4an .till -laB it. role, ;e 3in2 .o,e 3or4e in t5i. 4ontention/ @ut, it i. not o-en to u. to u-.et t5e vie; reiterate2 in a lon: line o3 2e4i.ion./

23

!5e learne2 4oun.el *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, 5a. al.o en2eavoure2 to invo=e -re4e2ential .u--ort 3or 5i. ar:u,ent/ &e re3erre2 to 'hag an S a!up v. State of ,aha!asht!a (AIR 19#5 SC #82) (=no;n a. t5e 2n2 Cavee.5ar 4a.e) in ;5i45 Su??a Rao, J/, .-ea=in: 3or a t5ree1Ju2:e @en45 analB.e2 t5e in:re2ient. o3 Se4tion 10 a. 3ollo;.:1 M(1) !5ere .5all ?e a -ri,a 3a4ie evi2en4e a33or2in: a rea.ona?le :roun2 3or a Court to ?elieve t5at t;o or ,ore -er.on. are ,e,?er. o3 a 4on.-ira4B, (2) i3 t5e .ai2 4on2ition i. 3ul3ille2, anBt5in: .ai2, 2one or ;ritten ?B anB one o3 t5e, in re3eren4e to t5eir 4o,,on intention ;ill ?e evi2en4e a:ain.t t5e ot5er, (3) anBt5in: .ai2, 2one or ;ritten ?B 5i, .5oul2 5ave ?een .ai2, 2one or ;ritten ?B 5i, a3ter t5e intention ;a. 3or,e2 ?B anB o3 t5e,D (") it ;oul2 al.o ?e relevant 3or t5e .ai2 -ur-o.e a:ain.t anot5er ;5o entere2 t5e 4on.-ira4B ;5et5er it ;a. .ai2, 2one or ;ritten ?e3ore 5e entere2 t5e 4on.-ira4B or a3ter 5e le3t itD an2 (5) it 4an onlB ?e u.e2 a:ain.t a 4o14on.-irator an2 not in 5i. 3avour/M !5e li,itation in3erre2 ?B t5e )rivB Coun4il t5at t5e a4t. or .tate,ent. o3 t5e 4on.-irator .5oul2 5ave ?een ,a2e ;5en t5e 4on.-ira4B ;a. a3oot ;a. not i,-orte2 in to t5e inter-retation o3 t5e .e4tion/ %n t5e ot5er 5an2, t5e -ro-o.ition $o/" ,i:5t in2i4ate t5at even t5e .tate,ent ,a2e an2 a4t. 2one a3ter a -er.on le3t t5e 4on.-ira4B, 4oul2 ?e -rove2 a:ain.t ot5er./ !5e )rivB Coun4il 2e4i.ion in ,i!/a Ak&a!'s 4a.e ;a. not re3erre2 to/ !5e i..ue a. rai.e2 no; ;a. not 2i.4u..e2/ &o;ever, t5e 1.t Caveesha! 4a.e *A$(CSCC00"1C1950 in ;5i45 t5e )rivB Coun4il>. 2e4i.ion ;a. 4ite2, ;a. a2verte2 to/ In t5e 1.t Caveesha!'s 4a.e al.o 2e4i2e2 ?B a t5ree Ju2:e @en45 (.u-ra), t5e ratio o3 t5e )rivB Coun4il 2e4i.ion in ,i!/a Aka&a!'s 4a.e ;a. a--rove2 an2 a--lie2/ !5e learne2 4oun.el t5en re3erre2 to t5e 4a.e o3 Ammini and *!s. v. State of #e!ala *A$(CSCC0923C1998, ;5erein t5i. Court re3erre2 to Se4tion 10 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t an2 o?.erve2 t5u.: M!5e &i:5 Court 5el2 a. t5ere ;a. rea.ona?le :roun2 to ?elieve t5at A,,ini an2 ot5er a44u.e2 5a2 4on.-ire2 to:et5er an2, t5ere3ore, t5e 4on3e..ion ,a2e ?B A11 4oul2 ?e u.e2 a:ain.t ot5er a44u.e2 al.o/M !5ere ;a. no re3eren4e to t5e earlier 4a.e. ;5i45 ;ere ?in2in: on t5e Court/ !5e vie; o3 t5e &i:5 Court ;a. ,erelB en2or.e2/ !5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, t5en .u?,itte2 t5at in )alini's 4a.e t5i. Court a2,itte2 t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent ,a2e ?B one o3 t5e a44u.e2 a3ter 5i. arre.t un2er .e4tion 10 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ @ut ;e 2o not 3in2 anBt5in: in t5at 7u2:,ent to .u--ort t5i. .tate,ent/ Fa25;a, J on ;5o.e 7u2:,ent relian4e i. -la4e2 2i2 not .aB anBt5in: 4ontrarB to ;5at ;a. lai2 2o;n in ,i!/a Ak&a!'s 4a.e/ A3ter re3errin: to ,i!/a Ak&a!'s 4a.e, Fa25;a, J/ a2verte2 to t5e 4ontention t5at Se4tion 10 ?e4o,e. ina--li4a?le on4e t5e 4on.-irator i. na??e2/ !5e 4o,,ent o3 t5e learne2 Ju2:e ;a.D M!5at ,aB ?e .o in a :iven 4a.e ?ut i. not o3 univer.al a--li4ation/ I3 t5e o?7e4t o3 4on.-ira4B 5a. not ?een a45ieve2 an2 t5ere i. .till a:ree,ent to 2o t5e ille:al a4t, t5e o33en4e o3 4ri,inal 4on.-ira4B i. t5ere an2 Se4tion 10 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t a--lie.M/ (vi2e -ara 509 o3 SCC) !5en 3ollo;. t5e 4ru4ial 3in2in: t5at t5e -ro.e4ution in t5e -re.ent 4a.e 5a. not le2 anB evi2en4e to .5o; t5at anB -arti4ular a44u.e2 4ontinue2 to ?e a ,e,?er o3 t5e 4on.-ira4B a3ter 5e ;a. arre.te2/ It .5o;. t5at t5e ulti,ate 4on4lu.ion a44or2. ;it5 t5e vie; eE-re..e2 in ,i!/a Ak&a!/ At -ara:ra-5 581, t5ere i. 3urt5er 2i.4u..ion on t5e .4o-e o3 Se4tion 10/ %ne o?.ervation ,a2e ?B t5e learne2 Ju2:e in t5at -ara nee2. to ?e 4lari3ie2/ !5e learne2 Ju2:e o?.erve2 t5u.: MF5en t;o or ,ore -er.on. enter into a 4on.-ira4B anB a4t 2one ?B anB one o3 t5e, -ur.uant to t5e a:ree,ent i., in 4onte,-lation o3 la;, t5e a4t o3 ea45 o3 t5e, an2 t5eB are 7ointlB re.-on.i?le t5ere3ore/ !5i. ,ean. t5at everBt5in: .ai2, ;ritten or 2one ?B anB o3 t5e 4on.-irator. in eEe4ution o3 or in re3eren4e to t5eir 4o,,on intention i. 2ee,e2 to 5ave ?een .ai2, 2one or ;ritten ?B ea45 o3 t5e,M/ (e,-5a.i. .u--lie2) Fe 2o not 3in2 anB .u45 2ee,in: -rovi.ion in Se4tion 10/ $o 2ou?t, Se4tion 10 re.t. on t5e -rin4i-le o3 a:en4B/ @ut, it 2oe. not in ter,. treat t5e .tate,ent. ,a2e an2 a4t. 2one ?B one 4on.-irator a. t5e .tate,ent. or a4t. o3 all/ Se4tion 10 onlB laB. 2o;n a rule o3 relevan4B/ It .aB. t5at anBt5in: 2one or .ai2 ?B one o3 t5e 4on.-irator. in re3eren4e to t5e 4o,,on intention i. a relevant 3a4t a. a:ain.t ea45 o3 t5e 4on.-irator. to -rove t;o t5in:.: (i) eEi.ten4e o3 t5e 4on.-ira4B an2 (ii) t5at t5eB ;ere -artie. to t5e 4on.-ira4B/ A. -ointe2 out ?B t5e )rivB Coun4il in ,i!/a Ak&a!'s 4a.e, t5e t5in: 2one, ;ritten or .-o=en in t5e 4our.e o3 4arrBin: out t5e 4on.-ira4B M;a. re4eiva?le a. a .te- in t5e -roo3 o3 t5e 4on.-ira4BM/ !5i. 2i4tu, ;a. a--rovin:lB re3erre2 to in t5e 1 .t Caveesha! 4a.e *A$(CSCC00"1C1950/ !5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el t5en re3erre2 to t5e 2e4i.ion o3 t5i. Court in "!i&hu an v. State of ,aha!asht!a *A$(CSCC0200C1902, in ;5i45 t5e a44u.e2 eEa,ine2 5i,.el3 a. a ;itne.. an2 5i. evi2en4e ;a. a2,itte2 un2er Se4tion 10 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t, ,ainlB on t5e :roun2 t5at 5i. 2e-o.ition 4oul2 ?e .u?7e4te2 to 4ro..1eEa,ination/ So al.o in t5e 4a.e o3 #. .ashim v. State of "amil )adu*A$(CSCC09#0C200", t5e evi2en4e o3 4o1a44u.e2 ;5o

2"

.u?.equentlB ?e4a,e a--rover, ;a. a2,itte2 un2er Se4tion 10/ !5e.e t;o 4a.e. re.t on a 2i33erent -rin4i-le an2 4annot ?e .ai2 to 5ave 2i33ere2 ;it5 t5e vie; ta=en in ,i!/a Ak&a!'s 4a.e/ &o;ever, t5ere are t;o 2e4i.ion. o3 t5i. Court ren2ere2 ?B t;o Ju2:e @en45e., ;5i45 5ave ta=en t5e vie; t5at t5e 3a4t. .tate2 in t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent o3 one o3 t5e a44u.e2 4an ?e u.e2 a:ain.t t5e ot5er a44u.e2/ !5e 3ir.t one i. 'hag andas #esh ani and An!. v. State of (a%asthan *A$(CSCC0100C190" 2e4i2e2 ?B a t;o1Ju2:e @en45 (*/&/ @e: an2 I/6/ C5an2ra45u2, JJ), in ;5i45 @e:, J/ o?.erve2 t5u.: MIt .ee,. to u. t5at t5e eEtre,e ar:u,ent t5at not5in: .ai2 or 2one ?B 6i.5nu Au,ar 4oul2 ?e ta=en into a44ount in 7u2:in: t5e :uilt o3 Ae.5;ani ;5en t5ere i. a 45ar:e 3or 4on.-ira4B un2er Se4tion 120@ I)C overloo=. t5e -rovi.ion. o3 Se4tion 10 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t//// At anB rate, -roo3 o3 t5e 3a4t, even 3ro, a2,i..ion. o3 6i.5nu Au,ar, t5at 3al.e an2 3i4titiou. 4a.5 ,e,o. ;ere -re-are2 2ue to an a:ree,ent ?et;een t5e t;o a44u.e2, 4oul2 ?e u.e2 a:ain.t ea45 a44u.e2/M $one o3 t5e -reviou. 2e4i.ion. ;ere re3erre2 to ?B t5eir Lor2.5i-./ !5e ot5er 4a.e i. t5at o3 State of ,aha!asht!a v. Damu *A$(CSCC0299C2000 ;5i45 ;a. al.o 2e4i2e2 ?B a t;o Ju2:e @en45/ !5e learne2 Ju2:e. a3ter analBGin: t5e in:re2ient. o3 Se4tion 10, 5el2 t5u.: MIn t5i. 4a.e t5ere 4an ?e no 2ou?t, relBin: on EE/88 t5at t5ere are rea.ona?le :roun2. to ?elieve t5at all t5e 3our a44u.e2 5ave 4on.-ire2 to:et5er to 4o,,it t5e o33en4e. o3 a?2u4tion an2 ,ur2er. o3 t5e 45il2ren involve2 in t5i. 4a.e/ So ;5at t5e.e a44u.e2 5ave .-o=en to ea45 ot5er in re3eren4e to t5eir 4o,,on intention a. 4oul2 ?e :at5ere2 3ro, EE/88 4an ?e re:ar2e2 a. relevant 3a4t. 3allin: ;it5in t5e -urvie; o3 Se4tion 10 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ It i. not ne4e..arB t5at a ;itne.. .5oul2 5ave 2e-o.e2 to t5e 3a4t .o tran.-ire2 ?et;een t5e 4on.-irator./ A 2ialo:ue ?et;een t5e, 4oul2 ?e -rove2 t5rou:5 anB ot5er le:allB -er,itte2 ,o2e/ F5en EE/88 i. le:allB -rove2 an2 3oun2 a2,i..i?le in evi2en4e, t5e .a,e 4an ?e u.e2 to a.4ertain ;5at ;a. .ai2, 2one or ;ritten ?et;een t5e 4on.-irator./ Al t5e t5in:. re-orte2 in t5at 4on3e..ion re3errin: to ;5at A11 a,u 'o-inat5 an2 A13 *u=un2a !5orat 5ave .ai2 an2 2one in re3eren4e to t5e 4o,,on intention o3 t5e 4on.-irator. are t5u. u.a?le un2er Se4tion 10 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t a. a:ain.t t5o.e t;o a44u.e2 a. ;ell, in t5e .a,e ,anner in ;5i45 t5eB are u.a?le a:ain.t A1" a,u Jo.5i 5i,.el3/M !5u., t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent (EEt/88) ,a2e ?B one o3 t5e -artie. to t5e 4on.-ira4B ;a. ,a2e u.e o3 a:ain.t t5e ot5er -artie.Ca44u.e2/ It i. intere.tin: to note t5at t5e 2e4i.ion in State of Gu%a!at v. ,ohammed Atik (.u-ra) ren2ere2 ?B one o3 t5e learne2 Ju2:e., ;a. noti4e2 ?ut t5e 4ru4ial -art o3 t5e o?.ervation t5erein rulin: out t5e a--li4a?ilitB o3 Se4tion 10 ;a. not a2verte2 to/ !5e 2n2 Caveesha! case (AIR 19#5 SC #82) ;a. al.o noti4e2/ &o;ever ,u45 ;e are 4onvin4e2 o3 t5e ar:u,ent. a2van4e2 ?B t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el 3or t5e State, ;e are una?le to :ive e33e4t to t5e la; lai2 2o;n in t5e.e t;o 4a.e. ;5i45 run. 4ounter to t5e lar:er @en45 2e4i.ion. noti4e2 .u-ra, e.-e4iallB ;5en t5e -reviou. 2e4i.ion. ?earin: on t5e -oint ;ere not 2i.4u..e2/ $o 2ou?t t5e 7u2:,ent in 2n2 Caveesha! 4a.e ;a. o3 t5ree learne2 Ju2:e. ?ut t5e "t5 -ro-o.ition lai2 2o;n t5erein i. not .o 4ate:ori4al a. to 4onveB t5e i2ea t5at even t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent re4or2e2 a3ter t5e arre.t, 4oul2 ?e u.e2 a:ain.t t5e 4o1 4on.-irator./ !5e 4a.e o3 4ueen v. 'lake 2e4i2e2 in 18"" 9115 ER "9< i. illu.trative o3 t5e -ara,eter. o3 t5e 4o,,on la; rule .i,ilar to Se4tion 10 o3 t5e In2ian Evi2en4e A4t/ !5e )rivB Coun4il in t5e 4a.e o3 ( v. 'lake *A$(C)RC0030C19"0 re3erre2 to t5at 4a.e an2 o?.erve2 t5u.: M///!5e lea2in: 4a.e o3 (18"") # H@ 12# : 115 ER "9 (E) illu.trate. t5e t;o a.-e4t. o3 it, ?e4au.e t5at aut5oritB .5o;. ?ot5 ;5at i. a2,i..i?le an2 ;5at i. ina2,i..i?le/ F5at, in t5at 4a.e, ;a. 5el2 to ?e a2,i..i?le a:ain.t t5e 4on.-irator ;a. t5e evi2en4e o3 entrie. ,a2e ?B 5i. 3ello; 4on.-irator 4ontaine2 in variou. 2o4u,ent. a4tuallB u.e2 3or 4arrBin: out t5e 3rau2/ @ut a 2o4u,ent not 4reate2 in t5e 4our.e o3 4arrBin: out t5e tran.a4tion, ?ut ,a2e ?B one o3 t5e 4on.-irator. a3ter t5e 3rau2 ;a. 4o,-lete2, ;a. 5el2 to ?e ina2,i..i?le a:ain.t t5e ot5er//// It 5a2 not5in: to 2o ;it5 4arrBin: t5e 4on.-ira4B into e33e4t/M In t5e li:5t o3 t5e 3ore:oin: 2i.4u..ion, ;e 5ave no o-tion ?ut to re7e4t t5e 4ontention o3 *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, on t5e inter-retation o3 Se4tion 10, t5ou:5 not ;it5out 5e.itation/ &o;ever, in vie; o3 t5e 3a4t t5at 4on3e..ional .tate,ent i. not ?ein: relie2 on, t5e que.tion o3 a--li4a?ilitB o3 Se4tion 10 3a2e. into in.i:ni3i4an4e/ 12/ Con.-ira4B A. 4on.-ira4B i. t5e -ri,arB 45ar:e a:ain.t t5e a44u.e2, ;e .5all no; a2vert to t5e la; o3 4on.-ira4B 1 it. 2e3inition, e..ential 3eature. an2 -roo3/ Se4tion 120A o3 I)C 2e3ine. 4ri,inal 4on.-ira4B/ It .aB.: M;5en t;o or ,ore -er.on. a:ree to 2o or 4au.e to ?e 2one (i) an ille:al a4t or (ii) an a4t ;5i45 i. not ille:al ?B ille:al ,ean., .u45 an a:ree,ent i. 2e.i:nate2 a 4ri,inal 4on.-ira4B/ Se4tion 120@ -re.4ri?e. t5e -uni.5,ent to ?e i,-o.e2 on a -artB to a 4ri,inal 4on.-ira4B/ A. -ointe2 out ?B Su??a Rao, J in ,a%o! E.G. 'a!say v. State of 'om&ay *A$(CSCC0123C19#1:

25

M///t5e :i.t o3 t5e o33en4e i. an a:ree,ent to ?rea= t5e la;/ !5e -artie. to .u45 an a:ree,ent ;ill ?e :uiltB o3 4ri,inal 4on.-ira4B, t5ou:5 t5e ille:al a4t a:ree2 to ?e 2one 5a. not ?een 2one/ So too, it i. not an in:re2ient. o3 t5e o33en4e t5at all t5e -artie. .5oul2 a:ree to 2o a .in:le ille:al a4t/ It ,aB 4o,-ri.e t5e 4o,,i..ion o3 a nu,?er o3 a4t.M/ (n2er .e4tion "3 o3 t5e I)C, an a4t ;oul2 ?e ille:al i3 it i. an o33en4e or i3 it i. -ro5i?ite2 ?B la;/ Se4tion 120A an2 120@ ;ere ?rou:5t on t5e .tatute ?oo= ?B ;aB o3 a,en2,ent to I)C in 1913/ !5e State,ent o3 %?7e4t. an2 Rea.on. to t5e a,en2in: A4t reveal. t5at t5e un2erlBin: -ur-o.e ;a. to ,a=e a ,ere a:ree,ent to 2o an ille:al a4t or an a4t ;5i45 i. not ille:al ?B ille:al ,ean. -uni.5a?le un2er la;/ !5i. 2e3inition i. al,o.t .i,ilar to t5e 2e3inition o3 4on.-ira4B, ;5i45 ;e 3in2 in &al.?urB>. La;. o3 En:lan2/ !5e 2e3inition :iven t5erein i.: MCon.-ira4B 4on.i.t. in t5e a:ree,ent o3 t;o or ,ore -er.on. to 2o an unla;3ul a4t, or to 2o a la;3ul a4t ?B unla;3ul ,ean./ It i. an in2i4ta?le o33en4e at 4o,,on la;/ !5e e..en4e o3 t5e o33en4e o3 4on.-ira4B i. t5e 3a4t o3 4o,?ination ?B a:ree,ent/ !5e a:ree,ent ,aB ?e eE-re.. or i,-lie2 or in -art eE-re.. an2 in -art i,-lie2/// an2 t5e o33en4e 4ontinue. to ?e 4o,,itte2 .o lon: a. t5e 4o,?ination -er.i.t., t5at i. until t5e 4on.-iratorial a:ree,ent i. ter,inate2 ?B 4o,-letion o3 it. -er3or,an4e or ?B a?an2on,ent or 3ru.tration or 5o;ever it ,aB ?eM/ In A,eri4a, t5e 4on4e-t o3 4ri,inal 4on.-ira4B i. no 2i33erent/ In A,eri4an Juri.-ru2en4e, 2 n2 E2n/, 6ol/1#, )a:e 129, t5e 3ollo;in: 2e3inition o3 4on.-ira4B i. :iven: MA 4on.-ira4B i. .ai2 to ?e an a:ree,ent ?et;een t;o or ,ore -er.on. to a44o,-li.5 to:et5er a 4ri,inal or unla;3ul a4t or to a45ieve ?B 4ri,inal or unla;3ul ,ean. an a4t not in it.el3 4ri,inal or unla;3ul /// !5e unla;3ul a:ree,ent an2 not it. a44o,-li.5,ent i. t5e :i.t or e..en4e o3 t5e 4ri,e o3 4on.-ira4B/M Earlier to t5e intro2u4tion o3 Se4tion 120A an2 120@, 4on.-ira4B -er .e ;a. not an o33en4e un2er t5e In2ian )enal Co2e eE4e-t in re.-e4t o3 t5e o33en4e ,entione2 in Se4tion 121A/ &o;ever, a?et,ent ?B 4on.-ira4B ;a. an2 .till re,ain. to ?e an in:re2ient. o3 a?et,ent un2er 4lau.e .e4on2lB o3 Se4tion 100 o3 I)C/ !5e -uni.5,ent t5ere3ore i. -rovi2e2 un2er variou. .e4tion. viG/ Se4tion 108 1 110/ F5erea. un2er Se4tion 120A, t5e e..en4e o3 t5e o33en4e o3 4ri,inal 4on.-ira4B i. a ?are a:ree,ent to 4o,,it t5e o33en4e, t5e a?et,ent un2er Se4tion 100 require. t5e 4o,,i..ion o3 .o,e a4t or ille:al o,i..ion -ur.uant to t5e 4on.-ira4B/ A 45ar:e un2er Se4tion 100C109 .5oul2 t5ere3ore ?e in 4o,?ination ;it5 a .u?.tantive o33en4e, ;5erea. t5e 45ar:e un2er Se4tion 120AC120@ 4oul2 ?e an in2e-en2ent 45ar:e/ In t5e %?7e4t. an2 Rea.on. to t5e A,en2,ent @ill, it ;a. eE-li4itlB .tate2 t5at t5e ne; -rovi.ion. (1201A J @) ;ere M2e.i:ne2 to a..i,ilate t5e -rovi.ion. o3 t5e In2ian )enal Co2e to t5o.e o3 t5e En:li.5 La;////M !5u., Se4tion. 120A J 120@ ,a2e 4on.-ira4B a .u?.tantive o33en4e an2 ren2ere2 t5e ,ere a:ree,ent to 4o,,it an o33en4e -uni.5a?le/ Even i3 an overt a4t 2oe. not ta=e -la4e -ur.uant to t5e ille:al a:ree,ent, t5e o33en4e o3 4on.-ira4B ;oul2 .till ?e attra4te2/ !5e -a..a:e. 3ro, Ru..ell on Cri,e., t5e &ou.e o3 Lor2. 2e4i.ion in 4uinn v. Leathem (1901 AC "95), an2 t5e a22re.. o3 Fille., J to t5e JurB in ,ulcahy v. 4ueen (18#8 3 &L 30#) are o3ten quote2 in t5e 2e4i.ion. o3 t5i. Court/ !5e -a..a:e in Ru..ell on Cri,e. re3erre2 to ?B Ja:annat5a S5ettB, J in #eha! Singh's 4a.e 91988 (3) SCC at -a:e 031< i. quite a--o.ite: M!5e :i.t o3 t5e o33en4e o3 4on.-ira4B t5en lie., not in 2oin: t5e a4t, or e33e4tin: t5e -ur-o.e 3or ;5i45 t5e 4on.-ira4B i. 3or,e2, nor in atte,-tin: to 2o t5e,, nor in in4itin: ot5er. to 2o t5e,, ?ut in t5e 3or,in: o3 t5e .45e,e or a:ree,ent ?et;een t5e -artie./ A:ree,ent i. e..ential/ *ere =no;le2:e, or even 2i.4u..ion, o3 t5e -lan i. not, -er .e enou:5M !5i. -a..a:e ?rin:. out t5e le:al -o.ition .u44in4tlB/ In )alini's 4a.e, S/S/*/ Hua2ri, J, -ointe2 out t5at t5e ,eetin: o3 ,in2. o3 t;o or ,ore -er.on. 3or 2oin: an ille:al a4t or an a4t ?B ille:al ,ean. i. a .ine qua non o3 t5e 4ri,inal 4on.-ira4B/ Ju2:e L/ &an2, in 5an (ipe! v. +nited States (13 + 22/ 9#1) .ai2 o3 4on.-ira4B: MF5en ,en enter into an a:ree,ent 3or an unla;3ul en2, t5eB ?e4o,e a2 5o4 a:ent. 3or one anot5er an2 5ave ,a2e a -artner.5i- in 4ri,e/M In 6ashpal ,ittal v. State of Pun%a& *A$(CSCC01#9C1900, 'o.;a,i, J, .-ea=in: 3or a t5ree1Ju2:e @en45 analB.e2 t5e le:al -o.ition relatin: to 4ri,inal 4on.-ira4B/ At -a:e. #101#11, t5e learne2 Ju2:e o?.erve2 t5at Mt5e verB a:ree,ent, t5e 4on4ert or lea:ue i. t5e in:re2ient. o3 t5e o33en4e/M an2 t5at Mit i. not ne4e..arB t5at all t5e 4on.-irator. ,u.t =no; ea45 an2 everB 2etail o3 t5e 4on.-ira4BM/ It ;a. t5en o?.erve2 t5at Mt5ere ,u.t ?e unitB o3 o?7e4t or -ur-o.e ?ut t5ere ,aB ?e -luralitB o3 ,ean., .o,eti,e. even un=no;n to one anot5er, a,on:.t t5e 4on.-irator./M r/ Sri &ari Sin:5 'our in 5i. ;ell =no;n >Co,,entarB on )enal La; o3 In2ia>, (6ol/2, 11 t5 E2n/ -a:e 1138) .u,,e2 u- t5e le:al -o.ition in t5e 3ollo;in: ;or2.:

2#

MIn or2er to 4on.titute a .in:le :eneral 4on.-ira4B t5ere ,u.t ?e a 4o,,on 2e.i:n/ Ea45 4on.-irator -laB. 5i. .e-arate -art in one inte:rate2 an2 unite2 e33ort to a45ieve t5e 4o,,on -ur-o.e/ Ea45 one i. a;are t5at 5e 5a. a -art to -laB in a :eneral 4on.-ira4B t5ou:5 5e ,aB not =no; all it. .e4ret. or t5e ,ean. ?B ;5i45 t5e 4o,,on -ur-o.e i. to ?e a44o,-li.5e2/ !5e evil .45e,e ,aB ?e -ro,ote2 ?B a 3e;, .o,e ,aB 2ro- out an2 .o,e ,aB 7oin at a later .ta:e, ?ut t5e 4on.-ira4B 4ontinue. until it i. ?ro=en u-/ !5e 4on.-ira4B ,aB 2evelo- in .u44e..ive .ta:e./ !5ere ,aB ?e :eneral -lan to a44o,-li.5 t5e 4o,,on 2e.i:n ?B .u45 ,ean. a. ,aB 3ro, ti,e to ti,e ?e 3oun2 eE-e2ient/M In State of ..P. v. #!ishan Lal P!adhan *A$(CSCC0290C1980, it ;a. reiterate2 t5at everB one o3 t5e 4on.-irator. nee2 not ta=e a4tive -art in t5e 4o,,i..ion o3 ea45 an2 everB one o3 t5e 4on.-iratorial a4t./ In t5e 4a.e o3 State v. )alini *A$(CSCC09"5C1999, S/S/*/ Hua2ri, J, a3ter a .urveB o3 4a.e la; ,a2e t5e 3ollo;in: -ertinent o?.ervation.: (at -ara:ra-5 ##2) MIn rea45in: t5e .ta:e o3 ,eetin: o3 ,in2., t;o or ,ore -er.on. .5are in3or,ation a?out 2oin: an ille:al a4t or a le:al a4t ?B ille:al ,ean./ !5i. i. t5e 3ir.t .ta:e ;5ere ea45 i. .ai2 to 5ave =no;le2:e o3 a -lan 3or 4o,,ittin: an ille:al a4t or a le:al a4t ?B ille:al ,ean./ A,on: t5o.e .5arin: t5e in3or,ation .o,e or all ,aB 3or, an intention to 2o an ille:al a4t or a le:al a4t ?B ille:al ,ean./ !5o.e ;5o 2o 3or, t5e requi.ite intention ;oul2 ?e -artie. to t5e a:ree,ent an2 ;oul2 ?e 4on.-irator. ?ut t5o.e ;5o 2ro- out 4annot ?e ro-e2 in a. 4olla?orator. on t5e ?a.i. o3 ,ere =no;le2:e unle.. t5eB 4o,,it a4t. or o,i..ion. 3ro, ;5i45 a :uiltB 4o,,on intention 4an ?e in3erre2/ It i. not ne4e..arB t5at all t5e 4on.-irator. .5oul2 -arti4i-ate 3ro, t5e in4e-tion to t5e en2 o3 t5e 4on.-ira4BD .o,e ,aB 7oin t5e 4on.-ira4B a3ter t5e ti,e ;5en .u45 intention ;a. 3ir.t entertaine2 ?B anB one o3 t5e, an2 .o,e ot5er. ,aB quit 3ro, t5e 4on.-ira4B/ All o3 t5e, 4annot ?ut ?e treate2 a. 4on.-irator./ F5ere in -ur.uan4e o3 t5e a:ree,ent t5e 4on.-irator. 4o,,it o33en4e. in2ivi2uallB or a2o-t ille:al ,ean. to 2o a le:al a4t ;5i45 5a. a neEu. to t5e o?7e4t o3 4on.-ira4B, all o3 t5e, ;ill ?e lia?le 3or .u45 o33en4e. even i3 .o,e o3 t5e, 5ave not a4tivelB -arti4i-ate2 in t5e 4o,,i..ion o3 t5o.e o33en4e./ !5ere i. eE5au.tive re3eren4e to variou. 4a.e. ?B Ari7it )a.aBat, J, in ,ohd. #halid v. State of -.'. *A$(CSCC0022C2002/ In ,ohammed +sman v. State of ,aha!ashat!a *A$(CSCC0180C1981 it ;a. o?.erve2 t5at t5e a:ree,ent a,on:.t t5e 4on.-irator. 4an ?e in3erre2 ?B ne4e..arB i,-li4ation/ !5ere i. one -arti4ular o?.ervation ,a2e ?B Ja:anna25a S5ettB in #eha! Singh's (.u-ra) 4a.e ;5i45 nee2. to ?e eE-laine2/ !5e learne2 Ju2:e o?.erve2: MIt i., 5o;ever, e..ential t5at t5e o33en4e o3 4on.-ira4B require. .o,e =in2 o3 -5B.i4al ,ani3e.tation o3 a:ree,ent/ !5e eE-re.. a:ree,ent, 5o;ever, nee2 not ?e -rove2 nor i. it ne4e..arB to -rove t5e a4tual ;or2. o3 4o,,uni4ation/ !5e evi2en4e a. to tran.,i..ion o3 t5ou:5t. .5arin: t5e unla;3ul 2e.i:n ,aB ?e .u33i4ientM/ !5e eE-re..ion >-5B.i4al ,ani3e.tation> .ee,. to ?e t5e -5ra.eolo:B u.e2 in t5e Arti4le re3erre2 to ?B t5e learne2 Ju2:e/ &o;ever, t5e .ai2 eE-re..ion .5all not ?e equate2 to >overt a4t> ;5i45 i. a 2i33erent 4on4e-t/ A. ri:5tlB .tate2 ?B t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el, *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu,, t5e -5ra.e 5a. re3eren4e to t5e ,ani3e.tation o3 t5e a:ree,ent it.el3, .u45 a. ?B ;aB o3 ,eetin:. an2 4o,,uni4ation./ *o.tlB, t5e 4on.-ira4ie. are -rove2 ?B t5e 4ir4u,.tantial evi2en4e, a. t5e 4on.-ira4B i. .el2o, an o-en a33air/ (.uallB ?ot5 t5e eEi.ten4e o3 t5e 4on.-ira4B an2 it. o?7e4t. 5ave to ?e in3erre2 3ro, t5e 4ir4u,.tan4e. an2 t5e 4on2u4t o3 t5e a44u.e2/ ()er Fa25;a, J/ in )alini's 4a.e (.u-ra) at -a:e 51#)/ !5e ;ell =no;n rule :overnin: 4ir4u,.tantial evi2en4e i. t5at ea45 an2 everB in4ri,inatin: 4ir4u,.tan4e ,u.t ?e 4learlB e.ta?li.5e2 ?B relia?le evi2en4e an2 Mt5e 4ir4u,.tan4e. -rove2 ,u.t 3or, a 45ain o3 event. 3ro, ;5i45 t5e onlB irre.i.ti?le 4on4lu.ion a?out t5e :uilt o3 t5e a44u.e2 4an ?e .a3elB 2ra;n an2 no ot5er 5B-ot5e.i. a:ain.t t5e :uilt i. -o..i?le/M '/$/ RaB, J/ in "ani&ee!t Panka% #uma! *A$(CSCC0550C1990, o?.erve2 t5at t5i. Court .5oul2 not allo; t5e .u.-i4ion to ta=e t5e -la4e o3 le:al -roo3/ A. -ointe2 out ?B +aGal Ali, J, in 5.C. Shukla v. State *A$(CSCC0255C1980, M in ,o.t 4a.e. it ;ill ?e 2i33i4ult to :et 2ire4t evi2en4e o3 t5e a:ree,ent, ?ut a 4on.-ira4B 4an ?e in3erre2 even 3ro, 4ir4u,.tan4e. :ivin: ri.e to a 4on4lu.ive or irre.i.ti?le in3eren4e o3 an a:ree,ent ?et;een t;o or ,ore -er.on. to 4o,,it an o33en4e/M In t5i. 4onteEt, t5e o?.ervation. in t5e 4a.e )oo! ,ohammad 6usuf ,omin v. State of ,aha!asht!a *A$(CSCC0150C1900 are ;ort5 not5in:: M///in ,o.t 4a.e. -roo3 o3 4on.-ira4B i. lar:elB in3erential t5ou:5 t5e in3eren4e ,u.t ?e 3oun2e2 on .oli2 3a4t./ Surroun2in: 4ir4u,.tan4e. an2 ante4e2ent an2 .u?.equent 4on2u4t, a,on: ot5er 3a4tor., 4on.titute relevant ,aterial/M

20

A 3e; ?it. 5ere an2 a 3e; ?it. t5ere on ;5i45 t5e -ro.e4ution relie. 4annot ?e 5el2 to ?e a2equate 3or 4onne4tin: t5e a44u.e2 in t5e o33en4e o3 4ri,inal 4on.-ira4B/ !5e 4ir4u,.tan4e. ?e3ore, 2urin: an2 a3ter t5e o44urren4e 4an ?e -rove2 to 2e4i2e a?out t5e 4o,-li4itB o3 t5e a44u.e2/ 9vi2e Eshe! Singh v. State of A.P., *A$(CSCC0223C200"/ Lor2 @ri2:e in (. v. Ande!son 91985 (2) All E/R/ 9#1< a-tlB .ai2 t5at t5e evi2en4e 3ro, ;5i45 a 7urB ,aB in3er a 4ri,inal 4on.-ira4B i. al,o.t invaria?lB to ?e 3oun2 in t5e 4on2u4t o3 t5e -artie./ In (AIR 19"5 )C 1"0), t5e )rivB Coun4il ;arne2 t5at in a 7oint trial 4are ,u.t ?e ta=en to .e-arate t5e a2,i..i?le evi2en4e a:ain.t ea45 a44u.e2 an2 t5e 7u2i4ial ,in2 .5oul2 not ?e allo;e2 to ?e in3luen4e2 ?B evi2en4e a2,i..i?le onlB a:ain.t ot5er./ MA 4o12e3en2ant in a 4on.-ira4B trialM, o?.erve2 Ja4=.on, J, Mo44u-ie. an unea.B .eatM an2 Mit i. 2i33i4ult 3or t5e in2ivi2ual to ,a=e 5i. o;n 4a.e .tan2 on it. o;n ,erit. in t5e ,in2. o3 7uror. ;5o are rea2B to ?elieve t5at ?ir2. o3 a 3eat5er are 3lo4=e2 to:et5er/M 9vi2e Alvin #!umle itch v. +nited States of Ame!ica, (93 L/E2/ 090)/ In $alini>. 4a.e, Fa25;a, J -ointe2 out, at -a:e 510 o3 t5e SCC, t5e nee2 to :uar2 a:ain.t -re7u2i4e ?ein: 4au.e2 to t5e a44u.e2 on a44ount o3 t5e 7oint trial ;it5 ot5er 4on.-irator./ !5e learne2 Ju2:e o?.erve2 t5at Mt5ere i. al;aB. 2i33i4ultB in tra4in: t5e -re4i.e 4ontri?ution o3 ea45 ,e,?er o3 t5e 4on.-ira4B ?ut t5en t5ere 5a. to ?e 4o:ent an2 4onvin4in: evi2en4e a:ain.t ea45 one o3 t5e a44u.e2 45ar:e2 ;it5 t5e o33en4e o3 4on.-ira4BM/ !5e -ertinent o?.ervation o3 Ju2:e &an2 in +.S. v. 7alcone (109 +/ 22,509) ;a. re3erre2 to: M!5i. 2i.tin4tion i. i,-ortant to2aB ;5en ,anB -ro.e4utor. .ee= to .;ee;it5in t5e 2ra:net o3 4on.-ira4B all t5o.e ;5o 5ave ?een a..o4iate2 in anB 2e:ree ;5atever ;it5 t5e ,ain o33en2er./M At -ara:ra-5 518, Fa25;a, J, -ointe2 out t5at t5e 4ri,inal re.-on.i?ilitB 3or a 4on.-ira4B require. ,ore t5an a ,erelB -a..ive attitu2e to;ar2. an eEi.tin: 4on.-ira4B/ !5e learne2 Ju2:e t5en .et out t5e le:al -o.ition re:ar2in: t5e 4ri,inal lia?ilitB o3 t5e -er.on. a44u.e2 o3 t5e 4on.-ira4B a. 3ollo;.: M%ne ;5o 4o,,it. an overt a4t ;it5 =no;le2:e o3 t5e 4on.-ira4B i. :uiltB/ An2 one ;5o ta4itlB 4on.ent. to t5e o?7e4t o3 a 4on.-ira4B an2 :oe. alon: ;it5 t5e ot5er 4on.-irator., a4tuallB .tan2in: ?B ;5ile t5e ot5er. -ut t5e 4on.-ira4B into e33e4t, i. :uiltB t5ou:5 5e inten2. to ta=e no a4tive -art in t5e 4ri,e/M %ne ,ore -rin4i-le ;5i45 2e.erve. noti4e i. t5at 4u,ulative e33e4t o3 t5e -rove2 4ir4u,.tan4e. .5oul2 ?e ta=en into a44ount in 2eter,inin: t5e :uilt o3 t5e a44u.e2 rat5er t5an a2o-tin: an i.olate2 a--roa45 to ea45 o3 t5e 4ir4u,.tan4e./ %3 4our.e, ea45 one o3 t5e 4ir4u,.tan4e. .5oul2 ?e -rove2 ?eBon2 rea.ona?le 2ou?t/ La.tlB, in re:ar2 to t5e a--re4iation o3 evi2en4e relatin: to 4on.-ira4B, t5e Court ,u.t ta=e 4are to .ee t5at t5e a4t. or 4on2u4t o3 t5e -artie. ,u.t ?e 4on.4iou. an2 4lear enou:5 to in3er t5eir 4on4urren4e a. to t5e 4o,,on 2e.i:n an2 it. eEe4ution/ A/J/ S5ettB, J, -ointe2 out in #eha! Singh's 4a.e t5at Mt5e inno4uou., inno4ent or ina2vertent event. an2 in4i2ent. .5oul2 not enter t5e 7u2i4ial ver2i4t/M @e3ore ;e 4lo.e t5e 2i.4u..ion on t5e to-i4 o3 4on.-ira4B in :eneral, ;e ,u.t note t5e ar:u,ent o3 t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el 3or t5e State *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, ;5o in 5i. en2eavour to invo=e t5e t5eorB o3 a:en4B in all it. 2i,en.ion. .o a. to ,a=e ea45 o3 t5e 4on.-irator. 4on.tru4tivelB lia?le 3or t5e o33en4e. a4tuallB 4o,,itte2 ?B ot5er. -ur.uant to t5e 4on.-ira4B, relie2 on t5e 2i4tu, o3 Coleri2:e, J/ in (egina v. ,u!phy (103 ER 502), ;5i45 ;ill ?e re3erre2 to later on/ !5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el .u?,it. t5at ;5ere overt a4t. 5ave ?een 4o,,itte2, all 4on.-irator. ;ill 5ave to ?e -uni.5e2 equallB 3or t5e .u?.tantive o33en4e irre.-e4tive o3 non1-arti4i-ation o3 .o,e o3 t5e, in .u45 overt a4t./ !5e o?.ervation. ,a2e ?B Fa25;a, J in )alini at -ara:ra-5 583 an2 ?B *o5a-atra, J, in 7i!o/uddin 'ashee!uddin v. State of #e!ala *A$(CSCC0"01C2001, are -re..e2 into .ervi4e to ?uttre.. 5i. ar:u,ent t5at all t5e 4on.-irator. ;oul2 ?e lia?le 3or all t5e o33en4e. 4o,,itte2 -ur.uant to t5e 4on.-ira4B on t5e ?a.i. o3 t5e -rin4i-le o3 a:en4B ;5ere t5e 4on.-ira4B re.ult. in overt a4t. 4on.titutin: 2i.tin4t o33en4e./ Fe 2o not t5in= t5at t5e t5eorB o3 a:en4B 4an ?e eEten2e2 t5u. 3ar, t5at i. to .aB, to 3in2 all t5e 4on.-irator. :uiltB o3 t5e a4tual o33en4e. 4o,,itte2 in eEe4ution o3 t5e 4o,,on 2e.i:n even i3 .u45 o33en4e. ;ere ulti,atelB 4o,,itte2 ?B .o,e o3 t5e,, ;it5out t5e -arti4i-ation o3 ot5er./ Fe are o3 t5e vie; t5at t5o.e ;5o 4o,,itte2 t5e o33en4e. -ur.uant to t5e 4on.-ira4B ?B in2ul:in: in variou. overt a4t. ;ill ?e in2ivi2uallB lia?le 3or t5o.e o33en4e. in a22ition to ?ein: lia?le 3or 4ri,inal 4on.-ira4BD ?ut, t5e non1-arti4i-ant 4on.-irator. 4annot ?e 3oun2 :uiltB o3 t5e o33en4e or o33en4e. 4o,,itte2 ?B t5e ot5er 4on.-irator./ !5ere i. 5ar2lB anB .4o-e 3or t5e a--li4ation o3 t5e -rin4i-le o3 a:en4B in or2er to 3in2 t5e 4on.-irator. :uiltB o3 a .u?.tantive o33en4e not 4o,,itte2 ?B t5e,/ Cri,inal o33en4e. an2 -uni.5,ent. t5ere3ore are :overne2 ?B .tatute/ !5e o33en2er ;ill ?e lia?le onlB i3 5e 4o,e. ;it5in t5e -lain ter,. o3 t5e -enal .tatute/ Cri,inal lia?ilitB 3or an o33en4e 4annot ?e 3a.tene2 ?B ;aB o3 analo:B or ?B eEten.ion o3 a 4o,,on la; -rin4i-le/ Fe 5ave to eE-lain t5e 2e4i.ion in 7e!o%uddin's 4a.e at len:t5 in vie; o3 5eavB relian4e -la4e2 on it/ !5e Court o?.erve2 t5u. at -ara 25: M///!5u., one ;5o enter. into a 4on.-iratorial relation.5i- i. lia?le 3or everB rea.ona?lB 3ore.eea?le 4ri,e 4o,,itte2 ?B everB ot5er ,e,?er o3 t5e 4on.-ira4B in 3urt5eran4e o3 it. o?7e4tive., ;5et5er or not 5e =ne; o3 t5e 4ri,e. or ai2e2 in t5eir 4o,,i..ion///M In -ara 2#, t5e 2i.4u..ion ;a. on t5e -oint o3 a2,i..i?ilitB o3 evi2en4e i/e/ ;5et5er 2e4laration ?B one 4on.-irator ,a2e in 3urt5eran4e o3 a 4on.-ira4B an2 2urin: it. .u?.i.ten4e i. a2,i..i?le a:ain.t ea45 4o14on.-irator/ In ot5er

28

;or2., t5e que.tion o3 a--li4a?ilitB o3 t5e rule analo:ou. to Se4tion 10 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t ;a. t5e .u?7e4t ,atter o3 2i.4u..ion/ !5e 3ollo;in: -a..a:e 3ro, 5an (ipe! v. +nited States 913 + 22 9#1 at -a:e 9#0< ;a. quote2/ MSu45 2e4laration. are a2,itte2 u-on no 2o4trine o3 t5e la; o3 evi2en4e, ?ut o3 t5e .u?.tantive la; o3 4ri,e/ F5en ,en enter into an a:ree,ent 3or an unla;3ul en2, t5eB ?e4o,e a2 5o4 a:ent. 3or one anot5er, an2 5ave ,a2e >a -artner.5i- in 4ri,e>/ F5at one 2oe. -ur.uant to t5eir 4o,,on -ur-o.e, all 2o, an2 a. 2e4laration. ,aB ?e .u45 a4t., t5eB are 4o,-etent a:ain.t all/M !5en, in t5e i,,e2iatelB 3ollo;in: -ara:ra-5, t5i. Court o?.erve2 a. 3ollo;.: M!5u. 4on.-irator. are lia?le on an a:en4B t5eorB 3or .tate,ent. o3 4o14on.-irator., 7u.t a. t5eB are 3or t5e overt a4t. an2 4ri,e. 4o,,itte2 ?B t5eir 4on3rere./M !5e 4on4lu.ion at -ara:ra-5 20 t5at t5e 4on.-irator. are lia?le 3or t5e overt a4t. an2 4ri,e. 4o,,itte2 ?B t5eir a..o4iate. on t5e t5eorB o3 a:en4B i. not in 4on3or,itB ;it5 t5e 2i.4u..ion MRe:ar2in: a2,i..i?ilitB o3 evi2en4eM1;5i45 i. t5e o-enin: -5ra.eolo:B o3 -ara:ra-5 2#/ It ;a. ,a2e 4lear in t5e .e4on2 .enten4e o3 -ara 2# t5at 4ontrarB to t5e u.ual rule, anB 2e4laration ?B one 4on.-irator ,a2e in 3urt5eran4e o3 a 4on.-ira4B an2 2urin: it. -en2en4B i. a2,i..i?le a:ain.t ea45 4o14on.-irator/ !5u., t5e :i.t o3 Se4tion 10 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t i. i,-li4it in t5at o?.ervation/ $ot5in: i. .tate2 in -ara:ra-5 2# to in2i4ate t5at t5eir Lor2.5i-. ;ere 2i.4u..in: t5e lar:er que.tion o3 4ul-a?ilitB o3 all t5e 4on.-irator. 3or t5e 4ri,inal a4t. 2one ?B .o,e o3 t5e, -ur.uant to t5e 4on.-ira4B/ &o;ever, t5e vie; eE-re..e2 in -ara:ra-5 20 t5at on t5e t5eorB o3 a:en4B, t5e 4on.-irator. are lia?le 3or t5e .tate,ent. an2 overt a4t. o3 t5e 4o14on.-irator. i. at varian4e ;it5 t5e tenor o3 2i.4u..ion in t5e earlier -ara/ !5e a--arent rea.on ;5i45 in3luen4e2 t5eir Lor2.5i-. .ee, to ?e t5e o?.ervation. o3 Ju2:e &an2 in t5e 4a.e o3 5an (ipe! v. +nited States (.u-ra)/ !5o.e o?.ervation. ;ere in t5e 4onteEt o3 t5e 2i.4u..ion on t5e lia?ilitB o3 t5e >2e3en2ant.> 3or 4on.-ira4B to 2e3rau2/ !5e ratio o3 t5e 2e4i.ion i. evi2ent 3ro, t5e 4on4lu2in: o?.ervation: M+or t5i. rea.on, all t5at ;a. 2one ?e3ore 5e entere2 ,aB ?e u.e2 a:ain.t 5i,, ?ut o?viou.lB not ;5at ;a. 2one a3ter 5e le3t/M !5e 7oint lia?ilitB 3or t5e overt a4t. involve2 in t5e a4tual 4ri,e 2i2 not 4o,e u- 3or 4on.i2eration/ !5at a-art, t5e .tate,ent o3 la; t5at M.u45 2e4laration. are a2,itte2 u-on no 2o4trine o3 t5e la; o3 evi2en4e, ?ut o3 t5e .u?.tantive la; o3 4ri,eM 2oe. not 5ol2 :oo2 un2er In2ian la;/ !5e rea.on i. t5at t5e 2e4laration. 4onte,-late2 ?B Ju2:e &an2 are ,a2e a2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 10 o3 t5e In2ian Evi2en4e A4t ?ut not un2er t5e .u?.tantive la; o3 4ri,e./ !5u., t5e 4on4lu.ion rea45e2 at -ara:ra-5 20 overloo=e2 t5e 2i33eren4e in le:al -o.ition ?et;een ;5at ;a. o?tainin: in (SA in t5e Bear 192# an2 t5e .tatutorB rule o3 evi2en4e 4ontaine2 in t5e In2ian Evi2en4e A4t/ !5e -ro-o.ition in t5e earlier -ara i/e/ -ara:ra-5 25 (quote2 .u-ra) ;a. too ;i2elB .tate2, -ro?a?lB in3luen4e2 ?B t5e o?.ervation. in 5an (ipe!'s 4a.e/ In 3a4t, in 7e!o%uddin's 4a.e, .o,e ,e,?er. o3 t5e :rou- ;5o 4on.-ire2 ;ere 4onvi4te2 onlB un2er Se4tion 120@ ;5erea. t5e ot5er ,e,?er. ;5o a44o,-li.5e2 t5e o?7e4tive o3 4on.-ira4B ?B 4o,,ittin: t5e -lanne2 o33en4e ;ere 4onvi4te2 3or t5e .u?.tantive o33en4e a. ;ell a. 3or t5e 4on.-ira4B/ !5u., t5e o?.ervation. ,a2e t5erein are no ,ore t5an o?iter 2i4ta/ !5e verB 2e4i.ion o3 ,a%. E.G. 'a!say re3erre2 to ?B t5eir Lor2.5i-. ,a=e it 4lear t5at M3or in2ivi2ual o33en4e., all t5e 4on.-irator. ,aB not ?e lia?le t5ou:5 t5eB are all :uiltB 3or t5e o33en4e o3 4on.-ira4B/M In A%ay Agga! al v. +nion of India *A$(CSCC02#5C1993, ;5ile 2i.4u..in: t5e que.tion ;5et5er t5e 4on.-ira4B i. a 4ontinuin: o33en4e, t5e 3ollo;in: -ertinent o?.ervation. ;ere ,a2e ?B A/ Ra,a.;a,B, J, .-ea=in: 3or t5e @en45 at -ara 11: MCon.-ira4B to 4o,,it a 4ri,e it.el3 i. -uni.5a?le a. a .u?.tantive o33en4e an2 everB in2ivi2ual o33en4e 4o,,itte2 -ur.uant to t5e 4on.-ira4B i. .e-arate an2 2i.tin4t o33en4e to ;5i45 in2ivi2ual o33en2er. are lia?le to -uni.5,ent, in2e-en2ent o3 t5e 4on.-ira4B/M !5u., a 2i.tin4tion ;a. ,aintaine2 ?et;een t5e 4on.-ira4B an2 t5e o33en4e. 4o,,itte2 -ur.uant to t5e 4on.-ira4B/ It i. onlB in or2er to -rove t5e eEi.ten4e o3 4on.-ira4B an2 t5e -artie. to t5e 4on.-ira4B, a rule o3 evi2en4e i. ena4te2 in Se4tion 10 ?a.e2 on t5e -rin4i-le o3 a:en4B/ Fe ,aB re4all t5at Se4tion 10 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t -rovi2e. t5at anBt5in: .ai2, 2one or ;ritten ?B one o3 t5e 4on.-irator. in re3eren4e to t5e 4o,,on intention o3 all o3 t5e, 4an ?e -rove2 a. a relevant 3a4t a. a:ain.t ea45 o3 t5e 4on.-irator., .u?7e4t to t5e 4on2ition -re.4ri?e2 in t5e o-enin: -art o3 t5e .e4tion/ !5u., t5e evi2en4e ;5i45 i. in t5e nature o3 5ear.aB i. ,a2e a2,i..i?le on t5e -rin4i-le t5at t5ere i. ,utual a:en4B a,on:.t t5e 4on.-irator./ It i. in t5e 4onteEt o3 Se4tion 10 t5at t5e relevant o?.ervation. ;ere ,a2e in t5e 3ir.t Caveesha! 4a.e *A$(CSCC00"1C1950 an2 )alini's 4a.e at -a:e 510/ In t5e 3or,er 4a.e, Ja:anna25a2a., J, a3ter re3errin: to t5e -a..a:e in Ro.4oe>. Cri,inal Evi2en4e (1#t5 E2n/) t5at Man overt a4t 4o,,itte2 ?B anB one o3 t5e 4on.-irator. i. .u33i4ient, on t5e :eneral -rin4i-le. o3 a:en4B, to ,a=e it t5e a4t o3 allM, o?.erve2 t5at Mt5e -rin4i-le un2erlBin: t5e re4e-tion o3 evi2en4e un2er Se4tion 10 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t o3 t5e .tate,ent., a4t. an2 ;ritin:. o3 one 4o14on.-irator a. a:ain.t t5e ot5er i. on t5e t5eorB o3 a:en4BM/ It ;a. not 5el2 in t5o.e 4a.e. t5at t5e .a,e -rin4i-le o3 a:en4B .5oul2 ?e .tret45e2 3urt5er to ,a=e all t5e 4on.-irator. lia?le 3or t5e o33en.ive a4t. 2one -ur.uant to t5e 4on.-ira4B, irre.-e4tive o3 t5eir role an2 -arti4i-ation in t5e ulti,ate o33en.ive a4t./ F5et5er or not t5e 4on.-irator. ;ill ?e lia?le 3or .u?.tantive o33en4e. ot5er t5an t5e 4on.-ira4B an2, i3 .o, to ;5at eEtent an2 ;5at -uni.5,ent 5a. to ?e :iven 3or t5e 4on.-ira4B an2 t5e ot5er o33en4e. 4o,,itte2 -ur.uant t5ereto, 2e-en2 on t5e .-e4i3i4 .45e,e an2 -rovi.ion. o3 t5e -enal la;/ !5e o33en4e 4annot ?e .-elt out ?B a--lBin: t5e -rin4i-le o3 a:en4B i3 t5e .tatute 2oe. not .aB .o/ +or in.tan4e, in t5e 4a.e o3 Se4tion 3" I)C, t5e 4on.tru4tive lia?ilitB 3or t5e 4ri,e i. .-e4i3i4allB 3a.tene2 on

29

ea45 o3 t5o.e ;5o -arti4i-ate in t5e 4ri,e in 3urt5eran4e o3 t5e 4o,,on intention/ @ut Se4tion 120@ 2oe. not 4onveB t5at i2ea/ Learne2 .enior 4oun.el *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, -la4e2 relian4e on t5e .u,,arB o3 le:al -o.ition a. to -roo3 o3 4on.-ira4B ?B Coleri2:e, J in (egina v. ,u!phy 9(1830) 103 E/R/ 502< ;5i45 i. a. un2er: M///I a, ?oun2 to tell Bou, t5at alt5ou:5 t5e 4o,,on 2e.i:n i. t5e root o3 t5e 45ar:e, it i. not ne4e..arB to -rove t5at t5e.e t;o -artie. 4a,e to:et5er an2 a4tuallB a:ree2 in ter,. to 5ave t5i. 4o,,on 2e.i:n an2 to -ur.ue it ?B 4o,,on ,ean., an2 .o to 4arrB it into eEe4ution/ !5i. i. not ne4e..arB, ?e4au.e in ,anB 4a.e. o3 t5e ,o.t 4learlB e.ta?li.5e2 4on.-ira4ie. t5ere are no ,ean. o3 -rovin: anB .u45 t5in: an2 neit5er la; nor 4o,,on .en.e require. t5at it .5oul2 ?e -rove2/ I3 Bou 3in2 t5at t5e.e t;o -er.on. -ur.ue2 ?B t5eir a4t. t5e .a,e o?7e4t, o3ten ?B t5e .a,e ,ean., one -er3or,in: one -art o3 an a4t, .o a. to 4o,-lete it, ;it5 a vie; to t5e attain,ent o3 t5e o?7e4t ;5i45 t5eB ;ere -ur.uin:, Bou ;ill ?e at li?ertB to 2ra; t5e 4on4lu.ion t5at t5eB 5ave ?een en:a:e2 in a 4on.-ira4B to e33e4t t5at o?7e4t/ !5e que.tion Bou 5ave to a.= Bour.elve. i., >&a2 t5eB t5i. 4o,,on 2e.i:n, an2 2i2 t5eB -ur.ue it ?B t5e.e 4o,,on ,ean. 1 t5e 2e.i:n ?ein: unla;3ulP //// MI3 Bou are .ati.3ie2 t5at t5ere ;a. 4on4ert ?et;een t5e,, I a, ?oun2 to .aB t5at ?ein: 4onvin4e2 o3 t5e 4on.-ira4B, it i. not ne4e..arB t5at Bou .5oul2 3in2 ?ot5 *r/ *ur-5B an2 *r/ ou:la. 2oin: ea45 -arti4ular a4t, a. a3ter t5e 3a4t o3 4on.-ira4B i. alrea2B e.ta?li.5e2 in Bour ,in2., ;5atever i. eit5er .ai2 or 2one ?B eit5er o3 t5e 2e3en2ant. in -ur.uan4e o3 t5e 4o,,on 2e.i:n, i., ?ot5 in la; an2 in 4o,,on .en.e, to ?e 4on.i2ere2 a. t5e a4t. o3 ?ot5/M Fe 2o not 3in2 anBt5in: in ,u!phy's 4a.e ;5i45 .u--ort. t5e ar:u,ent t5at all t5e 4on.-irator. are equallB lia?le 3or t5e o33en4e 4o,,itte2 ?B .o,e o3 t5e, in eEe4ution o3 t5e 4o,,on 2e.i:n/ !5e Court ;a. onlB 4on.i2erin: ;5et5er t5e o33en4e o3 4on.-ira4B ;a. ,a2e out an2 ;5et5er t5e a4t. or 2e4laration. o3 4o14on.-irator. 4an ?e relie2 on a:ain.t ot5er./ !5e 4ru4ial que.tion 3or,ulate2 i.: M&a2 t5eB t5i. 4o,,on 2e.i:n an2 2i2 t5eB -ur.ue it ?B t5e.e 4o,,on ,ean. 1 t5e 2e.i:n ?ein: unla;3ulP !5e learne2 Ju2:e ;a. onlB eE-lainin: t5e in:re2ient. o3 4on.-ira4B an2 a. to t5e -rin4i-le on ;5i45 anBt5in: .ai2 or 2one ?B eit5er o3 t5e 4on.-irator. in -ur.uit o3 4o,,on 2e.i:n 4an ?e -ut a:ain.t t5e ot5er/ In ot5er ;or2., t5e -rin4i-le analo:ou. to Se4tion 10 ;a. ?ein: 5i:5li:5te2/ !5e ot5er 2e4i.ion relie2 u-on ?B t5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e State i. 'a&u Lal v. Empe!o! (AIR 1938 )C 130) at -a:e 133/ F5at ;a. 5el2 in t5at 4a.e ;a. t5at i3 .everal -er.on. 4on.-ire to 4o,,it t5e o33en4e. an2 4o,,it overt a4t. -ur.uant to t5e 4on.-ira4B, .u45 a4t. ,u.t ?e 5el2 to 5ave ?een 4o,,itte2 in t5e 4our.e o3 t5e .a,e tran.a4tion, ;5i45 e,?ra4e. t5e 4on.-ira4B an2 t5e a4t. 2one un2er it/ !5e )rivB Coun4il ;a. 4on4erne2 ;it5 t5e inter-retation o3 t5e eE-re..ion Min t5e 4our.e o3 t5e .a,e tran.a4tionM o44urrin: in Se4tion 239(2) o3 t5e ol2 Cri,inal )ro4e2ure Co2e ;5i45 2ealt ;it5 7oin2er o3 45ar:e./ It 2oe. not .u--ort t5e ar:u,ent ?a.e2 on t5e a:en4B t5eorB/ %ne -oint rai.e2 ?B S5ri Ra, Jet5,alani ?a.e2 on t5e 2e4i.ion o3 &ou.e o3 Lor2. in ( v. Ande!son 91985 2 All ER )a:e 9#1< re,ain. to ?e 4on.i2ere2/ !5e -rin4i-le lai2 2o;n in t5at 4a.e i. 2i.4erni?le 3ro, t5e 3ollo;in: .u,,arB in t5e 5ea2 note/ M@eBon2 t5e ,ere 3a4t o3 a:ree,ent, t5e ne4e..arB ,en. rea 3or -rovin: t5at a -er.on i. :uiltB o3 4on.-irin: to 4o,,it an o33en4e un2er Se4tion 1(1) o3 t5e Cri,inal La; A4t 1900 i. e.ta?li.5e2 i3, an2 onlB i3, it i. .5o;n t5at 5e inten2e2 ;5en 5e entere2 into t5e a:ree,ent to -laB .o,e -art in t5e a:ree2 4our.e o3 4on2u4t involvin: t5e 4o,,i..ion o3 an o33en4e/ +urt5er,ore, a -er.on ,aB ?e :uiltB o3 4on.-irin: even t5ou:5 5e .e4retlB inten2e2 to -arti4i-ate in onlB -art o3 t5e 4our.e o3 4on2u4t involvin: t5e 4o,,i..ion o3 an o33en4e/M !5e learne2 4oun.el .u?,it. t5at in or2er to .u.tain a 45ar:e o3 4on.-ira4B un2er Se4tion 120A, t5e .a,e te.t 4oul2 ?e u.e3ullB a--lie2/ !5at ,ean., t5ere ,u.t ?e evi2en4e to t5e e33e4t t5at t5e a44u.e2 ;5o entere2 into t5e a:ree,ent in t5e nature o3 4on.-ira4B 5a2 inten2e2 to -laB an2 -laBe2 .o,e -art in t5e a:ree2 4our.e o3 4on2u4t involvin: t5e 4o,,i..ion o3 an o33en4e/ @ut, i3 t5ere i. no evi2en4e attri?utin: anB role to t5e a44u.e2 in t5e 4our.e o3 4on2u4t involvin: t5e 4o,,i..ion o3 o33en4e, 5e or .5e 4annot ?e 5el2 :uiltB un2er Se4tion 120A/ &o;ever, a. ri:5tlB -ointe2 out ?B t5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e State *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu,, t5e -rovi.ion 2ealt ;it5 ?B t5e &ou.e o3 Lor2., na,elB, Se4tion 1(1) o3 t5e Cri,inal La; A4t, 1900 i. 2i33erent 3ro, t5e ;or2in: o3 Se4tion 120A/ It rea2. a. 3ollo;.: MSu?7e4t to t5e 3ollo;in: -rovi.ion. o3 t5i. )art o3 t5i. a4t, i3 a -er.on a:ree. ;it5 anB ot5er -er.on or -er.on. t5at a 4our.e o3 4on2u4t .5all ?e -ur.ue2 ;5i45 ;ill ne4e..arilB a,ount to or involve t5e 4o,,i..ion o3 anB o33en4e or o33en4e. ?B one or ,ore o3 t5e -artie. to t5e a:ree,ent i3 t5e a:ree,ent i. 4arrie2 out in a44or2an4e ;it5 t5eir intention., 5e i. :uiltB o3 4on.-ira4B to 4o,,it t5e o33en4e or o33en4e. in que.tion/M It ,aB ?e note2 t5at ?B t5e 1900 A4t, t5e o33en4e o3 4on.-ira4B at 4o,,on la; ;a. a?oli.5e2 an2 a .tatutorB 2e3inition o3 >4on.-ira4B to 4o,,it t5e o33en4e> ;a. ena4te2/ !5e -rovi.ion t5at ;a. inter-rete2 ?B t5e &ou.e o3 Lor2. i. not in -ari ,ateria ;it5 t5e -rovi.ion in t5e In2ian )enal Co2e/ &o;ever, one 4lari3i4ation i. nee2e2/ I3 t5ere i. -roo3 to t5e e33e4t t5at t5e a44u.e2 -laBe2 a role, atten2e2 to 4ertain t5in:. or too= .te-. 4on.i.tent ;it5 t5e 4o,,on 2e.i:n un2erlBin: t5e 4on.-ira4B, t5at ;ill :o a lon: ;aB in e.ta?li.5in: t5e 4o,-li4itB o3 t5e a44u.e2, t5ou:5 it i. not a le:al require,ent t5at t5e 4on.-irator .5oul2 2o anB -arti4ular a4t ?eBon2 t5e a:ree,ent to 4o,,it t5e o33en4e/

30

13/ !5e inter-retation o3 Se4tion 20 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t 5a. loo,e2 lar:e in t5e 4our.e o3 ar:u,ent./ !5e 4ontrover.B 4entere2 roun2 t;o a.-e4t.:1 (i) F5et5er t5e 2i.4overB o3 3a4t re3erre2 to in Se4tion 20 .5oul2 ?e 4on3ine2 onlB to t5e 2i.4overB o3 a ,aterial o?7e4t an2 t5e =no;le2:e o3 t5e a44u.e2 in relation t5ereto or t5e 2i.4overB 4oul2 ?e in re.-e4t o3 5i. ,ental .tate or =no;le2:e in relation to 4ertain t5in:. 1 4on4rete or non14on4rete/ (ii) F5et5er it i. ne4e..arB t5at t5e 2i.4overB o3 3a4t .5oul2 ?e ?B t5e -er.on ,a=in: t5e 2i.4lo.ure or 2ire4tlB at 5i. in.tan4eP !5e .u?.equent event o3 2i.4overB ?B -oli4e ;it5 t5e ai2 o3 in3or,ation 3urni.5e2 ?B t5e a44u.e2 1 ;5et5er 4an ?e -ut a:ain.t 5i, un2er Se4tion 20P !5e.e i..ue. 5ave ari.en e.-e4iallB in t5e 4onteEt o3 t5e 2i.4lo.ure .tate,ent (EE/ )F ##C13) o3 'ilani to t5e -oli4e/ A44or2in: to t5e -ro.e4ution, t5e in3or,ation 3urni.5e2 ?B 'ilani on 4ertain a.-e4t., 3or in.tan4e, t5at t5e -arti4ular 4ell -5one. ?elon:e2 to t5e ot5er a44u.e2 1 A3Gal an2 S5au=at, t5at t5e C5ri.tian 4olonB roo, ;a. arran:e2 ?B S5au=at in or2er to a44o,,o2ate t5e .lain terrori.t *o5a,,a2, t5at -oli4e uni3or,. an2 eE-lo.ive. >;ere arran:e2> an2 t5at t5e na,e. o3 t5e 3ive 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. ;ere .o an2 .o are relevant un2er Se4tion 20 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t a. t5eB ;ere 4on3ir,e2 to ?e true ?B .u?.equent inve.ti:ation an2 t5eB reveal t5e a;arene.. an2 =no;le2:e o3 'ilani in re:ar2 to all t5e.e 3a4t., even t5ou:5 no ,aterial o?7e4t. ;ere re4overe2 2ire4tlB at 5i. in.tan4e/ !5e ar:u,ent. o3 t5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e State run a. 3ollo;.:1 !5e eE-re..ion M2i.4overB o3 3a4tM .5oul2 ?e rea2 ;it5 t5e 2e3inition o3 M3a4tM a. 4ontaine2 in Se4tion 3 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t ;5i45 2e3ine. t5e M3a4tM a. >,eanin: an2 in4lu2in: anBt5in:, .tate o3 t5in:. or relation o3 t5in:., 4a-a?le o3 ?ein: -er4eive2 ?B t5e .en.e. an2 al.o in4lu2e. anB ,ental 4on2ition o3 ;5i45 anB -er.on i. 4on.4iou.> (e,-5a.i. .u--lie2)/ !5u., t5e 2e3inition 4o,-re5en2. ?ot5 -5B.i4al t5in:. a. ;ell a. ,ental 3a4t./ !5ere3ore, Se4tion 20 4an a2,it o3 2i.4overB o3 a -lain ,ental 3a4t 4on4ernin: t5e in3or,ant1 a44u.e2/ In t5at .en.e, Se4tion 20 ;ill a--lB ;5enever t5ere i. 2i.4overB (not in t5e narro;er .en.e o3 re4overB o3 a ,aterial o?7e4t) a. lon: a. t5e 2i.4overB a,ount. to ?e 4on3ir,atorB in 45ara4ter :uaranteein: t5e trut5 o3 t5e in3or,ation :iven1t5e onlB li,itation ?ein: t5at t5e -oli4e o33i4er .5oul2 not 5ave 5a2 a44e.. to t5o.e 3a4t. earlier/ !5e a--li4ation o3 t5e Se4tion i. not 4ontin:ent on t5e re4overB o3 a -5B.i4al o?7e4t/ Se4tion 20 e,?o2ie. t5e 2o4trine o3 Con3ir,ation ?B .u?.equent event./ !5e 3a4t inve.ti:ate2 an2 3oun2 ?B t5e -oli4e 4on.equent to t5e in3or,ation 2i.4lo.e2 ?B t5e a44u.e2 a,ount. to 4on3ir,ation o3 t5at -ie4e o3 in3or,ation/ %nlB t5at -ie4e o3 in3or,ation, ;5i45 i. 2i.tin4tlB .u--orte2 ?B 4on3ir,ation, i. ren2ere2 relevant an2 a2,i..i?le (n2er Se4tion 20/ !5e -5B.i4al o?7e4t ,i:5t 5ave alrea2B ?een re4overe2, ?ut t5e inve.ti:atin: a:en4B ,aB not 5ave anB 4lue a. to t5e M.tate o3 t5in:.M t5at .urroun2e2 t5at -5B.i4al o?7e4t/ In .u45 an event, i3 u-on t5e 2i.4lo.ure ,a2e .u45 .tate o3 t5in:. or 3a4t. ;it5in 5i. =no;le2:e in relation to a -5B.i4al o?7e4t are 2i.4overe2, t5en al.o, it 4an ?e .ai2 to ?e 2i.4overB o3 3a4t ;it5in t5e ,eanin: o3 Se4tion 20/ !5e ot5er a.-e4t i. t5at t5e -ointin: out o3 a ,aterial o?7e4t ?B t5e a44u.e2 5i,.el3 i. not ne4e..arB in or2er to attri?ute t5e 2i.4overB to 5i,/ A -er.on ;5o ,a=e. a 2i.4lo.ure ,aB 5i,.el3 lea2 t5e inve.ti:atin: o33i4er to t5e -la4e ;5ere t5e o?7e4t i. 4on4eale2/ !5at i. one 4lear in.tan4e o3 2i.4overB o3 3a4t/ @ut t5e .4o-e o3 Se4tion 20 i. ;i2er/ Even i3 t5e a44u.e2 2oe. not -oint out t5e -la4e ;5ere t5e ,aterial o?7e4t i. =e-t, t5e -oli4e, on t5e ?a.i. o3 in3or,ation 3urni.5e2 ?B 5i,, ,aB laun45 an inve.ti:ation ;5i45 4on3ir,. t5e in3or,ation :iven ?B a44u.e2/ Even in .u45 a 4a.e, t5e in3or,ation 3urni.5e2 ?B t5e a44u.e2 ?e4o,e. a2,i..i?le a:ain.t 5i, a. -er Se4tion 20 -rovi2e2 t5e 4orre4tne.. o3 in3or,ation i. 4on3ir,e2 ?B a .u?.equent .te- in inve.ti:ation/ At t5e .a,e ti,e, 3a4t. 2i.4overe2 a. a re.ult o3 inve.ti:ation .5oul2 ?e .u45 a. are 2ire4tlB relata?le to t5e in3or,ation/ Relian4e i. -la4e2 ,ainlB on t5e 2e4i.ion. o3 t5i. Court in Inayatullah v. State of ,aha!asht!a *A$(CSCC01##C1905 an2 State of ,aha!asht!a v. Damu *A$(CSCC0299C2000/ Re3errin: to t5e lan21,ar= 2e4i.ion o3 )rivB Coun4il in Puluku!i #otayya v. Empe!o! *A$(C*&C0125C19"# t5e learne2 4oun.el *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, trie2 to 2i.tin:ui.5 it an2 eE-lain it. real ratio/ !5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el a--earin: 3or t5e 2e3en4e 5ave 4onten2e2 t5at t5e .4o-e o3 Se4tion 20 .5oul2 not ?e un2ulB .tret45e2 ?B 5avin: re.ort to t5e .e4on2 -art o3 t5e 2e3inition o3 >3a4t> in Se4tion 3 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ A44or2in: to *r/ Ra, Jet5,alani, it i. too late in t5e 2aB to 4onten2 t5at t5e >3a4t> 2i.4overe2 ;it5in t5e ,eanin: o3 Se4tion 20 4oul2 eit5er ?e t5e -5B.i4al o?7e4t or t5e ,ental 3a4t o3 ;5i45 t5e a44u.e2 :ivin: t5e in3or,ation i. 4on.4iou./ !5e learne2 4oun.el .u?,it. t5at on a true un2er.tan2in: o3 t5e ratio o3 t5e o-inion o3 t5e )rivB Coun4il in #otayya's 4a.e, t5e ;or2 >3a4t> .5all ?e 4on.true2 a. ?ein: a 4o,?ination o3 ?ot5 t5e ele,ent./ !5e 3a4t 2i.4overe2, it ;a. rule2 ?B t5e )rivB Coun4il, ;a. t5e -5B.i4al 3a4t o3 5i22en .-ear an2 t5e ,ental 3a4t ;a. t5at t5e a44u.e2 =ne; t5at 5e 5a2 .o 5i22en it at a -arti4ular -la4e/ 'reat relian4e ;a. -la4e2 on t5e 3a4t t5at in #otayya's 4a.e, t5e 3ull @en45 2e4i.ion o3 t5e La5ore &i:5 Court in Sukhan v. Empe!o! 9AIR 1929 La5ore 3""< an2 t5e 2ivi.ion @en45 2e4i.ion o3 t5e @o,?aB &i:5 Court in Ganuchand!a v. Empe!o! 9AIR 1932 @o,?aB 28#< ;ere .-e4i3i4allB a--rove2 ?B t5e )rivB Coun4il/ It i. -ointe2 out t5at Se4tion 20 i. virtuallB ?orro;e2 3ro, !aBlor>. treati.e on t5e La; o3
31

Evi2en4e a. -ointe2 out ?B t5e 3ull @en45 o3 t5e Alla5a?a2 &i:5 Court in t5e vinta:e 2e4i.ion in 4ueen Emp!ess v. 'a&u Lal *A$(C()C0102C1898/ !5e -a..a:e in !aBlor>. Evi2en4e (;5i45 i. 3oun2 in -ara:ra-5 902 o3 6olu,e 1 o3 1931 E2ition) i. a. 3ollo;.: M902/ (i)/ F5en, in 4on.equen4e o3 in3or,ation un2ulB o?taine2 3ro, t5e -ri.oner, t5e -ro-ertB .tolen, or t5e in.tru,ent o3 t5e 4ri,e, or t5e ?o2B o3 t5e -er.on ,ur2ere2, or anB ot5er ,aterial 3a4t, 5a. ?een 2i.4overe2, -roo3 i. a2,i..i?le t5at .u45 2i.4overB ;a. ,a2e 4on3or,a?lB ;it5 t5e in3or,ation .o o?taine2/ !5e -ri.oner>. .tate,ent a?out 5i. =no;le2:e o3 t5e -la4e ;5ere t5e -ro-ertB or ot5er arti4le ;a. to ?e 3oun2, ?ein: t5u. 4on3ir,e2 ?B t5e 3a4t, i. .5o;n to ?e true, an2 not to 5ave ?een 3a?ri4ate2 in 4on.equen4e o3 anB in2u4e,ent/ It i., t5ere3ore, 4o,-etent to -rove t5at t5e -ri.oner .tate2 t5at t5e t5in: ;oul2 ?e 3oun2 ?B .ear45in: a -arti4ular -la4e, an2 t5at it ;a. a44or2in:lB .o 3oun2, ?ut it ;oul2 not, in .u45 a 4a.e o3 a 4on3e..ion i,-ro-erlB o?taine2, ?e 4o,-etent to inquire ;5et5er 5e 4on3e..e2 t5at t5e 5a2 4on4eale2 it t5ere/ So ,u45 o3 t5e 4on3e..ion a. relate. 2i.tin4tlB to t5e 3a4t 2i.4overe2 ?B it ,aB ?e :iven in evi2en4e, a. t5i. -art at lea.t o3 t5e .tate,ent 4annot 5ave ?een 3al.e/M It i. t5ere3ore 4onten2e2 t5at t5e 3a4t 2i.4overe2 ,u.t ?a.i4allB ?e a 4on4rete or ,aterial 3a4t ?ut not ,ental 3a4t/ !5e learne2 4oun.el *r/ Ra, Jet5,alani 3urt5er .u?,it. t5at t5e ;or2 >2i.4overB> 5a2 t;o .5a2e. o3 ,eanin:: one i. >3in2 an2 2ete4t> an2 t5e ot5er i. >to un4over or reveal> vi2e > i4tionarB o3 *o2ern Le:al (.a:e> ?B @rBan A/ 'arner/ !5ou:5 t5e 3ir.t o3 t5e ,eanin:. viG/, >to un4over or reveal> 5a. ?e4o,e o?.olete a44or2in: to 'arner, .till, t5e eE-re..ion >2i.4over> .5oul2 ?e 4on.true2 a44or2in: to it. ori:inal .en.e ;5en t5e In2ian Evi2en4e A4t ;a. 3ra,e2/ It i. t5ere3ore .u?,itte2 t5at t5e 2i.4overB o3 a -5B.i4al t5in: ?B t5e a44u.e2 i. a ,u.t/ !5e 2o4trine o3 4on3ir,ation ?B .u?.equent event. ;5i45 i. t5e eE-re..ion u.e2 in .o,e o3 t5e 4a.e. an2 teEt ?oo=. onlB ,ean. t5at t5e 2i.4overB o3 t5e ,aterial o?7e4t i. .u?.equent to t5e in3or,ation lea2in: to 2i.4overB/ !5e learne2 4oun.el rein3or4e. 5i. ar:u,ent ?B .tatin: t5at in t5e 4onteEt an2 .ettin: o3 Se4tion )revention o3 !errori., A4t an2 in t5e 4o,-anB o3 t5e ;or2 >2i.4over>, 3a4t onlB ,ean. t5e o?7e4t, it. lo4ation an2 4on4eal,ent/ !5e entire 2e3inition o3 >3a4t> .5oul2 not ?e ?o2ilB li3te2 into Se4tion )revention o3 !errori., A4t/ !5e 3a4t 2i.4overe2 i. t5e 4on4eal,ent or 2i.-o.al o3 t5e o?7e4t ;5i45 i. ?rou:5t to li:5t ?B t5e a44u.e2, ?ut not anBt5in: relatin: to t5e o?7e4t in :eneral/ All t5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e 2e3en4e t5en .tre..e2 on t5e eE-re..ion >t5ere?B 2i.4overe2> ;5i45 ,ean. 2i.4overe2 -ur.uant to in3or,ation ;5i45 5e 5i,.el3 .u--lie2/ Counterin: t5e ar:u,ent o3 t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el 3or t5e State, t5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e a44u.e2 t5en 4onten2 t5at t5e in3or,ation an2 t5e 2i.4overB o3 3a4t .5oul2 ?e inti,atelB an2 ineEtri4a?lB 4onne4te2 an2 t5e 4on3ir,ation ?B ,ean. o3 .u?.equent inve.ti:ation 4annot ?e 4on.i2ere2 to ?e 2i.4overB o3 3a4t a. a 2ire4t re.ult o3 in3or,ation 3urni.5e2 ?B t5e a44u.e2/ A-art 3ro, #otayya's 4a.e, 5eavB relian4e i. -la4e2 on t5e 7u2:,ent o3 )rivB Coun4il in #otayya's 4a.e/ Fe 5ave noti4e2 a?ove t5at t5e 4on3e..ion. ,a2e to a -oli4e o33i4er an2 a 4on3e..ion ,a2e ?B anB -er.on ;5ile 5e or .5e i. in -oli4e 4u.to2B 4annot ?e -rove2 a:ain.t t5at -er.on a44u.e2 o3 an o33en4e/ %3 4our.e, a 4on3e..ion ,a2e in t5e i,,e2iate -re.en4e o3 a *a:i.trate 4an ?e -rove2 a:ain.t 5i,/ So al.o Se4tion 1#2 Cr/)/C/ ?ar. t5e re4e-tion o3 anB .tate,ent. ,a2e to a -oli4e o33i4er in t5e 4our.e o3 an inve.ti:ation a. evi2en4e a:ain.t t5e a44u.e2 -er.on at anB enquirB or trial eE4e-t to t5e eEtent t5at .u45 .tate,ent. 4an ?e ,a2e u.e o3 ?B t5e a44u.e2 to 4ontra2i4t t5e ;itne..e./ Su45 4on3e..ion. are eE4lu2e2 3or t5e rea.on t5at t5ere i. a :rave ri.= o3 t5eir .tate,ent. ?ein: involuntarB an2 3al.e/ Se4tion )revention o3 !errori., A4t, ;5i45 unu.uallB .tart. ;it5 a -rovi.o, li3t. t5e ?an a:ain.t t5e a2,i..i?ilitB o3 t5e 4on3e..ionC.tate,ent ,a2e to t5e -oli4e to a li,ite2 eEtent ?B allo;in: -roo3 o3 in3or,ation o3 .-e4i3ie2 nature 3urni.5e2 ?B t5e a44u.e2 in -oli4e 4u.to2B/ In t5at .en.e Se4tion 20 i. 4on.i2ere2 to ?e an eE4e-tion to t5e rule. e,?o2ie2 in Se4tion. 25 an2 2# ( vide *A$(CSCC01""C19#2)/ Se4tion 20 rea2. a. 3ollo;.: 20/ &o; ,u45 o3 in3or,ation re4eive2 3ro, a44u.e2 ,aB ?e -rove21 )rovi2e2 t5at, ;5en anB 3a4t i. 2e-o.e2 to a. 2i.4overe2 in 4on.equen4e o3 in3or,ation re4eive2 3ro, a -er.on a44u.e2 o3 anB o33en4e, in t5e 4u.to2B o3 a -oli4e o33i4er, .o ,u45 o3 .u45 in3or,ation, ;5et5er it a,ount. to a 4on3e..ion or not, a. relate. 2i.tin4tlB to t5e 3a4t t5ere?B 2i.4overe2, ,aB ?e -rove2/ !5e 5i.torB o3 4a.e la; on t5e .u?7e4t o3 4on3e..ion. un2er Se4tion 20 un3ol2. 2iver:ent vie;. an2 a--roa45e./ !5e 2iver:en4e ;a. ,ainlB on t;in a.-e4t.: (i) F5et5er t5e 3a4t. 4onte,-late2 ?B Se4tion 20 are -5B.i4al, ,aterial o?7e4t. or t5e ,ental 3a4t. o3 ;5i45 t5e a44u.e2 :ivin: t5e in3or,ation 4oul2 ?e .ai2 to ?e a;are o3/ So,e Ju2:e. 5ave :one to t5e eEtent o3 5ol2in: t5at t5e 2i.4overB o3 4on4rete 3a4t., t5at i. to .aB ,aterial o?7e4t., ;5i45 4an ?e eE5i?ite2 in t5e Court are alone 4overe2 ?B Se4tion 20/ (ii) !5e ot5er 4ontrover.B ;a. on t5e -oint re:ar2in: t5e eEtent o3 a2,i..i?ilitB o3 a 2i.4lo.ure .tate,ent/ In .o,e 4a.e. a vie; ;a. ta=en t5at anB in3or,ation, ;5i45 .erve2 to 4onne4t t5e o?7e4t ;it5 t5e o33en4e 45ar:e2, ;a. a2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 20/ !5e 2e4i.ion o3 t5e )rivB Coun4il in #otayya's 4a.e, ;5i45 5a. ?een 2e.4ri?e2 a. a lo4u. 4la..i4u., 5a2 .et at re.t ,u45 o3 t5e 4ontrover.B t5at 4entere2 roun2 t5e inter-retation o3 Se4tion 20/ !o a :reat eEtent t5e le:al -o.ition 5a. :ot 4rB.talliGe2 ;it5 t5e ren2erin: o3 t5i. 2e4i.ion/ !5e aut5oritB o3 )rivB Coun4il>. 2e4i.ion 5a. not ?een que.tione2 in anB o3 t5e 2e4i.ion. o3 t5e 5i:5e.t Court eit5er in t5e -re or -o.t in2e-en2en4e era/ Ri:5t 3ro, 1950., till t5e a2vent o3 t5e ne; 4enturB an2 till 2ate, t5e -a..a:e. in t5i. 3a,ou. 2e4i.ion are ?ein: a--rovin:lB quote2 an2 reiterate2 ?B t5e Ju2:e. o3 t5i. a-eE Court/ Iet, t5ere re,ain 4ertain :reB area. a. 2e,on.trate2 ?B t5e ar:u,ent. a2van4e2 on ?e5al3 o3 t5e State/ !5e 3ir.t requi.ite 4on2ition 3or utiliGin: Se4tion 20 in .u--ort o3 t5e -ro.e4ution 4a.e i. t5at t5e inve.ti:atin: -oli4e o33i4er .5oul2 2e-o.e t5at 5e 2i.4overe2 a 3a4t in 4on.equen4e o3 t5e in3or,ation re4eive2 3ro, an a44u.e2 -er.on

32

in -oli4e 4u.to2B/ !5u., t5ere ,u.t ?e a 2i.4overB o3 3a4t not ;it5in t5e =no;le2:e o3 -oli4e o33i4er a. a 4on.equen4e o3 in3or,ation re4eive2/ %3 4our.e, it i. aEio,ati4 t5at t5e in3or,ation or 2i.4lo.ure .5oul2 ?e 3ree 3ro, anB ele,ent o3 4o,-ul.ion/ !5e neEt 4o,-onent o3 Se4tion 20 relate. to t5e nature an2 eEtent o3 in3or,ation t5at 4an ?e -rove2/ It i. onlB .o ,u45 o3 t5e in3or,ation a. relate. 2i.tin4tlB to t5e 3a4t t5ere?B 2i.4overe2 t5at 4an ?e -rove2 an2 not5in: ,ore/ It i. eE-li4itlB 4lari3ie2 in t5e Se4tion t5at t5ere i. no ta?oo a:ain.t re4eivin: .u45 in3or,ation in evi2en4e ,erelB ?e4au.e it a,ount. to a 4on3e..ion/ At t5e .a,e ti,e, t5e la.t 4lau.e ,a=e. it 4lear t5at it i. not t5e 4on3e..ional -art t5at i. a2,i..i?le ?ut it i. onlB .u45 in3or,ation or -art o3 it, ;5i45 relate. 2i.tin4tlB to t5e 3a4t 2i.4overe2 ?B ,ean. o3 t5e in3or,ation 3urni.5e2/ !5u., t5e in3or,ation 4onveBe2 in t5e .tate,ent to -oli4e ou:5t to ?e 2i..e4te2 i3 ne4e..arB .o a. to a2,it onlB t5e in3or,ation o3 t5e nature ,entione2 in t5e Se4tion/ !5e rationale ?e5in2 t5i. -rovi.ion i. t5at, i3 a 3a4t i. a4tuallB 2i.4overe2 in 4on.equen4e o3 t5e in3or,ation .u--lie2, it a33or2. .o,e :uarantee t5at t5e in3or,ation i. true an2 4an t5ere3ore ?e .a3elB allo;e2 to ?e a2,itte2 in evi2en4e a. an in4ri,inatin: 3a4tor a:ain.t t5e a44u.e2/ A. -ointe2 out ?B t5e )rivB Coun4il in #otayya's 4a.e, M4learlB t5e eEtent o3 t5e in3or,ation a2,i..i?le ,u.t 2e-en2 on t5e eEa4t nature o3 t5e 3a4t 2i.4overe2 an2 t5e in3or,ation ,u.t 2i.tin4tlB relate to t5at 3a4tM/ Elu4i2atin: t5e .4o-e o3 t5i. Se4tion, t5e )rivB Coun4il .-ea=in: t5rou:5 Sir Jo5n @eau,ont .ai2 Mnor,allB, t5e Se4tion i. ?rou:5t into o-eration ;5en a -er.on in -oli4e 4u.to2B -ro2u4e. 3ro, .o,e -la4e o3 4on4eal,ent, .o,e o?7e4t, .u45 a. a 2ea2 ?o2B, a ;ea-on or orna,ent., .ai2 to ?e 4onne4te2 ;it5 t5e 4ri,e o3 ;5i45 t5e in3or,ant i. t5e a44u.e2M/ Fe 5ave e,-5a.iGe2 t5e ;or2 >nor,allB> ?e4au.e t5e illu.tration. :iven ?B t5e learne2 Ju2:e are not eE5au.tive/ !5e neEt -oint to ?e note2 i. t5at t5e )rivB Coun4il re7e4te2 t5e ar:u,ent o3 t5e 4oun.el a--earin: 3or t5e Cro;n t5at t5e 3a4t 2i.4overe2 i. t5e -5B.i4al o?7e4t -ro2u4e2 an2 t5at anB an2 everB in3or,ation ;5i45 relate. 2i.tin4tlB to t5at o?7e4t 4an ?e -rove2/ (-on t5i. vie;, t5e in3or,ation :iven ?B a -er.on t5at t5e ;ea-on -ro2u4e2 i. t5e one u.e2 ?B 5i, in t5e 4o,,i..ion o3 t5e ,ur2er ;ill ?e a2,i..i?le in it. entiretB/ Su45 4ontention o3 t5e Cro;n>. 4oun.el ;a. e,-5ati4allB re7e4te2 ;it5 t5e 3ollo;in: ;or2.: M///I3 t5i. ?e t5e e33e4t o3 Se4tion 20, little .u?.tan4e ;oul2 re,ain in t5e ?an i,-o.e2 ?B t5e t;o -re4e2in: .e4tion. on 4on3e..ion. ,a2e to t5e -oli4e, or ?B -er.on. in -oli4e 4u.to2B/ !5at ?an ;a. -re.u,a?lB in.-ire2 ?B t5e 3ear o3 t5e Le:i.lature t5at a -er.on un2er -oli4e in3luen4e ,i:5t ?e in2u4e2 to 4on3e.. ?B t5e eEer4i.e o3 un2ue -re..ure/ @ut i3 all t5at i. require2 to li3t t5e ?an ?e t5e in4lu.ion in t5e 4on3e..ion o3 in3or,ation relatin: to an o?7e4t .u?.equentlB -ro2u4e2, it .ee,. rea.ona?le to .u--o.e t5at t5e -er.ua.ive -o;er. o3 t5e -oli4e ;ill -rove equal to t5e o44a.ion, an2 t5at in -ra4ti4e t5e ?an ;ill lo.e it. e33e4t///M !5en, t5eir Lor2.5i-. -ro4ee2e2 to :ive a lu4i2 eE-o.ition o3 t5e eE-re..ion >3a4t 2i.4overe2> in t5e 3ollo;in: -a..a:e, ;5i45 i. quote2 ti,e an2 a:ain ?B t5i. Court: M///In t5eir Lor2.5i-.> vie; it i. 3alla4iou. to treat t5e >3a4t 2i.4overe2> ;it5in t5e .e4tion a. equivalent to t5e o?7e4t -ro2u4e2D t5e 3a4t 2i.4overe2 e,?ra4e. t5e -la4e 3ro, ;5i45 t5e o?7e4t i. -ro2u4e2 an2 t5e =no;le2:e o3 t5e a44u.e2 a. to t5i., an2 t5e in3or,ation :iven ,u.t relate 2i.tin4tlB to t5i. 3a4t/ In3or,ation a. to -a.t u.er, or t5e -a.t 5i.torB, o3 t5e o?7e4t -ro2u4e2 i. not relate2 to it. 2i.4overB in t5e .ettin: in ;5i45 it i. 2i.4overe2/ In3or,ation .u--lie2 ?B a -er.on in 4u.to2B t5at MI ;ill -ro2u4e a =ni3e 4on4eale2 in t5e roo3 o3 ,B 5ou.eM 2oe. not lea2 to t5e 2i.4overB o3 a =ni3eD =nive. ;ere 2i.4overe2 ,anB Bear. a:o/ It lea2. to t5e 2i.4overB o3 t5e 3a4t t5at a =ni3e i. 4on4eale2 in t5e 5ou.e o3 t5e in3or,ant to 5i. =no;le2:e, an2 i3 t5e =ni3e i. -rove2 to 5ave ?een u.e2 in t5e 4o,,i..ion o3 t5e o33en4e, t5e 3a4t 2i.4overe2 i. verB relevant/ @ut i3 to t5e .tate,ent t5e ;or2. ?e a22e2 M;it5 ;5i45 I .ta??e2 AM t5e.e ;or2. are ina2,i..i?le .in4e t5eB 2o not relate to t5e 2i.4overB o3 t5e =ni3e in t5e 5ou.e o3 t5e in3or,ant/M (e,-5a.i. .u--lie2)/ !5e a--roa45 o3 t5e )rivB Coun4il in t5e li:5t o3 t5e a?ove eE-o.ition o3 la; 4an ?e.t ?e un2er.too2 ?B re3errin: to t5e .tate,ent ,a2e ?B one o3 t5e a44u.e2 to t5e -oli4e o33i4er/ It rea2. t5u.: M///A?out 1" 2aB. a:o, I, AotaBBa an2 -eo-le o3 ,B -artB laB in ;ait 3or SivaBBa an2 ot5er. at a?out .un.et ti,e at t5e 4orner o3 )uli-a2 tan=/ Fe, all ?eat @e22u-ati C5ina SivaBBa an2 Su?aBBa, to 2eat5/ !5e re,ainin: -er.on., )ullaBBa, AotaBBa an2 $araBana ran a;aB/ on2a-ati Ra,aBBa ;5o ;a. in our -artB re4eive2 ?lo;. on 5i. 5an2./ &e 5a2 a .-ear in 5i. 5an2./ &e :ave it to ,e t5en/ I 5i2 it an2 ,B .ti4= in t5e ri4= o3 6en=atanara.u in t5e villa:e/ I ;ill .5o; i3 Bou 4o,e/ Fe 2i2 all t5i. at t5e in.ti:ation o3 )ulu=uri AotaBBa/M !5e )rivB Coun4il 5el2 t5at Mt5e ;5ole o3 t5at .tate,ent eE4e-t t5e -a..a:e >I 5i2 it> (a .-ear) an2 ,B .ti4= in t5e ri4= o3 6en=atanara.u in t5e villa:e/ I ;ill .5o; i3 Bou 4o,eM i. ina2,i..i?le/ !5ere i. anot5er i,-ortant o?.ervation at -ara:ra-5 11 ;5i45 nee2. to ?e noti4e2/ !5e )rivB Coun4il eE-laine2 t5e -ro?ative 3or4e o3 t5e in3or,ation ,a2e a2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 20 in t5e 3ollo;in: ;or2.: M///EE4e-t in 4a.e. in ;5i45 t5e -o..e..ion, or 4on4eal,ent, o3 an o?7e4t 4on.titute. t5e :i.t o3 t5e o33en4e 45ar:e2, it 4an .el2o, 5a--en t5at in3or,ation relatin: to t5e 2i.4overB o3 a 3a4t 3or,. t5e 3oun2ation o3 t5e -ro.e4ution 4a.e/ It i. onlB one lin= in t5e 45ain o3 -roo3, an2 t5e ot5er lin=. ,u.t ?e 3or:e2 in ,anner allo;e2 ?B la;/M

33

In -ara:ra-5 11, t5eir Lor2.5i-. o?.erve2 t5at t5eB ;ere in a:ree,ent ;it5 t5e vie; ta=en ?B t5e &i:5 Court. o3 La5ore an2 @o,?aB in Sukhan v. Empe!o! 9AIR 1929 La5ore 3""< an2 Ganuchand!a v. Empe!o! 9AIR 1932 @o,?aB 28#</ !5e 4ontrarB vie; ta=en ?B t5e *a2ra. &i:5 Court in Attappa Goundan v. Empe!o! 9ILR 1930 *a2ra. #95< ;a. not a44e-te2 ?B t5e )rivB Coun4il/ In Attappa Goundan's 4a.e, t5e &i:5 Court 5el2 t5at even t5at -art o3 t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent, ;5i45 reveale2 t5e 4onne4tion ?et;een t5e o?7e4t. -ro2u4e2 an2 t5e 4o,,i..ion o3 ,ur2er ;a. 5el2 to ?e a2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 20 in it. entiretB/ !5i. a--roa45 ;a. 4riti4iGe2 ?B t5e )rivB Coun4il/ !o 4o,-lete t5e .equen4e, ;e ,aB re3er to anot5er 2e4i.ion o3 t5e *a2ra. &i:5 Court in Empe!o! v. (amanu%a Ayyanga! *A$(C!$C050"C193"/ In t5at 4a.e, t5e ,a7oritB o3 learne2 Ju2:e. 5a2 2i.a:ree2 ;it5 t5e vie; ta=en in Sukhan's 4a.e t5at t5e eE-re..ion >3a4t> in Se4tion 20 .5oul2 ?e re.tri4te2 to ,aterial o?7e4t. or .o,et5in: ;5i45 4an ?e eE5i?ite2 a. ,aterial o?7e4t/ It ;a. 5el2 t5at t5e 3a4t. nee2 not ?e .el31a--ro?atorB an2 t5e ;or2 >3a4t> a. 4onte,-late2 ?B Se4tion 20 i. not li,ite2 to Ma4tual -5B.i4al ,aterial o?7e4tM/ E,-5a.i. ;a. lai2 on t5e ;or2in: >anB 3a4t>/ In t5i. re.-e4t, t5e vie; ta=en in Sukhan's 4a.e (.u-ra) ;a. 2i..ente2 3ro,/ !5e ,inoritB vie; ;a. t5at t5e 2i.4overB o3 a ;itne.. to t5e 4ri,e or t5e a4t o3 t5e a44u.e2 in -ur45a.in: t5e in4ri,inatin: ,aterial 4annot ?e -rove2 ?B invo=in: Se4tion 20/ Fe 5ave re3erre2 to t5i. 2e4i.ion in (amanu%a Ayyanga!'s 4a.e 3or t5e rea.on t5at t5e eE-re..ion >3a4t> ;a. :iven a ;i2er ,eanin: in t5i. 4a.e1 ;5i45 i. t5e ,eanin: no; .ou:5t to ?e :iven ?B *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,niu,/ In Attappa Goundan's 4a.e, t5e 4onnotation o3 t5e ;or2 >3a4t> i/e/ ;5et5er it 4an ?e re.tri4te2 to a ,aterial o?7e4t ;a. not .-e4i3i4allB 2ealt ;it5/ !5e rea.on 3or re3errin: to t5e.e t;o 2e4i.ion. o3 *a2ra. &i:5 Court ren2ere2 ?e3ore #otayya's 4a.e ?e4o,e. evi2ent ;5en ;e a2vert to t5e 2e4i.ion o3 t5i. Court in *mp!akash *A$(CSCC0118C1901 a little later/ Fe retra4e our 2i.4u..ion to #otayya's 4a.e 3or a ;5ile/ Sir Jo5n @eau,ont ;5o :ave t5e o-inion o3 t5e )rivB Coun4il in t5at 4a.e, ;a. t5e Ju2:e ;5o .-o=e 3or t5e ivi.ion @en45 in Ganuchand!a's 4a.e 9AIR 1932 @o,?aB 28#</ In t5at 4a.e, t5e learne2 Ju2:e o?.erve21Mt5e 3a4t 2i.4overe2 ;it5in t5e ,eanin: o3 t5at Se4tion ,u.t I t5in= ?e .o,e 4on4rete 3a4t to ;5i45 t5e in3or,ation 2ire4tlB relate., an2 in t5i. 4a.e, .u45 3a4t i. t5e -ro2u4tion o3 4ertain -ro-ertB ;5i45 5a2 ?een 4on4eale2M/ !5i. i. al.o t5e vie; ta=en ?B S5a2i Lal, CJ ;5o eE-re..e2 t5e o-inion o3 t5e ,a7oritB in Sukhan's 4a.e ;5erein t5e learne2 Ju2:e 5el2 t5at t5e -5ra.e >3a4t 2i.4overe2> re3er. to a ,aterial an2 not to a ,ental 3a4t/ It ;a. 3urt5er elu4i2ate2 ?B .aBin: t5at Mt5e 3a4t 2i.4overe2 ,aB ?e t5e .tolen -ro-ertB, t5e in.tru,ent o3 t5e 4ri,e, a 4or-u. o3 a -er.on ,ur2ere2 or anB ot5er ,aterial t5in:D or it ,aB ?e a ,aterial t5in: in relation to t5e -la4e or lo4alitB ;5ere it i. 3oun2M/ %n t5e 3a4t. o3 t5e 4a.e, it ;a. -ointe2 out t5at Mt5e 3a4t 2i.4overe2 i. not t5e >=ara.> .i,-li4itor ?ut t5e >=ara.> ?ein: 3oun2 in t5e -o..e..ion o3 Alla2in/ !5e in3or,ation to ?e a2,itte2 ,u.t relate 2i.tin4tlB to t5e latter/ !5u., ?ot5 in Sukhan's 4a.e an2 Ganuchand!a's 4a.e ;5i45 ;ere a--rove2 ?B t5e )rivB Coun4il, t;o que.tion. aro.e 3or 4on.i2eration (a) ;5et5er Se4tion 20 ;a. 4on3ine2 to -5B.i4al o?7e4t. an2 (?) a. to t5e eEtent o3 in3or,ation t5at ;a. a2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 20/ *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, i. ri:5t in 5i. .u?,i..ion t5at t5e onlB -oint o3 4ontrover.B in #otayya's 4a.e relate2 to t5e eEtent o3 in3or,ation t5at ?e4o,e. a2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 20 an2 it ;a. ;it5 re3eren4e to t5at a.-e4t t5e vie; ta=en in Sukhan an2 Ganuchand!a ;ere a--rove2, t5ou:5 it ;a. not .ai2 .o in .-e4i3i4 ;or2./ !5e ot5er que.tion a. re:ar2. t5e eEa4t ,eanin: an2 i,-ort o3 t5e eE-re..ion >2i.4overB o3 3a4t> ;a. not 4on.i2ere2/ F5ere a -5B.i4al o?7e4t ;a. 2i.4overe2 in 4on.equen4e o3 t5e in3or,ation 3urni.5e2, ;5i45 -art o3 t5at in3or,ationC.tate,ent ?e4o,e. relevant ;a. t5e line o3 inquirB ?e3ore t5e )rivB Coun4il/ $o 2ou?t, t5e illu.tration. :iven 4ou-le2 ;it5 t5e 3a4t t5at t5e .a,e learne2 Ju2:e too= a -arti4ular vie; on t5i. a.-e4t in Ganuchand!a's 4a.e ,aB lea2 to an i,-re..ion t5at t5e learne2 Ju2:e. o3 t5e )rivB Coun4il un2er.too2 t5e eE-re..ion >3a4t> -ri,arilB in t5e .en.e o3 ,aterial o?7e4t ?ut, a. o?.erve2 alrea2B, t5e illu.tration. :iven are not eE5au.tive/ Fe are o3 t5e vie; t5at #otayya's 4a.e i. an aut5oritB 3or t5e -ro-o.ition t5at >2i.4overB o3 3a4t> 4annot ?e equate2 to t5e o?7e4t -ro2u4e2 or 3oun2/ It i. ,ore t5an t5at/ !5e 2i.4overB o3 3a4t ari.e. ?B rea.on o3 t5e 3a4t t5at t5e in3or,ation :iven ?B t5e a44u.e2 eE5i?ite2 t5e =no;le2:e or t5e ,ental a;arene.. o3 t5e in3or,ant a. to it. eEi.ten4e at a -arti4ular -la4e/ Fe no; turn our attention to t5e -re4e2ent. o3 t5i. Court ;5i45 3ollo;e2 t5e tra4= o3 #otayya's 4a.e/ !5e ratio o3 t5e 2e4i.ion in #otayya's 4a.e re3le4te2 in t5e un2erline2 -a..a:e eEtra4te2 .u-ra ;a. 5i:5li:5te2 in .everal 2e4i.ion. o3 t5i. Court/ !5e 4ruE o3 t5e ratio in #otayya's 4a.e ;a. eE-laine2 ?B t5i. Court in State of ,aha!asht!a v. Damu/ !5o,a. J/ o?.erve2 t5at Mt5e 2e4i.ion o3 t5e )rivB Coun4il in Puluku!i #otayya v. Empe!o! i. t5e ,o.t quote2 aut5oritB 3or .u--ortin: t5e inter-retation t5at t5e M3a4t 2i.4overe2M envi.a:e2 in t5e .e4tion e,?ra4e. t5e -la4e 3ro, ;5i45 t5e o?7e4t ;a. -ro2u4e2, t5e =no;le2:e o3 t5e a44u.e2 a. to it, ?ut t5e in3or,ation :iven ,u.t relate 2i.tin4tlB to t5at e33e4tM/ In ,ohmed Inayatullah v. "he State of ,aha!asht!a *A$(CSCC01##C1905, Sar=aria J/ ;5ile 4lari3Bin: t5at t5e eE-re..ion M3a4t 2i.4overe2M in Se4tion 20 i. not re.tri4te2 to a -5B.i4al or ,aterial 3a4t ;5i45 4an ?e -er4eive2 ?B t5e .en.e., an2 t5at it 2oe. in4lu2e a ,ental 3a4t, eE-laine2 t5e ,eanin: ?B :ivin: t5e :i.t o3 ;5at ;a. lai2 2o;n in Puluku!i #otayya's 4a.e/ !5e learne2 Ju2:e, .-ea=in: 3or t5e @en45 o?.erve2 t5u.: M$o; it i. 3airlB .ettle2 t5at t5e eE-re..ion M3a4t 2i.4overe2M in4lu2e. not onlB t5e -5B.i4al o?7e4t -ro2u4e2, ?ut al.o t5e -la4e 3ro, ;5i45 it i. -ro2u4e2 an2 t5e =no;le2:e o3 t5e a44u.e2 a. to t5i. (.ee Puluku!i #otayya v. Empe!o!8 +dai 'han v. State of +tta! P!adesh)M

3"

So al.o in +dai 'han v. State of +tta! P!adesh *A$(CSCC01""C19#2/ Ra:5u?ar 4a.e .tate2 t5e le:al -o.ition a. 3ollo;.:

aBal, J/ a3ter re3errin: to #otayya's

MA 2i.4overB o3 a 3a4t in4lu2e. t5e o?7e4t 3oun2, t5e -la4e 3ro, ;5i45 it i. -ro2u4e2 an2 t5e =no;le2:e o3 t5e a44u.e2 a. to it. eEi.ten4e/M !5e a?ove .tate,ent o3 la; 2oe. not run 4ounter to t5e 4ontention o3 *r/ Ra, Jet5,alani, t5at t5e 3a4tu, o3 2i.4overB 4o,?ine. ?ot5 t5e -5B.i4al o?7e4t a. ;ell a. t5e ,ental 4on.4iou.ne.. o3 t5e in3or,ant1a44u.e2 in relation t5ereto/ &o;ever, ;5at ;oul2 ?e t5e -o.ition i3 t5e -5B.i4al o?7e4t ;a. not re4overe2 at t5e in.tan4e o3 t5e a44u.e2 ;a. not 2i.4u..e2 in anB o3 t5e.e 4a.e./ !5ere i. al,o.t a 2ire4t 2e4i.ion o3 t5i. Court in ;5i45 t5e 4onnotation o3 t5e eE-re..ion M3a4tM o44urrin: in Se4tion 20 ;a. eE-lore2 an2 a vie; .i,ilar to Sukhan's 4a.e ;a. ta=en on t5e .u--o.ition t5at t5e .ai2 vie; ;a. a--rove2 ?B t5e )rivB Coun4il in #otayya's 4a.e/ !5at 2e4i.ion i.1.imachal P!adesh Administ!ation v. *m P!akash *A$(CSCC0118C1901/ In t5at 4a.e, on t5e ?a.i. o3 in3or,ation 3urni.5e2 ?B t5e a44u.e2 to t5e )oli4e %33i4er t5at 5e 5a2 -ur45a.e2 t5e ;ea-on 3ro, a ;itne.. ()F11) an2 t5at 5e ;oul2 ta=e t5e )oli4e to 5i,, t5e )oli4e ;ent to t5e "ha!i o3 )F11 ;5ere t5e a44u.e2 -ointe2 out )F11 to t5e )oli4e/ It ;a. 4onten2e2 on ?e5al3 o3 t5e a44u.e2 t5at t5e in3or,ation t5at 5e -ur45a.e2 t5e 2a::er 3ro, )F11 3ollo;e2 ?B 5i. lea2in: t5e )oli4e to t5e "ha!i an2 -ointin: 5i, out ;a. ina2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 20 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ !5i. ar:u,ent ;a. a44e-te2/ Ja:an,o5an Re22B, J/ .-ea=in: 3or t5e Court o?.erve2 t5u.: MIn our vie; t5ere i. 3or4e in t5i. 4ontention/ A 3a4t 2i.4overe2 ;it5in t5e ,eanin: o3 Se4tion 20 ,u.t re3er to a ,aterial 3a4t to ;5i45 t5e in3or,ation 2ire4tlB relate./ In or2er to ren2er t5e in3or,ation a2,i..i?le t5e 3a4t 2i.4overe2 ,u.t ?e relevant an2 ,u.t 5ave ?een .u45 t5at it 4on.titute. t5e in3or,ation t5rou:5 ;5i45 t5e 2i.4overB ;a. ,a2e/ F5at i. t5e 3a4t 2i.4overe2 in t5i. 4a.eP/ $ot t5e 2a::er ?ut t5e 2a::er 5i2 un2er t5e .tone ;5i45 i. not =no;n to t5e )oli4e (.ee Puluku!i #otayya and *!s. v. #ing Empe!o!)/ @ut t5erea3ter 4an it ?e .ai2 t5at t5e in3or,ation 3urni.5e2 ?B t5e a44u.e2 t5at 5e -ur45a.e2 t5e 2a::er 3ro, )F11 le2 to a 3a4t 2i.4overe2 ;5en t5e a44u.e2 too= t5e -oli4e to t5e !5ari o3 )F11 an2 -ointe2 5i, outM !5e learne2 Ju2:e t5en re3erre2 to t5e 2e4i.ion o3 *a2ra. &i:5 Court in Empe!o! v. (amanu%a Ayyanga! *A$(C!$C050"C193" ;5i45 5el2 t5at t5e in3or,ation relatin: to t5e -ur45a.e 3ro, t5e -ointe2 .5o- an2 it. 4arria:e ?B a ;itne.. -ointe2 out ;a. a2,i..i?le/ Re3eren4e ;a. t5en ,a2e to t5e la; lai2 2o;n in Athappa Goundan's 4a.e 9AIR 1930 *a2 #18< an2 o?.erve2 t5at Mt5i. vie; ;a. overrule2 ?B t5e )rivB Coun4il in Puluku!i #otayya's 4a.eM (.u-ra)/ !5e -a..a:e in Sukhan's 4a.e ;a. t5en a--rovin:lB re3erre2 to an2 t5e la; ;a. enun4iate2 a. 3ollo;.: MIn t5e +ull @en45 Ju2:,ent o3 Seven Ju2:e. in Sukhan v. the C!o n, ;5i45 ;a. a--rove2 ?B t5e )rivB Coun4il in Pulku!i #otayya's 4a.e, S5a2i Lal, C/J/, a. 5e t5en ;a. .-ea=in: 3or t5e ,a7oritB -ointe2 out t5at t5e eE-re..ion >3a4t> a. 2e3ine2 ?B Se4tion 3 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t in4lu2e. not onlB t5e -5B.i4al 3a4t ;5i45 4an ?e -er4eive2 ?B t5e .en.e. ?ut al.o t5e -.B45olo:i4al 3a4t or ,ental 4on2ition o3 ;5i45 anB -er.on i. 4on.4iou. an2 t5at it i. in t5e 3or,er .en.e t5at t5e ;or2 u.e2 ?B t5e Le:i.lature re3er. to a ,aterial an2 not to a ,ental 3a4t/ It i. 4lear t5ere3ore t5at ;5at .5oul2 ?e 2i.4overe2 i. t5e ,aterial 3a4t an2 t5e in3or,ation t5at i. a2,i..i?le i. t5at ;5i45 5a. 4au.e2 t5at 2i.4overB .o a. to 4onne4t t5e in3or,ation an2 t5e 3a4t ;it5 ea45 ot5er a. t5e >4au.e an2 e33e4t>/ !5at in3or,ation ;5i45 2oe. not 2i.tin4tlB 4onne4t ;it5 t5e 3a4t 2i.4overe2 or t5at -ortion o3 t5e in3or,ation ;5i45 ,erelB eE-lain. t5e ,aterial t5in: 2i.4overe2 i. not a2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 20 an2 4annot ?e -rove2/ !5e 3ollo;in: o?.ervation. are al.o 4ru4ial/ MA. eE-laine2 ?B t5i. Court a. ;ell a. ?B t5e )rivB Coun4il, nor,allB Se4tion 20 i. ?rou:5t into o-eration ;5ere a -er.on in -oli4e 4u.to2B -ro2u4e. 3ro, .o,e -la4e o3 4on4eal,ent .o,e o?7e4t .ai2 to ?e 4onne4te2 ;it5 t5e 4ri,e o3 ;5i45 t5e in3or,ant i. t5e a44u.e2/ t5e 4on4eal,ent o3 t5e 3a4t ;5i45 i. not =no;n to t5e -oli4e i. ;5at i. 2i.4overe2 ?B t5e in3or,ation an2 len2. a..uran4e t5at t5e in3or,ation ;a. true/ $o ;itne.. ;it5 ;5o, .o,e ,aterial 3a4t, .u45 a. t5e ;ea-on o3 ,ur2er, .tolen -ro-ertB or ot5er in4ri,inatin: arti4le i. not 5i22en .ol2 or =e-t an2 ;5i45 i. un=no;n to t5e )oli4e 4an ?e .ai2 to ?e 2i.4overe2 a. a 4on.equen4e o3 t5e in3or,ation 3urni.5e2 ?B t5e a44u.e2/ !5e.e eEa,-le. 5o;ever are onlB ?B ;aB o3 illu.tration an2 are not eE5au.tive/ F5at ,a=e. t5e in3or,ation lea2in: to t5e 2i.4overB o3 t5e ;itne.. a2,i..i?le i. t5e 2i.4overB 3ro, 5i, o3 t5e t5in: .ol2 to 5i, or 5i22en or =e-t ;it5 5i, ;5i45 t5e -oli4e 2i2 not =no; until t5e in3or,ation ;a. 3urni.5e2 to t5e, ?B t5e a44u.e2/ A ;itne.. 4annot ?e .ai2 to ?e 2i.4overe2 i3 not5in: i. to ?e 3oun2 or re4overe2 3ro, 5i, a. a 4on.equen4e o3 t5e in3or,ation 3urni.5e2 ?B t5e a44u.e2 an2 t5e in3or,ation ;5i45 2i.4lo.e2 t5e i2entitB o3 t5e ;itne.. ;ill not ?e a2,i..i?leM/ !5en 3ollo;. t5e .tate,ent o3 la;:

35

M@ut even a-art 3ro, t5e a2,i..i?ilitB o3 t5e in3or,ation un2er Se4tion 20, t5e evi2en4e o3 t5e Inve.ti:atin: %33i4er an2 t5e -an45a. t5at t5e a44u.e2 5a2 ta=en t5e, to )F11 an2 -ointe2 5i, out an2 a. 4orro?orate2 ?B )F11 5i,.el3 ;oul2 ?e a2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 8 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t a. 4on2u4t o3 t5e a44u.e2M/ In an earlier -ara:ra-5, t5e Court .tre..e2 t5e nee2 to eEer4i.e ne4e..arB 4aution an2 4are .o a. to ?e a..ure2 o3 t5e 4re2i?ilitB o3 t5e in3or,ation 3urni.5e2 an2 t5e 3a4t 2i.4overe2/ Con3ronte2 ;it5 t5i. 2e4i.ion ;5i45 a33ir,. t5e la; lai2 2o;n in Sukhan's 4a.e (.u-ra), an2 ;5i45 ,ilitate. a:ain.t t5e 4ontention a2van4e2 ?B t5e -ro.e4ution, t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, 5a. que.tione2 t5e 4orre4tne.. an2 t5e ?in2in: aut5oritB o3 t5i. 7u2:,ent/ +ir.tlB, a44or2in: to 5i,, t5e 7u2:,ent ;a. ?a.e2 on 4ertain ;ron: a..u,-tion. an2, .e4on2lB, it i. -ointe2 out t5at in t5e li:5t o3 t5e later 2e4i.ion., t5e enun4iation o3 la; in *m P!akash 4a.e 2oe. not 5ol2 :oo2/ In re:ar2 to t5e 3ir.t -oint o3 4riti4i.,, t5e learne2 4oun.el *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, 4onten2e2 a. 3ollo;.: M%* )RAAAS&RC@R Sukhan 5a2 ?een a--rove2 in Puluku!i #otayya, an2 t5e 4ontrarB vie; 5a2 ?een re7e4te2 ?B t5e )rivB Coun4il/ It i. .u?,itte2 t5at t5e verB ?a.i. o3 t5e 2e4i.ion in %, )ra=a.5 ;a. in4orre4t/ It i. .u?,itte2 t5at a rea2in: o3 -ara 13 o3 t5e 7u2:,ent in2i4ate. t5at t5e ratio in Athapa Goundan an2 (amanu%a Ayyanga! ;ere -er4eive2 to ?e .i,ilar an2 it i. on t5i. a..u,-tion t5i. Court 5el2 t5at ,ental 3a4t. are not a2,i..i?le in evi2en4e un2er Se4tion 20/ !5e Court 3aile2 to note t5at (amanu%a Ayyanga! 2ealt ;it5 t5e a2,i..i?ilitB o3 ,ental 3a4t. ;5i45 ;a. not un2er 4on.i2eration ?e3ore t5e )rivB Coun4il in Puluku!i #ottaya. Athapa Goundan ;5i45 2ealt ;it5 t5e que.tion o3 eEtent o3 a2,i..i?ilitB ;a. 4on.i2ere2 ?B t5e )rivB Coun4il an2 overrule2/M Fe 3in2 4on.i2era?le 3or4e in t5i. 4riti4i.,/ &o;ever, t5i. 4riti4i., 2oe. not 7u.ti3B a 2e-arture 3ro, t5e vie; ta=en ?B a 4oor2inate @en45 o3 t5i. Court, unle.. ;e 4ate:oriGe it a. a 2e4i.ion ren2ere2 -er in4uria,/ It i. not -o..i?le to 5ol2 .o/ In 3a4t, a. -ointe2 out ?B *r/ Ra, Jet5,alani, t5e .ai2 inter-retation o3 eE-re..ion >3a4t> -la4e2 in *m P!akash (.u-ra) an2 in .o,e ot5er 2e4i.ion. o3 t5e -re1in2e-en2en4e 2aB., i. in 4on3or,itB ;it5 t5e o-inion o3 !AIL%R (quote2 .u-ra) ;5i45 5a2 a--arentlB in.-ire2 t5e 2ra3ter. o3 t5e In2ian Evi2en4e A4t/ @ut t5at i. not to .aB t5at t5e le:al -o.ition 4anva..e2 ?B *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, i. not a rea.ona?lB -o..i?le one/ &o;ever, ;e are Q5an2i4a--e2 in a--roa45in: t5e i..ue in2e-en2entlB, un3ettere2 ?B t5e 2e4i.ion in %* )RAAAS& 4a.e/ Fe ,aB a22 t5at in t5e 4a.e o3 Ee!a&had!appa v. State of #a!nataka *A$(CSCC0099C1983 A/)/ Sen, J/ .-ea=in: 3or t5e @en45 o?.erve2 t5at t5e ;or2 >3a4t> in Se4tion 20 M,ean. .o,e 4on4rete or ,aterial 3a4t to ;5i45 t5e in3or,ation 2ire4tlB relate.M/ !5en 5i. Lor2.5i- quote2 t5e 3a,ou. -a..a:e in #otayya's 4a.e/ &o;ever, t5ere ;a. no ela?oration/ !5e neEt en2eavour o3 *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, ;a. to 4onvin4e u. t5at t5e -re4e2ential 3or4e o3 t5e 7u2:,ent in %* )RAAAS& 5a. ?een 4on.i2era?lB ero2e2 ?B t5e .u?.equent -ronoun4e,ent./ !;o 2e4i.ion. 5ave ?een 4ite2 to .u?.tantiate 5i. 4ontention/ !5eB are: ,ohd. Inayatullah v. State of ,aha!asht!a (.u-ra) an2 State of ,aha!asht!a v. Damu (.u-ra)/ Fe 2o not t5in= t5at in anB o3 t5e.e 2e4i.ion. >2i.4overB o3 3a4t> ;a. 5el2 to 4o,-re5en2 a -ure an2 .i,-le ,ental 3a4t or .tate o3 ,in2 relatin: to a -5B.i4al o?7e4t 2i..o4iate2 3ro, t5e re4overB o3 t5e -5B.i4al o?7e4t/ Let u. revert ?a4= to t5e 2e4i.ion in ,ohd. Inayatullah's 4a.e/ !5e 3ir.t .enten4e in -ara:ra-5 13 o3 t5e 3ollo;in: -a..a:e ;5i45 5a. alrea2B ?een re3erre2 to i. relie2 on ?B t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el 3or t5e State/ MAt one ti,e it ;a. 5el2 t5at t5e eE-re..ion M3a4t 2i.4overe2M in t5e .e4tion i. re.tri4te2 to a -5B.i4al or ,aterial 3a4t ;5i45 4an ?e -er4eive2 ?B t5e .en.e., an2 t5at it 2oe. not in4lu2e a ,ental 3a4t (.ee Sukhan v. C!o n8 (e9 v. Ganee)/ $o; it i. 3airlB .ettle2 t5at t5e eE-re..ion M3a4t 2i.4overe2M in4lu2e. not onlB t5e -5B.i4al o?7e4t -ro2u4e2, ?ut al.o t5e -la4e 3ro, ;5i45 it i. -ro2u4e2 an2 t5e =no;le2:e o3 t5e a44u.e2 a. to t5i. (.ee )alu=uri AotaBBa v/ E,-erorD (2ai @5an v/ State o3 (ttar )ra2e.5)M !5e 3ir.t .enten4e rea2 ;it5 t5e .e4on2 .enten4e in t5e a?ove -a..a:e ;oul2 .u--ort t5e 4ontention o3 *r/ Ra, Jet5,alani t5at t5e ;or2 >3a4t> e,?ra4e. ;it5in it. 3ol2 ?ot5 t5e -5B.i4al o?7e4t a. ;ell a. t5e ,ental ele,ent in relation t5ereto/ !5i. rulin: in Inayatullah 2oe. not .u--ort t5e ar:u,ent o3 t5e State>. 4oun.el t5at Se4tion 20 a2,it. o3 a 2i.4overB o3 a -lain ,ental 3a4t irre.-e4tive o3 t5e 2i.4overB o3 -5B.i4al 3a4t/ !5e 4on4lu.ion rea45e2 in Inayatullah's 4a.e i. revealin:/ !5e t5ree 3ol2 3a4t 2i.4overe2 t5erein ;a.: a) t5e 45e,i4al 2ru,., (?) t5e -la4e i.e/ t5e ,u.a3ir =5ana ;5erein t5eB laB in 2e-o.it an2 (4) t5e =no;le2:e o3 t5e a44u.e2 o3 .u45 2e-o.it/ !5e a44u.e2 too= t5e -oli4e to t5e -la4e o3 2e-o.it an2 -ointe2 out t5e 2ru,./ !5at -ortion o3 t5e in3or,ation ;a. 3oun2 a2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 20/ !5e re.t o3 t5e .tate,ent na,elB M;5i45 I too= out 3ro, t5e &aGi?un2ar o3 3ir.t a44u.e2M ;a. e.45e;e2 3or t5e rea.on t5at it relate2 to t5e -a.t 5i.torB o3 t5e 2ru,. or t5eir t5e3t ?B t5e a44u.e2/ Let u. .ee 5o; 3ar Damu's 4a.e .u--ort. t5e 4ontention o3 *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu,/ At t5e out.et, ;e ,aB -oint out t5at Damu's 4a.e 2i2 not laB 2o;n anB le:al -ro-o.ition ?eBon2 ;5at ;a. .ai2 in #otayya's 4a.e/ !5e .tate,ent o3 la; in #otayya t5at t5e 3a4t 2i.4overe2 Me,?ra4e. t5e -la4e 3ro, ;5i45 t5e o?7e4t i. -ro2u4e2 an2 t5e =no;le2:e o3

3#

t5e a44u.e2 a. to it an2 t5e in3or,ation :iven ,u.t relate 2i.tin4tlB to t5i. 3a4tM ;a. reiterate2 ;it5out anB :lo.. or quali3i4ation/ In t5at 4a.e, A3 2i.4lo.e2 to t5e inve.ti:atin: o33i4er t5at M ee-a=>. 2ea2 ?o2B ;a. 4arrie2 ?B ,e an2 'uru7i (A2) on 5i. ,otor 4B4le an2 t5ro;n in t5e 4analM/ !5e .ai2 .tate,ent o3 A3 ;a. not 3oun2 a2,i..i?le in evi2en4e ?B t5e &i:5 Court a. t5e 2ea2 ?o2B ;a. not re4overe2 -ur.uant to t5e 2i.4lo.ure ,a2e/ !5i. Court 5o;ever too= a 2i33erent vie; an2 5el2 t5at t5e .ai2 .tate,ent ;a. a2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 20/ It ;a. 5el2 .o in t5e li:5t o3 t5e 3a4t. ,entione2 in -ara:ra-5. 3" J 30/ !5e.e are t5e 3a4t.: ;5en an o33er ;a. ,a2e ?B A3 t5at 5e ;oul2 -oint out t5e .-ot, 5e ;a. ta=en to t5e .-ot an2 t5ere t5e I/%/ 3oun2 a ?ro=en -ie4e o3 :la.. lBin: on t5e :roun2 ;5i45 ;a. -i4=e2 u- ?B 5i,/ A ,otor 4B4le ;a. re4overe2 3ro, t5e 5ou.e o3 A2 an2 it. tail la,- ;a. 3oun2 ?ro=en/ !5e ?ro=en :la.. -ie4e re4overe2 3ro, t5e .-ot ,at45e2 ;it5 an2 3itte2 into t5e ?ro=en tail la,-/ Fit5 t5e.e 3a4t. -re.ente2 to t5e Court, t5e learne2 Ju2:e. a3ter re3errin: to #otayya's 4a.e, rea45e2 t5e 3ollo;in: 4on4lu.ion in -ara:ra-5 30/ M&o; 2i2 t5e -arti4ular in3or,ation lea2 to t5e 2i.4overB o3 t5e 3a4tP $o 2ou?t, re4overB o3 2ea2 ?o2B o3 i-a= 3ro, t5e .a,e 4anal ;a. ante4e2ent to t5e in3or,ation ;5i45 )F"" o?taine2/ I3 not5in: ,ore ;a. re4overe2 -ur.uant to an2 .u?.equent to o?tainin: t5e in3or,ation 3ro, t5e a44u.e2, t5ere ;oul2 not 5ave ?een anB 2i.4overB o3 anB 3a4t at all/ @ut ;5en t5e ?ro=en :la.. -ie4e ;a. re4overe2 3ro, t5at .-ot an2 t5at -ie4e ;a. 3oun2 to ?e -art o3 t5e tail la,- o3 t5e ,otor4B4le o3 A2 'uru7i, it 4an .a3elB ?e 5el2 t5at t5e inve.ti:atin: o33i4er 2i.4overe2 t5e 3a4t t5at A2 'uru7i 5a2 4arrie2 t5e 2ea2 ?o2B on t5at -arti4ular ,otor4B4le u- to t5e .-otM/ (e,-5a.i. .u--lie2) !5e event. 5i:5li:5te2 in t5e 4a.e .-ea= 3or t5e,.elve. an2 reveal t5e rationale o3 t5at 2e4i.ion/ !5e vie; ta=en in Damu's 4a.e 2oe. not ,a=e anB 2ent on t5e o?.ervation. ,a2e an2 t5e le:al -o.ition .-elt out in *m P!akash 4a.e/ !5e &i:5 Court ri:5tlB 2i.tin:ui.5e2 Damu'. 4a.e ?e4au.e t5ere ;a. 2i.4overB o3 a relate2 -5B.i4al o?7e4t at lea.t in -art/ !5e 2e4i.ion in Pandu!ang #alu Patil v. State of ,aha!asht!a *A$(CSCC0039C2002 ;a. al.o 4ite2 ?B t5e 4oun.el 3or t5e State/ Fe 2o not t5in= t5at t5e -ro.e4ution 4an 2erive a..i.tan4e 3ro, ;5at ;a. lai2 2o;n in t5at 7u2:,ent/ !5e le:al -o.ition enun4iate2 in P. #otayya's 4a.e ;a. onlB reiterate2 in a little 2i33erent lan:ua:e/ It ;a. o?.erve2 t5at Mre4overB, or even -ro2u4tion o3 o?7e4t ?B it.el3 nee2 not ne4e..arilB re.ult in 2i.4overB o3 a 3a4t/ !5at i. ;5B Sir Jo5n @eau,ont .ai2 in Puluku!i #otayya t5at it i. 3alla4iou. to treat t5e >3a4t 2i.4overe2> ;it5in t5e Se4tion a. equivalent to t5e o?7e4t -ro2u4e2M/ Fe nee2 not 2elve 3urt5er into t5i. a.-e4t a. ;e are o3 t5e vie; t5at anot5er in:re2ient. o3 t5e Se4tion, na,elB, t5at t5e in3or,ation -rova?le .5oul2 relate 2i.tin4tlB to t5e 3a4t t5ere?B 2i.4overe2 i. not .ati.3ie2, a. ;e .ee later/ F5en ;e re3er to t5e 4ir4u,.tan4e. a:ain.t .o,e o3 t5e a44u.e2/ !5ere i. one ,ore -oint ;5i45 ;e ;oul2 li=e to 2i.4u.. i/e/ ;5et5er -ointin: out a ,aterial o?7e4t ?B t5e a44u.e2 3urni.5in: t5e in3or,ation i. a ne4e..arB 4on4o,itant o3 Se4tion 20/ Fe t5in= t5at t5e an.;er .5oul2 ?e in t5e ne:ative/ !5ou:5 in ,o.t o3 t5e 4a.e. t5e -er.on ;5o ,a=e. t5e 2i.4lo.ure 5i,.el3 lea2. t5e )oli4e %33i4er to t5e -la4e ;5ere an o?7e4t i. 4on4eale2 an2 -oint. out t5e .a,e to 5i,, 5o;ever, it i. not e..ential t5at t5ere .5oul2 ?e .u45 -ointin: out in or2er to ,a=e t5e in3or,ation a2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 20/ It 4oul2 verB ;ell ?e t5at on t5e ?a.i. o3 in3or,ation 3urni.5e2 ?B t5e a44u.e2, t5e Inve.ti:atin: %33i4er ,aB :o to t5e .-ot in t5e 4o,-anB o3 ot5er ;itne..e. an2 re4over t5e ,aterial o?7e4t/ @B 2oin: .o, t5e Inve.ti:atin: %33i4er ;ill ?e 2i.4overin: a 3a4t viG/, t5e 4on4eal,ent o3 an in4ri,inatin: arti4le an2 t5e =no;le2:e o3 t5e a44u.e2 3urni.5in: t5e in3or,ation a?out it/ In ot5er ;or2., ;5ere t5e in3or,ation 3urni.5e2 ?B t5e -er.on in 4u.to2B i. veri3ie2 ?B t5e )oli4e %33i4er ?B :oin: to t5e .-ot ,entione2 ?B t5e in3or,ant an2 3in2. it to ?e 4orre4t, t5at a,ount. to 2i.4overB o3 3a4t ;it5in t5e ,eanin: o3 Se4tion 20/ %3 4our.e, it i. .u?7e4t to t5e ri2er t5at t5e in3or,ation .o 3urni.5e2 ;a. t5e i,,e2iate an2 -roEi,ate 4au.e o3 2i.4overB/ I3 t5e )oli4e %33i4er 45oo.e. not to ta=e t5e in3or,ant1 a44u.e2 to t5e .-ot, it ;ill 5ave no ?earin: on t5e -oint o3 a2,i..i?ilitB un2er Se4tion 20, t5ou:5 it ,aB ?e one o3 t5e a.-e4t. t5at :oe. into evaluation o3 t5at -arti4ular -ie4e o3 evi2en4e/ &o; t5e 4lau.e1Ma. relate. 2i.tin4tlB to t5e 3a4t t5ere?B 2i.4overe2M 5a. to ?e un2er.too2 i. t5e neEt -oint t5at 2e.erve. 4on.i2eration/ !5e inter-retation o3 t5i. 4lau.e i. not in 2ou?t/ A-art 3ro, #otayya's 4a.e, variou. 2e4i.ion. o3 t5i. Court 5ave elu4i2ate2 an2 4lari3ie2 t5e .4o-e an2 ,eanin: o3 t5e .ai2 -ortion o3 Se4tion 20/ !5e la; 5a. ?een .u44in4tlB .tate2 in Inayatullah's 4a.e (.u-ra)/ Sar=aria, J/ analBGe2 t5e in:re2ient. o3 t5e Se4tion an2 eE-laine2 t5e a,?it an2 nuan4e. o3 t5i. -arti4ular 4lau.e in t5e 3ollo;in: ;or2.: M///!5e la.t ?ut t5e ,o.t i,-ortant 4on2ition i. t5at onlB M.o ,u45 o3 t5e in3or,ationM a. relate. 2i.tin4tlB to t5e 3a4t t5ere?B 2i.4overe2 i. a2,i..i?le/ !5e re.t o3 t5e in3or,ation 5a. to ?e eE4lu2e2/ !5e ;or2 >2i.tin4tlB> ,ean. >2ire4tlB>, >in2u?ita?lB>, >.tri4tlB>, >un,i.ta=a?lB>/ !5e ;or2 5a. ?een a2vi.e2lB u.e2 to li,it an2 2e3ine t5e .4o-e o3 t5e -rova?le in3or,ation/ !5e -5ra.e >2i.tin4tlB relate. to t5e 3a4t t5ere?B 2i.4overe2> i. t5e lin45-in o3 t5e -rovi.ion/ !5i. -5ra.e re3er. to t5at -art o3 t5e in3or,ation .u--lie2 ?B t5e a44u.e2 ;5i45 i. t5e 2ire4t an2 i,,e2iate 4au.e o3 t5e 2i.4overB/ !5e rea.on ?e5in2 t5i. -artial li3tin: o3 t5e ?an a:ain.t 4on3e..ion. an2 .tate,ent. ,a2e to t5e -oli4e, i. t5at i3 a 3a4t i. a4tuallB 2i.4overe2 in 4on.equen4e o3 in3or,ation :iven ?B t5e a44u.e2, it a33or2. .o,e :uarantee o3

30

trut5 o3 t5at -art, an2 t5at -art onlB, o3 t5e in3or,ation ;5i45 ;a. t5e 4lear, i,,e2iate an2 -roEi,ate 4au.e o3 t5e 2i.4overB/ $o .u45 :uarantee or a..uran4e atta45e. to t5e re.t o3 t5e .tate,ent ;5i45 ,aB ?e in2ire4tlB or re,otelB relate2 to t5e 3a4t 2i.4overe2/M In t5e li:5t o3 t5e le:al -o.ition t5u. 4lari3ie2, t5i. Court eE4lu2e2 a -art o3 t5e 2i.4lo.ure .tate,ent to ;5i45 ;e 5ave alrea2B a2verte2/ In 'odh!a% v. State of $ : # *A$(CSCC0023C2002 t5i. Court a3ter re3errin: to t5e 2e4i.ion. on t5e .u?7e4t o?.erve2 t5u.: M///!5e ;or2. M.o ,u45 o3 .u45 in3or,ationM, a. relate. 2i.tin4tlB to t5e 3a4t t5ere?B 2i.4overe2 are verB i,-ortant an2 t5e ;5ole 3or4e o3 t5e .e4tion 4on4entrate. on t5e,/ ClearlB t5e eEtent o3 t5e in3or,ation a2,i..i?le ,u.t 2e-en2 on t5e eEa4t nature o3 t5e 3a4t 2i.4overe2 to ;5i45 .u45 in3or,ation i. require2 to relate///M 1"/ Joint 2i.4lo.ure. @e3ore -artin: ;it5 t5e 2i.4u..ion on t5e .u?7e4t o3 4on3e..ion. un2er Se4tion 20, ;e ,aB ?rie3lB re3er to t5e le:al -o.ition a. re:ar2. 7oint 2i.4lo.ure./ !5i. -oint a..u,e. relevan4e in t5e 4onteEt o3 .u45 2i.4lo.ure. ,a2e ?B t5e 3ir.t t;o a44u.e2 viG/ A3Gal an2 S5au=at/ !5e a2,i..i?ilitB o3 in3or,ation .ai2 to 5ave ?een 3urni.5e2 ?B ?ot5 o3 t5e, lea2in: to t5e 2i.4overB o3 t5e 5i2eout. o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. an2 t5e re4overB o3 a la-to- 4o,-uter, a ,o?ile -5one an2 4a.5 o3 R./ 10 la4. 3ro, t5e tru4= in ;5i45 t5eB ;ere 3oun2 at Srina:ar i. in i..ue/ Learne2 .enior 4oun.el *r/ S5anti @5u.5an an2 *r/ Su.5il Au,ar a--earin: 3or t5e a44u.e2 4onten2, a. ;a. 4onten2e2 ?e3ore t5e &i:5 Court, t5at t5e 2i.4lo.ure an2 -ointin: out attri?ute2 to ?ot5 4annot 3all ;it5in t5e Aen o3 Se4tion 20, ;5erea. it i. t5e 4ontention o3 *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, t5at t5ere i. no ta?oo a:ain.t t5e a2,i..ion o3 .u45 in3or,ation a. in4ri,inatin: evi2en4e a:ain.t ?ot5 t5e in3or,ant.Ca44u.e2/ So,e o3 t5e &i:5 Court. 5ave ta=en t5e vie; t5at t5e ;or2in: Ma -er.onM eE4lu2e. t5e a--li4a?ilitB o3 t5e Se4tion to ,ore t5an one -er.on/ @ut, t5at i. too narro; a vie; to ?e ta=en/ Joint 2i.4lo.ure. to ?e ,ore a44urate, .i,ultaneou. 2i.4lo.ure., -er .e, are not ina2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 20/ >A -er.on a44u.e2> nee2 not ne4e..arilB ?e a .in:le -er.on, ?ut it 4oul2 ?e -luralitB o3 a44u.e2/ It .ee,. to u. t5at t5e real rea.on 3or not a4tin: u-on t5e 7oint 2i.4lo.ure. ?B ta=in: re.ort to Se4tion 20 i. t5e in5erent 2i33i4ultB in -la4in: relian4e on .u45 in3or,ation .u--o.e2 to 5ave e,er:e2 3ro, t5e ,out5. o3 t;o or ,ore a44u.e2 at a ti,e/ In 3a4t, 7oint or .i,ultaneou. 2i.4lo.ure i. a ,Bt5, ?e4au.e t;o or ,ore a44u.e2 -er.on. ;oul2 not 5ave uttere2 in3or,atorB ;or2. in a 45oru./ At ?e.t, one -er.on ;oul2 5ave ,a2e t5e .tate,ent orallB an2 t5e ot5er -er.on ;oul2 5ave .tate2 .o .u?.tantiallB in .i,ilar ter,. a 3e; .e4on2. or ,inute. later, or t5e .e4on2 -er.on ;oul2 5ave :iven unequivo4al no2 to ;5at 5a. ?een .ai2 ?B t5e 3ir.t -er.on/ %r, t;o -er.on. in 4u.to2B ,aB ?e interro:ate2 .e-aratelB an2 .i,ultaneou.lB an2 ?ot5 o3 t5e, ,aB 3urni.5 .i,ilar in3or,ation lea2in: to t5e 2i.4overB o3 3a4t/ %r, in rare 4a.e., ?ot5 t5e a44u.e2 ,aB re2u4e t5e in3or,ation into ;ritin: an2 5an2 over t5e ;ritten note. to t5e -oli4e o33i4er at t5e .a,e ti,e/ Fe 2o not t5in= t5at .u45 2i.4lo.ure. ?B t;o or ,ore -er.on. in -oli4e 4u.to2B :o out o3 t5e -urvie; o3 Se4tion 20 alto:et5er/ I3 in3or,ation i. :iven one a3ter t5e ot5er ;it5out anB ?rea= al,o.t .i,ultaneou.lB, an2 i3 .u45 in3or,ation i. 3ollo;e2 u- ?B -ointin: out t5e ,aterial t5in: ?B ?ot5 o3 t5e,, ;e 3in2 no :oo2 rea.on to e.45e; .u45 evi2en4e 3ro, t5e re:i,e o3 Se4tion 20/ &o;ever, t5ere ,aB ?e -ra4ti4al 2i33i4ultie. in -la4in: relian4e on .u45 evi2en4e/ It ,aB ?e 2i33i4ult 3or t5e ;itne.. (:enerallB t5e -oli4e o33i4er), to 2e-o.e ;5i45 a44u.e2 .-o=e ;5at ;or2. an2 in ;5at .equen4e/ In ot5er ;or2., t5e 2e-o.ition in re:ar2 to t5e in3or,ation :iven ?B t5e t;o a44u.e2 ,aB ?e eE-o.e2 to 4riti4i., 3ro, t5e .tan2 -oint o3 4re2i?ilitB an2 it. neEu. ;it5 2i.4overB/ A2,i..i?ilitB an2 4re2i?ilitB are t;o 2i.tin4t a.-e4t., a. -ointe2 out ?B *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu,/ F5et5er an2 to ;5at eEtent .u45 a .i,ultaneou. 2i.4lo.ure 4oul2 ?e relie2 u-on ?B t5e Court i. reallB a ,atter o3 evaluation o3 evi2en4e/ Fit5 t5e.e -re-aratorB re,ar=., ;e 5ave to re3er to t;o 2e4i.ion. o3 t5i. Court ;5i45 are relie2 u-on ?B t5e learne2 2e3en4e 4oun.el/ In ,ohd. A&dul .afee/ v. State of Andh!a P!adesh *A$(CSCC0091C1982, t5e -ro.e4ution .ou:5t to relB on t5e evi2en4e t5at t5e a--ellant alon: ;it5 t5e ot5er t;o a44u.e2 :ave in3or,ation to t5e I% t5at t5e rin: (*% 1) ;a. .ol2 to t5e 7e;eler1)F3 in ;5o.e -o..e..ion t5e rin: ;a./ )F3 2e-o.e2 t5at 3our a44u.e2 -er.on. ;5o, 5e i2enti3ie2 in t5e Court 4a,e to 5i. .5o- an2 t5eB .ol2 t5e rin: 3or R./325C1 an2 .o,e 2aB. later, t5e )oli4e In.-e4tor a44o,-anie2 ?B a44u.e2 1, 2 an2 3 4a,e to 5i. .5o- an2 t5e .ai2 a44u.e2 a.=e2 )F3 to -ro2u4e t5e rin: ;5i45 t5eB 5a2 .ol2/ !5en, 5e too= out t5e rin: 3ro, t5e .5o;4a.e an2 it ;a. .eiGe2 ?B t5e )oli4e In.-e4tor/ !5e 2i33i4ultB in a44e-tin: .u45 evi2en4e ;a. -ro7e4te2 in t5e 3ollo;in: ;or2. ?B /A/ e.ai, J/ .-ea=in: 3or t5e Court: M oe. t5i. evi2en4e ,a=e anB .en.eP &e .aB. t5at a44u.e2 1 to " .ol2 5i, t5e rin:/ &e 2oe. not .aB ;5o 5a2 t5e rin: an2 to ;5o, 5e -ai2 t5e ,oneB/ Si,ilarlB, 5e .tate2 t5at a44u.e2 1 to 3 a.=e2 5i, to -ro2u4e t5e rin:/ It i. i,-o..i?le to ?elieve t5at all .-o=e .i,ultaneou.lB/ !5i. ;aB o3 re4or2in: evi2en4e i. ,o.t un.ati.3a4torB an2 ;e re4or2 our 2i.a--roval o3 t5e .a,e/ I3 evi2en4e ot5er;i.e 4on3e..ional in 45ara4ter i. a2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 20 o3 t5e In2ian Evi2en4e A4t, it i. o?li:atorB u-on t5e Inve.ti:atin: %33i4er to .tate an2 re4or2 ;5o :ave t5e in3or,ationD ;5en 5e i. 2ealin: ;it5 ,ore t5an one a44u.e2, ;5at ;or2. ;ere u.e2 ?B 5i, .o t5at a re4overB -ur.uant to t5e in3or,ation re4eive2 ,aB ?e 4onne4te2 to t5e -er.on :ivin: t5e in3or,ation .o a. to -rovi2e in4ri,inatin: evi2en4e a:ain.t t5e -er.onM/

38

!5ere i. not5in: in t5i. 7u2:,ent ;5i45 .u::e.t. t5at .i,ultaneou. 2i.4lo.ure. ?B ,ore t5an one a44u.e2 2o not at all enter into t5e arena o3 Se4tion 20, a. a -ro-o.ition o3 la;/ Anot5er 4a.e ;5i45 nee2. to ?e noti4e2 i. t5e 4a.e o3 (amkishan v. 'om&ay State *A$(CSCC00""C195"/ !5e a2,i..i?ilitB or ot5er;i.e o3 7oint 2i.4lo.ure. 2i2 not 2ire4tlB 4o,e u- 3or 4on.i2eration in t5at 4a.e/ &o;ever, ;5ile 2i.tin:ui.5in: t5e 4a.e o3 Gokuldas D a!kadas 2e4i2e2 ?B @o,?aB &i:5 Court, a -a..in: o?.ervation ;a. ,a2e t5at in t5e .ai2 4a.e t5e &i:5 Court M5a2 ri:5tlB 5el2 t5at a 7oint .tate,ent ?B ,ore t5an one a44u.e2 ;a. not 4onte,-late2 ?B Se4tion 20M/ Fe 4annot un2er.tan2 t5i. o?.ervation a. laBin: 2o;n t5e la; t5at in3or,ation al,o.t .i,ultaneou.lB 3urni.5e2 ?B t;o a44u.e2 in re:ar2 to a 3a4t 2i.4overe2 4annot ?e re4eive2 in evi2en4e un2er Se4tion 20/ It ,aB ?e relevant to ,ention t5at in t5e 4a.e o3 Lachhman Singh v. "he State *A$(C)&C1"22C2001 t5i. Court eE-re..e2 4ertain re.ervation. on t5e 4orre4tne.. o3 t5e vie; ta=en ?B .o,e o3 t5e &i:5 Court. 2i.4ountenan4in: t5e 7oint 2i.4lo.ure./ 15/ CALL REC%R SO)R%%+ A$ A(!&E$!ICI!I It i. 4onten2e2 ?B *r/ S5anti @5u.5an, a--earin: 3or t5e a44u.e2 S5au=at t5at t5e 4all re4or2. relatin: to t5e 4ellular -5one $o/ 91981150350# .ai2 to 5ave ?een u.e2 ?B S5au=at 5ave not ?een -rove2 a. -er t5e require,ent. o3 la; an2 t5eir :enuinene.. i. in 2ou?t/ !5e 4all re4or2. relatin: to t5e ot5er ,o?ile nu,?er. relate2 to 'ilani an2 A3Gal are al.o .u?7e4te2 to t5e .a,e 4riti4i.,/ It i. t5e 4ontention o3 t5e learne2 4oun.el t5at in t5e a?.en4e o3 a 4erti3i4ate i..ue2 un2er .u?1Se4tion (2) o3 Se4tion #5@ o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t ;it5 t5e -arti4ular. enu,erate2 in 4lau.e. (a) to (e), t5e in3or,ation 4ontaine2 in t5e ele4troni4 re4or2 4annot ?e a22u4e2 in evi2en4e an2 in anB 4a.e in t5e a?.en4e o3 eEa,ination o3 a 4o,-etent ;itne.. a4quainte2 ;it5 t5e 3un4tionin: o3 t5e 4o,-uter. 2urin: t5e relevant ti,e an2 t5e ,anner in ;5i45 t5e -rintout. ;ere ta=en, even .e4on2arB evi2en4e un2er Se4tion #3 i. not a2,i..i?le/ !;o ;itne..e. ;ere eEa,ine2 to -rove t5e -rintout. o3 t5e 4o,-uteriGe2 re4or2 3urni.5e2 ?B t5e 4ellular .ervi4e -rovi2er. na,elB AIR!EL (@5arti Cellular Li,ite2) an2 ESSAR Cell-5one/ !5e 4all 2etail. o3 t5e ,o?ile $o/ 981150350# (;5i45 ;a. .eiGe2 3ro, S5au=at>. 5ou.e) are 4ontaine2 in EE5i?it. 3#C1 to 3#C2/ !5e 4overin: letter. .i:ne2 ?B t5e $o2al %33i4er o3 Sterlin: Cellular Li,ite2 are EEt/)3#C# an2 )3#C0 ?earin: t5e 2ate. 13t5 J 18t5 e4e,?er re.-e4tivelB/ !5e 4all 2etail. o3 ,o?ile $o/ 9811"89"29 attri?ute2 to A3Gal are 4ontaine2 in EEt/)3#C3 an2 t5e 4overin: letter a22re..e2 to t5e In.-e4tor (S-e4ial Cell)1)F## .i:ne2 ?B t5e $o2al %33i4er i. EEt/3#C5/ !5e 4all 2etail. o3 9810081228 ?elon:in: to t5e .u?.4ri?er SAR 'ilani are 4ontaine2 in EEt./ 35C8/ !5e a?ove t;o -5one. ;ere o?taine2 on 4a.5 4ar2 ?a.i./ !5e 4overin: letter -ertainin: t5ereto an2 4ertain ot5er ,o?ile nu,?er. ;a. .i:ne2 ?B t5e Se4uritB *ana:er o3 @5arti Cellular Li,ite2/ !5e 4all 2etail. relatin: to anot5er 4ell-5one nu,?er 9810#93"5# -ertainin: to *o5a,,e2 i. EEt/35C5/ !5e.e 2o4u,ent. i.e/ EEt/35 .erie. ;ere 3ile2 ?B )F35 ;5o i. t5e -er.on t5at .i:ne2 t5e 4overin: letter 2ate2 10 t5 e4e,?er ?earin: EEt/35C1/ )F35 2e-o.e2 t5at Mall t5e 4all 2etail. are 4o,-uteriGe2 .5eet. o?taine2 3ro, t5e 4o,-uterM/ &e 4lari3ie2 t5at Mt5e .;it45 ;5i45 i. ,aintaine2 in t5e 4o,-uter in re.-e4t o3 ea45 tele-5one re4eive. t5e .i:nal o3 t5e tele-5one nu,?er, 4alle2 or re4eive2 an2 .erve. t5e, to t5e Server an2 it i. t5e Server ;5i45 =ee-. t5e re4or2 o3 t5e 4all. ,a2e or re4eive2/ In 4a.e ;5ere 4all i. ,a2e an2 t5e re4eiver 2oe. not -i4= u- t5e -5one, t5e .erver ;5i45 ,a=e. a loo- o3 t5e route ;oul2 not re:i.ter itM/ A. 3ar a. )F3# i. 4on4erne2, 5e i2enti3ie2 t5e .i:nature. o3 t5e 'eneral *ana:er o3 5i. Co,-anB ;5o .i:ne2 EEt/)3# .erie./ &e te.ti3ie2 to t5e 3a4t t5at t5e 4all 2etail. o3 t5e -arti4ular tele-5one nu,?er. ;ere 4ontaine2 in t5e relevant eE5i?it. -ro2u4e2 ?B 5i,/ It i. .i:ni3i4ant to note t5at no .u::e.tion ;a. -ut to t5e.e t;o ;itne..e. tou45in: t5e aut5enti4itB o3 t5e 4all re4or2. or t5e -o..i?le ta,-erin: ;it5 t5e entrie., alt5ou:5 t5e ar:u,ent. 5ave -ro4ee2e2 on t5e line. t5at t5ere 4oul2 5ave ?een 3a?ri4ation/ In .u--ort o3 .u45 ar:u,ent, t5e 2u-li4ation o3 entrie. in EEt./3#C2 an2 3#C3 an2 t5at t5ere ;a. .o,e 2i.4re-an4B relatin: to t5e Cell I/ / an2 I*EI nu,?er o3 t5e 5an2.et at 4ertain -la4e. ;a. -ointe2 out/ !5e 3a4tu, o3 -re.en4e o3 2u-li4ate entrie. ;a. eli4ite2 ?B t5e 4oun.el a--earin: 3or A3.an 'uru 3ro, )F3# ;5en )F3# ;a. in t5e ;itne.. ?oE/ !5e evi2en4e o3 F101a te45ni4al eE-ert, ;a. onlB to t5e e33e4t t5at it ;a. -o..i?le to 4lone a SI* ?B ,ean. o3 a SI* )ro:ra,,er ;5i45 to 5i. =no;le2:e, ;a. not availa?le in el5i or el.e;5ere/ &i. evi2en4e ;a. onlB o3 a :eneral nature envi.a:in: a t5eoreti4al -o..i?ilitB an2 not ;it5 re3eren4e to .-e4i3i4 in.tan4e./ A44or2in: to Se4tion #3, .e4on2arB evi2en4e ,ean. an2 in4lu2e., a,on: ot5er t5in:., M4o-ie. ,a2e 3ro, t5e ori:inal ?B ,e45ani4al -ro4e..e. ;5i45 in t5e,.elve. en.ure t5e a44ura4B o3 t5e 4o-B, an2 4o-ie. 4o,-are2 ;it5 .u45 4o-ie.M/ Se4tion #5 ena?le. .e4on2arB evi2en4e o3 t5e 4ontent. o3 a 2o4u,ent to ?e a22u4e2 i3 t5e ori:inal i. o3 .u45 a nature a. not to ?e ea.ilB ,ova?le/ It i. not in 2i.-ute t5at t5e in3or,ation 4ontaine2 in t5e 4all re4or2. i. .tore2 in 5u:e .erver. ;5i45 4annot ?e ea.ilB ,ove2 an2 -ro2u4e2 in t5e Court/ !5at i. ;5at t5e &i:5 Court 5a. al.o o?.erve2 at -ara 20#/ &en4e, -rintout. ta=en 3ro, t5e 4o,-uter.C.erver. ?B ,e45ani4al -ro4e.. an2 4erti3ie2 ?B a re.-on.i?le o33i4ial o3 t5e .ervi4e -rovi2in: Co,-anB 4an ?e le2 into evi2en4e t5rou:5 a ;itne.. ;5o 4an i2enti3B t5e .i:nature. o3 t5e 4erti3Bin: o33i4er or ot5er;i.e .-ea= to t5e 3a4t. ?a.e2 on 5i. -er.onal =no;le2:e/ Irre.-e4tive o3 t5e 4o,-lian4e o3 t5e require,ent. o3 Se4tion #5@ ;5i45 i. a -rovi.ion 2ealin: ;it5 a2,i..i?ilitB o3 ele4troni4 re4or2., t5ere i. no ?ar to a22u4in: .e4on2arB evi2en4e un2er t5e ot5er -rovi.ion. o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t, na,elB Se4tion. #3 J #5/ It ,aB ?e t5at t5e 4erti3i4ate 4ontainin: t5e 2etail. in .u?1Se4tion (") o3 Se4tion #5@ i. not 3ile2 in t5e in.tant 4a.e, ?ut t5at 2oe. not ,ean t5at .e4on2arB evi2en4e 4annot ?e :iven even i3 t5e la; -er,it. .u45 evi2en4e to ?e :iven in t5e 4ir4u,.tan4e. ,entione2 in t5e relevant -rovi.ion., na,elB Se4tion. #3 J #5/

39

!5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el *r/ S5anti @5u.5an t5en 4onten2e2 t5at t5e ;itne..e. eEa,ine2 ;ere not te45ni4al -er.on. a4quainte2 ;it5 t5e 3un4tionin: o3 t5e 4o,-uter., nor t5eB 2o 5ave -er.onal =no;le2:e o3 t5e 2etail. .tore2 in t5e .erver. o3 t5e 4o,-uter./ Fe 2o not 3in2 .u?.tan4e in t5i. ar:u,ent/ @ot5 t5e ;itne..e. ;ere re.-on.i?le o33i4ial. o3 t5e 4on4erne2 Co,-anie. ;5o 2e-o.e2 to t5e 3a4t t5at t5eB ;ere t5e -rintout. o?taine2 3ro, t5e 4o,-uter re4or2./ In 3a4t t5e evi2en4e o3 )F35 .5o;. t5at 5e i. 3airlB 3a,iliar ;it5 t5e 4o,-uter .B.te, an2 it. out-ut/ I3 t5ere ;a. .o,e que.tionin: vi.1S1vi. .-e4i3i4 2etail. or .-e4i3i4 .u::e.tion o3 3a?ri4ation o3 -rintout., it ;oul2 5ave ?een o?li:atorB on t5e -art o3 t5e -ro.e4ution to 4all a te45ni4al eE-ert 2ire4tlB in t5e =no; o3 t5in:./ !5e 3ollo;in: o?.ervation. o3 &ou.e o3 Lor2. in t5e 4a.e o3 ( v. Shepa!d 91993 AC 380< are quite a--o.ite: M///!5e nature o3 t5e evi2en4e to 2i.45ar:e t5e ?ur2en o3 .5o;in: t5at t5ere 5a. ?een no i,-ro-er u.e o3 t5e 4o,-uter an2 t5at it ;a. o-eratin: -ro-erlB ;ill inevita?lB varB 3ro, 4a.e to 4a.e/ !5e evi2en4e ,u.t ?e tailore2 to .uit t5e nee2. o3 t5e 4a.e/ I .u.-e4t t5at it ;ill verB rarelB ?e ne4e..arB to 4all an eE-ert an2 t5at in t5e va.t ,a7oritB o3 4a.e. it ;ill ?e -o..i?le to 2i.45ar:e t5e ?ur2en ?B 4allin: a ;itne.. ;5o i. 3a,iliar ;it5 t5e o-eration o3 t5e 4o,-uter in t5e .en.e o3 =no;in: ;5at t5e 4o,-uter i. require2 to 2o an2 ;5o 4an .aB t5at it i. 2oin: it -ro-erlB/M Su45 a vie; ;a. eE-re..e2 even in t5e 3a4e o3 a ,ore .trin:ent -rovi.ion in Se4tion #9 o3 t5e )oli4e an2 Cri,inal A4t, 198" in (/A/ 4a.tin: a -o.itive o?li:ation on t5e -art o3 t5e -ro.e4ution to lea2 evi2en4e in re.-e4t o3 -roo3 o3 t5e 4o,-uter re4or2/ Fe a:ree ;it5 t5e .u?,i..ion o3 *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, t5at t5e ?ur2en o3 -ro.e4ution un2er t5e In2ian La; 4annot ?e .ai2 to ?e 5i:5er t5an ;5at ;a. lai2 2o;n in ( v. Shepa!d (.u-ra)/ Alt5ou:5 ne4e..arB .u::e.tion. ;ere not -ut 3or;ar2 to t5e ;itne..e. .o a. to 2i.4re2it t5e 4orre4tne..C:enuinene.. o3 t5e 4all re4or2. -ro2u4e2, ;e ;oul2 -re3er to eEa,ine t5e -oint. ,a2e out ?B t5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e a44u.e2 in2e-en2entlB/ A. alrea2B note2, one .u45 4ontention ;a. a?out t5e -re.en4e o3 2u-li4ate entrie. in EEt/3#C2 an2 3#C3/ Fe 3eel t5at an inno4uou. error in t5e 4o,-uter re4or2in: i. ?ein: ,a:ni3ie2 to 2i.4re2it t5e entire 2o4u,ent 4ontainin: t5e 2etail. ;it5out anB ;arrant/ A. eE-laine2 ?B t5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e State, t5e 4o,-uter, at t5e 3ir.t in.tan4e, in.tea2 o3 re4or2in: t5e I*EI nu,?er o3 t5e ,o?ile in.tru,ent, 5a2 re4or2e2 t5e I*EI an2 4ell I (lo4ation) o3 t5e -er.on 4allin:C4alle2 ?B t5e .u?.4ri?er/ !5e 4o,-uter re4ti3ie2 t5i. o?viou. error i,,e2iatelB an2 ,o2i3ie2 t5e re4or2 to .5o; t5e 4orre4t 2etail. viG/, t5e I*EI an2 t5e 4ell I/ / o3 t5e .u?.4ri?er onlB/ !5e 2o4u,ent i. .el31eE-lanatorB o3 t5e error/ A -eru.al o3 ?ot5 t5e 4all re4or2. ;it5 re3eren4e to t5e 4all at 11:19:1" 5our. eE45an:e2 ?et;een 9811"89"29 (S5au=at>.) an2 981150350# (A3Gal>.) .5o;. t5at t5e .ai2 4all ;a. re4or2e2 t;i4e in t5e 4all re4or2./ !5e 3a4t t5at t5e .a,e 4all 5a. ?een re4or2e2 t;i4e in t5e 4all re4or2. o3 t5e 4allin: an2 4alle2 -artB .i,ultaneou.lB 2e,on.trate. ?eBon2 2ou?t t5at t5e 4orre4tne.. or :enuinene.. o3 t5e 4all i. ?eBon2 2ou?t/ +urt5er, on a 4o,-arative -eru.al o3 t5e t;o 4all re4or2., t5e 2etail. o3 Cell I/ / an2 I*EI o3 t5e t;o nu,?er. are al.o re4or2e2/ !5u., a. ri:5tlB -ointe2 out ?B t5e 4oun.el 3or t5e State *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu,, t5e .a,e 4all 5a. ?een re4or2e2 t;o ti,e., 3ir.t ;it5 t5e 4ell I an2 I*EI nu,?er o3 t5e 4allin: nu,?er (9811"89"29)/ !5e .a,e eE-lanation 5ol2. :oo2 3or t5e 4all at 11:32:"0 5our./ +ar 3ro, .u--ortin: t5e 4ontention o3 t5e 2e3en4e, t5e a?ove 3a4t., evi2ent 3ro, t5e -eru.al o3 t5e 4all re4or2., ;oul2 4learlB .5o; t5at t5e .B.te, ;a. ;or=in: .ati.3a4torilB an2 it -ro,-tlB 45e4=e2 an2 re4ti3ie2 t5e ,i.ta=e t5at o44urre2/ A. alrea2B noti4e2, it ;a. not .u::e.te2 nor 4oul2 it ?e .u::e.te2 t5at t5ere ;a. anB ,ani-ulation or ,aterial 2e3i4ien4B in t5e 4o,-uter on a44ount o3 t5e.e t;o error./ A?ove all, t5e -rintout. -ertainin: to t5e 4all 2etail. eE5i?ite2 ?B t5e -ro.e4ution are o3 .u45 re:ularitB an2 4ontinuitB t5at it ;oul2 ?e le:iti,ate to 2ra; a -re.u,-tion t5at t5e .B.te, ;a. 3un4tional an2 t5e out-ut ;a. -ro2u4e2 ?B t5e 4o,-uter in re:ular u.e, ;5et5er t5i. 3a4t ;a. .-e4i3i4allB 2e-o.e2 to ?B t5e ;itne.. or not/ Fe are t5ere3ore o3 t5e vie; t5at t5e 4all re4or2. are a2,i..i?le an2 relia?le an2 ri:5tlB ,a2e u.e o3 ?B t5e -ro.e4ution/ 1#/ Inter4e-tion o3 )5one Call. !5e le:alitB an2 a2,i..i?ilitB o3 inter4e-te2 tele-5one 4all. ari.e. in t5e 4onteEt o3 tele-5one 4onver.ation ?et;een S5au=at an2 5i. ;i3e A3.an 'uru on 1" t5 e4e,?er at 20:09 5r. an2 t5e 4onver.ation ?et;een 'ilani an2 5i. ?rot5er S5a5 +aiGal on t5e .a,e 2aB at 12:22 5r./ Inter4e-tion o3 4o,,uni4ation i. -rovi2e2 3or ?B t5e -rovi.ion. 4ontaine2 in C5a-ter 6 o3 t5e )%!%C)%!A ;5i45 4ontain. Se4tion. 3# to "8/ !5e -rovi.o to Se4tion "5 laB. 2o;n t5e -re1 requi.ite 4on2ition. 3or a2,ittin: t5e evi2en4e 4olle4te2 a:ain.t t5e a44u.e2 t5rou:5 t5e inter4e-tion o3 ;ire, ele4troni4 or oral 4o,,uni4ation/ C5a-ter 6 :overnin: t5e -ro4e2ure 3or inter4e-tion an2 a2,i..ion o3 t5e inter4e-te2 4o,,uni4ation. -re1.u--o.e. t5at t5ere i. an inve.ti:ation o3 a terrori.t. a4t un2er t5e )%!A 5a. ?een .et in ,otion/ It i. not in 2i.-ute t5at t5e -ro4e2ural require,ent. o3 C5a-ter 6 5ave not ?een 4o,-lie2 ;it5 ;5en .u45 inter4e-tion. too= -la4e on 1"t5 e4e,?er, 2001/ @ut, a. alrea2B noti4e2, on t5e 4ru4ial 2ate on ;5i45 inter4e-tion too= -la4e (i/e/ 1"t5 e4e,?er), no o33en4e un2er )%!A ;a. in4lu2e2 1 ;5et5er in t5e +IR or in anB ot5er 4onte,-oraneou. 2o4u,ent./ Fe 5ave alrea2B 5el2 t5at t5e non1 in4lu.ion o3 )%!% o33en4e. even at t5e t5re.5ol2 o3 inve.ti:ation 4annot ?e le:allB 3aulte2 an2 t5at .u45 non1in4lu.ion ;a. not 2eli?erate/ !5e a2,i..i?ilitB or t5e evi2entiarB .tatu. o3 t5e t;o inter4e-te2 4onver.ation. .5oul2, t5ere3ore, ?e 7u2:e2 2e 5or. t5e -rovi.ion. o3 )%!%C)%!A/ %n t5e relevant 2aB, t5e inter4e-tion o3 ,e..a:e. ;a. :overne2 ?B Se4tion 5 o3 t5e In2ian !ele:ra-5 A4t rea2 ;it5 Rule "191A o3 t5e In2ian !ele:ra-5 Rule./ !5e .u?.tantive -o;er o3 inter4e-tion ?B t5e 'overn,ent or t5e aut5oriGe2 o33i4er i. 4on3erre2 ?B Se4tion 5/ !5e ,o2alitie. an2 -ro4e2ure 3or inter4e-tion i. :overne2 ?B t5e .ai2 Rule./ It i. 4onten2e2 ?B t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el a--earin: 3or t5e t;o a44u.e2 1 S5au=at an2 'ilani, t5at even t5e Rule 1 "19A, 5a. not ?een 4o,-lie2 ;it5 in t5e in.tant 4a.e, an2, t5ere3ore, t5e ta-e1 re4or2e2 4onver.ation o?taine2 ?B .u45 inter4e-tion 4annot ?e utiliGe2 ?B t5e -ro.e4ution to in4ri,inate t5e .ai2 a44u.e2/ It i. t5e

"0

4ontention o3 learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e State, *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu,, t5at t5ere ;a. .u?.tantial 4o,-lian4e ;it5 Rule "19A an2, in anB 4a.e, even i3 t5e inter4e-tion 2i2 not ta=e -la4e in .tri4t 4on3or,itB ;it5 t5e Rule, t5at 2oe. not a33e4t t5e a2,i..i?ilitB o3 t5e 4o,,uni4ation. .o re4or2e2/ In ot5er ;or2., 5i. .u?,i..ion i. t5at t5e ille:alitB or irre:ularitB in inter4e-tion 2oe. not a33e4t it. a2,i..i?ilitB in evi2en4e t5ere ?ein: no .-e4i3i4 e,?ar:o a:ain.t t5e a2,i..i?ilitB in t5e !ele:ra-5 A4t or in t5e Rule./ Irre.-e4tive o3 t5e ,erit in t5e 3ir.t 4ontention o3 *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu,, ;e 3in2 3or4e in t5e alternative 4ontention a2van4e2 ?B 5i,/ In re:ar2 to t5e 3ir.t a.-e4t, t;o in3ir,itie. are -ointe2 out in t5e relevant or2er. aut5oriGin: an2 4on3ir,in: t5e inter4e-tion o3 .-e4i3ie2 tele-5one nu,?er./ It i. not .5o;n ?B t5e -ro.e4ution t5at t5e Joint ire4tor, Intelli:en4e @ureau ;5o aut5oriGe2 t5e inter4e-tion, 5ol2. t5e ran= o3 Joint Se4retarB to t5e 'overn,ent o3 In2ia/ Se4on2lB, t5e 4on3ir,ation or2er. -a..e2 ?B t5e &o,e Se4retarB (4ontaine2 in volu,e 0 o3 lo;er Court re4or2, )a:e ""0 et4/,) ;oul2 in2i4ate t5at t5e 4on3ir,ation ;a. -ro.-e4tive/ Fe are 2i.tre..e2 to note t5at t5e 4on3ir,ation or2er. .5oul2 ?e -a..e2 ?B a .enior o33i4er o3 t5e 'overn,ent o3 In2ia in .u45 a 4arele.. ,anner, t5at too, in an i,-ortant 4a.e o3 t5i. nature/ &o;ever, t5e.e 2e3i4ien4ie. or ina2equa4ie. 2o not, in our vie;, -re4lu2e t5e a2,i..ion o3 inter4e-te2 tele-5oni4 4o,,uni4ation in evi2en4e/ It i. to ?e note2 t5at unli=e t5e -rovi.o to Se4tion "5 o3 )%!A, Se4tion 5 o3 t5e !ele:ra-5 A4t or Rule "19A 2oe. not 2eal ;it5 anB rule o3 evi2en4e/ !5e non14o,-lian4e or ina2equate 4o,-lian4e ;it5 t5e -rovi.ion. o3 t5e !ele:ra-5 A4t 2oe. not -er .e a33e4t t5e a2,i..i?ilitB/ !5e le:al -o.ition re:ar2in: t5e que.tion o3 a2,i..i?ilitB o3 t5e ta-e re4or2e2 4onver.ation ille:allB 4olle4te2 or o?taine2 i. no lon:er re. inte:ra in vie; o3 t5e 2e4i.ion o3 t5i. Court in (.,. ,alkani v. State of ,aha!asht!a *A$(CSCC020"C1902/ In t5at 4a.e, t5e Court 4lari3ie2 t5at a 4onte,-oraneou. ta-e re4or2 o3 a relevant 4onver.ation i. a relevant 3a4t an2 i. a2,i..i?le a. re. :e.tae un2er Se4tion 0 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ A2vertin: to t5e ar:u,ent t5at Se4tion 25 o3 t5e In2ian !ele:ra-5 A4t ;a. 4ontravene2 t5e learne2 Ju2:e. 5el2 t5at t5ere ;a. no violation/ At t5e .a,e ti,e, t5e que.tion o3 a2,i..i?ilitB o3 evi2en4e ille:allB o?taine2 ;a. 2i.4u..e2/ !5e la; ;a. lai2 2o;n a. 3ollo;.: M///!5ere i. ;arrant 3or t5e -ro-o.ition t5at even i3 evi2en4e i. ille:allB o?taine2 it i. a2,i..i?le/ %ver a 4enturB a:o it ;a. .ai2 in an En:li.5 4a.e ;5ere a 4on.ta?le .ear45e2 t5e a--ellant ille:allB an2 3oun2 a quantitB o3 o33en2in: arti4le in 5i. -o4=et t5at it ;oul2 ?e a 2an:erou. o?.ta4le to t5e a2,ini.tration o3 7u.ti4e i3 it ;ere 5el2, ?e4au.e evi2en4e ;a. o?taine2 ?B ille:al ,ean., it 4oul2 not ?e u.e2 a:ain.t a -artB 45ar:e2 ;it5 an o33en4e/ See $ones v. * en (1800) 3" J) 059/ !5e Ju2i4ial Co,,ittee in #uma!0 Son of #an%u v. ( 91955 1 All E/R/ 23#< 2ealt ;it5 t5e 4onvi4tion o3 an a44u.e2 o3 ?ein: in unla;3ul -o..e..ion o3 a,,unition ;5i45 5a2 ?een 2i.4overe2 in 4on.equen4e o3 a .ear45 o3 5i. -er.on ?B a -oli4e o33i4er ?elo; t5e ran= o3 t5o.e ;5o ;ere -er,itte2 to ,a=e .u45 .ear45e./ !5e Ju2i4ial Co,,ittee 5el2 t5at t5e evi2en4e ;a. ri:5tlB a2,itte2/ !5e rea.on :iven ;a. t5at i3 evi2en4e ;a. a2,i..i?le it ,atter. not 5o; it ;a. o?taine2/ !5ere i. o3 4our.e al;aB. a ;or2 o3 4aution/ It i. t5at t5e Ju2:e 5a. a 2i.4retion to 2i.allo; evi2en4e in a 4ri,inal 4a.e i3 t5e .tri4t rule. o3 a2,i..i?ilitB ;oul2 o-erate un3airlB a:ain.t t5e a44u.e2/ !5at 4aution i. t5e :ol2en rule in 4ri,inal 7uri.-ru2en4e/M Fe ,aB al.o re3er to t5e 2e4i.ion o3 a Con.titution @en45 o3 t5i. Court in Poo!anmal v. Di!ecto! of Inspection *A$(CSCC0055C1903 in ;5i45 t5e -rin4i-le .tate2 ?B t5e )rivB Coun4il in Aur,a>. 4a.e ;a. a--rovin:lB re3erre2 to ;5ile te.tin: t5e evi2entiarB .tatu. o3 ille:allB o?taine2 evi2en4e/ Anot5er 2e4i.ion in ;5i45 t5e .a,e a--roa45 ;a. a2o-te2 i. a re4ent 7u2:,ent in State v. )," $oy Immaculate *A$(CSCC0""8C200"/ It ,aB ?e ,entione2 t5at )ooran,al>. 4a.e ;a. 2i.tin:ui.5e2 ?B t5i. Court in Ali ,usfata v. State of #e!ala *A$(CSCC0050C1995 ;5i45 i. a 4a.e ari.in: un2er $ )S A4t on t5e :roun2 t5at 4ontra?an2 ,aterial .eiGe2 a. a re.ult o3 ille:al .ear45 an2 .eiGure 4oul2 ?B it.el3 ?e treate2 a. evi2en4e o3 -o..e..ion o3 t5e 4ontra?an2 ;5i45 i. t5e :i.t o3 t5e o33en4e un2er t5e .ai2 A4t/ In t5e in.tant 4a.e, t5e ta-e re4or2e2 4onver.ation ;5i45 5a. ?een 2ulB -rove2 an2 4on3or,. to t5e require,ent. lai2 2o;n ?B t5i. Court in (amsingh v. (amsingh 9(1985) Su--l/ SCC #11< 4an ?e -re..e2 into .ervi4e a:ain.t t5e 4on4erne2 a44u.e2 in t5e 7oint trial 3or t5e o33en4e. un2er t5e In2ian )enal Co2e a. ;ell a. )%!A/ Su45 evi2en4e 4annot ?e .5ut out ?B a--lBin: t5e e,?ar:o 4ontaine2 in Se4tion "5 ;5en on t5e 2ate o3 inter4e-tion, t5e -ro4e2ure un2er C5a-ter 6 o3 )%!A ;a. not require2 to ?e 4o,-lie2 ;it5/ %n t5e relevant 2ate )%!A ;a. not in t5e -i4ture an2 t5e inve.ti:ation 2i2 not .-e4i3i4allB relate to t5e o33en4e. un2er )%!A/ !5e que.tion o3 a--lBin: t5e -rovi.o to Se4tion "5 o3 )%!A 2oe. not, t5ere3ore, ari.e a. t5e -rovi.o a--lie. onlB in t5e event o3 t5e 4o,,uni4ation. ?ein: le:allB require2 to ?e inter4e-te2 un2er t5e -rovi.ion. o3 )%!A/ !5e -rovi.o to Se4tion "5 4annot ?e .o rea2 a. to eE4lu2e .u45 ,aterial in relation to )%!A o33en4e. i3 it i. ot5er;i.e a2,i..i?le un2er t5e :eneral la; o3 evi2en4e/ 10/ )ro4e2ural .a3e:uar2. in )%!A an2 t5eir i,-a4t on 4on3e..ion. A. alrea2B noti4e2, )%!A 5a. a?.or?e2 into it t5e :ui2eline. .-elt out in #a!ta! Singh's 4a.e an2 D.#. 'asus's 4a.e in or2er to i,-art an ele,ent o3 3airne.. an2 rea.ona?lene.. into t5e .trin:ent -rovi.ion. o3 )%!A in tune ;it5 t5e -5ilo.o-5B o3 Arti4le 21 an2 allie2 4on.titutional -rovi.ion./ !5e.e .alutarB .a3e:uar2. are 4ontaine2 in Se4tion 32 an2 Se4tion 52 o3 )%!A/ !5e -ere,-torB -re.4ri-tion. e,?o2ie2 in Se4tion 32 o3 )%!A are:1 (a) !5e -oli4e o33i4er .5all ;arn t5e a44u.e2 t5at 5e i. not ?oun2 to ,a=e t5e 4on3e..ion an2 i3 5e 2oe. .o, it ,aB ?e u.e2 a:ain.t 5i, (vi2e .u?1.e4tion (2)/ (?) !5e 4on3e..ion .5all ?e re4or2e2 in an at,o.-5ere 3ree 3ro, t5reat or in2u4e,ent an2 .5all ?e in t5e .a,e lan:ua:e in ;5i45 t5e -er.on ,a=e. it (vi2e .u?1.e4tion (3)/ (4) !5e -er.on 3ro, ;5o, a 4on3e..ion 5a. ?een re4or2e2 un2er .u?1.e4tion (1) .5all ?e -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore t5e C5ie3 *etro-olitan *a:i.trate or C5ie3 Ju2i4ial *a:i.trate alon: ;it5 t5e ori:inal .tate,ent o3 4on3e..ion, ;it5in 3ortB1ei:5t 5our. (vi2e

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.u?1.e4tion (")/ (2) !5e C**CCJ* .5all re4or2 t5e .tate,ent, i3 anB, ,a2e ?B t5e -er.on .o -ro2u4e2 an2 :et 5i. .i:nature an2 i3 t5ere i. anB 4o,-laint o3 torture, .u45 -er.on .5all ?e 2ire4te2 to ?e -ro2u4e2 3or ,e2i4al eEa,ination/ A3ter re4or2in: t5e .tate,ent an2 a3ter ,e2i4al eEa,ination, i3 ne4e..arB, 5e .5all ?e .ent to 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B (vi2e .u?1.e4tion (5)/ !5e ,an2ate o3 .u?1.e4tion. 2 J 3 i. not .o,et5in: ne;/ Al,o.t .i,ilar -re.4ri-tion. ;ere t5ere un2er !A A al.o/ In 3a4t, t5e 3ul3ill,ent o3 .u45 ,an2ate i. in5erent in t5e -ro4e.. o3 re4or2in: a 4on3e..ion ?B a .tatutorB aut5oritB/ F5at i. ne4e..arilB i,-li4it i., -er5a-., ,a2e eE-li4it/ @ut t5e nota?le .a3e:uar2. ;5i45 ;ere la4=in: in !A A are to ?e 3oun2 in .u?1.e4tion. " J 5/ !5e lo3tB -ur-o.e ?e5in2 t5e ,an2ate t5at t5e ,a=er o3 4on3e..ion .5all ?e .ent to 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B ?B t5e CJ* ?e3ore ;5o, 5e i. -ro2u4e2 i. to -rovi2e an at,o.-5ere in ;5i45 5e ;oul2 3eel 3ree to ,a=e a 4o,-laint a:ain.t t5e -oli4e, i3 5e .o ;i.5e./ !5e 3eelin: t5at 5e ;ill ?e 3ree 3ro, t5e .5a4=le. o3 -oli4e 4u.to2B a3ter -ro2u4tion in t5e Court ;ill ,ini,iGe, i3 not re,ove, t5e 3ear -.B45o.i. ?B ;5i45 5e ,aB ?e :ri--e2/ !5e variou. .a3e:uar2. en.5rine2 in Se4tion 32 are ,eant to ?e .tri4tlB o?.erve2 a. t5eB relate to -er.onal li?ertB o3 an in2ivi2ual/ &o;ever, ;e a22 a 4aveat 5ere/ !5e .tri4t en3or4e,ent o3 t5e -rovi.ion a. to 7u2i4ial re,an2 an2 t5e invali2ation o3 4on3e..ion ,erelB on t5e :roun2 o3 it. non14o,-lian4e ,aB -re.ent .o,e -ra4ti4al 2i33i4ultie. at ti,e./ Situation. ,aB ari.e t5at even a3ter t5e 4on3e..ion i. ,a2e ?B a -er.on in 4u.to2B, -oli4e 4u.to2B ,aB .till ?e require2 3or t5e -ur-o.e o3 3urt5er inve.ti:ation/ Sen2in: a -er.on to 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B at t5at .ta:e ,aB retar2 t5e inve.ti:ation/ So,eti,e., t5e 3urt5er .te-. to ?e ta=en ?B t5e inve.ti:ator ;it5 t5e 5el- o3 t5e a44u.e2 ,aB ?roo= no 2elaB/ An atte,-t .5all 5o;ever ?e ,a2e to 5ar,oniGe t5i. -rovi.ion in Se4tion 32(5) ;it5 t5e -o;er. o3 inve.ti:ation availa?le to t5e -oli4e/ At t5e .a,e ti,e, it nee2. to ?e e,-5a.iGe2 t5at t5e o?li:ation to .en2 t5e 4on3e..ion ,a=er to 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B 4annot ?e li:5tlB 2i.re:ar2e2/ !5e -oli4e 4u.to2B 4annot ?e :iven on ,ere a.=in: ?B t5e -oli4e/ It .5all ?e re,e,?ere2 t5at .en2in: a -er.on ;5o 5a. ,a2e t5e 4on3e..ion to 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B a3ter 5e i. -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore t5e CJ* i. t5e nor,al rule an2 t5i. -ro4e2ural .a3e:uar2 .5oul2 ?e :iven it. 2ue -ri,a4B/ !5e CJ* .5oul2 ?e .ati.3ie2 t5at it i. a?.olutelB ne4e..arB t5at t5e 4on3e..ion ,a=er .5all ?e re.tore2 to -oli4e 4u.to2B 3or anB .-e4ial rea.on/ Su45 a 4our.e o3 .en2in: 5i, ?a4= to -oli4e 4u.to2B 4oul2 onlB ?e 2one in eE4e-tional 4a.e. a3ter 2ue a--li4ation o3 ,in2/ *o.t o3ten, .en2in: .u45 -er.on to 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B in 4o,-lian4e ;it5 Se4tion 32(5) .oon a3ter t5e -ro4ee2in:. are re4or2e2 ?B t5e CJ* .u?7e4t to t5e 4on.i2eration o3 t5e a--li4ation ?B t5e -oli4e a3ter a 3e; 2aB. ,aB not ,a=e ,aterial 2i33eren4e 3or 3urt5er inve.ti:ation/ !5e CJ* 5a. a 2utB to 4on.i2er ;5et5er t5e a--li4ation i. onlB a ru.e to :et ?a4= t5e -er.on 4on4erne2 to -oli4e 4u.to2B in 4a.e 5e 2i.-ute. t5e 4on3e..ion or it i. an a--li4ation ,a2e ?ona 3i2e in vie; o3 t5e nee2 an2 ur:en4B involve2/ Fe are t5ere3ore o3 t5e vie; t5at t5e non1 4o,-lian4e ;it5 t5e 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B require,ent 2oe. not -er .e vitiate t5e 4on3e..ion, t5ou:5 it. non14o,-lian4e .5oul2 ?e one o3 t5e i,-ortant 3a4tor. t5at ,u.t ?e ?orne in ,in2 in te.tin: t5e 4on3e..ion/ !5e.e -rovi.ion. o3 Se4tion 32, ;5i45 are 4on4eive2 in t5e intere.t o3 t5e a44u.e2, ;ill :o a lon: ;aB to .4reen an2 eE4lu2e 4on3e..ion., ;5i45 a--ear to ?e involuntarB/ !5e require,ent. an2 .a3e:uar2. lai2 2o;n in .u?1.e4tion. 2 to 5 are an inte:ral -art o3 t5e .45e,e -rovi2in: 3or a2,i..i?ilitB o3 4on3e..ion ,a2e to t5e -oli4e o33i4er/ !5e ?rea45 o3 anB one o3 t5e.e require,ent. ;oul2 5ave a vital ?earin: on t5e a2,i..i?ilitB an2 evi2entiarB value o3 t5e 4on3e..ion re4or2e2 un2er Se4tion 32(1) an2 ,aB even in3li4t a 3atal ?lo; on .u45 4on3e..ion/ Fe 5ave anot5er .et o3 -ro4e2ural .a3e:uar2. lai2 2o;n in Se4tion 52 o3 )%!A ;5i45 are ,o2elle2 on t5e :ui2eline. envi.a:e2 ?B D.#. 'asu (.u-ra)/ Se4tion 52 run. a. un2er: M52 (1) F5ere a -oli4e o33i4er arre.t. a -er.on, 5e .5all -re-are a 4u.to2B ,e,o o3 t5e -er.on arre.te2/ (2) !5e -er.on arre.te2 .5all ?e in3or,e2 o3 5i. ri:5t to 4on.ult a le:al -ra4titioner a. .oon a. 5e i. ?rou:5t to t5e -oli4e .tation/ (3) F5enever anB -er.on i. arre.te2, in3or,ation o3 5i. arre.t .5all ?e i,,e2iatelB 4o,,uni4ate2 ?B t5e -oli4e o33i4er to a 3a,ilB ,e,?er or in 5i. a?.en4e to a relative o3 .u45 -er.on ?B tele:ra,, tele-5one or ?B anB ot5er ,ean. an2 t5i. 3a4t .5all ?e re4or2e2 ?B t5e -oli4e o33i4er un2er t5e .i:nature o3 t5e -er.on arre.te2/ (") !5e -er.on arre.te2 .5all ?e -er,itte2 to ,eet t5e le:al -ra4titioner re-re.entin: 5i, 2urin: t5e 4our.e o3 interro:ation o3 t5e a44u.e2 -er.on: )rovi2e2 t5at not5in: in t5i. .u?1.e4tion, .5all, entitle t5e le:al -ra4titioner to re,ain -re.ent t5rou:5out t5e -erio2 o3 interro:ation/M Su?1.e4tion. 2 J " a. ;ell a. .u?1Se4tion (3) .te, 3ro, t5e :uarantee. en.5rine2 in Arti4le. 21 an2 22(1) o3 t5e Con.titution/ Arti4le 22(1) en7oin. t5at no -er.on ;5o i. arre.te2 .5all ?e 2etaine2 in 4u.to2B ;it5out ?ein: in3or,e2, a. .oon a. ,aB ?e, o3 t5e :roun2. 3or .u45 arre.t nor .5all 5e ?e 2enie2 t5e ri:5t to 4on.ult, an2 to ?e 2e3en2e2 ?B, a le:al -ra4titioner o3 5i. 45oi4e/ !5eB are al.o ,eant to e33e4tuate t5e 4o,,an2,ent o3 Arti4le 20(3) t5at no -er.on a44u.e2 o3 anB o33en4e .5all ?e 4o,-elle2 to ?e a ;itne.. a:ain.t 5i,.el3/

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!5e ?rea2t5 an2 2e-t5 o3 t5e -rin4i-le a:ain.t .el31in4ri,ination i,?e22e2 in Arti4le 20(3) ;a. unravelle2 ?B a t5ree Ju2:e @en45 .-ea=in: t5rou:5 Ari.5na IBer, J/ in )andini Satpathy v. P.L. Dani *A$(CSCC0139C1908/ It ;a. -ointe2 out ?B t5e learne2 Ju2:e t5at t5e area 4overe2 ?B Arti4le 20(3) an2 Se4tion 1#1 o3 Cr/)/C/ i. .u?.tantiallB t5e .a,e/ MSe4tion 1#1 o3 t5e Cr/)/C/ i. a -arlia,entarB :lo.. on t5e 4on.titutional 4lau.eM1it ;a. o?.erve2/ !5i. Court re7e4te2 t5e 4ontention a2van4e2 on ?e5al3 o3 t5e State t5at t5e t;o -rovi.ion., na,elB, Arti4le 20(3) an2 Se4tion 1#1, 2i2 not o-erate at t5e anterior .ta:e. ?e3ore t5e 4a.e 4a,e to Court an2 t5e in4ri,inatin: utteran4e o3 t5e a44u.e2, -reviou.lB re4or2e2, ;a. atte,-te2 to ?e intro2u4e2/ $otin: t5at t5e lan2,ar= 2e4i.ion in ,i!anda v. A!i/ona 919##, 38" (S "3#< 2i2 eEten2 t5e e,?ar:o to -oli4e inve.ti:ation al.o, t5e Court o?.erve2 t5at t5ere ;a. no ;arrant to trun4ate t5e 4on.titutional -rote4tion un2erlBin: Arti4le 20(3)/ It ;a. 5el2 t5at even t5e inve.ti:ation at t5e -oli4e level i. e,?ra4e2 ?B Arti4le 20(3) an2 t5i. i. ;5at -re4i.elB Se4tion 1#1 ,ean./ !5e inter-retation .o -la4e2 on Arti4le 20(3) an2 Se4tion 1#1, in t5e ;or2. o3 t5e learne2 Ju2:e, M?rin:. u. nearer to t5e ,i!anda ,antle o3 eE4lu.ion ;5i45 eEten2. t5e ri:5t a:ain.t .el31in4ri,ination, to -oli4e eEa,ination an2 4u.to2ial interro:ation an2 ta=e. in .u.-e4t. a. ,u45 a. re:ular a44u.e2 -er.on.M/ !5e o?.ervation. in ,.P. Sha!ma v. Satish Chand!a *A$(CSCC0018C195" to t5e e33e4t t5at Mt5e -rote4tion a33or2e2 to an a44u.e2 in.o3ar a. it i. relate2 to t5e -5ra.e >to ?e a ;itne..> i. not ,erelB in re.-e4t o3 te.ti,onial 4o,-ul.ion in t5e Court roo, ?ut ,aB ;ell eEten2 to 4o,-elle2 te.ti,onB -reviou.lB o?taine2 3ro, 5i,M ;ere 4ite2 ;it5 a--roval/ In t5e .a,e Ju2:,ent, ;e 3in2 lu4i2 eE-o.ition o3 t5e ;i2t5 an2 4ontent o3 Arti4le 22(1)/ Ari.5na IBer, J/ o?.erve21 M///!5e .-irit an2 .en.e o3 Arti4le 22(1) i. t5at it i. 3un2a,ental to t5e rule o3 la; t5at t5e .ervi4e. o3 a la;Ber .5all ?e availa?le 3or 4on.ultation to anB a44u.e2 -er.on un2er 4ir4u,.tan4e. o3 near1 4u.to2ial interro:ation/ *oreover, t5e o?.ervan4e o3 t5e ri:5t a:ain.t .el31in4ri,ination i. ?e.t -ro,ote2 ?B 4on4e2in: to t5e a44u.e2 t5e ri:5t to 4on.ult a le:al -ra4titioner o3 5i. 45oi4e/M Arti4le 22(1) ;a. vie;e2 to ?e 4o,-le,entarB to Arti4le 20(3)/ It ;a. %?.erve21M;e t5in= t5at Arti4le 20(3) an2 Arti4le 22(1) ,aB, in a ;aB, ?e tele.4o-e2 ?B ,a=in: it -ru2ent 3or t5e -oli4e to -er,it t5e a2vo4ate o3 t5e a44u.e2, i3 t5ere ?e one to ?e -re.ent at t5e ti,e 5e i. eEa,ine2M/ It ;a. -ointe2 out t5at la;Ber>. -re.en4e, in t5e 4onteEt o3 Arti4le 20(3), Mi. an a..uran4e o3 a;arene.. an2 o?.ervan4e o3 t5e ri:5t to .ilen4eM/ It ;a. t5en 4lari3ie21M;e 2o not laB 2o;n t5at t5e -oli4e ,u.t .e4ure t5e .ervi4e. o3 a la;Ber/// ?ut all t5at ;e ,ean i. t5at i3 an a44u.e2 -er.on eE-re..e. t5e ;i.5 to 5ave 5i. la;Ber ?B 5i. .i2e ;5en 5i. eEa,ination :oe. on, t5i. 3a4ilitB .5all not ?e 2enie2M, ;it5out ?ein: eE-o.e2 to t5e 45ar:e o3 .e4urin: involuntarB .el31in4ri,ination/ It ;a. al.o 4lari3ie2 t5at t5e -oli4e nee2 not ;ait ,ore t5an 3or a rea.ona?le ;5ile 3or an a2vo4ate>. arrival/ @ut t5eB ,u.t invaria?lB ;arn1an2 re4or2 t5at 3a4t a?out t5e ri:5t to .ilen4e/ It ;a. a-tlB an2 :ra-5i4allB .ai21MArti4le 20(3) i. not a -a-er ti:er ?ut a -rovi.ion to -oli4e t5e -oli4e an2 to .ilen4e 4oer4e2 4ri,inationM/ @a.e2 on t5e o?.ervation. in )adini Satpathy's 4a.e, it i. -o..i?le to a:ree t5at t5e 4on.titutional :uarantee un2er Arti4le 22(1) onlB i,-lie. t5at t5e .u.-e4t in t5e -oli4e 4u.to2B .5all not ?e 2enie2 t5e ri:5t to ,eet an2 4on.ult 5i. la;Ber even at t5e .ta:e o3 interro:ation/ In ot5er ;or2., i3 5e ;i.5e. to 5ave t5e -re.en4e o3 t5e la;Ber, 5e .5all not ?e 2enie2 t5at o--ortunitB/ )er5a-., )andini Satpathy 2oe. not :o .o 3ar a. ,i!anda in e.ta?li.5in: a44e.. to la;Ber at interro:ation .ta:e/ @ut, Se4tion 52(2) o3 )%!A ,a=e. u- t5i. 2e3i4ien4B/ It :oe. a .te- 3urt5er an2 4a.t. an i,-erative on t5e -oli4e o33i4er to in3or, t5e -er.on arre.te2 o3 5i. ri:5t to 4on.ult a le:al -ra4titioner, .oon a3ter 5e i. ?rou:5t to t5e -oli4e .tation/ !5u., t5e -oli4e o33i4er i. ?oun2 to a--ri.e t5e arre.te2 -er.on o3 5i. ri:5t to 4on.ult t5e la;Ber/ !o t5at eEtent, Se4tion 52(2) a33or2. an a22itional .a3e:uar2 to t5e -er.on in 4u.to2B/ Se4tion 52(2) i. 3oun2e2 on t5e ,I(A)DA rule/ A 2i.4u..ion on t5e rai.on 2>etre an2 t5e 2e.ira?ilitB o3 t5e -rovi.ion ena4te2 in Se4tion 52(1) rea2 ;it5 Se4tion 52(") 4an ?e.t ?e un2er.too2 ?B re3errin: to t5e .e,inal 4a.e o3 ,i!anda v. A!i/ona ;5i45 i. an o3t1quote2 2e4i.ion/ !5e -rivile:e a:ain.t t5e .el31in4ri,ination ;a. eE-re..lB -rote4te2 ?B t5e 6 a,en2,ent o3 t5e (/S/ Con.titution/ It -rovi2e., a. Arti4le 20(3) o3 In2ian Con.titution -rovi2e., t5at no -er.on///M .5all ?e 4o,-elle2 in anB 4ri,inal 4a.e to ?e a ;itne.. a:ain.t 5i,.el3M/ Su45 -rivile:e lie. at t5e 5eart o3 t5e 4on4e-t o3 a 3air -ro4e2ure an2 .u45 nor, i. no; re4o:niGe2 to ?e an international .tan2ar2/ !5e 6 a,en2,ent al.o :uarantee. a ri:5t a=in to Arti4le 21 o3 our Con.titution ?B en7oinin: t5at no -er.on .5all ?e 2e-rive2 o3 li3e, li?ertB or -ro-ertB ;it5out 2ue -ro4e.. o3 la;/ Anot5er nota?le .a3e:uar2 to t5e a44u.e2 i. to ?e 3oun2 in t5e 6I a,en2,ent ;5i45 inter alia -rovi2e. t5at in a 4ri,inal -ro.e4ution, t5e a44u.e2 .5all 5ave t5e a..i.tan4e o3 4oun.el 3or 5i. 2e3en4e/ !5e .a3e:uar2 i. .u?.tantiallB .i,ilar to Arti4le 22(1) o3 t5e In2ian Con.titution/ It i. in t5e 4onteEt o3 eE-o.ition o3 t5e.e 4on.titutional -rovi.ion. t5at t5e (/S/ Su-re,e Court 5an2e2 2o;n t5e .i:ni3i4ant rulin: in *iran2a/ !5e 4ore -rin4i-le. un2er.4ore2 in ,i!anda 5ave ;it5.too2 t5e 7u2i4ial .4rutinB in t5e .u?.equent rulin:., t5ou:5 t5e .trai:5t 7a4=ete2 ;arnin: -ro4e2ure. an2 t5e e33e4t o3 te45ni4al non14o,-lian4e o3 ,i!anda -ro4e2ure. evo=e2 4riti4al 4o,,ent. an2 .et a -ro4e.. o3 2e?ate/ ,i!anda i. o3ten re3erre2 to a. Mt5e ,arria:e o3 t5e 6J6I a,en2,ent.M an2 it i. .een a. t5e natural out:ro;t5 o3 6 A,en2,ent :uarantee., .-rea2 over a 4enturB or ,ore/ )rior to ,i!anda rulin:, 4on3e..ion. ;ere onlB require2 to ,eet t5e >voluntarine..> te.t/ In t5e -o.t ,i!anda era, -oli4e 5ave to -rove t5at t5eB rea2 .-e4i3i4 ,i!anda ;arnin:. an2 o?taine2 an >intelli:ent ;aiver>/ !5e -ur-o.e o3 ,i!anda it i. .ai2, i. to neutraliGe t5e 2i.tin4t -.B45olo:i4al 2i.a2vanta:e t5at .u.-e4t. are un2er ;5en 2ealin: ;it5 -oli4e/ !5e -ro-o.ition lai2 2o;n in t5e ,a7oritB o-inion in ,i!anda 4a.e ;a. t5at Mt5e -ro.e4ution ,aB not u.e .tate,ent., ;5et5er eE4ul-atorB or in4ul-atorB, .te,,in: 3ro, 4u.to2ial interro:ation o3 t5e 2e3en2ant unle.. it 2e,on.trate. t5e u.e o3 -ro4e2ural .a3e:uar2. e33e4tive to .e4ure t5e -rivile:e a:ain.t .el31 in4ri,inationM/ !o en.ure t5t t5e eEer4i.e o3 t5e ri:5t ;ill ?e .4ru-ulou.lB 5onoure2, t5e Court lai2 2o;n t5e 3ollo;in: ,ea.ure.:

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M&e ,u.t ?e ;arne2 -rior to anB que.tionin: t5at 5e 5a. t5e ri:5t to re,ain .ilent, t5at anBt5in: 5e .aB. 4an ?e u.e2 a:ain.t 5i, in a Court o3 la;, t5at 5e 5a. t5e ri:5t to t5e -re.en4e o3 an attorneB, an2 t5at i3 5e 4annot a33or2 an attorneB one ;ill ?e a--ointe2 3or 5i, -rior to anB que.tionin: i3 5e .o 2e.ire./ %--ortunitB to eEer4i.e t5e.e ri:5t. ,u.t ?e a33or2e2 to 5i, t5rou:5out t5e interro:ation/ A3ter .u45 ;arnin:. 5ave ?een :iven, an2 .u45 o--ortunitB a33or2e2 5i,, t5e in2ivi2ual ,aB =no;in:lB an2 intelli:entlB ;aive t5e.e ri:5t. an2 a:ree to an.;er que.tion. or ,a=e a .tate,ent/ @ut unle.. an2 until .u45 ;arnin:. an2 ;aiver are 2e,on.trate2 ?B t5e -ro.e4ution at trial, no evi2en4e o?taine2 a. a re.ult o3 interro:ation 4an ?e u.e2 a:ain.t 5i,M/ %n t5e 4ontent o3 t5e ri:5t to 4on.ult a 4oun.el not ,erelB at t5e .ta:e o3 trial, ?ut al.o at t5e interro:ation .ta:e, C5ie3 Ju.ti4e Farren o?.erve2 t5u.: MIn or2er 3ullB to a--ri.e a -er.on interro:ate2 o3 t5e eEtent o3 5i. ri:5t. un2er t5i. .B.te, t5en, it i. ne4e..arB to ;arn 5i, not onlB t5at 5e 5a. t5e ri:5t to 4on.ult ;it5 an attorneB, ?ut al.o t5at i3 5e i. in2i:ent a la;Ber ;ill ?e a--ointe2 to re-re.ent 5i,/ Fit5out t5i. a22itional ;arnin:, t5e a2,onition o3 t5e ri:5t to 4on.ult ;it5 4oun.el ;oul2 o3ten ?e un2er.too2 a. ,eanin: onlB t5at 5e 4an 4on.ult ;it5 a la;Ber i3 5e 5a. one or 5a. t5e 3un2. to o?tain one/ !5e ;arnin: o3 a ri:5t to 4oun.el ;oul2 ?e 5ollo; i3 not 4ou45e2 in ter,. t5at ;oul2 4onveB to t5e in2i:ent1t5e -er.on ,o.t o3ten .u?7e4te2 to interro:ation1t5e =no;le2:e t5at 5e too 5a. a ri:5t to 5ave 4oun.el -re.ent/M At t5e .a,e ti,e it ;a. 4lari3ie21 M!5i. 2oe. not ,ean, a. .o,e 5ave .u::e.te2, t5at ea45 -oli4e .tation ,u.t 5ave a M.tation 5ou.e la;BerM -re.ent at all ti,e. to a2vi.e -ri.oner./ It 2oe. ,ean, 5o;ever, t5at i3 -oli4e -ro-o.e to interro:ate a -er.on, t5eB ,u.t ,a=e =no;n to 5i, t5at 5e i. entitle2 to a la;Ber an2 t5at i3 5e 4annot a33or2 one, a la;Ber ;ill ?e -rovi2e2 3or 5i, -rior to anB interro:ation/M It ;a. a-tlB -ointe2 out t5at Mt5e ,o2ern -ra4ti4e o3 >in 4u.to2B interro:ation> i. -.B45olo:i4allB rat5er t5an -5B.i4allB oriente2M/ $o; t5e que.tion re,ain. a. to ;5at i. t5e e33e4t o3 non14o,-lian4e o3 t5e o?li:ation. 4a.t on t5e -oli4e o33i4er ?B .u?1Se4tion. (2) to (") o3 Se4tion 52/ !5i. que.tion ?e4o,e. relevant a. ;e 3in2 t5e non o?.ervan4e o3 t5e require,ent. o3 .u?1Se4tion (2) rea2 ;it5 .u?1Se4tion (") a. ;ell a. .u?1 Se4tion (3) or one o3 t5e, in t5e in.tant 4a.e./ oe. it 5ave a ?earin: on t5e voluntarine.. an2 a2,i..i?ilitB o3 t5e 4on3e..ion re4or2e2 un2er Se4tion 32(1)P S5oul2 t5e.e .a3e:uar2. envi.a:e2 in Se4tion 52(1) ?e tele.4o-e2 into Se4tion 32P !5e.e are t5e que.tion. ;5i45 ari.e/ In our 4on.i2ere2 vie;, t5e violation o3 -ro4e2ural .a3e:uar2. un2er Se4tion 52 2oe. not .tan2 on t5e .a,e 3ootin: a. t5e violation o3 t5e require,ent. o3 .u?1Se4tion. (2) to (5) o3 Se4tion 32/ A. alrea2B o?.erve2, .u?1Se4tion. (2) to (5) o3 Se4tion 32 5ave an inte:ral an2 in.e-ara?le 4onne4tion ;it5 t5e 4on3e..ion re4or2e2 un2er Se4tion 32(1)/ !5eB are 2e.i:ne2 to ?e 45e4=. a:ain.t involuntarB 4on3e..ion. an2 to -rovi2e an i,,e2iate re,e2B to t5e -er.on ,a=in: t5e 4on3e..ion to air 5i. :rievan4e ?e3ore a 7u2i4ial aut5oritB/ !5e.e .a3e:uar2. are, .o to .aB, ;oven into t5e 3a?ri4 o3 Se4tion 32 it.el3 an2 t5eir o?.ervan4e i. .o vital t5at t5e ?rea45 t5ereo3 ;ill nor,allB re.ult in e.45e;in: t5e 4on3e..ion 3ro, 4on.i2eration, .u?7e4t to ;5at ;e 5ave .ai2 a?out t5e 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B/ !5e -re.4ri-tion. un2er Se4tion 52, e.-e4iallB t5o.e a33or2in: an o--ortunitB to 5ave t5e -re.en4e o3 t5e le:al -ra4titioner, are no 2ou?t .u--le,ental .a3e:uar2. a. t5eB ;ill -ro,ote t5e :uarantee a:ain.t .el31in4ri,ination even at t5e .ta:e o3 interro:ationD ?ut t5e.e require,ent. lai2 2o;n in Se4tion 52 4annot ?e -ro7e4te2 into Se4tion 32 .o a. to rea2 all o3 t5e, a. 4on.titutin: a 4o2e o3 .a3e:uar2. o3 t5e .a,e ,a:nitu2e/ !o 5ol2 t5at t5e violation o3 ea45 one o3 t5e .a3e:uar2. envi.a:e2 ?B Se4tion 52 ;oul2 lea2 to auto,ati4 invali2ation o3 4on3e..ion ;oul2 not ?e in 4on.onan4e ;it5 t5e in5erent nature an2 .45e,e o3 t5e re.-e4tive -rovi.ion./ &o;ever, ;e ;oul2 li=e to ,a=e it 4lear t5at t5e 2enial o3 t5e .a3e:uar2. un2er .u?1Se4tion. (2) to (") o3 Se4tion 52 ;ill ?e one o3 t5e relevant 3a4tor. t5at ;oul2 ;ei:5 ;it5 t5e Court to a4t u-on or 2i.4ar2 t5e 4on3e..ion/ !o t5i. eEtent t5eB -laB a role vi.1S1vi. t5e 4on3e..ion. re4or2e2 un2er Se4tion 32, ?ut t5eB are not a. 4lin45in: a. t5e -rovi.ion. 4ontaine2 in .u?1Se4tion. (2) to (5) o3 Se4tion 32/ 18/ CASE %+ *%& / A+KAL (A1) (i) Le:al A..i.tan4e : !5e 3ir.t -oint rai.e2 ?B *r/ Su.5il Au,ar, a--earin: 3or t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal, ;a. t5at 5e ;a. 2enie2 -ro-er le:al ai2, t5ere?B 2e-rivin: 5i, o3 e33e4tive 2e3en4e in t5e 4our.e o3 trial/ In .u, an2 .u?.tan4e, t5e 4ontention i. t5at t5e 4oun.el a--ointe2 ?B t5e Court a. >a,i4u. 4uriae> to ta=e 4are o3 5i. 2e3en4e ;a. t5ru.t on 5i, a:ain.t 5i. ;ill an2 t5e 3ir.t a,i4u. a--ointe2 ,a2e 4on4e..ion. ;it5 re:ar2 to t5e a2,i..ion o3 4ertain 2o4u,ent. an2 3ra,in: o3 45ar:e. ;it5out 5i. =no;le2:e/ It i. 3urt5er .u?,itte2 t5at t5e 4oun.el ;5o 4on2u4te2 t5e trial 2i2 not 2ili:entlB 4ro..1 eEa,ine t5e ;itne..e./ It i., t5ere3ore, 4onten2e2 t5at 5i. valua?le ri:5t o3 le:al ai2 3lo;in: 3ro, Arti4le. 21 an2 22 i. violate2/ Fe 3in2 no .u?.tan4e in t5i. 4ontention/ !5e learne2 trial Ju2:e 2i2 5i. ?e.t to a33or2 e33e4tive le:al ai2 to t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal ;5en 5e 2e4line2 to en:a:e a 4oun.el on 5i. o;n/ Fe are una?le to 5ol2 t5at t5e learne2 4oun.el
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;5o 2e3en2e2 t5e a44u.e2 at t5e trial ;a. eit5er ineE-erien4e2 or ine33e4tive or ot5er;i.e 5an2le2 t5e 4a.e in a 4a.ual ,anner/ !5e 4riti4i., a:ain.t t5e 4oun.el .ee,. to ?e an a3ter t5ou:5t rai.e2 at t5e a--ellate .ta:e/ It ;a. ri:5tlB ne:ative2 ?B t5e &i:5 Court/ Co,in: to t5e .-e4i3i4 2etail., in t5e 3ir.t in.tan4e, ;5en A3Gal alon: ;it5 ot5er a44u.e2 ;a. -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore t5e .-e4ial Ju2:e, 5e ;a. o33ere2 t5e a..i.tan4e o3 a 4oun.el/ %ne *r/ Attar Ala, ;a. a--ointe2/ &o;ever, t5e .ai2 a2vo4ate ;a. not ;illin: to a4t a. a,i4u./ %n 1"/5/2002, t5e 45ar:e .5eet ;a. 3ile2 in t5e Court/ %n 10/5/2002, t5e trial Ju2:e a--ointe2 *./ See,a 'ulati ;5o a:ree2 to 2e3en2 A3Gal/ S5e 3ile2 6a=alatna,a alon: ;it5 5er 7unior *r/ $eera7 @an.al on t5e .a,e 2aB on ?e5al3 o3 t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal/ %n 3/#/2002, t5e ar:u,ent. on 45ar:e. ;ere 5ear2/ A3Gal ;a. re-re.ente2 ?B *./ See,a 'ulati/ !5e 4oun.el 4on4e2e2 t5at t5ere ;a. -ri,a 3a4ie ,aterial to 3ra,e 45ar:e./ !5e Court 3ra,e2 45ar:e. a:ain.t all t5e a44u.e2 on "/#/2002 an2 t5e a44u.e2 -lea2e2 not :uiltB/ !rue, t5e a--ellant ;a. ;it5out 4oun.el till 10/5/2002 ?ut t5e 3a4t re,ain. t5at till t5en, no -ro4ee2in:. eE4e-t eEten2in: t5e re,an2 an2 3urni.5in: o3 2o4u,ent. too= -la4e in t5e Court/ !5e neEt 2ate ;5i45 2e.erve. ,ention i. 5/#/2002/ %n t5at 2ate, all t5e 4oun.el a--earin: 3or t5e a44u.e2 a:ree2 t5at -o.t,orte, re-ort., *LC., 2o4u,ent. relate2 to re4overB o3 :un. an2 eE-lo.ive .u?.tan4e. at t5e .-ot .5oul2 ?e 4on.i2ere2 a. un2i.-ute2 evi2en4e ;it5out 3or,al -roo3 ;5i45 re.ulte2 in 2ro--in: o3 4on.i2era?le nu,?er o3 ;itne..e. 3or t5e -ro.e4ution/ !5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el 3or t5e a--ellant ?B re3errin: to t5e a--li4ation 3ile2 ?B *./ See,a 'ulati on 1/0/2002 .ee=in: 5er 2i.45ar:e 3ro, t5e 4a.e, 5i:5li:5t. t5e 3a4t t5at .5e too= no in.tru4tion. 3ro, A3Gal or 2i.4u..e2 t5e 4a.e ;it5 5i, an2 t5ere3ore no 4on4e..ion .5oul2 5ave ?een ,a2e ?B 5er/ !5e 4ontention 5a. no 3or4e/ A..u,in: t5at t5e 4oun.el>. .tate,ent t5at .5e too= no in.tru4tion. 3ro, t5e a44u.e2 i. 4orre4t, even t5en t5ere i. not5in: ;ron: in t5e 4on2u4t o3 t5e a2vo4ate in a:reein: 3or a2,i..ion o3 3or,al 2o4u,ent. ;it5out 3or,al -roo3 or in a:reein: 3or t5e 3ra,in: o3 45ar:e./ !5e 4oun.el 5a2 eEer4i.e2 5er 2i.4retion rea.ona?lB/ !5e a--ellant a44u.e2 2i2 not o?7e4t to t5i. 4our.e a2o-te2 ?B t5e a,i4u. t5rou:5out t5e trial/ $o 2ou?t, .o,e o3 t5e 2o4u,ent. a2,itte2 4ontaine2 -arti4ular. o3 i2enti3i4ation o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. ?B t5e a--ellant A3Gal, ?ut, t5e 3a4tu, o3 i2enti3i4ation ;a. in2e-en2entlB -rove2 ?B t5e -ro.e4ution ;itne..e. an2 o--ortunitB o3 4ro..1 eEa,ination ;a. availa?le to t5e a44u.e2/ In t5e 4ir4u,.tan4e., ;e 4annot .aB t5at t5ere ;a. a rea.ona?le -o..i?ilitB o3 -re7u2i4e on a44ount o3 a2,i..ion o3 t5e .ai2 2o4u,ent. ;it5out 3or,al -roo3/ Co,in: to t5e neEt -5a.e o3 2evelo-,ent, on 1/0/2002, *./ See,a 'ulati 3ile2 an a--li4ation -raBin: 3or 5er 2i.45ar:e 3ro, t5e 4a.e 4itin: a 4uriou. rea.on t5at .5e 5a2 ?een en:a:e2 ?B anot5er a44u.e2 'ilani to a--ear on 5i. ?e5al3/ An or2er ;a. -a..e2 on 2/0/2002 relea.in: 5er 3ro, t5e 4a.e/ *r/ $eera7 @an.al ;5o 3ile2 6a=alat alon: ;it5 *./ See,a 'ulati ;a. t5en no,inate2 a. a,i4u. to 2e3en2 A3Gal an2 t5e ?rie3 ;a. 5an2e2 over to 5i,/ $% o?7e4tion ;a. rai.e2 ?B A3Gal on t5at o44a.ion/ In.-e4tion o3 re4or2 ?B t5e 4oun.el ;a. allo;e2 on 3/0/2002 an2 on .u?.equent o44a.ion./ %n 8/0/2002, t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal 3ile2 a -etition .tatin: t5erein t5at 5e ;a. not .ati.3ie2 ;it5 t5e 4oun.el a--ointe2 ?B t5e Court an2 t5at 5e nee2e2 t5e .ervi4e. o3 a .enior a2vo4ate/ &e na,e2 3our a2vo4ate. in t5e -etition an2 reque.te2 t5e Court to a--oint one o3 t5e,/ %n 12 t5 JulB, t5e trial Ju2:e re4or2e2 t5at t5e 4oun.el na,e2 ?B t5e a44u.e2 ;ere not ;illin: to ta=e u- t5e 4a.e/ *r/ $eera7 @an.al ;a. t5ere3ore 4ontinue2 e.-e4iallB in vie; o3 t5e 3a4t t5at 5e 5a2 eE-erien4e o3 2ealin: ;it5 !A A 4a.e./ A3Gal ;a. al.o :iven t5e o--ortunitB to 4ro..1 eEa,ine t5e -ro.e4ution ;itne..e. in a22ition to t5e a,i4u./ In 3a4t, 5e 2i2 avail o3 t5at o--ortunitB no; an2 t5en/ %n .everal o44a.ion., t5ere ;a. 4o,,on 4ro..1eEa,ination on ?e5al3 o3 all t5e a44u.e2/ $o in2i4ia o3 a--arent -re7u2i4e, i. 2i.4erni?le 3ro, t5e ,anner in ;5i45 t5e 4a.e ;a. 2e3en2e2/ !5ou:5 t5e o?7e4tion t5at 5e ;a. not .ati.3ie2 ;it5 5i. 4oun.el ;a. reiterate2 on 12/0/02 a3ter )F15 ;a. 4ro.. eEa,ine2, ;e 2o not t5in= t5at t5e Court .5oul2 2i.lo2:e t5e 4oun.el an2 :o on .ear45in: 3or .o,e ot5er 4oun.el to t5e li=in: o3 t5e a44u.e2/ !5e ri:5t to le:al ai2 4annot ?e ta=en t5u. 3ar/ It i. not 2e,on.trate2 ?e3ore u. a. to 5o; t5e 4a.e ;a. ,i.5an2le2 ?B t5e a2vo4ate a--ointe2 a. a,i4u. eE4e-t -ointin: out .traB in.tan4e. -ertainin: to 4ro..1 eEa,ination o3 one or t;o ;itne..e./ !5e verB 2e4i.ion relie2 u-on ?B t5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e a--ellant, na,elB, St!ickland v. -ashington 9"## (S ##8< ,a=e. it 4lear t5at 7u2i4ial .4rutinB o3 a 4oun.el>. -er3or,an4e ,u.t ?e 4are3ul, 2e3erential an2 4ir4u,.-e4t a. t5e :roun2 o3 ine33e4tive a..i.tan4e 4oul2 ?e ea.ilB rai.e2 a3ter an a2ver.e ver2i4t at t5e trial/ It ;a. o?.erve2 t5erein: MJu2i4ial .4rutinB o3 4oun.el>. -er3or,an4e ,u.t ?e 5i:5lB 2e3erential/ It i. all too te,-tin: 3or a 2e3en2ant to .e4on21 :ue.. 4oun.el>. a..i.tan4e a3ter 4onvi4tion or a2ver.e .enten4e, an2 it i. all too ea.B 3or a 4ourt, eEa,inin: 4oun.el>. 2e3en4e a3ter it 5a. -rove2 un.u44e..3ul, to 4on4lu2e t5at a -arti4ular a4t o3 o,i..ion o3 4oun.el ;a. unrea.ona?le/ Cf. Engle v. Isaac 9"5# (S 100, 133113"< (1982)/ A 3air a..e..,ent o3 attorneB -er3or,an4e require. t5at everB e33ort ?e ,a2e to eli,inate t5e 2i.tortin: e33e4t. ?o3 5in2.i:5t, to re4on.tru4t t5e 4ir4u,.tan4e. o3 4oun.el>. 45allen:e2 4on2u4t, an2 to evaluate t5e 4on2u4t 3ro, 4oun.el>. -er.-e4tive at t5e ti,e/ @e4au.e o3 t5e 2i33i4ultie. in5erent in ,a=in: t5e evaluation, a 4ourt ,u.t in2ul:e in a .tron: -re.u,-tion t5at 4oun.el>. 4on2u4t 3all. ;it5in t5e ;i2e ran:e o3 rea.ona?le -ro3e..ional a..i.tan4eD ///M !5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el 3or t5e State *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,niu, 5a. 3urni.5e2 a ta?le in2i4atin: t5e 4ro.. eEa,ination o3 ,aterial -ro.e4ution ;itne..e. ?B t5e 4oun.el *r/ $eera7 @an.al a. AnneEure 1# to t5e ;ritten .u?,i..ion./ !a=in: an overall vie; o3 t5e a..i.tan4e :iven ?B t5e Court an2 t5e -er3or,an4e o3 t5e 4oun.el, it 4annot ?e .ai2 t5at t5e a44u.e2 ;a. 2enie2 t5e 3a4ilitB o3 e33e4tive 2e3en4e/ (ii) Evi2en4e a:ain.t *o52/ A3Gal

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$o; let u. analBGe t5e evi2en4e a:ain.t A3Gal t5at i. .ou:5t to ?e relie2 u-on ?B t5e -ro.e4ution/ It 4on.i.t. o3 4on3e..ional .tate,ent re4or2e2 ?B t5e C), S-e4ial Cell1)F#0 an2 t5e 4ir4u,.tantial evi2en4e/ (iii) Con3e..ion +ir.t, ;e .5all a2vert to t5e 4on3e..ion/ It i. in t5e evi2en4e o3 )F80O Ra7?ir Sin:5 (AC)), S-e4ial Cell t5at 5e too= over inve.ti:ation on 19/12/2001 on ;5i45 2ate t5e o33en4e. un2er )%!A ;ere a22e2/ !5en, 5e 3urt5er interro:ate2 t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal on 20/12/2001 an2 re4or2e2 5i. .u--le,entarB 2i.4lo.ure .tate,entOEEt/ )F#"C3/ A44or2in: to 5i,, t5e t5ree a44u.e2O A3Gal, S5au=at an2 'ilani, eE-re..e2 t5eir 2e.ire to ,a=e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent. ?e3ore t5e e-utB Co,,i..ioner o3 )oli4e/ A44or2in:lB, 5e a--ri.e2 t5e C), S-e4ial Cell ()F#0) o3 t5i. 3a4t/ )F#0 2ire4te2 5i, to -ro2u4e t5e a44u.e2 -er.on. at 'aGette2 %33i4er.> *e.., Ali-ur Roa2, el5i on t5e neEt 2aB/ +ir.t, )F80 -ro2u4e2 'ilani ?e3ore )F#0 at 11/30 a/,/ ?ut 5e 2e4line2 to :ive t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent/ !5en 5e -ro2u4e2 *o52/ A3Gal ?e3ore t5e C), S-e4ial Cell in t5e evenin:/ !5e re4or2in: o3 t5e 4on3e..ion ?B )F#0O C) .tarte2 at 0/10 -, on 21/12/2001 an2 en2e2 at 10/"5 -,/ It i. re4or2e2 in t5e -rea,?le o3 t5e 4on3e..ion t5at 5e 5a2 a.=e2 AC) Ra7?ir Sin:5 to leave t5e roo, an2 a3ter t5at 5e ;arne2 an2 eE-laine2 to t5e a44u.e2 t5at 5e ;a. not ?oun2 to ,a=e t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent an2 t5at i3 5e 2i2 .o, it 4an ?e u.e2 a:ain.t 5i, a. evi2en4e/ !5ereu-on, it ;a. re4or2e2 t5at A3Gal ;a. not un2er anB 2ure.. an2 5e ;a. rea2B to :ive t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent/ !5e .i:nature o3 A3Gal i. 3oun2 ?eneat5 t5at en2or.e,ent/ !5ere i. a re4ital to t5e e33e4t t5at )F#0 ;a. .ati.3ie2 t5at t5e a44u.e2 ;a. not un2er 2ure.. or -re..ure/ )F#0 al.o 2e-o.e2 t5at t5e a44u.e2 ;ere >4o,3orta?le> in En:li.5 lan:ua:e an2 5e =e-t on ;ritin: a. t5eB narrate2 t5eir ver.ion./ &e ()F#0) 2enie2 t5e .u::e.tion t5at A3Gal ;a. not -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore 5i, an2 5e 2i2 not eE-re.. 5i. ;illin:ne.. to ,a=e 4on3e..ion/ !5e C)()F#0) 5an2e2 over a .eale2 envelo-e 4ontainin: t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent. to )F80Ot5e I/%/ ;5o -ro2u4e2 t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal an2 t;o ot5er. ?e3ore t5e A22l/ C5ie3 *etro-olitan *a:i.trate (AC**), el5i on 22/12/2001 to:et5er ;it5 an a--li4ationOEEt/ )F#3C1/ !5e AC** ;a. eEa,ine2 a. )F#3/ !5e AC** .tate2 t5at 5e o-ene2 t5e .eale2 envelo-e 4ontainin: EEt./)F#0C9 J )F#0C# ;5i45 are t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent. o3 A3Gal an2 S5au=at, an2 EEt/)F#0C3 ;5i45 i. t5e .tate,ent o3 'ilani an2 -eru.e2 t5e,/ !5e AC** t5en re4or2e2 t5e .tate,ent. o3 t5e a44u.e2 -er.on./ !5e t;o a44u.e2 A3Gal an2 S5au=at 4on3ir,e2 5avin: ,a2e t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent ;it5out anB t5reat or -re..ure/ !5e -ro4ee2in:. 2ra;n ?B 5i, i. EEt/)F#3C2/ !5e a44u.e2 .i:ne2 t5e .tate,ent. 4on3ir,in: t5e 4on3e..ion ,a2e to t5e C)/ !5e .tate,ent o3 *o52/ A3Gal an2 5i. .i:nature are ,ar=e2 a. EEt./)F#3C5 J #3C#/ )F#3 .tate2 t5at 5e ,a2e enquirie. 3ro, t5e a44u.e2 -er.on. an2 none o3 t5e, ,a2e anB 4o,-laint o3 u.e o3 3or4e or t5reat at t5e ti,e o3 re4or2in: 4on3e..ion/ &e al.o 2e-o.e2 t5at 5e :ave a ;arnin: t5at t5eB ;ere not ?oun2 to ,a=e t5e .tate,ent ?e3ore 5i,/ A .u::e.tion t5at *o52/ A3Gal 2i2 not a--ear ?e3ore 5i, nor 2i2 5e ,a=e t5e .tate,ent, ;a. 2enie2/ !5e AC**, a3ter 2ra;in: u- t5e -ro4ee2in:., .ent t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal to -oli4e 4u.to2B 3or a ;ee= at t5e in.tan4e o3 I/%/1 )F80 3or t5e rea.on t5at 5e ;a. require2 to ?e ta=en to 4ertain -la4e. in Aa.5,ir 3or 3urt5er inve.ti:ation/ Fe .5all no; :ive t5e :i.t o3 t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent o3 *o52/ A3Gal ;5i45 i. EEt/)F#0C9 rea2 ;it5 EEt/)F#0C0/ +ir.t, 5e ,ention. a?out 7oinin: JAL+, a ,ilitant out3it 2urin: t5e Bear 1989190, re4eivin: trainin: in )a= %44u-ie2 Aa.5,ir in in.ur:ent a4tivitie. an2 4o,in: ?a4= to In2ia ;it5 ar,., 5i. arrival in el5i ;it5 5i. 4ou.in S5au=at 3or .tu2ie., 4o,in: into 4onta4t ;it5 SAR 'ilani1A3 ;5ile .tu2Bin: in el5i (niver.itB, .urren2erin: ?e3ore @S+ in 1993 on t5e a2vi4e o3 5i. 3a,ilB ,e,?er., returnin: ?a4= to 5i. native -la4e So-ore an2 2oin: 4o,,i..ion a:en4B ?u.ine.., 4o,in: into 4onta4t ;it5 one !ariq o3 Anantana: at t5at ti,e, ;5o ,otivate2 5i, to 7oin >Ji5a2> 3or li?eration o3 Aa.5,ir an2 a..ure2 5i, o3 3inan4ial a..i.tan4e, !ariq intro2u4in: 5i, to one '5aGi?a?a (-ro4lai,e2 o33en2er) in Aa.5,ir ;5o 3urt5er eE5orte2 5i, to 7oin t5e ,ove,ent an2 a--ri.e2 5i, o3 t5e ,i..ion to 4arrB out atta4=. on i,-ortant in.titution. in In2ia li=e )arlia,ent an2 E,?a..ie. an2 a.=e2 5i, to 3in2 a .a3e 5i2eout 3or t5e >+i2aBeen.> in el5i/ urin: t5at ,eetin:, 5e ;a. intro2u4e2 to *o5a,,e2 an2 &ai2er, )a= national. an2 ,ilitant./ In t5e ,ont5 o3 %4to?er, 2001, 5e ran: u- to S5au=at an2 a.=e2 5i, to rent out a44o,,o2ation 3or 5i,.el3 an2 *o5a,,e2/ In t5e 3ir.t ;ee= o3 $ove,?er, 5e an2 *o5a,,e2 4a,e to el5i/ *o5a,,e2 ?rou:5t ;it5 5i, a la-to- an2 R./50,000/ S5au=at too= t5e, to t5e -re1 arran:e2 a44o,,o2ation in C5ri.tian ColonB @oB.> &o.tel/ &e reveale2 to S5au=at t5at *o5a,,e2 ;a. a )a= ,ilitant o3 Jai.51E1*o5a,,e2 an2 4a,e to el5i to 4arrB out a +i2aBen atta4=/ A3ter a ;ee=, 5e arran:e2 anot5er .a3e 5i2eout at A190, 'an25i 6i5ar/ *o5a,,e2 4olle4te2 ,oneB t5rou:5 >5a;ala> an2 :ave R./5 la=5. to ?e 5an2e2 over to !ariq in Srina:ar/ A44or2in:lB, 5e ;ent to Srina:ar an2 :ave t5e ,oneB to !ariq/ At t5e in.tan4e o3 !ariq, 5e ?rou:5t t;o ot5er ,ilitant. Ra7a an2 &B2er to el5i an2 ?ot5 ;ere a44o,,o2ate2 at t5e 5i2eout in 'an25i 6i5ar/ In or2er to 4o,-lete t5e ta.= a..i:ne2 ?B '5aGi?a?a, 5e alon: ;it5 *o5a,,e2 ;ent to t5e .5o-. in ol2 el5i area an2 -ur45a.e2 #0 A'. o3 A,,oniu, $itrate, 10 A'. o3 Alu,inu, -o;2er, 5 A'. o3 Sul-5er an2 ot5er ite,. in or2er to 3a4ilitate -re-aration o3 eE-lo.ive. ?B *o5a,,e2/ A3ter a ;ee= or .o, *o5a,,e2 :ave anot5er 5 la=5. o3 ru-ee. to ?e 5an2e2 over to !ariq/ !ariq a.=e2 5i, to ta=e alon: ;it5 5i, t;o ot5er ,ilitant., Rana an2 &a,Ga/ !5eB ;ere 4arrBin: t;o 5ol2all. ;5i45 4ontaine2 ri3le. ;it5 loa2e2 ,a:aGine., :rena2e laun45er, -i.tol., 5an2 :rena2e. an2 .5ell., ele4tri4 2etonator. an2 ot5er eE-lo.ive./ !5eB al.o .taBe2 in 'an25i $a:ar 5i2eout initiallB/ A3ter rea45in: el5i, 5e arran:e2 3or anot5er a44o,,o2ation at 281, In2ira 6i5ar/ *o5a,,e2 -ur45a.e2 ,o?ile -5one. an2 SI* 4ar2. 3ro, t5e ,ar=et. an2 re4eive2 2ire4tion. 3ro, '5aGi?a?a 3ro, a .atellite -5one/ &e u.e2 to ,eet S5au=at an2 'ilani an2 ,otivate t5e, 3or Ji5a2/ S5au=at -rovi2e2 5i. ,otor4B4le 3or 4on2u4tin: >re44e>/ *eetin:. ;ere al.o arran:e2 in t5e 5ou.e o3 S5au=at 3or 2e4i2in: 3uture 4our.e o3 a4tion/ In t5o.e ,eetin:., 'ilani an2 S5au=at>. ;i3e A3.an al.o u.e2 to ?e -re.ent/ At t5e ,eetin:., variou. tar:et. .u45 a. el5i A..e,?lB, )arlia,ent, (A J (S E,?a..B an2 Air-ort ;ere 2i.4u..e2/ !5en, a3ter 4on2u4tin: .urveB o3 all t5e tar:et., *o5a,,e2 in3or,e2 '5aGi?a?a t5at t5eB .5oul2 .tri=e at t5e In2ian )arlia,ent/ A 3inal ,eetin: ;a. 5el2 in

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t5e 5ou.e o3 S5au=at in ;5i45 all ;ere -re.ent an2 -lan. 3or atta4= on )arlia,ent &ou.e ;ere 3inaliGe2/ A. -er t5e -lan, 5e alon: ;it5 *o5a,,e2 ;ent to Aarol?a:5 an2 ?ou:5t a .e4on2 5an2 A,?a..a2or 4ar on 11 t5 e4e,?er/ !5eB al.o -ur45a.e2 a ,a:neti4 6I) re2 li:5t/ *o5a,,e2 :ot -re-are2 a .ti4=er o3 *&A an2 i2entitB 4ar2. t5rou:5 5i. la-to-/ *o5a,,e2 an2 ot5er ,ilitant. -re-are2 IE . ;it5 t5e u.e o3 45e,i4al./ !5i. IE ;a. 3itte2 in t5e 4ar 3or 4au.in: eE-lo.ion/ %n t5e ni:5t o3 12/12/2001, 5e alon: ;it5 S5au=at an2 'ilani ;ent to t5e 5i2eout in 'an25i 6i5ar, ;5ere all t5e 3ive )a= ,ilitant. ;ere -re.ent/ *o5a,,e2 :ave 5i, t5e la-to- an2 R./10 la=5./ &e a.=e2 5i, to rea45 t5e la-to- to '5aGi?a?a an2 al.o tol2 5i, t5at R./10 la=5. ;a. ,eant 3or 5i, an2 5i. 3rien2. S5au=at an2 'ilani/ *o5a,,e2 tol2 5i, t5at t5eB ;ere :oin: to 4on2u4t a +i2aBeen atta4= on )arlia,ent &ou.e on 13/12/2001/ !5eB ;ere in tou45 ;it5 ea45 ot5er on ,o?ile -5one./ %n 13/12/2001, 5e re4eive2 a 4all on 5i. ,o?ile $o/ 9811"189"29 3ro, *o5a,,e2>. -5one $o/ 9810#193"5#/ &e ;a. a.=e2 to ;at45 t5e !6 an2 in3or, 5i, a?out t5e -re.en4e o3 variou. 6I). in )arlia,ent &ou.e/ A. t5ere ;a. no ele4tri4itB, 5e 4oul2 not ;at45 !6 an2 t5ere3ore 5e 4onta4te2 S5au=at an2 a.=e2 5i, to ;at45 !6 an2 4onveB t5e in3or,ation/ !5en *o5a,,e2 4alle2 5i, (A3Gal) an2 tol2 5i, t5at 5e ;a. :oin: a5ea2 ;it5 t5e atta4= on t5e )arlia,ent/ &e t5en 4alle2 S5au=at an2 tol2 5i, t5at t5e ,i..ion 5a2 .tarte2/ S5au=at t5en 4a,e an2 ,et 5i, at AGa2-ur ,an2i an2 ?ot5 ;ent to 'ilani>. 5ou.e an2 :ave 5i, R./2 la=5./ 'ilani in turn a.=e2 5i, to :ive t5e ,oneB at 5i. 5ou.e in Aa.5,ir/ !5en 5e an2 S5au=at le3t 3or Srina:ar in S5au=at>. tru4=/ !5eB ;ere a--re5en2e2 ?B t5e Srina:ar -oli4e on 15t5/ !5e -oli4e re4overe2 3ro, t5e, la-to- ;it5 t5e a44e..orie. an2 R./10 la=5./ !5eB ;ere t5en ?rou:5t to el5i an2 at el5i 5e :ot re4overe2 eE-lo.ive. an2 ot5er ,aterial. 3ro, t5e 5i2eout./ !5e 4ru4ial que.tion t5at re,ain. to ?e 4on.i2ere2 i. ;5et5er t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent o3 *o52/ A3Gal re4or2e2 ?B t5e C) ()F 80) 4oul2 ?e .a3elB a4te2 u-on/ Certain 4o,,on 4ontention. a--li4a?le to t5e 4on3e..ion. o3 ?ot5 A3Gal an2 S5au=at ;ere rai.e2 in an atte,-t to 2e,on.trate t5at t5e 4on3e..ion ;oul2 not 5ave ?een true an2 voluntarB/ +ir.tlB, it i. -ointe2 out t5at t5e alle:e2 4on3e..ion ;a. .u?.tantiallB t5e .a,e a. t5e alle:e2 2i.4lo.ure .tate,ent. (EEt./ #"C1 J #"C2) ;5i45 ;ere re4or2e2 on t5e 1# t5 e4e,?er it.el3/ Even t5eir .i:nature. ;ere o?taine2 on t5e.e 2i.4lo.ure .tate,ent./ I3 .o, ;5en t5e a44u.e2 ;ere in4line2 to ,a=e a 3ull13le2:e2 4on3e..ion on t5e 1#t5 e4e,?er an2 ,o.t o3 t5e inve.ti:ation relatin: to 5i2eout. an2 .5o-. an2 t5e re4overB o3 in4ri,inatin: ,aterial. ;a. over ?B t5e neEt 2aB, t5ere ;a. no -er4e-ti?le rea.on ;5B t5e a44u.e2 .5oul2 not 5ave ?een -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore a Ju2i4ial *a:i.trate 3or re4or2in: a 4on3e..ion un2er t5e -rovi.ion. o3 Cr/)/C/ !5e onlB rea.on, a44or2in: to learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e a--ellant., i. t5at t5eB ;ere reallB not -re-are2 to ,a=e t5e 4on3e..ion in a Court an2, t5ere3ore, t5e inve.ti:atin: aut5oritie. 3oun2 t5e in:enuitB o3 a22in: )%!A o33en4e. at t5at .ta:e .o a. to :et t5e 4on3e..ion re4or2e2 ?B a )oli4e o33i4er a44or2in: to t5e ;i.5e. o3 t5e inve.ti:ator./ It i. al.o .u?,itte2 t5at it i. 5i:5lB in4re2i?le t5at A3Gal, ;5o i. a .urren2ere2 ,ilitant, an2 ;5o i. alle:e2 to 5ave ,aintaine2 4lo.e 4onta4t ;it5 5ar214ore terrori.t., 4oul2 5ave, i,,e2iatelB a3ter t5e arre.t ?B -oli4e, 2evelo-e2 a 3eelin: o3 re-entan4e an2 4o,e 3or;ar2 voluntarilB to ,a=e a 4on3e..ion i,-li4atin: 5i,.el3 an2 ot5er. in4lu2in: a la2B ;5o 5a2 not5in: to 2o ;it5 t5e terrori.t./ Anot5er 4o,,ent ,a2e i. t5at t5e alle:e2 ,eetin:. at S5au=at>. -la4e to 2i.4u.. an2 3inaliGe t5e -lan. to atta4= )arlia,ent ;it5 -er.on. ;5o.e a2vi4e or a..o4iation 5a2 not5in: or little to 2o ;it5 t5e eEe4ution o3 4on.-ira4B i. a 5i:5lB i,-ro?a?le event/ !5e terrori.t. ;5o 4a,e to el5i on a 7idyaeen ,i..ion ;it5 a .et -ur-o.e 4oul2 not 5ave t5ou:5t o3 :oin: a?out 5ere an2 t5ere to evolve t5e .trate:ie. an2 -lan. ;it5 -er.on. li=e 'ilani an2 $av7ot (S5au=at>. ;i3e), ri.=in: unne4e..arB -u?li4itB/ It ;a. not a natural, -ro?a?le or rea.ona?le 4on2u4t/ It i. al.o 4onten2e2 t5at t5e lan:ua:e an2 tenor o3 t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent :ive. enou:5 in2i4ation t5at it ;a. not ;ritten to t5e 2i4tation o3 a--ellant., ?ut it ;a. a tailor ,a2e .tate,ent o3 ;5i45 t5eB 5a2 no =no;le2:e/ !5ou:5 t5e.e ar:u,ent. are -lau.i?le an2 -er.ua.ive, it i. not ne4e..arB to re.t our 4on4lu.ion on t5e.e -ro?a?ilitie./ Fe ,aB al.o re3er to t5e 4ontention a2van4e2 ?B S5ri Ra, Jet5,alani, learne2 .enior 4oun.el a--earin: 3or SAR 'ilani ;it5 re3eren4e to t5e 4on3e..ion o3 A3Gal/ S5ri Jet5,alani 4onten2e2 t5at A3Gal in t5e 4our.e o3 5i. intervie; ;it5 t5e !6 an2 ot5er ,e2ia re-re.entative., a 2aB -rior to re4or2in: o3 a 4on3e..ion ?e3ore t5e C), ;5ile 4on3e..in: to t5e 4ri,e, a?.olve2 'ilani o3 5i. 4o,-li4itB in t5e 4on.-ira4B/ A 4a..ette (EEt/ F"CA) ;a. -ro2u4e2 a. t5e evi2en4e o3 5i. tal=/ F1", a re-orter o3 Aa7 !a= !6 45annel ;a. eEa,ine2/ It .5o;. t5at A3Gal ;a. -re..uriGe2 to i,-li4ate 'ilani in t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent, a44or2in: to t5e learne2 4oun.el/ It i. 3urt5er 4onten2e2 ?B S5ri Jet5,alani t5at t5e .tate,ent o3 A3Gal in t5e 4our.e o3 ,e2ia intervie; i. relevant an2 a2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 11 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ Learne2 4oun.el 3or A3Gal, S5ri Su.5il Au,ar 2i2 not .ail ;it5 S5ri Jet5,alani on t5i. -oint, realiGin: t5e i,-li4ation. o3 a2,i..ion o3 t5e .tate,ent. o3 A3Gal ?e3ore t5e !6 an2 -re.. on 5i. 4ul-a?ilitB/ &o;ever, at one .ta:e 5e 2i2 ar:ue t5at t5e i,-li4ation o3 'ilani in t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent 4on3li4t. ;it5 t5e .tate,ent ,a2e ?B 5i, to t5e ,e2ia an2 t5ere3ore t5e 4on3e..ion i. not true/ Fe are o3 t5e vie; t5at t5e tal= ;5i45 A3Gal 5a2 ;it5 !6 an2 -re.. re-orter. a2,itte2lB in t5e i,,e2iate -re.en4e o3 t5e -oli4e an2 ;5ile 5e ;a. in -oli4e 4u.to2B, .5oul2 not ?e relie2 u-on irre.-e4tive o3 t5e 3a4t ;5et5er t5e .tate,ent ;a. ,a2e to a )oli4e %33i4er ;it5in t5e ,eanin: o3 Se4tion 1#2 Cr/)/C/ or not/ Fe are not -re-are2 to atta45 anB ;ei:5t or 4re2i?ilitB to t5e .tate,ent. ,a2e in t5e 4our.e o3 .u45 intervie; -re1arran:e2 ?B t5e -oli4e/ !5e -oli4e o33i4ial. in t5eir over1 Gealou.ne.. arran:e2 3or a ,e2ia intervie; ;5i45 5a. evo=e2 .eriou. 4o,,ent. 3ro, t5e 4oun.el a?out t5e ,anner in ;5i45 -u?li4itB ;a. .ou:5t to ?e :iven t5ere?B/ In4i2entallB, ;e ,aB ,ention t5at )F#01t5e C), ;5o ;a. .u-ervi.in: t5e inve.ti:ation, .ur-ri.in:lB eE-re..e2 5i. i:noran4e a?out t5e ,e2ia intervie;/ Fe t5in= t5at t5e ;ron: .te- ta=en ?B t5e -oli4e .5oul2 not enure to t5e ?ene3it or 2etri,ent o3 eit5er t5e -ro.e4ution or t5e a44u.e2/

"0

(iv) )ro4e2ural Sa3e:uar2.1Co,-lian4e: $o; ;e loo= to t5e 4on3e..ion 3ro, ot5er an:le., e.-e4iallB 3ro, t5e -oint o3 vie; o3 in1?uilt -ro4e2ural .a3e:uar2. in Se4tion 32 an2 t5e ot5er .a3e:uar2. 4ontaine2 in Se4tion 52/ It i. 4onten2e2 ?B t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, t5at t5e C) ?e3ore re4or2in: t5e 4on3e..ion, :ave t5e .tatutorB ;arnin: an2 t5en re4or2e2 t5e 4on3e..ion at a -la4e a;aB 3ro, t5e -oli4e .tation, :ave a 3e; ,inute. ti,e 3or re3le4tion an2 onlB on ?ein: .ati.3ie2 t5at t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal volunteere2 to ,a=e 4on3e..ion in an at,o.-5ere 3ree 3ro, t5reat or in2u4e,ent t5at 5e -ro4ee2e2 to re4or2 t5e 4on3e..ion to t5e 2i4tation o3 A3Gal/ !5ere3ore, it i. .u?,itte2 t5at t5ere ;a. -er3e4t 4o,-lian4e ;it5 .u?1Se4tion. (2)J(3)/ !5e neEt i,-ortant .te- require2 ?B .u?1Se4tion (") ;a. al.o 4o,-lie2 ;it5 ina.,u45 a. A3Gal ;a. -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore t5e A22itional C5ie3 *etro-olitan *a:i.trate1)F#3 on t5e verB neEt 2aB i/e/ 22/12/2001 alon: ;it5 t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent. =e-t in a .eale2 4over/ !5e learne2 *a:i.trate o-ene2 t5e 4over, -eru.e2 t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent., 4alle2 t5e ,a=er o3 4on3e..ion into 5i. 45a,?er, on ?ein: i2enti3ie2 ?B )F801 AC) an2 ,a2e it =no;n to t5e ,a=er t5at 5e ;a. not le:allB ?oun2 to ,a=e t5e 4on3e..ion an2 on :ettin: a -o.itive re.-on.e 3ro, 5i, t5at 5e voluntarilB ,a2e t5e 4on3e..ion ;it5out anB t5reat or violen4e, t5e AC** re4or2e2 t5e .tate,ent to t5at e33e4t an2 2re; u- ne4e..arB -ro4ee2in:. vi2e EEt./)F#3C5 an2 )F#3C#/ It i. -ointe2 out t5at t5e a44u.e2, 5avin: 5a2 t5e o--ortunitB to -rote.t or 4o,-lain a:ain.t t5e ?e5avior o3 -oli4e in eEtra4tin: t5e 4on3e..ion, 2i2 not .aB a .in:le ;or2 2enBin: t5e 3a4tu, o3 ,a=in: t5e 4on3e..ion or anB ot5er relevant 4ir4u,.tan4e. i,-in:in: on t5e 4orre4tne.. o3 t5e 4on3e..ion/ It i. 3urt5er -ointe2 out t5at A3Gal an2 t5e ot5er a44u.e2 ;ere al.o :ot ,e2i4allB eEa,ine2 ?B t5e -oli4e an2 t5e o4tor 3oun2 no tra4e. o3 -5B.i4al violen4e/ It i. t5ere3ore .u?,itte2 t5at t5e .te-. require2 to ?e ta=en un2er .u?1Se4tion. (")J(5) ;ere ta=en/ &o;ever, t5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e State 4oul2 not 2i.-ute t5e 3a4t t5at t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal ;a. not .ent to 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B t5erea3ter, ?ut, on t5e reque.t o3 t5e I/%/O)F80, t5e AC** .ent ?a4= A3Gal to -oli4e 4u.to2B/ Su45 re,an2 ;a. or2ere2 ?B t5e AC** -ur.uant to an a--li4ation ,a2e ?B )F80 t5at t5e -re.en4e o3 A3Gal in -oli4e 4u.to2B ;a. require2 3or t5e -ur-o.e o3 3urt5er inve.ti:ation/ !5u., t5e la.t an2 latter -art o3 .u?1Se4tion (5) o3 Se4tion 32 ;a. un2ou?te2lB ?rea45e2/ !o :et over t5i. 2i33i4ultB, t5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e State ,a2e t;o alternative .u?,i..ion., ?ot5 o3 ;5i45, in our vie;, 4annot ?e .u.taine2/ +ir.tlB, it ;a. 4onten2e2 t5at on a -ro-er 4on.tru4tion o3 t5e entiretB o3 .u?1Se4tion (5) o3 Se4tion 32, t5e que.tion o3 .en2in: to 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B ;oul2 ari.e onlB i3 t5ere ;a. anB 4o,-laint o3 torture an2 t5e ,e2i4al eEa,ination -ri,a 3a4ie .u--ortin: .u45 alle:ation/ In ot5er ;or2., a44or2in: to t5e learne2 4oun.el, t5e eE-re..ion >t5erea3ter> .5all ?e rea2 onlB in 4on7un4tion ;it5 t5e latter -art o3 .u?1Se4tion (5) ?e:innin: ;it5 >an2 i3 t5ere i. anB 4o,-laint> an2 not a--li4a?le to t5e earlier -art/ In our vie;, .u45 a re.tri4tive inter-retation o3 .u?1Se4tion (5) i. not at all ;arrante2 eit5er on a -lain or literal rea2in: or ?B anB ot5er 4anon o3 4on.tru4tion in4lu2in: -ur-o.ive 4on.tru4tion/ !5e ot5er ar:u,ent rai.e2 ?B t5e learne2 4oun.el i. t5at t5e -rovi.ion re:ar2in: 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B, 4annot ?e rea2 to ?e a ,an2atorB require,ent .o a. to a--lB to all .ituation./ I3 t5e *a:i.trate i. .ati.3ie2 t5at t5e 4on3e..ion a--ear. to 5ave ?een ,a2e voluntarilB an2 t5e -er.on 4on4erne2 ;a. not .u?7e4te2 to anB torture or inti,i2ation, 5e nee2 not 2ire4t 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B/ &avin: re:ar2 to t5e 4ir4u,.tan4e. o3 t5i. 4a.e, t5ere ;a. not5in: ;ron: in .en2in: ?a4= A3Gal to -oli4e 4u.to2B/ !5i. 4ontention 4annot ?e .u.taine2 on 2ee-er .4rutinB/ !5e 4lear ;or2. o3 t5e -rovi.ion 2o not a2,it o3 an inter-retation t5at t5e 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B .5oul2 ?e or2ere2 ?B t5e C5ie3 Ju2i4ial *a:i.trate onlB ;5en t5ere i. a 4o,-laint 3ro, t5e >4on3e..ion ,a=er> an2 t5ere a--ear. to ?e un3air treat,ent o3 .u45 -er.on in 4u.to2B/ A. alrea2B .tate2, t5e o?li:ation to .en2 t5e -er.on ;5o.e alle:e2 4on3e..ion ;a. re4or2e2 to 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B i. a rule an2 t5e 2eviation 4oul2 at ?e.t ?e in eE4e-tional 4ir4u,.tan4e./ In t5e -re.ent 4a.e, it 2oe. not a--ear t5at t5e AC** ()F#3) 5a2 in ,in2 t5e require,ent o3 Se4tion 32(5) a. to 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B/ At anB rate, t5e or2er -a..e2 ?B 5i, on 22/12/2001 on t5e a--li4ation 3ile2 ?B )F80 2oe. not re3le4t 5i. a;arene.. o3 .u45 require,ent or a--li4ation o3 ,in2 to t5e -ro-rietB o3 -oli4e re,an2 in t5e 3a4e o3 Se4tion 32(5) o3 )%!A/ Co,-ellin: 4ir4u,.tan4e. to ?B-a.. t5e require,ent o3 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B are not a--arent 3ro, t5e re4or2/ !5e ,ore i,-ortant violation o3 t5e -ro4e2ural .a3e:uar2. lie. in t5e ?rea45 o3 .u?1Se4tion (2) rea2 ;it5 .u?1Se4tion (") o3 Se4tion 52/ It i. an un2i.-ute2 3a4t t5at t5e a--ellant. ;ere not a--ri.e2 o3 t5e ri:5t to 4on.ult a le:al -ra4titioner eit5er at t5e ti,e t5eB ;ere initiallB arre.te2 or a3ter t5e )%!A ;a. ?rou:5t into -i4ture/ Fe ,aB re4all t5at t5e )%!A o33en4e. ;ere a22e2 on 19 t5 e4e,?er an2 a. a 4on.equen4e t5ereo3, inve.ti:ation ;a. ta=en u- ?B )F801an A..t/ Co,,i..ioner o3 )oli4e, ;5o i. 4o,-etent to inve.ti:ate t5e )%!A o33en4e./ @ut, 5e 3aile2 to in3or, t5e -er.on. un2er arre.t o3 t5eir ri:5t to 4on.ult a le:al -ra4titioner, nor 2i2 5e a33or2 anB 3a4ilitB to t5e, to 4onta4t t5e le:al -ra4titioner/ !5e o--ortunitB o3 ,eetin: a le:al -ra4titioner 2urin: t5e 4our.e o3 interro:ation ;it5in 4lo.e2 2oor. o3 -oli4e .tation ;ill not ari.e unle.. a -er.on in 4u.to2B i. in3or,e2 o3 5i. ri:5t an2 a rea.ona?le 3a4ilitB o3 e.ta?li.5in: 4onta4t ;it5 a la;Ber i. o33ere2 to 5i,/ I3 t5e -er.on in 4u.to2B i. not in a -o.ition to :et t5e .ervi4e. o3 a le:al -ra4titioner ?B 5i,.el3, .u45 -er.on i. verB ;ell entitle2 to .ee= 3ree le:al ai2 eit5er ?B a--lBin: to t5e Court t5rou:5 t5e -oli4e or t5e 4on4erne2 Le:al Servi4e. Aut5oritB, ;5i45 i. a .tatutorB ?o2B/ $ot t5at t5e -oli4e .5oul2, in .u45 an event, -o.t-one inve.ti:ation in2e3initelB till 5i. reque.t i. -ro4e..e2, ?ut ;5at i. eE-e4te2 o3 t5e -oli4e o33i4er i. to -ro,-tlB ta=e note o3 .u45 reque.t an2 initiate i,,e2iate .te-. to -la4e it ?e3ore t5e *a:i.trate or Le:al Servi4e. Aut5oritB .o t5at at lea.t at .o,e .ta:e o3 interro:ation, t5e -er.on in 4u.to2B ;oul2 ?e a?le to e.ta?li.5 4onta4t ;it5 a le:al -ra4titioner/ @ut, in t5e in.tant 4a.e, t5e i2ea o3 a--ri.in: t5e -er.on. arre.te2 o3 t5eir ri:5t. un2er .u?1 Se4tion (2) an2 entertainin: a la;Ber into t5e -re4in4t. o3 t5e -oli4e .tation 2i2 not at all 3i:ure in t5e ,in2 o3 t5e inve.ti:atin: o33i4er/ !5e rea.on 3or t5i. re3rain or 4ru4ial o,i..ion 4oul2 ;ell ?e -er4eive2 ?B t5e ar:u,ent o3 t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el 3or t5e State t5at t5e 4o,-lian4e ;it5 t5e require,ent. o3 Se4tion 52(2) o3 )%!A 2i2 not ari.e 3or t5e .i,-le rea.on t5at at t5e ti,e o3 arre.t, )%!A ;a. not a--lie2/ @ut t5i. ar:u,ent i:nore. t5e 3a4t t5at a.

"8

.oon a. )%!A ;a. a22e2 an2 t5e inve.ti:ation 4o,,en4e2 t5ereun2er, t5e -oli4e o33i4er ;a. un2er a le:al o?li:ation to :o t5rou:5 all t5e -ro4e2ural .a3e:uar2. to t5e eEtent t5eB 4oul2 ?e o?.erve2 or i,-le,ente2 at t5at .ta:e/ !5e non1 invo4ation o3 )%!A in t5e 3ir.t in.tan4e 4annot ?e4o,e a lever to 2enB t5e .a3e:uar2. envi.a:e2 ?B Se4tion 52 ;5en .u45 .a3e:uar2. 4oul2 .till ?e eEten2e2 to t5e arre.te2 -er.on/ !5e eE-re..ion >t5e -er.on arre.te2> 2oe. not eE4lu2e -er.on initiallB arre.te2 3or o33en4e. ot5er t5an )%!A an2 4ontinue2 un2er arre.t ;5en )%!A ;a. invo=e2/ !5e >-er.on arre.te2> in4lu2e. t5e -er.on ;5o.e arre.t 4ontinue. 3or t5e inve.ti:ation o3 o33en4e. un2er )%!A a. ;ell/ It i. not -o..i?le to :ive a trun4ate2 inter-retation to t5e eE-re..ion >-er.on arre.te2> e.-e4iallB ;5en .u45 inter-retation 5a. t5e e33e4t o3 2enBin: an arre.te2 -er.on t5e ;5ole.o,e .a3e:uar2. lai2 2o;n in Se4tion 52/ !5e i,-ortan4e o3 t5e -rovi.ion to a33or2 t5e a..i.tan4e o3 4oun.el even at t5e .ta:e o3 4u.to2ial interro:ation nee2 not ?e :ain.ai2/ !5e require,ent i. in =ee-in: ;it5 t5e ,i!anda rulin: an2 t5e -5ilo.o-5B un2erlBin: Arti4le. 21, 20(3) J 22(1)/ !5i. ri:5t 4annot ?e allo;e2 to ?e 4ir4u,vente2 ?B .u?tle in:enuitie. or innovative -oli4e .trate:ie./ !5e a44e.. to a la;Ber at t5e .ta:e o3 interro:ation .erve. a. a .ort o3 4ounter;ei:5t to t5e inti,i2atin: at,o.-5ere t5at .urroun2. t5e 2etenu an2 :ive. 5i, 4ertain a,ount o3 :ui2an4e a. to 5i. ri:5t. an2 t5e o?li:ation. o3 t5e -oli4e/ !5e la;Ber>. -re.en4e 4oul2 -ave t5e ;aB, to .o,e eEtent, to ea.e 5i,.el3 o3 t5e ,ental ten.ion an2 trau,a/ In t5e 3eli4itou. ;or2. o3 +inlaB, CJ o3 Irelan2 in "he People v. .ealy 9(1990) 2 IR 03<: M!5e un2ou?te2 ri:5t o3 rea.ona?le a44e.. to a .oli4itor en7oBe2 ?B a -er.on ;5o i. in 2etention ,u.t ?e inter-rete2 a. ?ein: 2ire4te2 to;ar2. t5e vital 3un4tion o3 en.urin: t5at .u45 a -er.on i. a;are o3 5i. ri:5t. an2 5a. t5e in2e-en2ent a2vi4e ;5i45 ;oul2 ?e a--ro-riate in or2er to -er,it 5i, to rea45 a trulB 3ree 2e4i.ion a. to 5i. attitu2e to interro:ation or to t5e ,a=in: o3 anB .tate,ent, ?e it eE4ul-atorB or in4ul-atorB/ !5e availa?ilitB o3 a2vi4e ,u.t, in ,B vie;, ?e .een a. a 4ontri?ution, at lea.t, to;ar2. .o,e ,ea.ure o3 equalitB in t5e -o.ition o3 t5e 2etaine2 -er.on an2 5i. interro:ator./M !5e )arlia,ent a2vi.e2lB intro2u4e2 a ,i!anda or2aine2 .a3e:uar2 ;5i45 ;a. .u?.tantiallB reiterate2 in )andini Satpathy ?B eE-re..lB ena4tin: in .u?1Se4tion. (2)J(") o3 Se4tion 52 t5e o?li:ation to in3or, t5e arre.tee o3 5i. ri:5t to 4on.ult a la;Ber an2 to -er,it 5i, to ,eet t5e la;Ber/ !5e avo;e2 o?7e4t o3 .u45 -re.4ri-tion ;a. to intro2u4e an ele,ent o3 3air an2 5u,ane a--roa45 to t5e -ri.oner in an ot5er;i.e .trin:ent la; ;it5 2ra.ti4 4on.equen4e. to t5e a44u.e2/ !5e.e -rovi.ion. are not to ?e treate2 a. e,-tB 3or,alitie./ It 4annot ?e .ai2 t5at t5e violation o3 t5e.e o?li:ation. un2er .u?1 Se4tion. (2) J (") 5ave no relation an2 i,-a4t on t5e 4on3e..ion/ It i. too ,u45 to eE-e4t t5at a -er.on in 4u.to2B in 4onne4tion ;it5 )%!A o33en4e. i. .u--o.e2 to =no; t5e 3a.4i4ulu. o3 t5e -rovi.ion. o3 )%!A re:ar2in: t5e 4on3e..ion. an2 t5e -ro4e2ural .a3e:uar2. availa?le to 5i,/ !5e -re.u,-tion .5oul2 ?e ot5er;i.e/ !5e la;Ber>. -re.en4e an2 a2vi4e, a-art 3ro, -rovi2in: -.B45olo:i4al .u--ort to t5e arre.tee, ;oul2 5el- 5i, un2er.tan2 t5e i,-li4ation. o3 ,a=in: a 4on3e..ional .tate,ent ?e3ore t5e )oli4e %33i4er an2 al.o ena?le 5i, to ?e4o,e a;are o3 ot5er ri:5t. .u45 a. t5e ri:5t to re,ain in 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B a3ter ?ein: -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore t5e *a:i.trate/ !5e verB 3a4t t5at 5e ;ill not ?e un2er t5e 3etter. o3 -oli4e 4u.to2B a3ter 5e i. -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore t5e CJ* -ur.uant to Se4tion 32(") ;oul2 ,a=e 5i, 3eel 3ree to re-re.ent to t5e CJ* a?out t5e -oli4e 4on2u4t or t5e treat,ent ,ete2 out to 5i,/ !5e 5auntin: 3ear o3 a:ain lan2in: 5i,.el3 into -oli4e 4u.to2B .oon a3ter a--earan4e ?e3ore t5e CJ*, ;oul2 ?e an in5i?itin: 3a4tor a:ain.t .-ea=in: anBt5in: a2ver.e to t5e -oli4e/ !5at i. t5e rea.on ;5B t5e 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B -rovi.ion 5a. ?een intro2u4e2 in .u?1Se4tion (5) o3 Se4tion 32/ !5e .a,e o?7e4tive .ee,. to ?e at t5e ?a4= o3 .u?1Se4tion (3) o3 Se4tion 1#" o3 Cr/)/C/, t5ou:5 t5e .ituation 4onte,-late2 t5erein i. .o,e;5at 2i33erent/ !5e ?rea45 o3 t5e o?li:ation o3 anot5er -rovi.ion, na,elB, .u?1Se4tion (3) o3 Se4tion 52 ;5i45 i. ,o2elle2 on D.#. 'asu's :ui2eline. 5a. 4o,-oun2e2 to t5e 2i33i4ultB in a4tin: on t5e 4on3e..ion, Se4tion 52(3) en7oin. t5at t5e in3or,ation o3 arre.t .5all ?e i,,e2iatelB 4o,,uni4ate2 ?B t5e )oli4e %33i4er to a 3a,ilB ,e,?er or in 5i. a?.en4e, to a relative o3 .u45 -er.on ?B tele:ra,, tele-5one or ?B anB ot5er ,ean. an2 t5i. 3a4t .5all ?e re4or2e2 ?B t5e )oli4e %33i4er un2er t5e .i:nature o3 t5e -er.on arre.te2/ )F801t5e I/%/ un2er )%!A ,erelB .tate2 t5at Mnear relative. o3 t5e a44u.e2 ;ere in3or,e2 a?out t5eir arre.t a. I learnt 3ro, t5e re4or2M/ &e ;a. not a;are ;5et5er anB re4or2 ;a. -re-are2 ?B t5e )oli4e %33i4er arre.tin: t5e a44u.e2 a. re:ar2. t5e in3or,ation :iven to t5e relative./ It i. t5e -ro.e4ution 4a.e t5at A3Gal>. relative ?B na,e *o52/ '5ula, @o5ra o3 @ara,ulla ;a. in3or,e2 t5rou:5 -5one/ $o ;itne.. 5a2 .-o=en to t5i. e33e4t/ A -eru.al o3 t5e arre.t ,e,o in2i4ate. t5at t5e na,e o3 '5ula, @o5ra an2 5i. -5one nu,?er are note2 a. a:ain.t t5e 4olu,n >relative. to ?e in3or,e2>/ A3Gal>. arre.t ,e,o .ee,. to 5ave ?een atte.te2 ?B 'ilani>. ?rot5er ;5o a44or2in: to t5e -ro.e4ution, ;a. -re.ent at t5e -oli4e 4ell/ @ut, t5at 2oe. not a,ount to 4o,-lian4e ;it5 .u?1 Se4tion (3) ?e4au.e 5e i. neit5er 3a,ilB ,e,?er nor relation, nor even =no;n to ?e a 4lo.e 3rien2/ Fe are -ointin: out t5i. la-.e 3or t5e rea.on t5at i3 t5e relation. 5a2 ?een in3or,e2, t5ere ;a. everB -o..i?ilitB o3 t5o.e -er.on. arran:in: a ,eetin: ;it5 t5e la;Ber or ot5er;i.e .ee=in: le:al a2vi4e/ Anot5er -oint ;5i45 5a. a ?earin: on t5e voluntarine.. o3 4on3e..ion i. t5e 3a4t t5at .u33i4ient ti,e ;a. not :iven 3or re3le4tion a3ter t5e a44u.e2 (A3GalCS5au=at) ;ere -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore )F#0 re4or2in: t5e 4on3e..ion/ &e .tate2 in t5e evi2en4e t5at 5e :ave onlB 5 to 10 ,inute. ti,e to t5e a44u.e2 3or t5in=in:Cre3le4tion in re-lB to t5e que.tion ?B t5e 4oun.el 3or S5au=at &u..ain/ It i. true a. 4onten2e2 ?B t5e learne2 4oun.el *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, t5at t5ere i. no 5ar2 an2 3a.t rule re:ar2in: :rant o3 ti,e 3or re3le4tion an2 t5e rule. an2 :ui2eline. a--li4a?le to a 4on3e..ion un2er Se4tion 1#" Cr/)/C/ 2o not :overn ?ut in t5e -re.ent 4a.e, t5e ti,e o3 5 or 10 ,inute. i., ?B all .tan2ar2., utterlB ina2equate/ 'rantin: rea.ona?le ti,e 3or re3le4tion ?e3ore re4or2in: a 4on3e..ion i. one ;aB o3 en.urin: t5at t5e -er.on 4on4erne2 :et. t5e o--ortunitB to 2eli?erate an2 intro.-e4t on4e a:ain ;5en 5e i. ?rou:5t ?e3ore t5e

"9

-re.4ri?e2 aut5oritB 3or re4or2in: t5e 4on3e..ion/ !5at it i. one o3 t5e relevant 4on.i2eration. in a..e..in: t5e voluntarine.. o3 t5e 4on3e..ion i. lai2 2o;n in Sa! an Singh v. State of Pun%a& *A$(C)&C0031C2000/ All t5e.e la-.e. an2 violation. o3 -ro4e2ural .a3e:uar2. :uarantee2 in t5e .tatute it.el3 i,-el u. to 5ol2 t5at it i. not .a3e to a4t on t5e alle:e2 4on3e..ional .tate,ent o3 A3Gal an2 -la4e relian4e on t5i. ite, o3 evi2en4e on ;5i45 t5e -ro.e4ution -la4e. 5eavB relian4e/ !5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el 3or t5e State 5a. lai2 4on.i2era?le .tre.. on t5e 3a4t t5at t5e a--ellant. 2i2 not lo2:e anB -rote.t or 4o,-laintD on t5e ot5er 5an2, t5eB rea33ir,e2 t5e 3a4tu, o3 ,a=in: 4on3e..ion ;5en t5eB ;ere -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore t5e AC** on t5e neEt 2aB/ It i. 3urt5er -ointe2 out t5at a. 3ar a. A3Gal i. 4on4erne2, it too= nearlB .even ,ont5. 3or 5i, to re3ute an2 retra4t t5e 4on3e..ion/ A3ter :ivin: anEiou. 4on.i2eration, ;e are una?le to u-5ol2 t5i. 4ontention/ !5e o,i..ion to 45allen:e t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent at t5e earlie.t ?e3ore t5e *a:i.trate .5all ?e vie;e2 in t5e li:5t o3 violation o3 -ro4e2ural .a3e:uar2. ;5i45 ;e 5ave 2i.4u..e2 in 2etail earlier/ A. re:ar2. t5e 2elaB in retra4tin:, t5e 3ir.t 3a4t to ?e ta=en note o3 i. t5at t5e a--ellant A3Gal ;a. evi2entlB not a;are o3 t5e 4ontent. o3 t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent on t5e 2aB on ;5i45 5e ;a. -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore t5e AC** ?e4au.e t5e learne2 *a:i.trate 2i2 not ,a=e it availa?le to 5i, 3or -eru.al nor t5e :i.t o3 ;5i45 ;a. ,a2e =no;n to 5i,/ Fe 3in2 not5in: in t5e -ro4ee2in:. o3 t5e AC** to t5at e33e4t/ It ;a. onlB a3ter t5e 45ar:e .5eet ;a. 3ile2 in t5e Court on 1" t5 *aB an2 a 4o-B t5ereo3 ;a. .erve2 to 5i, t5at 5e ?e4a,e a;are o3 t5e 2etail. o3 t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent/ !5en A3Gal 3ile2 a -etition ?e3ore t5e trial Court on 2/0/2002 .tatin: t5at MI 5ave :iven a .tate,ent in 3ront o3 -oli4e 2urin: 4u.to2B an2 not ?e3ore t5e C) or AC) a. ,entione2 in t5e 45ar:e .5eet/ I 3oun2 t5at ,B .tate,ent 5a. ?een :ro..lB ,ani-ulate2 an2 t;i.te2 in a 2i33erent 3or, an2 3or,ation ?B t5e -oli4e, e.-e4iallB ,B .tate,ent. re:ar2in: A3.an 'uru an2 SAR 'ilani/ !5ere3ore, I a, reque.tin: to Bour 5onour to re4or2 ,B .tate,ent in t5e Court/M !5i. ;a. 3ollo;e2 ?B anot5er -etition 3ile2 on 15 t5 JulB, t5e ,ain -ur-o.e o3 ;5i45 ;a. to 5i:5li:5t t5at *r/ 'ilani an2 t5e ot5er a44u.e2 5a2 no 2ire4t or in2ire4t 4onne4tion/ !5u., ;e 4annot 5ol2 t5at t5ere ;a. a?nor,al 2elaB in 2i.o;nin: t5e 4on3e..ion, t5e e33e4t o3 ;5i45 ;oul2 ?e to i,-art 4re2i?ilitB to t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent/ It i. t5en -ointe2 out t5at t5e :roun2. on ;5i45 t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent ;a. re3ute2 ?B A3Gal, are not 4on.i.tent/ F5erea. A3Gal .tate2 in t5e -etition 2ate2 2/0/2002 a. a?ove, in t5e 4our.e o3 5i. eEa,ination un2er Se4tion 313, A3Gal .tate2 t5at 5e .i:ne2 on ?lan= -a-er./ Fe 2o not t5in= t5at t5i. .o14alle2 2i.4re-an4B ;ill :ive ri.e to an in3eren4e t5at t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent ;a. true an2 voluntarB/ Fe 5ave to loo= to t5e .u?.tan4e o3 ;5at t5e a44u.e2 .ai2 ;5ile re3utin: t5e .tate,ent rat5er t5an ?uil2in: u- a 4a.e on t5e ?a.i. o3 .o,e in4on.i.ten4ie. in t5e 2e3en4e -lea/ (v) Cir4u,.tan4e. a:ain.t A3Gal Fe .5all no; 4on.i2er t5e 4ir4u,.tantial evi2en4e a:ain.t A3Gal in2e-en2ent o3 an2 irre.-e4tive o3 t5e 4on3e..ion/ !5e fi!st 4ir4u,.tan4e i. t5at A3Gal =ne; ;5o t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. ;ere/ &e i2enti3ie2 t5e 2ea2 ?o2ie. o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t./ )F0# (In.-e4tor &S 'ill) 2e-o.e2 t5at A3Gal ;a. ta=en to t5e ,ortuarB o3 La2B &ar2in: *e2i4al Colle:e an2 5e i2enti3ie2 t5e 3ive terrori.t. an2 :ave t5eir na,e./ A44or2in:lB, )F0# -re-are2 an i2enti3i4ation ,e,o1EEt/)F0#C1 ;5i45 ;a. .i:ne2 ?B A3Gal/ In t5e -o.t,orte, re-ort. -ertainin: to ea45 o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t., A3Gal .i:ne2 a:ain.t t5e 4olu,n >i2enti3ie2 ?B>/ %n t5i. a.-e4t, t5e evi2en4e o3 )F0# re,aine2 un1 .5attere2/ In t5e 4our.e o3 5i. eEa,ination un2er Se4tion 313, A3Gal ,erelB .tate2 t5at 5e ;a. 3or4e2 to i2enti3B ?B t5e -oli4e/ !5ere ;a. not even a .u::e.tion -ut to )F0# tou45in: on t5e :enuinene.. o3 t5e 2o4u,ent. relatin: to i2enti3i4ation ,e,o/ It ,aB ?e re4alle2 t5at all t5e a44u.e2, t5rou:5 t5eir 4oun.el, a:ree2 3or a2,i..ion o3 t5e -o.t,orte, re-ort. ;it5out 3or,al -roo3/ I2enti3i4ation ?B a -er.on in 4u.to2B o3 anot5er 2oe. not a,ount to ,a=in: a .tate,ent 3allin: ;it5in t5e e,?ar:o o3 Se4tion 1#2 o3 Cr/)/C/ It ;oul2 ?e a2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 8 o3 Evi2en4e A4t a. a -ie4e o3 evi2en4e relatin: to 4on2u4t o3 t5e a44u.e2 -er.on in i2enti3Bin: t5e 2ea2 ?o2ie. o3 t5e terrori.t./ A. -ointe2 out ?B C5inna--a Re22B, J/ in P!akash Chand v. State 2Delhi Admn.3 *A$(CSCC01"0C1908D M!5ere i. a 4lear 2i.tin4tion ?et;een t5e 4on2u4t o3 a -er.on a:ain.t ;5o, an o33en4e i. alle:e2, ;5i45 i. a2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 8 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t, i3 .u45 4on2u4t i. in3luen4e2 ?B anB 3a4t in i..ue or relevant 3a4t an2 t5e .tate,ent ,a2e to a )oli4e %33i4er in t5e 4our.e o3 an inve.ti:ation ;5i45 i. 5it ?B Se4tion 1#2 Cri,inal )ro4e2ure Co2e/ F5at i. eE4lu2e2 ?B Se4tion 1#2 Cri,inal )ro4e2ure Co2e i. t5e .tate,ent ,a2e to a )oli4e %33i4er in t5e 4our.e o3 inve.ti:ation an2 not t5e evi2en4e relatin: to t5e 4on2u4t o3 an a44u.e2 -er.on (not a,ountin: to a .tate,ent) ;5en 4on3ronte2 or que.tione2 ?B a )oli4e %33i4er 2urin: t5e 4our.e o3 an inve.ti:ation/ +or eEa,-le, t5e evi2en4e o3 t5e 4ir4u,.tan4e, .i,-li4iter, t5at an a44u.e2 -er.on le2 a -oli4e o33i4er an2 -ointe2 out t5e -la4e ;5ere .tolen arti4le. or ;ea-on. ;5i45 ,i:5t 5ave ?een u.e2 in t5e 4o,,i..ion o3 t5e o33en4e ;ere 3oun2 5i22en, ;oul2 ?e a2,i..i?le a. 4on2u4t, un2er Se4tion 8 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t, irre.-e4tive o3 ;5et5er anB .tate,ent ?B t5e a44u.e2 4onte,-oraneou.lB ;it5 or ante4e2ent to .u45 4on2u4t 3all. ;it5in t5e -urvie; o3 Se4tion 20 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t (vi2e .imachal P!adesh Administ!ation v. *m P!akash *A$(CSCC0118C1901)/ !5e .e4on2 4ir4u,.tan4e i. t5e 3requent tele-5oni4 4onta4t. ;5i45 A3Gal 5a2 e.ta?li.5e2 ;it5 *o5a,,e2/ Even ,inute. ?e3ore t5e atta4=, a. ,anB a. t5ree 4all. ;ere ,a2e ?B *o5a,,e2 to A3Gal 3ro, 5i. -5one $o/

50

9810#93"5# ;5i45 ;a. o-erate2 ;it5 t5e in.tru,ent 5avin: I*EI $o/ 350##83"0110"0(2) t5at ;a. re4overe2 3ro, *o5a,,e2>. ?o2B, a. .een 3ro, EEt/ )F 35C2/ !5e SI* Car2 relatin: t5ereto ;a. al.o 3oun2 in *o5a,,e2>. -ur.e/ $ot onlB t5at, t5ere i. 4lear evi2en4e to t5e e33e4t t5at t5e ,o?ile in.tru,ent. ;ere ?ein: 3reelB eE45an:e2 ?et;een A3Gal an2 *o5a,,e2 an2 ot5er terrori.t./ !5i. i. t5e t5ir2 4ir4u,.tan4e/ @e3ore :oin: into t5e 2etail. on t5e.e a.-e4t., it ,aB ?e note2 t5at t5e 5an2.et 3oun2 in t5e tru4= in ;5i45 A3Gal ;a. travellin: an2 ;5i45 5e -ointe2 out to t5e -oli4e ;a. 5avin: I*EI $o/ 350102209"52"30/ It ;a. a ,o?ile -5one in.tru,ent o3 $o=ia ,a=e an2 it ;a. ?ein: u.e2 3or t5e o-eration o3 -5one $o/ 9811"89"29/ It i. EEt/)18"/ !5e evi2en4e a. to re4overB ;a. 3urni.5e2 ?B )F#1 an2 )F#2/ It. I*EI nu,?er an2 t5e 4ell -5one nu,?er ;it5 ;5i45 it ;a. ?ein: o-erate2 i. e.ta?li.5e2 ?B t5e evi2en4e o3 inve.ti:atin: o33i4er 4ou-le2 ;it5 t5e 4all re4or2. 3ile2 ?B t5e ;itne..e./ It i. al.o 4lear 3ro, t5e 4all re4or2 t5at it ;a. t5e la.t in.tru,ent on ;5i45 t5e .ai2 nu,?er ///89"29 5a2 ?een o-erate2 a. late a. 13/12/2001/ !5e 3a4t t5at t5e in.tru,ent ?earin: nu,?er ///52"30 ;a. ?ein: 4arrie2 ?B A3Gal in t5e tru4= ;oul2 :ive ri.e to a rea.ona?le in3eren4e t5at t5e 4ell1-5one nu,?er ;it5 ;5i45 t5e in.tru,ent ;a. ?ein: o-erate2 ;a. t5at o3 A3Gal an2 t5e .ai2 -5one nu,?er ;a. un2er 5i. u.e/ !5e a--ellant, A3Gal, a-art 3ro, 2enBin: t5e re4overB at Srina:ar1;5i45 2enial 4annot ?e .ai2 to ?e true, 2i2 not a44ount 3or t5e 4u.to2B o3 t5e -5one/ !5e .ai2 -5one nu,?er 4annot ?e relate2 to S5au=at ;5o ;a. al.o travellin: ;it5 A3Gal ?e4au.e S5au=at ;a. 5avin: 5i. o;n -5one. ;5i45 ;ere .eiGe2 3ro, 5i. re.i2en4e on 15t5 e4e,?er/ In t5e 4ir4u,.tan4e., even a -re.u,-tion un2er Se4tion 11" 4an ?e 2ra;n t5at t5e nu,?er 9811"89"29 ;a. at all ,aterial ti,e. ?ein: u.e2 ?B t5e a44u.e2, A3Gal/ !5e 3a4t. t5at t5e SI* 4ar2 ;a. not 3oun2 in t5e ,o?ile -5one an2 t5at t5e I*EI nu,?er o3 t5e in.tru,ent ;a. not note2 ?B )F #1 4annot ?e t5e :roun2. to 2i.4onne4t A3Gal 3ro, t5e 4u.to2B o3 t5e .ai2 -5one/ !5e I*EI nu,?er 3oun2 on t5e -5one ;a. .ent to tra4e t5e nu,?er o3 t5e 4ell -5one/ %ne ,ore -oint 5a. to ?e 4lari3ie2/ In t5e .eiGure ,e,o (EEt/ #1C"), t5e I*EI nu,?er o3 $o=ia -5one 3oun2 in t5e tru4= ;a. note2 a. ///52"32/ !5at ,ean. t5e la.t 2i:it >2> varie. 3ro, t5e 4all re4or2. ;5erein it ;a. note2 a. ///52"30/ !5u., t5ere i. a .ee,in: 2i.4re-an4B a. 3ar a. t5e la.t 2i:it i. 4on4erne2/ !5i. 2i.4re-an4B .tan2. eE-laine2 ?B t5e evi2en4e o3 )F 08 1 a 4o,-uter En:ineer ;or=in: a. *ana:er, Sie,en./ &e .tate2, ;5ile :ivin: variou. 2etail. o3 t5e 15 2i:it., t5at t5e la.t one 2i:it i. a .-are 2i:it an2 t5e la.t 2i:it, a44or2in: to 'S* .-e4i3i4ation .5oul2 ?e tran.,itte2 ?B t5e ,o?ile -5one a. >0>/ !5e ;itne.. ;a. not 4ro..1eEa,ine2/ !5i. ,o?ile nu,?er //89"29 ;a. al.o u.e2 in t5e in.tru,ent $o/ I*EI ""92#9219#39010 re4overe2 3ro, t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t Ra7a an2 ;a. t5en u.e2 in t5e 5an2.et 5avin: nu,?er 350102209"52"30(2) i.e/ t5e in.tru,ent re4overe2 3ro, t5e tru4= at Srina:ar, a. -ointe2 out ?B t5e &i:5 Court at -ara:ra-5 325 o3 t5e 7u2:,ent/ !5e in.tru,ent re4overe2 3ro, Ra7a ;a. t5e one u.e2 ?B A3Gal i/e/ on -5one $o/// 89"29 ?et;een #/11/2001 an2 23/11/2001/ !5e ,o?ile in.tru,ent re4overe2 3ro, Rana (I*EI ""92#9"05808#50) (Cell -5one $o/9810302"38) ;a. u.e2 ?B *o5a,,e2 ;5o in turn ;a. u.in: t5e -5one o3 A3Gal al.o/ !5i. ;a. t5e -5one t5at ;a. -ur45a.e2 ?B A3Gal 3ro, )F"91Aa,al Ai.5ore/ $o;, ;e .5all -ro4ee2 to :ive 3urt5er 2etail. o3 t5e -5one 4all. an2 t5e in.tru,ent. u.e2, ,ore or le.. in a 45ronolo:i4al or2er in.o3ar a. t5eB t5ro; li:5t on t5e 4lo.e a..o4iation o3 A3Gal ;it5 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t./ !5e SI* Car2. relate2 to t5e ,o?ile -5one. ?earin: $o./ 9810#93"5# an2 98105#528" ;ere re4overe2 3ro, t5e -ur.e o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t *o5a,,e2/ !5e 3ir.t 4all 3ro, t5e 3ir.t nu,?er ;a. 3ro, *o5a,,e2 to a el5i lan2line nu,?er on 21/11/2001/ !5e 3ir.t 4all to t5e .e4on2 nu,?er ;a. 3ro, @o,?aB on 2"/11/2001/ It .5o;. t5at t5e.e t;o -5one. ;ere a4tivate2 ?B *o5a,,e2 in t5e t5ir2 ;ee= o3 $ove,?er, 2001 ;5en 5e ;a. in el5i/ It i. e.ta?li.5e2 3ro, t5e 4all re4or2. t5at t5e .e4on2 4all 3ro, t5e @o,?aB nu,?er to *o5a,,e2 ;a. re4eive2 ;5en t5e .ai2 ,o?ile nu,?er (98105#528") ;a. ?ein: u.e2 in t5e 5an2.et 5avin: I*EI $o/ ""92#9219#39010(2)/ !5i. i. t5e .a,e 5an2.et ;5i45 ;a. u.e2 ?B A3Gal ;it5 5i. -5one nu,?er 9811"89"29 (vide EEt/)3#C3)/ !5u., it i. 4lear t5at on 2"/11/2001, *o5a,,e2 ;a. in 4ontrol o3 t5e 5an2.et ;5i45 ;a. ?ein: u.e2 ?B A3Gal ;5i45 reveal. t5e neEu. ?et;een ?ot5/ Evi2en4e o3 t5e 4o,-uter eE-ert. )F. 02 J 03 to:et5er ;it5 t5eir re-ort. (EEt/)F03C1 J 03C2) ;oul2 reveal t5at a 3ile na,e2 Ra25i=a/?,- ;a. 4reate2 on t5e la-to- (EEt/)83) on 21/11/2001 ;5erein an i2entitB 4ar2 in t5e na,e o3 San7aB S5ar,a i. 3oun2 an2 it 4ontain. t5e a22re.. $o/10, C5ri.tian ColonB, ;5ere *o5a,,e2 ;a. .taBin: an2 t5e -5one $o/ 9811"89"29 (?elon:in: to A3Gal)/ !5e ot5er I/Car2. re4overe2 3ro, t5e ?o2B o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t ;5i45 ;ere 3a=e one., ;ere al.o -re-are2 3ro, t5e .a,e la-to- a. e.ta?li.5e2 ?B t5e te.ti,onB o3 )F02 an2 )F59/ !5u., to:et5er ;it5 t5e a4tivation o3 -5one., .i,ultaneou. a4tivitB on t5e la-to- to 4reate ?o:u. I/Car2. ;a. :oin: on at t5e .a,e ti,e i.e/ 21/11/2001 on;ar2./ %n 28/11/2001, A3Gal, 5avin: -5one $o/ 9811"89"29 4alle2 *o5a,,e2 to 5i. $o/ 9810#93"5#/ !5en t5ere ;a. a lull 3ro, 30/11/2001 till #/12/2001/ !5i. :a- i. eE-laine2 ?B t5e -ro.e4ution ?B re3errin: to t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent o3 A3Gal ;5erein 5e .ai2 t5at to;ar2. t5e en2 o3 $ove,?er, 5e (A3Gal) ;ent to Aa.5,ir an2 4a,e ?a4= to el5i alon: ;it5 t;o ot5er terrori.t. in t5e 3ir.t ;ee= o3 e4e,?er/ @ut a. t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent i. not ta=en into a44ount, ;e 4annot ta=e note o3 t5at eE-lanation/ %n 5 t5 e4e,?er, 2001, *o5a,,e2 4alle2 t;o u?ai nu,?er. 3ro, 5i. ,o?ile -5one $o/ 98105#528" an2 t5e 4all re4or21EEt/)F35C" ;oul2 .5o; t5at *o5a,,e2 ,a2e t5o.e 4all. to

51

u?ai ?B u.in: t5e .a,e 5an2.et ;5i45 ;a. ?ein: u.e2 ?B A3Gal 3or 5i. nu,?er 9811"89"29/ )F"9, ;5o i2enti3ie2 A3Gal in t5e Court, te.ti3ie2 to t5e 3a4t t5at A3Gal 5a2 -ur45a.e2 *otorola ,o?ile -5one o3 ,o2el 180 3ro, 5i. .5o- on "/12/2001 ;5i45 tallie. ;it5 t5e 2e.4ri-tion o3 t5e -5one ?earin: t5e I*EI nu,?er re3erre2 to a?ove/ !5e neEt -oint to ?e note2 i. t5at t5e .ai2 -5one in.tru,ent ?earin: I*EI $o/ ///39010 ;a. 3inallB re4overe2 3ro, t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t Ra7a a. -er t5e .eiGure ,e,o (EEt/)F2C2)/ A -eru.al o3 t5e 4all re4or2 2i.4lo.e. t5at t5e .ai2 in.tru,ent ;a. ?ein: u.e2 ?B t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal (;it5 5i. nu,?er ///89"29) till t5e noon o3 12/12/2001/ It .5o;. t5at .u45 inter45an:e o3 -5one. ;oul2 not 5ave ?een -o..i?le, ?ut 3or t5e ,eetin: o3 t5e A3Gal ;it5 t5e .lain terrori.t. on 12t5 e4e,?er/ !5ere ;ere 4all. to t5e ,o?ile nu,?er 9810#93"5# t5e SI* Car2 o3 ;5i45 ;a. re4overe2 3ro, t5e ?o2B o3 *o5a,,e2 vi2e EEt/)F"C8 an2 ;5i45 ;a. ?ein: o-erate2 3ro, t5e in.tru,ent I*EI $o/ ""92#9"05808#50 (EEt/)F35C5)/ %n 0t5 J 8t5 e4e,?er, A3Gal 4alle2 *o5a,,e2 .even ti,e. 3ro, 5i. -5one $o/ 9811"89"29 to *o5a,,e2>. $o/ 9810#93"5# an2 t5e .ai2 ,o?ile o3 *o5a,,e2 ;a. ?ein: u.e2 in I*EI $o/ ///808#50 (EEt/)F35C5)/ !5u. *o5a,,e2 u.e2 t5e .a,e *otorola -5one (EEt/)28) ;5i45 ;a. 3inallB re4overe2 3ro, t5e 2e4ea.e2 Ra7a vi2e .eiGure ,e,o (EEt/)F2C2) on t5e SI* 4ar2 (2e.4ri?e2 a. >*a:i4 Car2>) 3or t5e $o/ 9810#93"5# an2 t5e .ai2 4ar2 ;a. re4overe2 3ro, *o5a,,e2 vi2e EEt/)F"C8/ A. -er t5e te.ti,onB o3 )F"9, t5e .ai2 EEt/)28 ;a. -ur45a.e2 ?B A3Gal/ It i. -ertinent to note t5at t5e .ai2 in.tru,ent ;a. never u.e2 ?B A3Gal t5ou:5 it ;a. -ur45a.e2 ?B 5i, ?ut it ;a. ?ein: u.e2 ?B *o5a,,e2 an2 it ulti,atelB rea45e2 Ra7a/ !5e 2e-o.ition o3 )F"" 2i.4lo.e. t5at A3Gal, ;5o ;a. i2enti3ie2 ?B 5i, in t5e Court, 4a,e to 5i. .5o- on 0 t5 or 8t5 e4e,?er an2 -ur45a.e2 a ,o?ile -5one o3 J00 ,o2el o3 SonB ,a=e ;5i45 5e i2enti3ie2 a. EEt/)130 .eiGe2 un2er EEt/)F"C1" 3ro, t5e ?o2B o3 *o5a,,e2/ It. I*EI nu,?er ;a. 350##83"0110"0C2 an2 it. 4ell1-5one nu,?er ;a. 3oun2 to ?e 9810511085/ !5i. 3a4t ;oul2 onlB lea2 to t5e in3eren4e t5at 4onte,-oraneou. to t5e 4ru4ial in4i2ent o3 13t5 e4e,?er, A3Gal ,et *o5a,,e2 an2 .u--lie2 t5e 5an2.et o3 t5e ,o?ile -5one/ !5at a-art, ;e 3in2 t5e eE45an:e o3 4all. ?et;een t5e,/ +ro, t5e 4all re4or2. in )art. 6I J IN, it i. evi2ent t5at A3Gal ;a. in tou45 ;it5 *o5a,,e2 over -5one on .even o44a.ion. on 0t5 an2 8t5 e4e,?er an2 t5eB ;ere u.in: t5e t;o -5one. ;it5 t5e Cell nu,?er. re3erre2 to .u-ra, t5ou:5, t;o or t5ree 4all. o3 t5e, ;ere o3 verB .5ort 2uration/ It ,aB al.o ?e noti4e2 t5at a .atellite -5one 4onta4te2 A3Gal 3or a .5ort1;5ile on 5i. nu,?er 9811"89"29 an2 t5e .a,e .atellite -5one 4onta4te2 *o5a,,e2 on 5i. -5one $o/ 9810#93"5# on 10t5 e4e,?er 3or 3ive ,inute./ %n 12t5 e4e,?er, *o5a,,e2 4onta4te2 Ra7a 3or 83 .e4on2. an2 t5erea3ter a .atellite -5one 4onta4te2 *o5a,,e2 3or 11 ,inute. an2 t5e .a,e .atellite -5one 4onta4te2 Ra7a t;i4e 3or a?out 3T ,inute./ !5i. i. ?orne out ?B 4all re4or2. at volu,e 6I/ !5e -5one nu,?er o3 Ra7a ;a. 981051081# a. 2i.4overe2 3ro, t5e -5one in.tru,ent re4overe2 3ro, 5i. ?o2B/ !5en ;e 4o,e to t5e 4ru4ial 2aB i/e/ 13/12/2001/ *o5a,,e2 4alle2 A3Gal t5ri4e at 10/"3, 11/08 an2 11/25 a/,/, i/e/ 7u.t ?e3ore t5e atta4= on t5e )arlia,ent/ !5i. i. ?orne out ?B t5e 4all re4or2. o3 9810#93"5# an2 9811"89"29 (-5one. tra4ea?le to *o5a,,e2 an2 A3Gal, re.-e4tivelB)/ At a?out t5e .a,e ti,e, t5ere ;a. eE45an:e o3 4all. ?et;een A3Gal an2 S5au=at on t5eir -5one nu,?er. ////89"29 an2 ///0350#/ !5e 4all re4or2. at )art IN, )a:e 20 -ertainin: to 9811"89"291t5e u.er o3 ;5i45 4an ?e tra4e2 to A3Gal an2 t5e in.tru,ent. re4overe2 ;oul2 reveal t5at t5e SI* Car2 -ertainin: to t5e .ai2 ,o?ile nu,?er (///89"29) ;a. a4tivate2 on # t5 $ove,?er an2 ;a. u.e2 on t5e 5an2.et ?earin: I*EI $o/ ""92#9219#39010 re4overe2 3ro, t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t Ra7a a. -er EE/ )F2C2/ !5e 4all re4or2 ;oul2 3urt5er .5o; t5at it. u.er ;a. 2i.4ontinue2 on 29t5 $ove,?er till 0t5 e4e,?er, ;5en, a:ain, it ;a. -ut to u.e on 12t5 e4e,?er/ !5e la.t 4all ;a. at 12 noon/ !5erea3ter, t5e SI* Car2 -ertainin: to t5i. nu,?er (i/e/ ///89"29) ;a. u.e2 in t5e 5an2.et $o/ 350102209"52"30, ;5i45 i. t5e in.tru,ent (EEt/)8") re4overe2 3ro, t5e tru4= at Srina:ar, on ?ein: -ointe2 out ?B A3Gal/ !5e -i4ture t5at e,er:e. i. t5i.: !5e 3a4t t5at an in.tru,ent u.e2 ?B A3Gal (;it5 t5e -5one nu,?er 9811"89"29) till 12/12/2001 ;a. re4overe2 3ro, one o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. on t5e 2ate o3 in4i2ent, reveal. t5at A3Gal ;oul2 5ave ne4e..arilB ,et t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t ?et;een t5e a3ternoon o3 12t5 e4e,?er an2 t5e ,ornin: o3 13t5 e4e,?er/ %ne -oint ur:e2 ?B S5ri Su.5il Au,ar i. t5at alt5ou:5 t5e .an4tion or2er aut5oriGe2 t5e inter4e-tion o3 )5one $o/ ///0#022, t5ere i. no evi2en4e re:ar2in: t5e 2etail. o3 inve.ti:ation o3 t5e 4all. ,a2e or re4eive2 3ro, t5at nu,?er/ $o que.tion ;a. -ut to t5e ;itne..e. on t5i. -oint/ It i. quite -ro?a?le t5at t5e inve.ti:ator ;oul2 5ave entertaine2 .o,e .u.-i4ion in t5i. re:ar2 an2 ;oul2 5ave, ?B ;aB o3 4aution .ou:5t -er,i..ion to inter4e-t/ !5at 2oe. not 4a.t a 4lou2 on t5e -ro.e4ution 4a.e ?uilt u- on t5e ?a.i. o3 t5e 4all re4or2. -ertainin: to t5e -5one. u.e2 ?B t5e a44u.e2/ Fe 4an 2ra; no a2ver.e in3eren4e 3ro, t5e 3a4t t5at t5e 2etail. o3 a3ore,entione2 nu,?er ;a. not :iven/ (vi) &i2eout. an2 re4overie. !5e ot5er 4ir4u,.tan4e. ;5i45 -ro,inentlB .5e2 li:5t on t5e involve,ent o3 t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal relate to t5e 2i.4overB o3 t5e a?o2e. or 5i2eout. o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. an2 t5e re4overB o3 variou. in4ri,inatin: arti4le. t5ere3ro, a. ;ell a. t5e i2enti3i4ation o3 4ertain .5o-. 3ro, ;5ere t5e a--ellant an2 one or t5e ot5er 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t -ur45a.e2 variou. ite,. u.e2 3or -re-aration o3 eE-lo.ive. et4/ !5e.e are .-o=en to ?B )F0#1In.-e4tor 'ill, t5e lan2lor2. o3 t5e 4on4erne2 -re,i.e. an2 t5e .5o-=ee-er./ !5e in3or,ation. 3urni.5e2 to t5e Inve.ti:atin: %33i4er. lea2in: to t5e 2i.4overB o3 3a4t. an2 t5e 4on2u4t o3 t5e a44u.e2 in -ointin: out t5e -la4e. ;5ere t5e terrori.t. .taBe2 are a2,i..i?le eit5er un2er Se4tion 20 or Se4tion 8 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t an2 t5eB .u--le,ent t5e evi2en4e 3urni.5e2 ?B t5e I/%./, t5e lan2lor2. an2 t5e .5o-=ee-er./

52

@e3ore -ro4ee2in: 3urt5er, ;e ,aB a2vert to Se4tion 8 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ Se4tion 8 in.o3ar a. it i. relevant 3or our -ur-o.e ,a=e. t5e 4on2u4t o3 an a44u.e2 -er.on relevant, i3 .u45 4on2u4t in3luen4e. or i. in3luen4e2 ?B anB 3a4t in i..ue or relevant 3a4t/ It 4oul2 ?e eit5er -reviou. or .u?.equent 4on2u4t/ !5ere are t;o EE-lanation. to t5e Se4tion, ;5i45 eE-lain. t5e a,?it o3 t5e ;or2 >4on2u4t>/ !5eB are: E9planation 1 : !5e ;or2 >4on2u4t> in t5i. Se4tion 2oe. not in4lu2e .tate,ent., unle.. t5o.e .tate,ent. a44o,-anB an2 eE-lain a4t. ot5er t5an .tate,ent., ?ut t5i. eE-lanation i. not to a33e4t t5e relevan4B o3 .tate,ent. un2er anB ot5er Se4tion o3 t5i. A4t/ E9planation 2 : F5en t5e 4on2u4t o3 anB -er.on i. relevant, anB .tate,ent ,a2e to 5i, or in 5i. -re.en4e an2 5earin:, ;5i45 a33e4t. .u45 4on2u4t, i. relevant/ !5e 4on2u4t, in or2er to ?e a2,i..i?le, ,u.t ?e .u45 t5at it 5a. 4lo.e neEu. ;it5 a 3a4t in i..ue or relevant 3a4t/ !5e EE-lanation 1 ,a=e. it 4lear t5at t5e ,ere .tate,ent. a. 2i.tin:ui.5e2 3ro, a4t. 2o not 4on.titute >4on2u4t> unle.. t5o.e .tate,ent. Ma44o,-anB an2 eE-lain a4t. ot5er t5an .tate,ent.M/ Su45 .tate,ent. a44o,-anBin: t5e a4t. are 4on.i2ere2 to ?e evi2en4e o3 re. :e.tae/ !;o illu.tration. a--en2e2 to Se4tion 8 2e.erve .-e4ial ,ention/ (3) !5e que.tion i., ;5et5er A ro??e2 '/ !5e 3a4t. t5at, a3ter @ ;a. ro??e2, C .ai2 in A>. -re.en4e1Mt5e -oli4e are 4o,in: to loo= 3or t5e ,an ;5o ro??e2 @M, an2 t5at i,,e2iatelB a3ter;ar2. A ran a;aB, are relevant/ (i) A i. a44u.e2 o3 a 4ri,e/ !5e 3a4t. t5at, a3ter t5e 4o,,i..ion o3 t5e alle:e2 4ri,e, 5e a?.4on2e2, or ;a. in -o..e..ion o3 -ro-ertB or t5e -ro4ee2. o3 -ro-ertB a4quire2 ?B t5e 4ri,e, or atte,-te2 to 4on4eal t5in:. ;5i45 ;ere or ,i:5t 5ave ?een u.e2 in 4o,,ittin: it, are relevant/ Fe 5ave alrea2B noti4e2 t5e 2i.tin4tion 5i:5li:5te2 in P!akash Chand's 4a.e (.u-ra) ?et;een t5e 4on2u4t o3 an a44u.e2 ;5i45 i. a2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 8 an2 t5e .tate,ent ,a2e to a -oli4e o33i4er in t5e 4our.e o3 an inve.ti:ation ;5i45 i. 5it ?B Se4tion 1#2 Cr/)/C/ !5e evi2en4e o3 t5e 4ir4u,.tan4e, .i,-li4itor, t5at t5e a44u.e2 -ointe2 out to t5e -oli4e o33i4er, t5e -la4e ;5ere .tolen arti4le. or ;ea-on. u.e2 in t5e 4o,,i..ion o3 t5e o33en4e ;ere 5i22en, ;oul2 ?e a2,i..i?le a. >4on2u4t> un2er Se4tion 8 irre.-e4tive o3 t5e 3a4t ;5et5er t5e .tate,ent ,a2e ?B t5e a44u.e2 4onte,-oraneou.lB ;it5 or ante4e2ent to .u45 4on2u4t, 3all. ;it5in t5e -urvie; o3 Se4tion 20, a. -ointe2 out in P!akash Chand's 4a.e/ In *m P!akash 4a.e (.u-ra) *A$(CSCC0118C1901, t5i. Court 5el2 t5at Meven a-art 3ro, t5e a2,i..i?ilitB o3 t5e in3or,ation un2er Se4tion, t5e evi2en4e o3 t5e Inve.ti:atin: %33i4er an2 t5e )an45a. t5at t5e a44u.e2 5a2 ta=en t5e, to )F11 (3ro, ;5o, 5e -ur45a.e2 t5e ;ea-on) an2 -ointe2 5i, out an2 a. 4orro?orate2 ?B )F11 5i,.el3 ;oul2 ?e a2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 8 a. >4on2u4t> o3 t5e a44u.e2M/ Co,in: to t5e 2etail. o3 evi2en4e relatin: to 5i2eout. an2 re4overie., it i. to ?e note2 t5at t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal i. alle:e2 to 5ave ,a2e a 2i.4lo.ure .tate,ent to )F##1In.-e4tor *o5an C5an2 S5ar,a on 1#t5 e4e,?er, 2001/ It i. ,ar=e2 a. EEt/)F#"C1/ In t5e .ai2 2i.4lo.ure .tate,ent, all t5e 2etail. o3 5i. involve,ent are :iven an2 it i. al,o.t .i,ilar to t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent re4or2e2 ?B t5e C)/ !5e la.t -ara:ra-5 o3 t5e .tate,ent rea2. t5u.: MI 4an 4o,e alon: an2 -oint out t5e -la4e. or .5o-. o3 el5i ;5ere3ro, I alon: ;it5 ,B ot5er a..o4iate., ;5o 5a2 eEe4ute2 t5e 4on.-ira4B o3 terrori.t atta4= on t5e )arlia,ent, 5a2 -ur45a.e2 t5e 45e,i4al. an2 4ontainer. 3or -re-arin: IE u.e2 in t5e atta4=, t5e ,o?ile -5one., t5e SI* Car2. an2 t5e (ni3or,./ I 4an al.o -oint out t5e 5i2eout. o3 t5e terrori.t. in el5i/ *oreover, I 4an a44o,-anB Bou an2 -oint out t5e -la4e. at Aarol @a:5 ;5ere3ro, ;e 5a2 -ur45a.e2 t5e ,otor4B4le an2 A,?a..a2or 4ar/ +or t5e ti,e ?ein:, I 5ave =e-t t5e .ai2 ,otor4B4le at Lal JBoti A-art,ent., Ro5ini ;it5 $aGeer an2 I 4an :et t5e .a,e re4overe2///M !5i. .tate,ent 5a. ?een .i:ne2 ?B *o52/ A3Gal/ In 3a4t it i. not require2 to ?e .i:ne2 ?B virtue o3 t5e e,?ar:o in Se4tion 1#2/ !5e 3a4t t5at t5e .i:nature o3 t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal ;a. o?taine2 on t5e .tate,ent 2oe. not, 5o;ever, 2etra4t 3ro, it. a2,i..i?ilitB to t5e eEtent it i. relevant un2er Se4tion 20/ Fe .5all no; 4on.i2er t5e 2etail. o3 evi2en4e on t5e.e a.-e4t./ )F0#O I/%/ 2e-o.e2 t5at t5e t;o a44u.e2 -er.on., na,elB, A3Gal C S5au=at le2 5i, to t5e 3ollo;in: -la4e.: (i) &i2eout at 2n2 3loor, A190, 'an25i 6i5ar ()F3") (ii) &i2eout at 2n2 3loor, 281, In2ira 6i5ar ()F31 J )F32) (iii) S5o- o3 )F"01Anil Au,ar 3ro, ;5ere A,,oniu, $itrate ;a. -ur45a.e2/
53

(iv) S5o- o3 )F"21Ra,e.5 A2vani 3ro, ;5ere Silver -o;2er ;a. -ur45a.e2/ (v) S5o- o3 )F"11A7aB Au,ar1Sa;an rB +ruit. 3ro, ;5ere 2rB 3ruit. ;ere -ur45a.e2/ (vi) S5o- o3 )F"31Sunil Au,ar 'u-ta at +ate5-uri ;5ere Su7ata *iEer ;a. -ur45a.e2/ (vii) S5o- at &a,ilton Roa2 3ro, ;5ere re2 li:5t ;a. -ur45a.e2/ (viii) S5o- o3 )F291'u-ta Auto eal. 3ro, ;5ere ,otor4B4le &R51E50#8 ;a. -ur45a.e2/ (iE) S5o- o3 )F""1San2ee- C5au25arB at '5a33ar *ar=et 3ro, ;5ere SonB 4ell-5one ;a. -ur45a.e2/ (E) S5o- o3 )F201&ar-al Sin:5 at Aarol @a:5 3ro, ;5ere A,?a..a2or Car ?earin: L 3CJ 1520 ;a. -ur45a.e2/ (Ei) S5o- o3 )F"91Aa,al Ai.5ore 3ro, ;5ere *otorola 4ell -5one an2 a SI* 4ar2 ;ere -ur45a.e2/ $o;, ;e .5all re3er to t5e .-e4i3i4 2etail. o3 evi2en4e in t5i. re:ar2/ )F0#1I/%/ 2e-o.e2 to t5e 3a4t t5at A3Gal an2 S5au=at -ointe2 out t5e 2n2 3loor o3 A90, 'A$ &I 6I&AR a. t5e -la4e ;5ere t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. .taBe2/ !5i. i. re4or2e2 ?B )F0# in t5e ,e,o ,ar=e2 a. EEt/)F3"C1/ )F0# 2e-o.e2 t5at on 5i. reque.t, t5e lan2lor2 o3 t5e 5ou.e1)F3" a44o,-anie2 5i, to t5e 2n2 3loor an2 t5e lo4= o3 t5e 5ou.e ;a. ?ro=en an2 t5e -re,i.e. .ear45e2 in t5e -re.en4e o3 )F3"/ !5e variou. arti4le. re4overe2 an2 .eiGe2 4on.equent u-on t5e .ear45 o3 t5e -re,i.e. are re4or2e2 in EEt/)F3"C1/ !5eB are: (a) 3 ele4troni4 2etonator. (EEt/)#0C1, #0C2 J #0C3)/ (?) t;o -a4=et. o3 .ilver -o;2er ?earin: t5e a22re.. >!ola Ra, J Son., 1"1, !ila= @aGar, el5i> (EEt/)#1)/ (4) A ?u4=et (EEt/)#2) o3 -re-are2 eE-lo.ive ,aterial/ Sa,-le o3 eE-lo.ive ,aterial i. EEt/)#3/ (2) t;o ?oEe. 4ontainin: Sul-5ur (EEt/)#" J )#5)/ (e) t;o 4ar2?oar2 4arton. (EEt/)## J )#0) 4ontainin: 20 7ar. ea45 o3 A,,oniu, $itrate o3 500 :ra,. ea45 (EEt/)#8C1 to EEt/)#8C38) (one 7ar ;a. ta=en out 3ro, ea45 4arton a. a .a,-le)/ (3) Ia,a5a ,otor4B4le ?earin: $o/ L11S1A1 3122 (EEt/)0#) 3oun2 at t5e :ate o3 t5e 5ou.e an2 .eiGe2 a. -er EEt/)F3"C2/ (:) *a-. o3 el5i 4itB an2 C5ana=Ba-uri area 3oun2 in t5e roo, vi2e EEt/)3"C3/ (5) )oli4e uni3or,. an2 -oli4e ?eret 4a-. ()03 .erie.)/ (i) Su7ata *iEer 'rin2er ;it5 t5ree 7ar. (EEt/)02) .eiGe2 a. -er EEt/)F3"C"/ )F3" 4on3ir,e2 t5i. 3a4t in 5i. 2e-o.ition/ In a22ition, )F3" i2enti3ie2 A3Gal an2 S5au=at in t5e Court an2 .tate2 t5e 3ollo;in: 3a4t.: !5at A3Gal 5a2 intro2u4e2 5i,.el3 un2er an a..u,e2 na,e o3 *aq.oo2 an2 too= t5e 2 n2 3loor on rent in t5e 3ir.t ;ee= o3 $ove,?er, 2001/ !5at S5au=at an2 t5ree or 3our ?oB. u.e2 to vi.it A3Gal at t5at -re,i.e. quite o3ten an2 on t5e 4ru4ial 2aB i/e/ 13/12/2001, at 10 a,, A3Gal, S5au=at an2 3our ,ore -er.on. le3t in an A,?a..a2or 4ar an2 A3Gal 5a2 returne2 a .5ort;5ile later an2 t5en le3t t5e -re,i.e. .u?.equentlB/ !5at t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t *o5a,,e2, ;5o.e -5oto:ra-5 5e i2enti3ie2, ;a. al.o re.i2in: ;it5 A3Gal .o,eti,e a3ter t5e -re,i.e. ;a. ta=en on rent/ !5e &i:5 Court a44e-te2 t5e te.ti,onB o3 )F3" in4lu2in: t5e i2enti3i4ation o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 *o5a,,e2 ?B -5oto:ra-5 (EEt/)F1C20)/ &e 4oul2 not i2enti3B t5e re,ainin: 3our terrori.t./ $eEt, ;e 4o,e to t5e evi2en4e in re:ar2 to t5e -re,i.e. at I$ IRA 6I&AR an2 t5e re4overie. t5ere3ro,/ *o52/ A3Gal, ;5ile ?ein: eEa,ine2 un2er Se4tion 313 Cr/)/C/ a2,itte2 t5at t5e 5ou.e at 281, In2ira 6i5ar ;a. ta=en on rent ?B 5i, a3ter 5i. return to el5i a3ter Eed/ )F0# 2e-o.e2 to t5e 3a4t t5at A3Gal an2 S5au=at le2 5i, an2 t5e -oli4e -artB to t5e -re,i.e. at 281, In2ira 6i5ar a. t5e -la4e ;5ere A3Gal an2 t5e 3ive .lain terrori.t. .taBe2/ !5e ,e,o o3 -ointin: out i. EEt/)F32C1/ )F32, ;5o i. t5e lan2lor2, .tate2 t5at on 1#t5 e4e,?er, 2001, t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal an2 S5au=at ;5o, 5e i2enti3ie2 4orre4tlB, ;ere ?rou:5t to 5i. 5ou.e ?B t5e -oli4e an2 A3Gal tol2 t5e -oli4e t5at 5e ;a. t5e lan2lor2/ !5erea3ter, t5e -oli4e too= 5i, an2 t5e t;o a44u.e2 to t5e 2 n2 3loor ;5i45 ;a. 3oun2 lo4=e2 an2 a. t5ere ;a. no =eB, t5e -oli4e ?ro=e t5e lo4=/ )F32 t5en .tate2 t5at on a .ear45 o3 t5e -re,i.e., a nu,?er o3 arti4le. a. re4or2e2 in t5e ,e,o o3 .eiGure1EEt/)F32C1 ;ere 3oun2/ !5e arti4le. re4overe2 a. a re.ult o3 .ear45 ;ere, (i) t5ree ele4tri4 2etonator. atta45e2 ;it5 a ;ire =e-t in a ?oE, (ii) .iE -re..ure 2etonator. 3itte2 in a -la.ti4 ?oE, (iii) t;o .ilver -o;2er -a4=et. o3 t5ou.an2 :ra,. ea45 ;it5 t5e .li-. 4ontainin: t5e na,e o3 >!olara, an2 Son., !ila= @aGar>, (iv) t;o ?oEe. o3 .ul-5ur, (v) a ,otor4B4le o3 Ia,a5a ,a=e -ar=e2 near t5e :ate o3 t5e 5ou.e, (vi) 5ou.e5ol2 arti4le. et4/ )F 32 atte.te2 t5e .eiGure ,e,o/ !5e ,otor4B4le ;a. .eiGe2 a. -er t5e .eiGure ,e,o1EEt/)F32C2/ It tran.-ire. 3ro, t5e evi2en4 eo3 )F53 ;5o i. an o33i4ial o3 t5e Roa2 !ran.-ort e-art,ent rea2 ;it5 EEt/)F53C1 t5at t5e .ai2 ,otor4B4le ;a. re:i.tere2 in t5e na,e o3 S5au=at &u..ain/ In 4onne4tion ;it5 t5e rentin: o3 t5e 5ou.e at In2ira 6i5ar, )F31 ;5o i. a -ro-ertB 2ealer, ;a. eEa,ine2/ &e .tate2 t5at *o52/ A3Gal a--roa45e2 5i, an2 on 9/12/2001 5e 3iEe2 u- t5e 5ou.e o3 )F32 at In2ira 6i5ar on a rent o3 R./"000 -/,/ &e i2enti3ie2 *o52/ A3Gal/ )F321t5e lan2lor2 4on3ir,e2 in 5i. 2e-o.ition t5at t5e 2 n2 3loor o3 t5e 5ou.e

5"

;a. ta=en on rent ?B *o52/ A3Gal t5rou:5 )F31/ &e 3urt5er .tate2 t5at 5e i,-o.e2 a 4on2ition t5at t5e tenant .5oul2 re.i2e ;it5 5i. 3a,ilB onlB/ &avin: 3oun2 .o,e 3ive or .iE ot5er -er.on. on 11/12/2001, 5e que.tione2 A3Gal on ;5i45 5e re-lie2 t5at t5eB ;ere 5i. 3rien2. an2 t5eB ;oul2 leave .oon an2 t5erea3ter 5e ;oul2 ?e ?rin:in: 5i. 3a,ilB/ %n 12/12/2001, A3Gal le3t t5e -re,i.e. lo4=in: t5e 2oor in3or,in: 5i, t5at 5e ;oul2 ?rin: 5i. 3a,ilB an2 45il2ren a3ter Ee2/ !5en 5e .-ea=. to t5e 2etail. o3 .ear45 an2 .eiGure/ &e ;a. a .i:natorB to t5e .eiGure ,e,o. EEt./)F32C1 an2 )F32C2/ !5e &i:5 Court 5el2 t5at t5e 3a4tu, o3 *o52/ A3Gal ta=in: t5e -re,i.e. on tenan4B, t5e re4overB o3 arti4le. an2 2etonator. on 1#/12/2001 an2 t5e 3a4t t5at 3ive or .iE -er.on. ;ere vi.itin: t5e -re,i.e. ;ere 3oun2 to ?e e.ta?li.5e2 ?B t5e te.ti,onB o3 )F. 31 J 32/ !5ou:5 )F32 i. .u--o.e2 to 5ave i2enti3ie2 t5e -er.on. 3oun2 ;it5 A3Gal ?B t5e -5oto:ra-5. o3 2ea2 ?o2ie. o3 terrori.t., ;e 2o not atta45 anB ;ei:5t to t5i. -art o3 t5e evi2en4e ?e4au.e t5e -oli4e .5o;e2 t5e -5oto. an2 tol2 5i, t5at t5eB ;ere t5e -5oto:ra-5. o3 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t./ &e al.o 2i2 not ta=e into a44ount t5i. -art o3 te.ti,onB o3 )F32/ At t5i. .ta:e, ;e ,aB re3er to t5e evi2en4e o3 t5e eE-ert. o3 +oren.i4 S4ien4e La?oratorB, C5an2i:ar5/ )F22 te.ti3ie2 in re:ar2 to t5e eE-lo.ive. 4ontaine2 in I/E/ / an2 t5e 4ar ?o,? ;5i45 ;a. re4overe2 3ro, t5e .4ene o3 o33en4e on 13t5 e4e,?er, 2001/ +ro, 5i. re-ortOEEt/)F21C1 an2 )F21C2, it i. evi2ent t5at A,,oniu, $itrate, Alu,inu,CSilver -o;2er an2 Sul-5ur ;a. 3oun2 in t5e eE-lo.ive./ !5e te.ti,onB o3 )F2" e.ta?li.5e. t5at t5e .a,-le. o3 45e,i4al. (4olle4te2 3ro, t5e 5i2eout.) ;ere Alu,inu, $itrate, Sul-5ur an2 Silver -o;2er/ !5e .a,e ;ere 3oun2 in t5e unu.e2 eE-lo.ive./ A,on:.t t5e 5i2eout. 3urni.5in: t5e lin=. o3 a..o4iation ?et;een t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal an2 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t *o5a,,e2 i. t5e one in t5e @oB.> 5o.tel, C5ri.tian ColonB/ It i. in t5e evi2en4e o3 )F38 ;5o ;a. runnin: an S! ?oot5 at C5ri.tian ColonB t5at A3Gal an2 S5au=at ,et 5i, an2 ,a2e enquirie. a?out t5e availa?ilitB o3 rente2 a44o,,o2ation/ !5en on #/11/2001 5e too= 5i, to )F30 ;5o ;a. runnin: a 5o.tel at @1"1, C5ri.tian ColonB/ )F38 i2enti3ie2 A3Gal an2 S5au=at/ )F30 2e-o.e2 t5at 5e let out a roo, on t5e 'roun2 +loor an2 ;5en 5e ;ent to t5e 5o.tel on 2#t5 $ove,?er, 5e 3oun2 one Aa.5,iri ?oB in t5e roo, ;5o 2i.4lo.e2 5i. na,e a. Ru5ail Ali S5a5/ It ,aB ?e note2 t5at t5e ;itne.. i2enti3ie2 t5e .ai2 Ru5ail Ali S5a5 a. t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t *o5a,,e2 ?B re3eren4e to 5i. -5oto:ra-5 (EEt/)F29C5) in t5e -re.en4e o3 -oli4e an2 in t5e Court/ !5e i2entitB 4ar2 o3 Ru5ail Ali S5a5 (EEt/)F"C") .5o;n to 5i, ;a. al.o i2enti3ie2 an2 it i. t5e 4ar2 t5at ;a. 3oun2 at t5e .-ot o3 o33en4e/ )F30 al.o .tate2 t5at 5e 5a2 .een A3Gal an2 S5au=at vi.itin: t5e .o 4alle2 Ru5ail Ali S5a5/ It ,aB ?e note2 t5at t5e .ai2 roo, in C5ri.tian ColonB ;a. ta=en on rent at a?out t5e .a,e ti,e ;5en t5e -re,i.e. at 'an25i 6i5ar ;a. 5ire2/ !5e te.ti,onB o3 t5i. ;itne.. ;a. 3oun2 to ?e relia?le ?B t5e &i:5 Court/ Fe .ee no :oo2 rea.on to 2i.4ar2 5i. evi2en4e on t5e :roun2 t5at 5e 2i2 not -ro2u4e t5e re4or2 o3 t5eir .taB/ $o; ;e turn our attention to t5e evi2en4e :iven ?B t5e .5o-=ee-er. in re:ar2 to t5e -ur45a.e o3 variou. t5in:. ?B t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal 5i,.el3 or in t5e 4o,-anB o3 ot5er./ (vii) )ur45a.e. 3ro, .5o-. !5e neEt 4ir4u,.tan4e ;5i45 -rovi2e. i,-ortant lin=. in t5e 45ain o3 4ir4u,.tantial evi2en4e i. t5at t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal le2 t5e Inve.ti:atin: %33i4er to variou. -la4e. 3ro, ;5ere t5e in4ri,inatorB arti4le. 3oun2 in t5e -re,i.e. at 'an25i 6i5ar an2 In2ira 6i5ar an2 at t5e .4ene o3 o33en4e ;ere -ur45a.e2/ $o; ;e .5all ?rie3lB re3er to t5e evi2en4e in re:ar2 to t5e -ur45a.e o3 45e,i4al. u.e2 in eE-lo.ive. an2 t5e *iEture1 'rin2er utiliGe2 3or -re-arin: t5e eE-lo.ive .u?.tan4e/ )F10# re4or2e2 in EE/ "0C1 2ate2 10/12/01 t5at A3Gal 3urni.5e2 in3or,ation t5at 5e 5a2 vi.ite2 t5e .5o- o3 )F1"0 alon: ;it5 2e4ea.e2 a44o,-li4e &a,Ga at !ila= @aGar an2 -ur45a.e2 50=: o3 a,,oniu, nitrate -a4=e2 in T =:/ ?oEe. an2 t5at 5e ;oul2 .5o; t5e .5o-/ A44or2in:lB, A3Gal le2 t5e )oli4e to t5e .5o- o3 )F1"0 an2 i2enti3ie2 t5e -ro-rietor ;5i45 3a4t i. relevant an2 a2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 8 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ )F1"0 i2enti3ie2 t5e a44u.e2 O A3Gal, in t5e Court an2 .tate2 t5at 5e 4a,e to 5i. .5o- on #/12/01 to -ur45a.e a,,oniu, nitrate an2 t5at 5e -la4e2 an or2er 3or 50=:, -ai2 an a2van4e o3 R./ 800C1 an2 4a,e t5e neEt 2aB to ta=e 2eliverB o3 t5e .a,e/ %n 0/12/01, 5e 4a,e ;it5 one ,ore -er.on, -ai2 t5e ?alan4e an2 too= t5e 2eliverB o3 50=: a,,oniu, nitrate ;5i45 ;a. -a4=e2 in T =: -la.ti4 ?a:./ In vie; o3 t5e .5ort ti,e :a- an2 t5e or2er 3or a lar:e quantitB, t5ere i. no rea.on to 2ou?t t5e i2enti3i4ation o3 *o52/ A3Gal O )F "0/ Fe 5ave alrea2B .een t5at a,,oniu, nitrate ;a. one o3 t5e 45e,i4al. re4overe2 3ro, t5e -re,i.e. at 'an25i 6i5ar/ )F1"0 al.o i2enti3ie2 t5e 2e4ea.e2 &a,Ga ?B 5i. -5oto:ra-5 1 EEt/"0C2/ A44or2in: to )F1"0, it i. 5e ;5o a44o,-anie2 A3Gal t5e neEt 2aB/ &o;ever, in t5e ,e,o o3 -ointin: out ;5i45 i. EEt/"0C1, it ;a. re4or2e2 t5at A3Gal 2i.4lo.e2 t5at 5e vi.ite2 t5e .5o- ;it5 &ai2er/ !5i. 2i.4re-an4B or ,i.ta=e in re4or2in: t5e na,e 2oe. not ,a=e a 2ent on t5e vera4itB o3 evi2en4e o3 )F1"0 on t5e -oint o3 i2enti3i4ation o3 -5oto:ra-5 in EEt/ "0C2/ !5e &i:5 Court a44e-te2 t5e evi2en4e o3 )F1"0/ !5en, a?out t5e -ur45a.e o3 .ilver -o;2er, )F10# re4or2e2 in EE/ "2C1 t5at A3Gal 2i.4lo.e2 5avin: -ur45a.e2 t5e .ilver -o;2er 3ro, t5e .5o- o3 )F1"2/ It ,aB ?e .tate2 t5at on t5e -a4=et. o3 .ilver -o;2er (EE/)C51), t5e na,e an2 a22re.. >!olara, J Son., 1"1, !ila= @aGar> ;a. ;ritten/ !5u., t5e na,e an2 a22re.. o3 t5e .5o- ;a. alrea2B =no;n to t5e )oli4e/ !5ere3ore, Se4tion 20 4annot ?e -re..e2 into .ervi4e/ &o;ever, t5e 4on2u4t o3 A3Gal in -ointin: out t5e .5o- an2 it. -ro-rietor ()F"2) ;oul2 ?e relevant un2er Se4tion 8 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ )F1 "2 in 5i. 2e-o.ition te.ti3ie2 to t5e 3a4tu, o3 -ur45a.e o3 50 =:. o3 .ilver -o;2er ?B A3Gal on 11/12/01/ !5e ;itne.. i2enti3ie2 t5e .eiGe2 .a,-le. a. 5avin: ?een .ol2 ?B 5i,/ &e al.o i2enti3ie2 A3Gal/ &e .-e4i3i4allB .tate2 t5at t5e quantitB -ur45a.e2 ?B 5i, ?ein: lar:e, A3Gal>. -re.en4e ;a. verB ,u45 t5ere in 5i.

55

,e,orB/ It ,aB ?e re4alle2 t5at .ilver -o;2er ;a. re4overe2 3ro, t5e -re,i.e. at In2ira 6i5ar/ !5e .a,-le. .eiGe2 3ro, In2ira 6i5ar ;ere i2enti3ie2 ?B )F1"2/ It i. to ?e note2 t5at Alu,iniu, -o;2er ;a. one o3 t5e in:re2ient. u.e2 in t5e IE . 3oun2 in t5e -o..e..ion o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. at t5e )arlia,ent 4o,-leE/ Anot5er ite, o3 -ur45a.e ;a. 2rB 3ruit./ !5ree -olBt5ene -a4=et. o3 2rB 3ruit. ?earin: t5e na,e o3 >Sa;an rB +ruit.> (EE/ )C10) an2 5avin: t5e a22re.. #500, +ate5-uri C5o;= ;ere re4overe2 at t5e .4ene o3 o33en4e near t5e ?o2ie. o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2/ )F10# .tate2 t5at A3Gal le2 t5e, to t5e .5o- o3 Sa;an rB +ruit./ )F"1Ot5e .ale.,an, :ave evi2en4e re:ar2in: t5e tran.a4tion o3 .ale on 11/12/01/ &e i2enti3ie2 t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal a. t5e -er.on ;5o 5a2 -ur45a.e2 t5e 2rB 3ruit./ !5e ;itne.. al.o i2enti3ie2 t5e -5oto:ra-5 o3 Rana even a. t5at o3 t5e -er.on ;5o a44o,-anie2 A3Gal/ )F"1 al.o .tate2 t5at A3Gal ;a. in t5e .5o- 3or nearlB 5al3 an 5our/ !5e &i:5 Court, ;5ile o?.ervin: t5at t5ere ;a. not5in: to 2i.4re2it t5e evi2en4e o3 )F1"1, it, 5o;ever, i:nore2 5i. te.ti,onB on a tenuou. :roun2 t5at t5e )oli4e ;ere alrea2B a;are o3 t5e .our4e o3 -ur45a.e o3 t5e 2rB 3ruit./ !5ou:5 t5ere ;a. no 2i.4overB ;it5in t5e ,eanin: o3 Se4tion 20, t5ere i. no rea.on ;5B t5e evi2en4e o3 )F1"1 .5oul2 ?e e.45e;e2 on t5at a44ount/ &o;ever, in re:ar2 to t5e i2enti3i4ation o3 t5e -5oto:ra-5 o3 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t, 5i. evi2en4e 2oe. not in.-ire 4on3i2en4e, in vie; o3 t5e ti,e la: o3 8 ,ont5. an2 t5e ,anner in ;5i45 t5e an.;er ;a. .ou:5t to ?e eli4ite2 3ro, 5i,/ !5en, ;e 5ave t5e evi2en4e o3 -ur45a.e o3 Su7ata *iEer1'rin2er (EEt/)02) ;5i45 ;a. 3oun2 in t5e 5i2eout at 'an25i 6i5ar/ )F10# 2e-o.e2 t5at A3Gal too= t5e inve.ti:atin: tea, to an ele4tri4al .5o- at +ate5-uri 3ro, ;5ere t5e *iEer1'rin2er ;a. -ur45a.e2/ !5e ,e,o o3 -ointin: out i. EE/ 0#C2/ !5e -ointin: out o3 t5e .5o- an2 t5e i2enti3i4ation o3 t5e o;ner o3 t5e .5o- ;5ere3ro, t5e -ur45a.e ;a. ,a2e are relevant 3a4t. to .5o; t5e 4on2u4t o3 t5e a44u.e2 re3erre2 to in Se4tion 8 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ In anB 4a.e, t5e evi2en4e o3 )F1"3 e.ta?li.5e. t5e 3a4t t5at A3Gal ?ou:5t t5e *iEer1'rin2er o3 Su7ata ,a=e on 0/12/01/ !5e relevant 4a.5 ,e,o ;a. 3ile2 ?B 5i,/ !5e ;itne.. i2enti3ie2 A3Gal in t5e Court an2 al.o t5e *iEer1'rin2er/ !5e &i:5 Court 5a. a44e-te2 t5e te.ti,onB o3 t5i. ;itne../ !5u., t5e neEu. ?et;een t5e *iEer1'rin2er ;5i45 ;a. re4overe2 3ro, t5e -re,i.e. at 'an25i 6i5ar an2 t5e one -ur45a.e2 ?B A3Gal 3ro, t5e .5o- o3 )F1"3 .tan2. e.ta?li.5e2 ?B t5e evi2en4e on re4or2/ !5e evi2en4e o3 t5e re-ort o3 t5e eE-ert., na,elB )F. 22 J 2" e.ta?li.5, a. 5el2 ?B t5e &i:5 Court, t5at t5e 4o,-o.ition o3 45e,i4al. 3oun2 .ti4=in: to t5e 7ar o3 t5e ,iEer :rin2er an2 t5e 45e,i4al. in t5e ?u4=et ;ere o3 t5e .a,e 4o,-o.ition a. ;a. t5e 4o,-o.ition o3 t5e 45e,i4al. in t5e eE-lo.ive. .eiGe2 3ro, t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. at )arlia,ent &ou.e/ Anot5er ite, o3 -ur45a.e ;a. a ,otor4B4le o3 t5e Ia,a5a ,a=e ?earin: re:i.tration $o/&R1511E150#8/ )F0# .tate2 t5at on 18/12/2001 t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal too= t5e inve.ti:atin: tea, to 'u-ta Auto eal. at Aarol @a:5 3ro, ;5ere t5e .ai2 ,otor4B4le ;a. -ur45a.e2 an2 5e -ointe2 out t5e .5o- o;nerO )F29/ !5e ,e,o o3 -ointin: out i. EEt/)F29C1/ !5i. 4on2u4t o3 A3Gal i. relevant un2er Se4tion 8 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ )F29 2e-o.e2 t5at 3our -er.on. in4lu2in: a la2B 4a,e to 5i. .5o- in t5e noon ti,e to .ee t5e ,otor4B4le/ A3ter ta=in: trial run, t5eB ;ent a;aB an2 in t5e evenin: t;o -er.on. 4a,e an2 -ur45a.e2 t5e ,otor4B4le 3or R./20,000C1/ A. alrea2B noti4e2, t5e .ai2 ,otor4B4le ;a. 3oun2 at A190, 'an25i 6i5ar an2 t5e .a,e ;a. .eiGe2 ?B t5e I/%/ !5e ;itne.. 5an2e2 over t5e ?oo= 4ontainin: t5e 2eliverB re4ei-t (EEt/29C2 J 29C3) to t5e -oli4e, ;5i45 ;ere 3ile2 in t5e Court a. )F29C2 J )F29C3/ !5e ;itne.. i2enti3ie2 A3Gal an2 S5au=at in t5e Court an2 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t *o5a,,e2 3ro, t5e -5oto:ra-5 (EEt/29C5)/ &e ;a. 5o;ever una?le to i2enti3B t5e la2B in vie; o3 t5e 3a4t t5at .5e ;a. at a 2i.tan4e/ !5e &i:5 Court ri:5tlB too= t5e vie; t5at in vie; o3 ;5at ;a. narrate2 ?B t5e ;itne.., t5e i2enti3i4ation o3 t5e a44u.e2 an2 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t ;a. quite -ro?a?le/ It ;a. not a 4a.e o3 >3leetin: :lan4e>/ !5i. i. a 2i.4re-an4B ?et;een t5e .eiGure ,e,o ()F29C") 2ate2 19/12/2001 an2 t5e .tate,ent o3 )F29 un2er Se4tion 1#1 Cr/)/C/ t5at 5e 5an2e2 over t5e -a-er. on 18/12/2001/ !5i. a--arent 4ontra2i4tion ;a. not -ointe2 out to t5e ;itne.. an2 no que.tion ;a. a.=e2 a?out it/ !5e neEt i,-ortant 4ir4u,.tan4e a:ain.t t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal i. 5i. a..o4iation ;it5 *o5a,,e2 in -ur45a.in: t5e A,?a..a2or 4ar ;it5 re:i.tration $o/ L13CJ11520 3ro, )F20/ !5e 3a4t t5at t5e .ai2 4ar ;a. u.e2 ?B t5e .lain terrori.t. 3or enterin: t5e )arlia,ent ;it5 ar,. an2 eE-lo.ive., i. not in 2i.-ute/ )F20 a3ter 5earin: t5e ne;. t5at t5e 4ar ;it5 t5e .ai2 nu,?er ;a. u.e2 ?B t5e terrori.t., 5e .trai:5t ;ent to t5e )arlia,ent Street )oli4e Station alon: ;it5 t5e 4o-ie. o3 2o4u,ent./ &avin: learne2 t5at 5i. S&% ;a. at t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e, 5e ;ent t5ere an2 ,et t5e S&% at t5e :ate an2 -a..e2 on in3or,ation to 5i, t5at t5e 4ar ;a. .ol2 ?B 5i, on 11/12/2001 to one A.5iq &u..ain A5an/ &e i2enti3ie2 t5e 4ar, ;5i45 ;a. lBin: at :ate $o/11, t5en 5e 5an2e2 over t5e 2o4u,ent. -ertainin: to t5e 4ar ;5i45 ;ere .eiGe2 un2er t5e ,e,oOEEt/)F1C0/ !5e 2o4u,ent. ;ere later 3ile2 in t5e Court/ )F20 4orre4tlB i2enti3ie2 t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal a. t5e -er.on ;5o 5a2 4o,e ;it5 A.5iq &u..ain A5an 3or t5e -ur45a.e o3 4ar/ !5e 2eliverB re4ei-t o3 t5e 4ar i..ue2 ?B A.5iq &u..ain A5an i. EEt/)F1C#/ !5e 2eliverB re4ei-t ;a. .i:ne2 ?B A3Gal a. a ;itne../ !5e .i:nature o3 A3Gal on t5e 2eliverB re4ei-t i. -rove2 ?B t5e analB.i. o3 5i. 5an2;ritin: ?B t5e eE-ert1)F23/ !5i. i. a-art 3ro, t5e te.ti,onB o3 )F20/ In t5e 4our.e o3 eEa,ination un2er Se4tion 313 Cr/)/C/, A3Gal a2,itte2 t5at on 11/12/2001 5e a44o,-anie2 *o5a,,e2 to t5e .5o- o3 )F20 3or -ur45a.in: a .e4on25an2 4ar ?ut later 5e 2enie2 it/ It i. al.o ;ort5B to note t5at A3Gal 2i2 not let t5e a,i4u. to -ut a .u::e.tion t5at 5e 5a2 not vi.ite2 t5e .5o- o3 )F20/ )F20 2e-o.e2 t5at 5e 5a2 ta=en -5oto4o-B o3 t5e I/Car2 an2 a 4oloure2 -5oto o3 A.5iq &u..ain A5an, ;5i45 are EEt./)F25C" J )F20C3/ )F20 3urt5er 2e-o.e2 t5at t5e 2ea2 ?o2B lBin: at 'ate $o/1 ;a. o3 t5e .a,e -er.on ;5o 5a2 intro2u4e2 5i,.el3 a. A.5iq &u..ain A5an ;5ile -ur45a.in: t5e 4ar/ F5en 5e ;a. .5o;n EEt/)F"C3 ;5i45 i. t5e I/Car2 in t5e na,e o3 A.5iq &u..ain A5an re4overe2 3ro, t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t *o5a,,e2, )F20 4on3ir,e2 t5at it ;a. t5e .a,e I/Car2 t5at ;a. .5o;n to 5i,/ !5e &i:5 Court 5el2 t5at t5e evi2en4e o3 )F20, ;5o ;a. an in2e-en2ent ;itne.., ;a. in no ,anner tainte2 an2 5el2 t5at A3Gal ;a. involve2 in t5e -ur45a.e o3 t5e 4ar u.e2 ?B t5e terrori.t. to enter t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e/ !5i. 4on4lu.ion ;a. rea45e2 ?B t5e &i:5 Court even a3ter eE4lu2in: t5e evi2en4e o3 )F23, )rin4i-al S4ienti3i4 %33i4er ;5o 4on3ir,e2 t5at t5e .i:nature. on t5e 2eliverB re4ei-tOEEt/)F1C# tallie2 ;it5 5i. .-e4i,en .i:nature./ In t5i. 4onteEt, a 4ontention ;a. rai.e2 ?e3ore t5e &i:5 Court t5at in vie; o3 Se4tion 20 o3 )%!A, .-e4i,en .i:nature .5oul2 not 5ave ?een o?taine2 ;it5out t5e -er,i..ion o3 t5e Court/ In re-lB to t5i. 4ontention ur:e2 ?e3ore t5e &i:5 Court, *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu,, t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el 3or t5e State 4lari3ie2 t5at on t5e relevant 2ate, ;5en t5e .-e4i,en .i:nature. o3 A3Gal ;ere o?taine2,

5#

t5e inve.ti:ation ;a. not 2one un2er t5e )%!A -rovi.ion. an2 2e 5or. t5e -rovi.ion. o3 )%!A, t5ere ;a. no le:al ?ar a:ain.t o?tainin: t5e 5an2;ritin: .a,-le./ !5e learne2 4oun.el relie2 u-on ?B t5e 11 Ju2:e @en45 2e4i.ion o3 t5i. Court in State of 'om&ay v. #attikalu *ghad *A$(CSCC013"C19#1 in .u--ort o3 5i. 4ontention t5at Arti4le 23 o3 t5e Con.titution ;a. not in3rin:e2 ?B ta=in: t5e .-e4i,en 5an2;ritin: or .i:nature or t5u,? i,-re..ion. o3 a -er.on in 4u.to2B/ Re3eren4e 5a. al.o 2ra;n to t5e 2e4i.ion o3 t5i. Court in State of +.P. v. 'oota Singh *A$(CSCC0182C1908/ Fe 3in2 4on.i2era?le 3or4e in t5i. 4ontention a2van4e2 ?B *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu,/ In 3a4t t5i. a.-e4t ;a. not .eriou.lB 2e?ate2 ?e3ore u./ !5e -ur45a.e o3 ,o?ile 4ellular -5one in.tru,ent. ?B A3Gal in t5e .5o-. o3 )F"" an2 )F"9, a44o,-anie2 ?B S5au=at, i. anot5er i,-ortant 4ir4u,.tan4e t5at 4an ?e -ut a:ain.t 5i,/ A. alrea2B noti4e2, t5e.e ,o?ile in.tru,ent. 3oun2 t5eir ;aB to one or t5e ot5er 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. an2 t5eB ;ere ?ein: inter45an:ea?lB u.e2 ?B A3Gal, *o5a,,e2 an2 Rana/ !5e evi2en4e o3 )F0# 4ou-le2 ;it5 EEt/)F""C1 (-ointin: out ,e,o) reveal. t5at t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal too= t5e -oli4e -artB to .5o- $o/2#, 'a33ar *ar=et an2 -ointe2 it out a. t5e .5o- 3ro, ;5i45 5e -ur45a.e2 t5e ,o?ile -5one 5an2.et o3 SonB ,a=e/ !5e 4on2u4t o3 t5e a44u.e2 in -ointin: out t5e .5o- an2 i2enti3Bin: t5e .5o- o;ner i. relevant un2er Se4tion 8 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ )F"" 1 t5e .5o- o;ner i2enti3ie2 A3Gal an2 t5e ,o?ile -5one (EEt/)30) .ol2 to 5i, on 0C8/12/2001/ !5e .ai2 in.tru,ent (EEt/)30) ;a. re4overe2 3ro, t5e ?o2B o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t *o5a,,e2 vi2e EEt/)F"C1"/ &e ;a. 4on3ronte2 ;it5 .o,e 2i.4re-an4B a. to t5e eEa4t 2ate o3 -ur45a.e, ;5i45 2oe. not a--ear to u. to ?e verB ,aterial/ !5e 3a4t t5at t5e tran.a4tion ;a. una44ounte2 i. al.o not a :roun2 to e.45e; 5i. evi2en4e e.-e4iallB ;5en t5e &i:5 Court 3oun2 t5at 5i. evi2en4e ;a. tru.t;ort5B/ !5ere i. no ;arrant 3or t5e 3urt5er o?.ervation o3 t5e &i:5 Court t5at in2e-en2ent 4orro?oration o3 5i. te.ti,onB ;a. la4=in: an2 t5ere3ore t5e evi2en4e ;a. lia?le to ?e i:nore2/ Re:ar2in: t5e -ur45a.e o3 *otorola ,o?ile -5one (EEt/)28), )F0# 2e-o.e2 t5at on 19/12/2001, t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal le2 t5e inve.ti:atin: o33i4ial. to t5e .5o- o3 )F"9 at @110, *o2el !o;n 3ro, ;5ere t5e .ai2 ,o?ile -5one ;a. -ur45a.e2/ !5e ,e,o o3 -ointin: out i. EEt/)F"9C1/ !5e 4on2u4t o3 t5e a44u.e2 in lea2in: t5e I/%/ to t5e .5o- o3 )F"9 an2 i2enti3Bin: 5i, a. t5e .5o- o;ner ?e4o,e. relevant un2er Se4tion 8 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ )F"9, ;5ile i2enti3Bin: A3Gal an2 S5au=at in t5e Court 2e-o.e2 a?out t5e .ale o3 t5e -5one an2 one SI* Car2 to t5e .ai2 -er.on./ !5e .ai2 -5one ;5i45 ;a. .ol2 ?B )F"9 to t5e a44u.e2 ;a. re4overe2 3ro, t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t Rana vi2e EEt/)F2C2/ !5i. .tate,ent o3 t5e ;itne.. ;a. a..aile2 on t5e :roun2 t5at t5e SI* Car2 -ertainin: to t5e $o/ 9811"89"29 ;a. .tate2 to 5ave ?een .ol2 on "/12/2001/ &o;ever, t5e 4all re4or2. -ertainin: to t5i. nu,?er .5o; t5at t5e -5one ;a. a4tive .in4e #/11/2001/ !5e &i:5 Court re3ute2 t5i. 4riti4i., ?B o?.ervin: t5u.: M///!5e 4on4lu.ion to ;5i45 t5e 2e3en4e 5a. 7u,-e2 i., in our o-inion, ?a.e2 on an a..u,-tion t5at ;5en )F"9 .ai2 t5at 5e .ol2 a SI* 4ar2 to *o52/ A3Gal on "/12/2001, t5i. ;a. t5e SI* 4ar2/ In 5i. te.ti,onB, )F"9 2i2 not .aB t5at 5e .ol2 t5i. SI* to *o52/ A3Gal on "/12/2001, 5e onlB .ai2 t5at 5e .ol2 one SI* 4ar2 (;it5out i2enti3Bin: it) to *o52/ A3Gal on "/12/2001/ It 4oul2 ?e anB 4ar2/ !5e ;itne.. ,aB 5ave .ol2 t5e -arti4ular 4ar2 to *o52/ A3Gal or anB ot5er -er.on on #/12/2001/ !5e ;itne.. 2oe. not .tan2 2i.4re2ite2/ In t5e verB neEt .enten4e, t5e &i:5 Court 5o;ever o?.erve2 t5at in t5e a?.en4e o3 in2e-en2ent 4orro?oration o3 t5e te.ti,onB o3 )F"9, 5i. evi2en4e ou:5t not to ?e ta=en into a44ount/ &ere al.o, 7u.t a. in t5e 4a.e o3 )F"", t5e &i:5 Court 3ell into error in 2i.4ar2in: t5e evi2en4e on an untena?le :roun2/ It i. to ?e note2 t5at t5e 5an2.et (EEt/)8") ;5i45 ;a. u.e2 3or o-eratin: 9811"89"29 on t5e 2ate o3 in4i2ent, ;a. re4overe2 3ro, A3Gal at Srina:ar/ !5e 4all re4or2.1EEt/ )F3#C3 ;oul2 reveal t5at t5e .ai2 nu,?er ;a. a4tivate2 on #/11/2001 it.el3 an2 t5at even -rior to " t5 e4e,?er, t5e SI* 4ar2 ;a. 5el2 ?B t5e .a,e -er.on or -er.on. ;5o o-erate2 it a3ter "/12/2001/ !5e SI* 4ar2 .5oul2 5ave ?een ne4e..arilB .ol2 to A3Gal -rior to "/12/2001/ It i. 4onten2e2 t5at t5e te.t i2enti3i4ation .5oul2 5ave ?een 4on2u4te2 to a..ure 4re2i?ilitB to t5e evi2en4e o3 i2enti3i4ation o3 A3Gal ?B t5e .5o-=ee-er./ It i. al.o 4onten2e2 t5at t5e -5oto:ra-5 o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 *o5a,,e2 .5oul2 5ave ?een ,iEe2 u- ;it5 t5e ot5er -5oto:ra-5. in or2er to i,-art 4re2i?ilitB to t5e ver.ion o3 ;itne..e. ;5o 4lai,e2 to 5ave .een 5i,/ Fe 3in2 no .u?.tan4e in t5e.e 4ontention./ It i. ;ell .ettle2 t5at 4on2u4tin: t5e !e.t I2enti3i4ation )ara2e relate. to t5e .ta:e o3 inve.ti:ation an2 t5e o,i..ion to 4on2u4t t5e .a,e ;ill not al;aB. a33e4t t5e 4re2i?ilitB o3 t5e ;itne.. ;5o i2enti3ie. t5e a44u.e2 in t5e Court/ In ,alkhansingh and *!s. v. State of ,.P. *A$(CSCC0""5C2003 @/)/ Sin:5, J/ .-ea=in: 3or a t5ree Ju2:e @en45 o?.erve2 t5u.: MIt i. ;ell .ettle2 t5at t5e .u?.tantive evi2en4e i. t5e evi2en4e o3 i2enti3i4ation in Court an2 t5e te.t i2enti3i4ation -ara2e -rovi2e. 4orro?oration to t5e i2enti3i4ation o3 t5e ;itne.. in Court, i3 require2/ &o;ever, ;5at ;ei:5t ,u.t ?e atta45e2 to t5e evi2en4e o3 i2enti3i4ation in Court, ;5i45 i. not -re4e2e2 ?B a te.t i2enti3i4ation -ara2e, i. a ,atter 3or t5e Court. o3 3a4t to eEa,ine/ In t5e in.tant 4a.e, t5e Court. ?elo; 5ave 4on4urrentlB 3oun2 t5e evi2en4e o3 t5e -ro.e4utriE to ?e relia?le///M !5e earlier o?.ervation at -ara:ra-5 10 i. al.o i,-ortant:

50

MIt i. no 2ou?t true t5at ,u45 evi2entiarB value 4annot ?e atta45e2 to t5e i2enti3i4ation o3 t5e a44u.e2 in 4ourt ;5ere i2enti3Bin: ;itne.. i. a total .tran:er ;5o 5a2 7u.t a 3leetin: :li,-.e o3 t5e -er.on i2enti3ie2 or ;5o 5a2 no -arti4ular rea.on to re,e,?er t5e -er.on 4on4erne2, i3 t5e i2enti3i4ation i. ,a2e 3or t5e 3ir.t ti,e in Court/M In t5e -re.ent 4a.e, t5e a44u.e2 -er.on. t5e,.elve. le2 t5e ;itne..e. to t5e 4on4erne2 .5o-. an2 t5e -la4e. an2 -ointe2 out t5e ;itne..e./ !5ere3ore, t5e que.tion o3 5ol2in: !I) t5erea3ter 2oe. not ari.e/ !5e evi2en4e o3 t5e -ro.e4ution ;itne..e. ;5o 4oul2 i2enti3B t5e t;o a44u.e2 -er.on. 4an ?e .a3elB relie2 u-on 3or ,ore t5an one rea.on/ +ir.tlB, t5e ti,e la: ?et;een t5e 2ate o3 3ir.t an2 neEt ,eetin: ;a. not ,u45, it ;a. 7u.t a 3e; 2aB. or at t5e ,o.t t;o ;ee=./ Se4on2lB, t5ere ;a. .4o-e 3or .u33i4ient intera4tion .o t5at t5e i2entitB o3 t5e a44u.e2 4oul2 ?e retaine2 in t5eir ,e,orB/ It ;a. not a 4a.e o3 ,ere >3leetin: :li,-.e>/ +or t5e .a,e rea.on., t5eB 4oul2 i2enti3B *o5a,,e2 ?B -5oto:ra-5 ;5i45 ;a. quite 4lear, t5ou:5/ I3 t5e .te- ;a. ta=en ?B t5e I/%/ to 5ave t5e te.t i2enti3i4ation o3 -5oto:ra-5. o3 2ea2 ?o2ie., it ;oul2 5ave :iven ?etter a..uran4e o3 t5e relia?ilitB o3 i2enti3i4ation/ &o;ever, t5e 3ailure to 2o .o 4annot ?e a :roun2 to e.45e; t5e te.ti,onB o3 t5e ;itne..e. ;5o.e evi2en4e ;a. 4on4urrentlB a44e-te2 ?B t5e trial an2 t5e a--ellate Court/ It i. not t5e 4a.e o3 t5e a--ellant or anB o3 t5e a44u.e2 t5at t5e i2enti3i4ation ?B -5oto:ra-5. i. not -er,i..i?le un2er la;/ (iE) La-to!5e re4overB o3 >la-to-> 3ro, t5e tru4= in ;5i45 A3Gal an2 S5au=at travelle2 on ?ein: -ointe2 out ?B t5e, i. a 5i:5lB in4ri,inatin: 4ir4u,.tan4e a:ain.t t5e,/ It i. e.ta?li.5e2 3ro, t5e evi2en4e t5at t5e .ai2 la-to- ;a. u.e2 3or t5e -re-aration o3 I/Car2. an2 t5e I/Car2. 3oun2 at t5e .-ot on t5e 2ea2 ?o2ie. an2 t5e *&A .ti4=er 3oun2 on t5e 4ar ;ere t5o.e -ro2u4e2 3ro, t5e .a,e la-to-/ It a2,it. o3 no 2ou?t t5at t5e la-to-, ;5i45 ,u.t 5ave ?een ;it5 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t *o5a,,e2 an2 ot5er. 4a,e into t5e 4u.to2B o3 A3Gal (an2 S5au=at) .oon a3ter t5e in4i2ent on 13t5 e4e,?er an2 .u45 -o..e..ion 5a. not ?een a44ounte2 3or/ $o; let u. 2elve into 3urt5er 2etail., eE4lu2in: 3ro, 4on.i2eration t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent., a44or2in: to ;5i45 t5e la-to- ;a. :iven to A3Gal an2 S5au=at ?B *o5a,,e2 to ?e 5an2e2 over to '5aGi?a?a/ )F#11 B/ S/)/, Srina:ar .-ea=. to t5e re4overB o3 t5e la-to- in a ?rie34a.e ;it5 atta45,ent. 3ro, t5e tru4= -ur.uant to t5e 2i.4lo.ure ,a2e ?B A3Gal an2 S5au=at ;5en t5e tru4= ;a. inter4e-te2 at Srina:ar/ EEt/)F#1C" i. t5e .eiGure ,e,o/ )F#21t5e &ea2 Con.ta?le, 4orro?orate. ;5at )F#1 .tate2/ )F. #" J #5, ;5o are t5e Su?1In.-e4tor. o3 S-e4ial Cell, .-ea= to t5e 3a4t t5at t5e la-to- alon: ;it5 t5e a44e..orie. ;a. 5an2e2 over to t5e, a. t5e -ro-ertB re4overe2 ?B )F#1/ !5e la-to- i. EEt/)83/ !5e la-to- an2 ot5er arti4le. .eiGe2 at Srina:ar ;ere 2e-o.ite2 in t5e malkhana o3 t5e -oli4e .tation in .eale2 4on2ition a. -er )F##/ !5en it ;a. t5e 7o? o3 )F801AC), ;5o too= over inve.ti:ation on 19t5 e4e,?er, to 5ave t5e la-to- eEa,ine2 ?B eE-ert./ !5e eE-ert., na,elB, )F021a 4o,-uter en:ineer an2 )F031A..i.tant 'overn,ent EEa,iner o3 Hue.tione2 o4u,ent., @ureau o3 )oli4e Re.ear45, &B2era?a2 .u?,itte2 t5eir re-ort. ;5i45 are EEt./)F02C1 an2 )F03C1/ )F09, ;5o ;a. a..o4iate2 ;it5 )F03, ;a. al.o eEa,ine2 ?B t5e -ro.e4ution/ !5e la-to- 4ontaine2 3ile. relatin: to i2entitB 4ar2. re4overe2 3ro, t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. ;5erein t5e a22re.. ;a. ,entione2 a. C5ri.tian ColonB or 'an25i 6i5ar/ )F02 te.ti3ie2 t5at 5e too= -rintout. 3ro, t5e la-to- ;5i45 are EEt./)F59C1 to )F59C0 an2 )F02C2 to )F02C13 an2 t5e.e 2o4u,ent. ;ere 4o,-are2 to t5e ori:inal i2entitB 4ar2. an2 t5e *&A .ti4=er (EEt/)F1C8)/ !5e 3oren.i4 eE-ert1)F59 .u?,itte2 a re-ort a44or2in: to ;5i45 t5e la-to- ()F83) ;a. in 3a4t u.e2 3or t5e 4reation o3 I/Car2. an2 t5e *&A .ti4=er 3oun2 at t5e .-ot/ !5e analB.i. an2 4on4lu.ion. rea45e2 ?B )F.03 J 09 ,at45 ;it5 t5o.e o3 )F02/ !5u., t;o 2i33erent .et. o3 eE-ert. 5ave 4o,e to t5e .a,e 4on4lu.ion a?out t5e 4ontent. o3 t5e la-to-/ )F02 :ave a 2etaile2 a44ount o3 variou. .o3t;are. t5at ;ere 3oun2 in.talle2 in t5e la-to- an2 5e :ave a 45ronolo:i4al a44ount/ It ;a. 3oun2 t5at 3ro, $ove,?er 2001 on;ar2., 4ertain 3ile. ;ere 4o-ie2 on to t5e .B.te,/ !5e .B.te, ;a. u.e2 3or 4ratin:, e2itin: an2 vie;in: /t,- 3ile. (,o.t o3 ;5i45 are i2entitB 4ar2.) an2 vie;in: 3ile. .tore2 in :eo ,i4ro45i-/ E2itin: o3 variou. i2entitB 4ar2. too= -la4e 4lo.e to t5e 2ate o3 o44urren4e/ So,e re4or2. ;ere e2ite2 a. late a. 12t5 e4e,?er/ !5e .u,,arB o3 i,-ortant 2o4u,ent. 3oun2 on t5e la-to- 4ontain. i2entitB 4ar2. ;5i45 ;ere .i,ilar to t5o.e re4overe2 3ro, t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t., AS+ vi2eo 3ile. 4ontainin: 4li--in:. o3 -oliti4al lea2er. ;it5 )arlia,ent in ?a4=:roun2 .5ot 3ro, !6 ne;. 45annel. an2 anot5er 3ile 4ontainin: .4anne2 i,a:e. o3 3ront an2 rear vie; o3 I/ Car2 an2 a /t,3ile 4ontainin: 2e.i:n o3 *&A .ti4=er/ !5e re-ort al.o reveal. t5at t5e :a,e >;ol3 -a4=> (.un) 5a2 re:i.tration 2etail. on t5e la-to- ;5i45 .5o;e2 t5e u.er na,e a. >A.5iq>1a na,e ;5i45 ;a. 3oun2 in one o3 t5e i2entitB 4ar2. .5o;n to )F20 at t5e ti,e o3 -ur45a.e o3 t5e 4ar an2 to t5e lan2lor2 o3 t5e C5ri.tian ColonB &o.tel/ !5e 2o4u,ent. 3oun2 in t5e la-to- ;ere t5e i2entitB 4ar2. in t5e na,e o3 A.5iq &u..ain A5an .i,ilar to EEt/"C3, t5e 3ront .i2e .4anne2 i,a:e o3 CB?erte45 Co,-uter &ar2;are Solution i2entitB 4ar2 in t5e na,e o3 A.5iq &u..ain A5an1Si,ilar to t5e one 3oun2 at t5e .-ot o3 o44urren4e, t5e i2entitB 4ar2. o3 Nan.a Fe?.itB o3 RiBa2 A5,a2 ;5i45 4ontain. t5e a22re.. o3 'an25i 6i5ar an2 t5e -5one nu,?er o3 A3Gal, t5e i2entitB 4ar2 o3 CB?erte45 Co,-uter E2u4ation o3 A.5i3 *u.ta3a, t;o i2entitB 4ar2. o3 Nan.a Fe?.itB o3 $eera7 @a=.5i an2 Anil Au,ar ;5i45 ;ere .i,ilar to t5e i2entitB 4ar2. 3oun2 at t5e .-ot, t;o i2entitB 4ar2. o3 Nan.a Fe?.itB ;it5 t5e na,e Sunil 6er,a an2 Ra7u Lal ;5i45 ;ere .i,ilar to t5e 4ar2. 3oun2 at t5e .-ot, 2e.i:ne2 .ti4=er o3 *ini.trB o3 &o,e A33air. 3oun2 an2 t5e relative 3ile 4ontainin: t5e .a,e teEt a. ;a. 3oun2 on t5e .ti4=er/ All t5e.e 2o4u,ent. ;ere 3oun2 4reate2 an2 la.t u-2ate2 ?et;een 1 .t e4e,?er an2 12t5 e4e,?er, one o3 t5e, ;a. on 21.t $ove,?er, 2001/ !5e 2o4u,ent. re3erre2 to a?ove e.ta?li.5 t5at variou. i2entitB 4ar2. ;5i45 ;ere .i,ilar to t5o.e re4overe2 at t5e .4ene o3 o33en4e ;ere 3oun2 in t5e la-to-/ !5e I/ Car2. t5at ;ere not u.e2 ;ere al.o

58

2ete4te2/ o4u,ent. 3oun2 at t5e .-ot (>H> .erie.) ;ere .ent 3or 3oren.i4 eEa,ination in or2er to re-ort t5e re.ult. o3 4o,-ari.on o3 t5e.e 2o4u,ent. ;it5 t5o.e 3oun2 in.i2e t5e la-to-/ @e.i2e., t5e .a,-le ori:inal. o3 t5e *&A .ti4=er an2 t5e .a,-le i2entitB 4ar2. o3 Nan.a Fe?.itB (>S> .erie.) ;ere .ent 3or 4o,-ari.on an2 re-ort/ !5e analB.i. ;a. 2one ?B )F591Senior S4ienti3i4 %33i4er, C+SL/ &e re-orte2 t5at t5e *&A .ti4=er i,a:e an2 t5e i,a:e. o3 i2entitB 4ar2. 3oun2 in t5e la-to- ,at45 ;it5 t5o.e 3oun2 at t5e .-ot in :eneral .iGe, 2e.i:n an2 arran:e,ent o3 45ara4ter./ A. re:ar2. >S> .erie. (:enuine .a,-le 2o4u,ent.), t5e 3in2in: ;a. t5at t5eB 2i33ere2 ;it5 t5e i2entitB 4ar2. et4/, 3oun2 at t5e .-ot/ It ,aB ?e .tate2 t5at t5e 3ran45i.ee. o3 Nan.a Fe?.itB ;ere eEa,ine2 a. )F. 25 an2 50 an2 t5eB -ro2u4e2 t5e :enuine .a,-le. an2 al.o te.ti3ie2 to t5e 3a=e na,e. an2 a22re..e. -rinte2 on t5e i2entitB 4ar2./ Fe a:ree ;it5 t5e &i:5 Court t5at t5e te.ti,onB o3 )F. 59, 02, 03 J 09 e.ta?li.5 ?eBon2 2ou?t t5at 3a=e 2o4u,ent. ;ere 4reate2 3ro, t5e la-to- ;5i45 ;a. evi2entlB in t5e -o..e..ion o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. an2 eventuallB re4overe2 3ro, A3GalCS5au=at in Srina:ar/ Fe 3in2 t5at t5e evi2en4e o3 t5e.e ;itne..e. 4oul2 not in anB ;aB ?e .5attere2 in t5e 4ro.. eEa,ination/ !5ere ;a. no 4ro.. eEa,ination o3 t5e ;itne..O )F59 ?B A3Gal/ !5e li,ite2 4ro.. eEa,ination on ?e5al3 o3 S5au=at 2i2 not Biel2 anBt5in: 3avoura?le to t5e a44u.e2/ A. re:ar2. )F02, ,o.t o3 t5e 4ro.. eEa,ination ;a. in t5e nature o3 5B-ot5eti4al que.tion./ !5ou:5 t5ere ;a. no .u::e.tion o3 anB ta,-erin: to t5i. ;itne.., t5e ;itne.. .tate2 t5at t5ere ;a. no evi2en4e o3 re-la4e,ent o3 t5e 5ar2 2i.= u-on a -eru.al o3 t5e re: 3ile/ !5ere ;a. no .u::e.tion to )F02 t5at t5e 2o4u,ent. (-rintout.) ta=en 3ro, t5e la-to- ;ere not t5e real one./ !;o 2i33erent eE-ert. re4or2e2 .a,e 4on4lu.ion. ;it5out =no;in: t5e re-ort o3 ea45 ot5er/ %ne -oint o3 4riti4i., levele2 ?B t5e 2e3en4e 4oun.el i. t5at in .-ite o3 t5e 3a4t t5at t5e la-to- ;a. 2e-o.ite2 in t5e ,al=5ana on 1#/1/2002, (a3ter it ;a. re4eive2 ?a4= 3ro, )F02), t5e analB.i. ?B )F03 reveale2 t5at t;o o3 t5e 3ile. ;ere la.t ;ritten on 21/1/2001 an2 one 3ile ;a. la.t a44e..e2 an2 la.t ;ritten on t5e .a,e 2aB/ In t5i. 4onne4tion, it i. to ?e note2 t5at a44or2in: to t5e 4a.e 2iarB, t5e la-to- ;a. a44e..e2 ?B t5e in2e-en2ent a:en4ie. at t5e malkhana on 21/1/2002/ It i. 4lari3ie2 ?B t5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e State an2 a. 3oun2 ?B t5e &i:5 Court, t5e .ai2 3ile. ?ein: .el31:eneratin: an2 .el31 ;ritten, t5eB re3le4te2 t5e 2ate o3 ;ritin: a. 21/1/2002, a. t5e la-to- ;oul2 5ave ?een .;it45e2 on ?B t5e inve.ti:atin: a:en4ie. on t5at 2ate/ F5ile 4ro.. eEa,inin: )F03, a que.tion ;a. -ut a. to 5o; a 3ile 4oul2 ?e ;ritten ;it5out it ?ein: a44e..e2/ !5e ;itne.. an.;ere2 t5at t5e 3ile 4annot ?e ;ritten ;it5out ?ein: a44e..e2 ?B 4o-Bin: it on a 2i33erent .tora:e ,e2ia/ !5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e State i. 7u.ti3ie2 in 5i. 4o,,ent t5at t5e .ai2 an.;er ;a. not a re.-on.e -ertainin: to .B.te, 3ile., ;5i45 are .el31:eneratin: an2 .el31 ;ritten/ !5ere ;a. no .u::e.tion to anB ;itne.. t5at t5e 2ate or ti,e .ettin: 5a. ?een ,o2i3ie2 in t5e in.tant 4a.e .o a. to 3a4ilitate ta,-erin:/ A ,ountain out o3 ,ole 5ill i. .ou:5t to ?e ,a2e out ?B rea.on o3 t5e o?.ervation o3 )F03 t5at .o,e o3 t5e 3ile. ;ere la.t ;ritten a3ter t5e 2ate o3 .eiGure an2 t5e an.;er :iven ?B )F03 ;it5 re3eren4e to a :eneral, 5B-ot5eti4al que.tion/ !5e te.ti,onB o3 F8O4o,-uter en:ineer, ;5o ;a. eEa,ine2 on ?e5al3 o3 t5e a44u.e2 'ilani, 2oe. not in anB ;aB .u?.tantiate t5e -oint o3 4riti4i., a?out t5e -o..i?le ta,-erin: o3 la-to- or nor 2oe. it ,a=e a 2ent on t5e 3in2in:. o3 t5e eE-ert. eEa,ine2 ?B t5e -ro.e4ution/ !5e te.ti,onB o3 t5i. ;itne.. ;a. not ;it5 re3eren4e to anB o3 t5e 3ile. on ;5i45 4ertain 2ou?t. ;ere rai.e2/ &i. te.ti,onB i., ?B an2 lar:e, on 5B-ot5eti4al a.-e4t. an2 2oe. not relate to t5e aut5enti4itB o3 t5e 4ontent. o3 la-to- a. re-orte2 ?B t5e ot5er eE-ert./ In t5e li:5t o3 3ore:oin: 2i.4u..ion, ;e 5ol2 t5at t5e la-to- 3oun2 in t5e 4u.to2B o3 t5e a--ellant. an2 t5e re.ult. o3 analB.i. t5ereo3 ;oul2 a,-lB 2e,on.trate t5at t5e la-to- ;a. t5e one u.e2 ?B t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. 4onte,-oraneou. to t5e 2ate o3 in4i2ent an2 it .5oul2 5ave -a..e2 5an2. on t5e 2aB o3 t5e in4i2ent or t5e -reviou. 2aB/ !5e a44u.e2 4arrBin: t5e .a,e ;it5 5i, .oon a3ter t5e in4i2ent 3urni.5e. 4o:ent evi2en4e -ointin: to;ar2. 5i. involve,ent/ !5e 4ir4u,.tan4e. 2etaile2 a?ove 4learlB e.ta?li.5 t5at t5e a--ellant A3Gal ;a. a..o4iate2 ;it5 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. in al,o.t everB a4t 2one ?B t5e, in or2er to a45ieve t5e o?7e4tive o3 atta4=in: t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e/ &e e.ta?li.5e2 4lo.e 4onta4t. ;it5 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t., ,ore e.-e4iallB, *o5a,,e2/ S5ort o3 -arti4i-atin: in t5e a4tual atta4=, 5e 2i2 everBt5in: to .et in ,otion t5e 2ia?oli4 ,i..ion/ A. i. t5e 4a.e ;it5 ,o.t o3 t5e 4on.-ira4ie., t5ere i. an2 4oul2 ?e no 2ire4t evi2en4e o3 t5e a:ree,ent a,ountin: to 4ri,inal 4on.-ira4B/ &o;ever, t5e 4ir4u,.tan4e. 4u,ulativelB 4on.i2ere2 an2 ;ei:5e2, ;oul2 unerrin:lB -oint to t5e 4olla?oration o3 t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal ;it5 t5e .lain >+i2aBeen> terrori.t./ !5e 4ir4u,.tan4e., i3 4on.i2ere2 to:et5er, a. it ou:5t to ?e, e.ta?li.5 ?eBon2 rea.ona?le 2ou?t t5at A3Gal ;a. a -artB to t5e 4on.-ira4B an2 5a2 -laBe2 an a4tive -art in variou. a4t. 2one in 3urt5eran4e o3 t5e 4on.-ira4B/ !5e.e 4ir4u,.tan4e. 4annot ?e vie;e2 in i.olation an2 ?B no .tan2ar2. o3 4o,,on .en.e, ?e re:ar2e2 a. inno4uou. a4t./ &i. 4on2u4t an2 a4tion.1ante4e2ent, 4onte,-oraneou. an2 .u?.equent1all -oint to 5i. :uilt an2 are onlB 4on.i.tent ;it5 5i. involve,ent in t5e 4on.-ira4B/ 6ie;e2 3ro, anot5er an:le, t5e Court 4an 2ra; a -re.u,-tion un2er Se4tion 11" o3 Evi2en4e A4t 5avin: re:ar2 to t5e natural 4our.e o3 event. an2 5u,an 4on2u4t t5at t5e a--ellant A3Gal 5a2 neEu. ;it5 t5e 4on.-irator. ;5o ;ere =ille2 an2 all o3 t5e, to:et5er 5at45e2 t5e 4on.-ira4B to atta4= t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e an2 in t5at -ro4e.. to u.e eE-lo.ive. an2 ot5er 2an:erou. ,ean./ Fe are, t5ere3ore, o3 t5e vie; t5at t5ere i. .u33i4ient an2 .ati.3a4torB 4ir4u,.tantial evi2en4e to e.ta?li.5 t5at A3Gal ;a. a -artner in t5i. 4on.-ire2 4ri,e o3 enor,ou. :ravitB/ (E) )uni.5,ent: I2enti3i4ation o3 t5e a--ro-riate -rovi.ion. o3 )%!A an2 I)C un2er ;5i45 t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal ?e4o,e. lia?le 3or -uni.5,ent i. t5e neEt i,-ortant ta.= ?e3ore t5e Court/

59

In 2ealin: ;it5 t5i. a.-e4t, t5e 3ir.t que.tion t5at ari.e. 3or 4on.i2eration i. ;5et5er t5e a--ellant A3Gal 4an ?e 4onvi4te2 un2er Se4tion 120@ o3 I)C rea2 ;it5 Se4tion 3(1) o3 )%!A an2 ?e -uni.5e2 un2er Se4tion 3(2) 3or t5e o33en4e o3 4ri,inal 4on.-ira4B to 4o,,it a >terrori.t a4t> or ;5et5er 5e i. lia?le to ?e -uni.5e2 onlB un2er .u?1Se4tion (3) o3 Se4tion 3 o3 )%!A/ *r/ Su.5il Au,ar, learne2 .enior 4oun.el a--earin: 3or t5e a--ellant A3Gal 5a. 4onten2e2, quite 4ontrarB to t5e .tan2 ta=en ?B t5e ot5er t;o .enior 4oun.el, t5at no o33en4e un2er )%!A i. ,a2e out in t5e in.tant 4a.e an2 t5ere3ore )%!A o33en4e. ;ere not in4lu2e2 in t5e ?e:innin:/ &e .u?,it. t5at t5e a4tion. o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. an2 t5e alle:e2 4on.-irator. 4an all ?e ?rou:5t ;it5in t5e .4o-e o3 Se4tion 121 an2 121A o3 I)C/ A. t5e unaut5oriGe2 inter4e-tion o3 4o,,uni4ation. an2 ina2,i..i?le 7oint 2i.4lo.ure. ;ere 3oun2 to ?e in.u33i4ient to ,a=e out t5e o33en4e un2er Se4tion 121, t5e -oli4e t5ou:5t o3 a22in: )%!A a3ter 19t5 e4e,?er, .o t5at t5e 4on3e..ion to t5e -oli4e o33i4er 4oul2 ?e ,a2e t5e ?a.i. o3 4onvi4tion/ Fe 3in2 it 2i33i4ult to a--re4iate t5i. ar:u,ent/ !5e -ro-rietB ?B or ot5er;i.e o3 t5e a4tion o3 t5e inve.ti:atin: a:en4B in a22in: )%!A at a later .ta:e i. one t5in:D ;5et5er t5e o33en4e un2er )%!A i. ,a2e out, in a22ition to t5e o33en4e. un2er I)C, i. a 2i.tin4t -oint, one .5all not ?e ,iEe2 u;it5 t5e ot5er/ A. 3ar a. t5e non1 a--li4a?ilitB o3 Se4tion 3 o3 )%!A i. 4on4erne2, t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el a--earin: 3or A3Gal 5a. not :iven anB -arti4ular rea.on a. to ;5B t5e a4t. 2one ?B t5e 2e4ea.e2 -er.on. 2i2 not a,ount to terrori.t a4t. ;it5in t5e ,eanin: o3 Se4tion 3(1) o3 )%!A/ F5et5er t5e a--ellant 5a. 4o,,itte2 t5e terrori.t a4t 5i,.el3 or not i. a 2i33erent ,atter ?ut to .aB t5at )%!A a. a ;5ole 2oe. not :overn t5e .ituation i. to ta=e an eEtre,e .tan2 un.u--orte2 ?B rea.onin:/ Fe .5all no; 4on.i2er t5e 4ontention. o3 *r/ S5anti @5u.5an an2 *r/ Ra, Jet5,alani t5at t5e 4on.-ira4B to 4o,,it a terrori.t a4t i. -uni.5a?le onlB un2er .u?1Se4tion (3) o3 Se4tion 3 o3 )%!A an2 Se4tion 120@ I)C ;ill 5ave no a--li4ation in relation to a terrori.t a4t a. 2e3ine2 ?B Se4tion 3(1) o3 )%!A/ !5ou:5 t5i. 4ontention rai.e2 ?B t5e learne2 4oun.el 2oe. not reallB ari.e 3or 2eter,ination in t5e 4a.e. o3 t5e a44u.e2 ;5o, t5eB re-re.ent in vie; o3 t5e 4on4lu.ion. rea45e2 ?B u. a. re:ar2. t5eir 4ul-a?ilitB, ;e 3eel t5at t5e 4orre4tne.. o3 t5i. 4ontention 5a. to ?e te.te2 in .o 3ar a. A3Gal i. 4on4erne2/ !5e .tan2 ta=en ?B *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, i. t5at on t5e 4o,,i..ion o3 overt 4ri,inal a4t. ?B t5e terrori.t. -ur.uant to t5e 4on.-ira4B 5at45e2 ?B t5e, an2 t5e a44u.e2, even t5e 4on.-irator. ;ill ?e lia?le un2er Se4tion 3(1)C3(2) o3 )%!A/ It i. 5i. 4ontention t5at ;5ere overt a4t. ta=e -la4e or t5e o?7e4t o3 t5e 4on.-ira4B i. a45ieve2, t5en all t5e 4on.-irator. are lia?le 3or t5e a4t. o3 ea45 ot5er an2 ;it5 t5e ai2 o3 Se4tion 120@ rea2 ;it5 Se4tion 3(2), all t5e 4on.-irator. are -uni.5a?le un2er Se4tion 3(2)/ !5e lia?ilitB o3 ,ere 4on.-irator. i. 4oequal to t5e lia?ilitB o3 t5e a4tive 4on.-irator. a44or2in: to 5i,/ AlternativelB, it i. 4onten2e2 t5at on a44ount o3 t5e -er-etration o3 4ri,inal a4t. ?B t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. -ur.uant to 4on.-ira4B, t5e a--ellant i. lia?le to ?e -uni.5e2 un2er Se4tion 120@ o3 I)C rea2 ;it5 Se4tion 3(1) o3 )%!A an2 t5e -uni.5,ent a--li4a?le i. t5e one -re.4ri?e2 un2er .u?1Se4tion (2) o3 Se4tion 3 o3 )%!A/ A44or2in: to t5e learne2 4oun.el, .u?1Se4tion (3) o3 Se4tion 3 2oe. not 4o,e into -laB in t5e in.tant 4a.e ?e4au.e o3 t5e overt a4t. t5at 5ave ta=en -la4e in eEe4ution o3 t5e 4on.-iratorial 2e.i:n/ A. 3ar a. t5e 3ir.t 4ontention o3 *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, i. 4on4erne2, ;e 5ave alrea2B re7e4te2 5i. ar:u,ent t5at on t5e -rin4i-le o3 >t5eorB o3 a:en4B>, t5e 4on.-irator. ;ill ?e lia?le 3or t5e .u?.tantive o33en4e. 4o,,itte2 -ur.uant to t5e 4on.-ira4B/ F5en on4e t5e a--li4ation o3 t5e t5eorB o3 a:en4B i. ne:ative2, t5ere i. no .4o-e to 5ol2 t5at t5e a--ellant, in .-ite o3 not 5avin: 2one anB a4t or t5in: ?B u.in: t5e ;ea-on. an2 .u?.tan4e. .et out in .u?1 Se4tion(1)(a), 5e, a. a 4on.-irator, 4an ?e ?rou:5t ;it5in t5e .;ee- an2 a,?it o3 .u?1Se4tion. (1) J (2)/ !5e ;or2in: o3 4lau.e (a) o3 Se4tion 3(1) i. 4lear t5at it a--lie. to t5o.e ;5o 2o anB a4t. or t5in:. ?B u.in: eE-lo.ive .u?.tan4e. et4/, ;it5 t5e intention re3erre2 to in 4lau.e (a), ?ut not to t5e 4on.-irator. ;5o re,aine2 in t5e ?a4=:roun2/ Fe ,u.t no; 2eal ;it5 t5e alternative 4ontention o3 *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, t5at Se4tion 120@ o3 I)C 4an ?e 4o,?ine2 ;it5 Se4tion. 3(1) an2 3(2) o3 )%!A/ !5e 4ontention o3 *r/ S5anti @5u.5an an2 *r/ Ra, Jet5,alani i. .trai:5t an2 .i,-le/ )%!A i. a .-e4ial la; 2ealin: ;it5 terrori.t a4tivitie. an2 -rovi2in: 3or -uni.5,ent t5ere3ore/ Con.-irin: to 4o,,it a terrori.t a4t, a,on: ot5er t5in:., i. .-e4i3i4allB ?rou:5t ;it5in t5e 3ol2 o3 .u?1Se4tion (3) an2 i. 4learlB 4overe2 ?B t5at .u?1Se4tion/ !5ere3ore, t5e learne2 4oun.el .u?,it t5at t5e -uni.5,ent a. -re.4ri?e2 ?B .u?1Se4tion (3) alone 4oul2 ?e a--lie2 even i3 t5e a--ellant i. 5el2 :uiltB o3 t5e o33en4e o3 4on.-irin: to 2o a terrori.t a4t ;it5 ot5er./ !5e que.tion ;5et5er t5e 4on.-ira4B re.ulte2 in t5e 4o,,i..ion o3 o33en4e. in or2er to a45ieve t5e o?7e4tive o3 t5e 4on.-irator. i. i,,aterial a44or2in: to t5e 4on4erne2 4oun.el/ A. a 4orollarB to t5i. ar:u,ent, it i. 4onten2e2 t5at Se4tion 120@ I)C, ;5i45 i. 4ontaine2 in t5e :eneral la; o3 4ri,e., 4annot ?e ?rou:5t into t5e -i4ture .o a. to attra4t 5i:5er -uni.5,ent e.-e4iallB in vie; o3 Se4tion 5# o3 )%!A, ;5i45 :ive. overri2in: e33e4t to t5e -rovi.ion. o3 )%!A/ !5e learne2 4oun.el t5ere3ore .u?,it. t5at t5e ,aEi,u, -uni.5,ent t5at 4an ?e i,-o.e2 i. li3e i,-ri.on,ent a. -er Se4tion 3(3) o3 )%!A/ !5e relevant -art o3 Se4tion 120@ rea2. a. 3ollo;.: M120@/ )uni.5,ent o3 4ri,inal 4on.-ira4B/1(1) F5oever i. a -artB to a 4ri,inal 4on.-ira4B to 4o,,it an o33en4e -uni.5a?le ;it5 2eat5, (i,-ri.on,ent 3or li3e) or ri:orou. i,-ri.on,ent 3or a ter, o3 t;o Bear. or u-;ar2., .5all,

#0

;5ere no eE-re.. -rovi.ion i. ,a2e in t5i. Co2e 3or t5e -uni.5,ent o3 .u45 a 4on.-ira4B, ?e -uni.5e2 in t5e .a,e ,anner a. i3 5e 5a2 a?ette2 .u45 o33en4e/ !5u. a -artB to 4ri,inal 4on.-ira4B .5all ?e -uni.5e2 in t5e .a,e ,anner a. i3 5e 5a2 a?ette2 t5e relevant o33en4e i/e/ an o33en4e -uni.5a?le ;it5 2eat5, i,-ri.on,ent 3or li3e et4/ *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, t5en re3erre2 to t5e 2e3inition o3 >o33en4e> in Se4tion "0 o3 I)C ;5i45 in t5e 4onteEt o3 C5a-ter 6A (o3 ;5i45 Se4tion. 120A J 120@ 3or, -art) 2enote. a t5in: -uni.5a?le un2er t5e Co2e or un2er anB .-e4ial or lo4al la;/ A .-e4ial la; i. 2e3ine2 to ,ean a la; a--li4a?le to a -arti4ular .u?7e4t/ )%!A i. one .u45 la;/ !5en 5e 5a2 ta=en u. t5rou:5 Se4tion 2(1)(i) o3 )%!A/ Se4tion. 2 an2 2 o3 Cr/)/C/ t5at .u?,it t5at Se4tion 120@ e,?ra4e. ;it5in it. 3ol2 t5e o33en4e. un2er anB .-e4ial la; an2 t5at Se4tion 120@ 4an ?e relate2 to t5e o33en4e un2er Se4tion 3(1) o3 )%!A/ A44or2in: to t5e learne2 4oun.el, Se4tion 120@ .5oul2 ?e a--lie2 ;5ollB or in -art -ur.uant to t5e 4on.-ira4B, i3 t5e 4ri,inal a4t. in t5e nature o3 terrori.t a4t. ta=e -la4e/ A44or2in: to t5e learne2 4oun.el, t5e 4on.-ira4B 4onte,-late2 ?B Se4tion 3(3) o3 )%!A .5oul2 ?e 4on3ine2 onlB to .ituation. ;5ere no overt a4t. in t5e 2ire4tion o3 4o,,i..ion o3 -lanne2 o33en4e ta=e. -la4e/ !5e 3inal que.tion i. a?out t5e .enten4e ;5et5er t5e 4a-ital -uni.5,ent a;ar2e2 ?B t5e trial Court an2 t5e &i:5 Court i. 7u.ti3ie2P !5e en2eavor o3 t5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e State to invo=e t5e -uni.5,ent un2er Se4tion 3(2) o3 )%!A t5rou:5 t5e ,e2ia o3 Se4tion 120@ i. in our o-inion a 3utile eEer4i.e/ !5e ar:u,ent o3 t5e learne2 4oun.el -ro4ee2. on t5e ?a.i. t5at t5e -uni.5,ent -rovi2e2 in t5e a?et,ent -rovi.ion. o3 I)C, t5at i. to .aB, Se4tion 109, ;ill ?e attra4te2/ !5i. ar:u,ent i. ?uilt u- on t5e ?a.i. o3 t5e -5ra.eolo:B o3 t5e 4on4lu2in: 4lau.e o3 Se4tion 120@ ;5i45 .aB.1M?e -uni.5e2 in t5e .a,e ,anner a. i3 5e 5a2 a?ette2 .u45 o33en4eM/ Let u. ta=e it t5at t5e ;or2 >o33en4e> in Se4tion 120@ in4lu2e. t5e o33en4e un2er .-e4ial la;, na,elB )%!A/ !5en, i3 t5e o33en4e un2er Se4tion 3(1) o3 t5e )%!A i. a?ette2, ;5at i. t5e -uni.5,ent t5at i. attra4te2 i. t5e -oint to ?e 4on.i2ere2/ (n2ou?te2lB, it i. Se4tion 3(3) o3 )%!A ;5i45 .aB.: M;5oever >4on.-ire.>///or/// >a?et.> a terrori.t a4t .5all ?e -uni.5a?le ;it5 i,-ri.on,ent ;5i45 .5all not ?e le.. t5an 3ive Bear. ?ut ;5i45 ,aB eEten2 to i,-ri.on,ent 3or li3eM/ !a=in: re.ort to t5e a?et,ent -rovi.ion. in t5e I)C in or2er to lo4ate t5e -uni.5,ent 3or 4on.-ira4B to 4o,,it terrori.t a4t ;oul2 ?e ;5ollB ina--ro-riate ;5en t5e a?et,ent o3 t5e terrori.t a4t i. ,a2e -uni.5a?le un2er Se4tion 3(3) o3 )%!A it.el3 ;5i45 -re.4ri?e. t5e ,ini,u, an2 ,aEi,u, -uni.5,ent/ In ot5er ;or2., invo4ation o3 Se4tion 109 I)C i. ;5ollB un;arrante2 ;5en )%!A it.el3 -re.4ri?e. t5e -uni.5,ent 3or 4on.-ira4B a. ;ell a. a?et,ent in a .in:le .u?1 .e4tion/ !5ere3ore, even i3 Se4tion 120@ i. a--lie2, it 2oe. not ,a=e anB 2i33erent a. re:ar2. t5e quantu, o3 -uni.5,ent/ In eit5er 4a.e i.e/ ;5et5er Se4tion 120@ I)C i. a--lie2 or Se4tion 3(3) o3 )%!A i. a--lie2, t5e ,aEi,u, .enten4e i. li3e i,-ri.on,ent ?ut not 2eat5 .enten4e/ !5i. i. a-art 3ro, t5e que.tion ;5et5er Se4tion 120@ I)C 4an at all ?e -ro7e4te2 into Se4tion 3 o3 )%!A ;5en t5ere i. .-e4i3i4 -rovi.ion in t5e verB .a,e Se4tion 3or t5e o33en4e o3 4on.-irin: to 4o,,it a terrori.t a4t an2 ot5er allie2 o33en4e./ !5e 4ontention t5at it ;oul2 not 5ave ?een t5e intention o3 t5e )arlia,ent to vi.it 4on.-ira4ie. involvin: terrori.t a4t. ;it5 le.. .evere -uni.5,ent t5an ;5at 4oul2 ?e in3li4te2 un2er Se4tion 120@ 2oe. not a--eal to u./ !5e ot5er ar:u,ent a22re..e2 t5at 5avin: re:ar2 to t5e .ettin: an2 a..o4iate2 ;or2. .u45 a. >a2vi4e.>, >a2vo4ate.> et4/, t5e 4on.-ira4ie. o3 le..er ,a:nitu2e, t5at i. to .aB, t5o.e ;5i45 ;ere not -ut into a4tion ;ill onlB ?e 4overe2 ?B .u?1 Se4tion (3), 2oe. not al.o a--eal to u./ !5ere i. no .et -attern in ;5i45 t5e variou. eE-re..ion. are u.e2 in .u?1Se4tion (3) o3 Se4tion 3/ *ore .eriou. a4t. a. ;ell a. le.. .eriou. a4t. involvin: variou. 2e:ree. o3 4ri,inalitB relate2 to terrori.t a4t. are all en4o,-a..e2 in Se4tion 3(3)/ !5eB nee2 not ?e uni3or,itB in t5e ,atter o3 -uni.5,ent in re.-e4t o3 all t5e.e -ro5i?ite2 a4t./ !5e ran:e o3 -uni.5,ent varie. 3ro, 3ive Bear. to li3e i,-ri.on,ent an2 2e-en2in: u-on t5e :ravitB o3 t5e o33en4e, a--ro-riate -uni.5,ent 4oul2 ?e :iven/ Fe are al.o not i,-re..e2 ?B t5e 3in2in: o3 t5e &i:5 Court t5at M?B rea.on o3 t5e ;or2. >or t5in:> o44urrin: in Se4tion 3(1) (a. a -art o3 t5e 4lau.e >2oe. anB a4t or t5in:> ?B u.in: ?o,?., 2Bna,ite or ot5er eE-lo.ive .u?.tan4e. or 3irear,. et4M), t5e 2e3inition o3 a terrori.t a4t nee2 not ?e re.tri4te2 to a -5B.i4al a4t o3 u.in: eE-lo.ive. et4/ !5e &i:5 Court o?.erve2 t5at t5e a4tion. o3 A3Gal in -ro4urin: eE-lo.ive. an2 45e,i4al. an2 M-arti4i-atin: in t5e -re-aration o3 eE-lo.ive. ;oul2 ?e a4tion a,ountin: to 2oin: o3 a t5in: u.in: eE-lo.ive.M, 4annot ?e .u--orte2 on anB -rin4i-le o3 inter-retation/ *oreover, it re.t. on a 3in2in: t5at t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal an2 S5au=at -arti4i-ate2 in t5e -re-aration o3 eE-lo.ive. 3or ;5i45 t5ere i. no evi2entiarB .u--ort/ Even t5eir 4on3e..ion (;5i45 i. no; e.45e;e2 3ro, 4on.i2eration) 2oe. not .aB t5at/ !5e net re.ult o3 t5e a?ove 2i.4u..ion i. t5at t5e 4on.-ira4B to 4o,,it terrori.t a4t. attra4t. -uni.5,ent un2er .u?1 Se4tion (3) o3 Se4tion 3/ !5e a44u.e2 A3Gal ;5o i. 3oun2 to ?e a -artB to t5e 4on.-ira4B i. t5ere3ore lia?le to ?e -uni.5e2 un2er t5at -rovi.ion/ &avin: re:ar2 to t5e nature, -otential an2 ,a:nitu2e o3 t5e 4on.-ira4B ;it5 all t5e atten2ant 4on.equen4e. an2 t5e 2i.a.trou. event. t5at 3ollo;e2, t5e ,aEi,u, .enten4e o3 li3e i,-ri.on,ent i. t5e a--ro-riate -uni.5,ent to ?e :iven to *o52/ A3Gal un2er Se4tion 3(3) o3 )%!A 3or 4on.-irin: to 4o,,it t5e terrori.t a4t/ A44or2in:lB, ;e 4onvi4t an2 .enten4e 5i,/ !5e 4onvi4tion un2er Se4tion 3(2) o3 )%!A i. .et a.i2e/ !5e 4onvi4tion un2er Se4tion 3(5) o3 )%!A i. al.o .et a.i2e ?e4au.e t5ere i. no evi2en4e t5at 5e i. a ,e,?er o3 a terrori.t :an: or a terrori.t or:aniGation, on4e t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent i. eE4lu2e2/ In4i2entallB, ;e ,aB ,ention t5at even :oin: ?B 4on3e..ional .tate,ent, it i. 2ou?t3ul ;5et5er t5e ,e,?er.5i- o3 a terrori.t :an: or or:aniGation i. e.ta?li.5e2/ Fe .5all t5en 4on.i2er ;5et5er t5e 4onvi4tion o3 A3Gal un2er Se4tion 120@ rea2 ;it5 Se4tion 302 I)C i. 7u.ti3ie2/ !5e &i:5 Court u-5el2 t5e 4onvi4tion an2 :ave 2eat5 .enten4e to t5e t;o a--ellant. un2er t5i. Se4tion/ Fe are o3 t5e

#1

vie; t5at t5e 4onvi4tion an2 .enten4e on t5i. 4ount i. in a44or2an4e ;it5 la;/ !5e 4on.-ira4B 5a. ,anB 2i,en.ion. 5ere/ It i. i,-li4it in t5e 4on.-ira4B to atta4= t5e )arlia,ent t5at it eEten2. to all t5e o33en.ive a4t. inti,atelB a..o4iate2 ;it5 t5at ille:al o?7e4tive/ In2ul:en4e in terrori.t a4t., =illin: an2 in7urin: -er.on. ;5o are ,o.t li=elB to re.i.t t5e atta4=er., u.in: eE-lo.ive 2evi4e., 3irear,. an2 ot5er 2an:erou. t5in:. in t5e 4our.e o3 atta4=, >;a:in: ;ar> a:ain.t t5e 'overn,ent o3 t5e 4ountrB are all variou. ,ani3e.tation. o3 t5e 4on.-ira4B 5at45e2 ?B t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. in 4o,?ination ;it5 t5e a--ellant A3Gal/ !5e ,ere 3a4t t5at no -arti4ular -er.on i. t5e tar:et o3 atta4= o3 t5e 4on.-irator., 2oe. not ,a=e anB 2i33eren4e in re:ar2 to t5e a--li4a?ilitB o3 Se4tion 300 I)C/ !5e intention to 4au.e 2eat5 or t5e intention o3 4au.in: ?o2ilB in7urB a. ;oul2 in all -ro?a?ilitB 4au.e 2eat5 i. ;rit lar:e in t5e 4on.-ira4B 2ire4te2 to;ar2. t5e in2i.4ri,inate atta4= on t5e )arlia,ent o3 t5e nation ;5en it i. in .e..ion/ !5e o-enin: 4lau.e o3 Se4tion 300 .aB. t5at MeE4e-t in t5e 4a.e. 5ereina3ter eE4e-te2, 4ul-a?le 5o,i4i2e i. ,ur2er, i3 t5e a4t ?B ;5i45 t5e 2eat5 i. 4au.e2 i. 2one ;it5 t5e intention o3 4au.in: 2eat5M/ Clau.e fou!thly .aB.: Mi3 t5e -er.on 4o,,ittin: t5e a4t =no;. t5at it i. .o i,,inentlB 2an:erou. t5at it ,u.t, in all -ro?a?ilitB, 4au.e 2eat5 or .u45 ?o2ilB in7urB a. i. li=elB to 4au.e 2eat5, an2 4o,,it. .u45 a4t ;it5out anB eE4u.e 3or in4urrin: t5e ri.= o3 4au.in: 2eat5 or .u45 in7urB a. a3ore.ai2M (vi2e 4lau.e 3ourt5lB)/ !5e.e 4lau.e. .quarelB a--lB to t5e 4a.e on 5an2/ Illu.tration (2) to Se4tion 300 i. in.tru4tive/ It rea2. t5u.: (2) A ;it5out anB eE4u.e 3ire. a loa2e2 4annon into a 4ro;2 o3 -er.on. an2 =ill. one o3 t5e,/ A i. :uiltB o3 ,ur2er, alt5ou:5 5e ,aB not 5ave 5a2 a -re,e2itate2 2e.i:n to =ill anB -arti4ular in2ivi2ual/ !5e 4on.-ira4B to 4o,,it t5e o33en4e o3 ,ur2er in t5e 4our.e o3 eEe4ution o3 4on.-ira4B i. ;ell ;it5in t5e .4o-e o3 4on.-ira4B to ;5i45 t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal ;a. a -artB/ !5ere3ore, 5e i. lia?le to ?e -uni.5e2 un2er Se4tion 120@ rea2 ;it5 Se4tion 302 I)C/ !5e -uni.5,ent a--li4a?le i. t5e one -re.4ri?e2 un2er Se4tion 109 I)C in vie; o3 t5e -5ra.eolo:B o3 Se4tion 120@OM?e -uni.5e2 in t5e .a,e ,anner a. i3 5e 5a2 a?ette2 .u45 o33en4eM/ Se4tion 109 I)C laB. 2o;n t5at Mi3 t5e a4t a?ette2 i. 4o,,itte2 in 4on.equen4e o3 t5e a?et,ent, an2 no eE-re.. -rovi.ion i. ,a2e ?B t5i. Co2e 3or t5e -uni.5,ent o3 .u45 a?et,ent, a -er.on a?ettin: t5e o33en4e .5all ?e -uni.5e2 ;it5 t5e -uni.5,ent -rovi2e2 3or t5e o33en4e/M !5u. t5e 4on.-irator, even t5ou:5 5e ,aB not 5ave in2ul:e2 in t5e a4tual 4ri,inal o-eration. to eEe4ute t5e 4on.-ira4B, ?e4o,e. lia?le 3or t5e -uni.5,ent -re.4ri?e2 un2er Se4tion 302 I)C/ Eit5er 2eat5 .enten4e or i,-ri.on,ent 3or li3e i. t5e -uni.5,ent -re.4ri?e2 un2er Se4tion 302 I)C/ In t5e in.tant 4a.e, t5ere 4an ?e no 2ou?t t5at t5e ,o.t a--ro-riate -uni.5,ent i. 2eat5 .enten4e/ !5at i. ;5at 5a. ?een a;ar2e2 ?B t5e trial Court an2 t5e &i:5 Court/ !5e -re.ent 4a.e, ;5i45 5a. no -arallel in t5e 5i.torB o3 In2ian Re-u?li4, -re.ent. u. in 4rB.tal 4lear ter,., a .-e4ta4le o3 rare.t o3 rare 4a.e./ !5e verB i2ea o3 atta4=in: an2 over-o;erin: a .overei:n 2e,o4rati4 in.titution ?B u.in: -o;er3ul ar,. an2 eE-lo.ive. an2 i,-erilin: t5e .a3etB o3 a ,ultitu2e o3 -eo-le.> re-re.entative., 4on.titutional 3un4tionarie. an2 o33i4ial. o3 'overn,ent o3 In2ia an2 en:a:in: into a 4o,?at ;it5 .e4uritB 3or4e. i. a terrori.t a4t o3 :rave.t .everitB/ It i. a 4la..i4 eEa,-le o3 rare.t o3 rare 4a.e./ !5e :ravitB o3 t5e 4ri,e 4on4eive2 ?B t5e 4on.-irator. ;it5 t5e -otential o3 4au.in: enor,ou. 4a.ualtie. an2 2i.lo4atin: t5e 3un4tionin: o3 t5e 'overn,ent a. ;ell a. 2i.ru-tin: nor,al li3e o3 t5e -eo-le o3 In2ia i. .o,e t5in: ;5i45 4annot ?e 2e.4ri?e2 in ;or2./ !5e in4i2ent, ;5i45 re.ulte2 in 5eavB 4a.ualtie., 5a2 .5a=en t5e entire nation an2 t5e 4olle4tive 4on.4ien4e o3 t5e .o4ietB ;ill onlB ?e .ati.3ie2 i3 t5e 4a-ital -uni.5,ent i. a;ar2e2 to t5e o33en2er/ !5e 45allen:e to t5e unitB, inte:ritB an2 .overei:ntB o3 In2ia ?B t5e.e a4t. o3 terrori.t. an2 4on.-irator., 4an onlB ?e 4o,-en.ate2 ?B :ivin: t5e ,aEi,u, -uni.5,ent to t5e -er.on ;5o i. -rove2 to ?e t5e 4on.-irator in t5i. trea45erou. a4t/ !5e a--ellant, ;5o i. a .urren2ere2 ,ilitant an2 ;5o ;a. ?ent u-on re-eatin: t5e a4t. o3 trea.on a:ain.t t5e nation, i. a ,ena4e to t5e .o4ietB an2 5i. li3e .5oul2 ?e4o,e eEtin4t/ A44or2in:lB, ;e u-5ol2 t5e 2eat5 .enten4e/ @e3ore ;e :o to t5e neEt -rovi.ion un2er ;5i45 t5e a--ellant i. lia?le to ?e 4onvi4te2, ;e .5all 2eal ;it5 t5e 4ontention o3 *r/ S5anti @5u.5an, a--earin: 3or t5e a--ellant S5au=at, ;5i45 ?e4o,e. relevant in t5e 4a.e o3 A3Gal/ &i. ar:u,ent. run a. 3ollo;.: !5e a4t. 4o,,itte2 ?B t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. 4au.in: 2eat5 o3 .everal .e4uritB -er.onnel ?B u.in: 3irear,. an2 eE-lo.ive. in or2er to :ain entrB into t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e 3all ;it5in t5e 2e3inition o3 >terrori.t a4t> -uni.5a?le un2er Se4tion 3(2) o3 )%!A/ I3 )%!A 5a2 not ?een t5ere, t5e o33en4e 4o,,itte2 ?B t5e, ;oul2 5ave ?een t5e o33en4e o3 ,ur2er -uni.5a?le un2er Se4tion 120@ rea2 ;it5 Se4tion 302 I)C/ In vie; o3 t5e overri2in: -rovi.ion 4ontaine2 in Se4tion 5# o3 )%!A, t5e 4on.-ira4B to 4o,,it terrori.t a4t i. -uni.5a?le onlB un2er Se4tion 3(3) o3 )%!A/ *erelB ?e4au.e t5e .a,e 4ri,inal a4t. al.o 3all ;it5in t5e 2e3inition o3 ,ur2er, t5e a44u.e2 4annot ?e 4onvi4te2 o3 4on.-ira4B to 4o,,it ,ur2er un2er Se4tion 120@ rea2 ;it5 Se4tion 302 I)C in a22ition to Se4tion 3(3) o3 )%!A/ !5e a44u.e2 4annot ?e -uni.5e2 3or t5e o33en4e o3 4on.-ira4B to 4au.e 2eat5 ;5en 5e i. lia?le to ?e -uni.5e2 3or t5e .a,e a4t o3 4au.in: 2eat5 un2er t5e 'eneral )enal La;/ It i. onlB t5e -uni.5,ent -rovi2e2 ?B t5e a--ro-riate -rovi.ion in t5e .-e4ial la; t5at 4an ?e i,-o.e2 on t5e 4on.-irator/ !5at -rovi.ion ?ein: Se4tion 3(3) an2 it -rovi2e. 3or t5e ,aEi,u, .enten4e o3 li3e i,-ri.on,ent, 2eat5 .enten4e 4annot ?e :iven/ !5e learne2 4oun.el, a-art 3ro, -la4in: relian4e on Se4tion 5# o3 )%!A, 5a. al.o 2ra;n our attention to Se4tion 2# o3 'eneral Clau.e. A4t an2 Se4tion 01 o3 I)C/ &i. 4ontention, t5ou:5 -lau.i?le it i., 5a. no le:al ?a.i./ Fe 2o not t5in= t5at t5ere i. anBt5in: in Se4tion 5# o3 )%!A ;5i45 .u--ort. 5i. 4ontention/ !5at -rovi.ion onlB en.ure. t5at t5e 4on.-ira4B to 4o,,it t5e terrori.t a4t .5all ?e -uni.5a?le un2er )%!A/ A. t5e a--ellant i. ?ein: -uni.5e2 un2er t5at

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Se4tion, irre.-e4tive o3 t5e lia?ilitB to ?e -uni.5e2 un2er t5e ot5er la;., Se4tion 5# 4ea.e. to -laB it. role/ !5en, ;e .5all turn to Se4tion 2# o3 t5e 'eneral Clau.e. A4t, ;5i45 laB. 2o;n: F5ere an a4t or o,i..ion 4on.titute. an o33en4e un2er t;o or ,ore ena4t,ent., t5en t5e o33en2er .5all ?e lia?le to ?e -ro.e4ute2 an2 -uni.5e2 un2er eit5er or anB o3 t5o.e ena4t,ent., ?ut .5all not ?e lia?le to ?e -uni.5e2 t;i4e 3or t5e .a,e o33en4e/ It ?e4o,e. at on4e 4lear t5at t5e e,-5a.i. i. on t5e ;or2. >.a,e o33en4e>/ It i. no; ;ell .ettle2 t5at ;5ere t5ere are t;o 2i.tin4t o33en4e. ,a2e u- o3 2i33erent in:re2ient., t5e ?ar un2er Se4tion 2# o3 t5e 'eneral Clau.e. A4t or 3or t5at ,atter, t5e e,?ar:o un2er Arti4le 20 o3 t5e Con.titution, 5a. no a--li4ation, t5ou:5 t5e o33en4e. ,aB 5ave .o,e overla--in: 3eature./ !5e 4ru4ial require,ent o3 eit5er Arti4le 20 o3 t5e Con.titution or Se4tion 2# o3 t5e 'eneral Clau.e. A4t i. t5at t5e o33en4e. are t5e .a,e or i2enti4al in all re.-e4t./ It ;a. 4lari3ie2 in State of 'iha! v. ,u!ad Ali #han *A$(CSCC0"00C1988/ M!5ou:5 Se4tion 2# in it. o-enin: ;or2. re3er. to >t5e a4t or o,i..ion 4on.titutin: an o33en4e un2er t;o or ,ore ena4t,ent.>, t5e e,-5a.i. i. not on t5e 3a4t. alle:e2 in t5e t;o 4o,-laint. ?ut rat5er on t5e in:re2ient. ;5i45 4on.titute t5e t;o o33en4e. ;it5 ;5i45 a -er.on i. 45ar:e2/ !5i. i. ,a2e 4lear ?B t5e 4on4lu2in: -ortion o3 t5e .e4tion ;5i45 re3er. to >.5all not ?e lia?le to ?e -uni.5e2 t;i4e 3or t5e .a,e o33en4e>/ I3 t5e o33en4e. are not t5e .a,e ?ut are 2i.tin4t, t5e ?an i,-o.e2 ?B t5i. -rovi.ion al.o 4annot ?e invo=e2//// !5e .a,e .et o3 3a4t., in 4on4eiva?le 4a.e., 4an 4on.titute o33en4e. un2er t;o 2i33erent la;./ An a4t or an o,i..ion 4an a,ount to an2 4on.titute an o33en4e un2er t5e I)C an2 at t5e .a,e ti,e 4on.titute an o33en4e un2er anB ot5er la;/ !5e .a,e .et o3 3a4t., in 4on4eiva?le 4a.e., 4an 4on.titute o33en4e. un2er t;o 2i33erent la;./ An a4t or an o,i..ion 4an a,ount to an2 4on.titute an o33en4e un2er t5e I)C an2 at t5e .a,e ti,e 4on.titute an o33en4e un2er anB ot5er la;/M Fe a44e-t t5e ar:u,ent o3 t5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e State *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,aniu, t5at o33en4e. un2er Se4tion 302 I)C, Se4tion 3(2) an2 Se4tion 3(3) o3 )%!A are all 2i.tin4t o33en4e. an2 a -er.on 4an ?e 45ar:e2, trie2, 4onvi4te2 an2 -uni.5e2 3or ea45 o3 t5e, .everallB/ !5e analB.i. o3 t5e.e -rovi.ion. .5o; t5at t5e in:re2ient. o3 t5e.e o33en4e. are .u?.tantiallB 2i33erent an2 t5at an o33en4e 3allin: ;it5in t5e a,?it o3 Se4tion 3(1) ,aB not ?e .quarelB 4overe2 ?B t5e o33en4e un2er Se4tion 300 I)C/ !5e .a,e .et o3 3a4t. ,aB 4on.titute 2i33erent o33en4e./ !5e 4a.e o3 State of ,.P. v. 5ee!esh a! (ao Agnihot!i *A$(CSCC0102C1950 i. illu.trative o3 t5i. -rin4i-le/ In t5at 4a.e, it ;a. 5el2 t5at t5e o33en4e o3 4ri,inal ,i.4on2u4t -uni.5a?le un2er Se4tion 5(2) o3 t5e )revention o3 Corru-tion A4t i. not i2enti4al in e..en4e, i,-ort an2 4ontent ;it5 an o33en4e un2er Se4tion "09 I)C/ !5e ?ar to t5e -uni.5,ent o3 t5e o33en2er t;i4e over 3or t5e .a,e o33en4e ;oul2 ari.e onlB ;5ere t5e in:re2ient. o3 ?ot5 t5e o33en4e. are t5e .a,e/ Se4tion 01 o3 I)C 2oe. not in anB ;aB a2van4e t5e 4ontention o3 t5e a--ellant>. 4oun.el/ !5e relevant -art o3 Se4tion 01 I)C rea2.: F5ere anBt5in: i. an o33en4e 3allin: ;it5in t;o or ,ore .e-arate 2e3inition. o3 anB la; in 3or4e 3or t5e ti,e ?ein: ?B ;5i45 o33en4e. are 2e3ine2 or -uni.5e2, /// t5e o33en2er .5all not ?e -uni.5e2 ;it5 a ,ore .evere -uni.5,ent t5an t5e 4ourt ;5i45 trie. 5i, 4oul2 a;ar2 3or anB one o3 .u45 o33en4e./ !5e ar:u,ent ?a.e2 on Se4tion 01 I)C i. no 2i33erent 3ro, t5e ar:u,ent a2van4e2 ;it5 re3eren4e to Se4tion 2# o3 t5e 'eneral Clau.e. A4t/ +or t5e .a,e rea.on., ;e re7e4t t5i. ar:u,ent/ !5e 4a.e o3 ;ave!&hai v. State of 'om&ay *A$(CSCC00"0C195" 2oe. not laB 2o;n anB 2i33erent -rin4i-le/ In 3a4t t5at 4a.e i. 4on4erne2 ;it5 que.tion o3 re-u:nan4B o3 t5e State an2 Central la;./ !5e neEt que.tion ;e 5ave to an.;er i. ;5et5er t5e 4onvi4tion o3 t5e a--ellant *o52/ A3Gal un2er Se4tion. 121 an2 121A 4an ?e .u.taine2/ !5i. rai.e. t5e que.tion ;5et5er t5e a4t. o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. a,ount to ;a:in: or a?ettin: or atte,-tin: to ;a:e ;ar -uni.5a?le un2er Se4tion 121 I)C an2 *o52/ A3Gal, ?ein: a -artB to 4on.-ira4B to atta4= t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e, i. -uni.5a?le eit5er un2er Se4tion 121 or un2er Se4tion 121A or ?ot5/ !o an.;er t5i. que.tion, ;e 5ave to eE-lore t5e 4on4e-t an2 nuan4e. o3 t5e eE-re..ion >;a:in: ;ar> e,-loBe2 in Se4tion 121/ (Ei) Fa:in: Far In inter-retin: t5e eE-re..ion >;a:in: ;ar>, t5e In2ian 4a.e. o3 -re1 in2e-en2en4e 2aB., t5ou:5 3e; t5eB are, ?B an2 lar:e 4ite2 ;it5 a--roval t5e 18 t5 an2 19t5 4enturB En:li.5 aut5oritie./ !5e ter, >;a:e. ;ar> ;a. 4on.i2ere2 to ?e a .u?.titute 3or >levBin: ;ar> in t5e En:li.5 Statute o3 &i:5 !rea.on o3 1351 i/e Statute 25, E2;ar2 III, 4/2/ In t5e 3a,ou. ?oo= o3 Sir Ja,e. +/ Ste-5en 1 MA &i.torB o3 t5e Cri,inal La; o3 En:lan2M (1883 -u?li4ation), it ;a. note2 t5at t5e -rin4i-al 5ea2. o3 trea.on a. a.4ertaine2 ?B t5at Statute ;ere: (1) >i,a:inin:>P t5e Ain:>. 2eat5M (2) levBin: ;ar an2 (3) a25erin: to t5e Ain:>. ene,ie./

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!5e .-ee45 o3 Lor2 *an.3iel2, CJ a22re..e2 to t5e JurB in Lor2 'eor:e 'or2on>. 4a.e (1081) i. o3ten quote2 to un3ol2 t5e ,eanin: o3 t5e eE-re..ion >levBin: ;ar a:ain.t t5e Ain:>/ !o quote t5e ;or2. o3 *an.3iel2, C/J/: M!5ere are t;o =in2. o3 levBin: ;ar: one a:ain.t t5e -er.on o3 t5e Ain:: to i,-ri.on, to 2et5rone, or to =ill 5i,D or to ,a=e 5i, 45an:e ,ea.ure., or re,ove 4oun.elor. : t5e ot5er, ;5i45 i. .ai2 to ?e levie2 a:ain.t t5e ,a7e.tB o3 t5e Ain: or, in ot5er ;or2., a:ain.t 5i, in 5i. re:al 4a-a4itBD a. ;5en a ,ultitu2e ri.e an2 a..e,?le to attain ?B 3or4e an2 violen4e anB o?7e4t o3 a :eneral -u?li4 natureD t5at i. levBin: ;ar a:ain.t t5e ,a7e.tB o3 t5e Ain:D an2 ,o.t rea.ona?lB .o 5el2, ?e4au.e it ten2. to 2i..olve all t5e ?on2. o3 .o4ietB, to 2e.troB -ro-ertB, an2 to overturn 'overn,ent D an2 ?B 3or4e o3 ar,., to re.train t5e Ain: 3ro, rei:nin:, a44or2in: to la;M/ M$o a,ount o3 violen4e, 5o;ever :reat, an2 ;it5 ;5atever 4ir4u,.tan4e. o3 a ;arli=e =in2 it ,aB ?e atten2e2, ;ill ,a=e an atta4= ?B one .u?7e4t on anot5er 5i:5 trea.on/ %n t5e ot5er 5an2, anB a,ount o3 violen4e, 5o;ever in.i:ni3i4ant, 2ire4te2 a:ain.t t5e Ain: ;ill ?e 5i:5 trea.on, an2 a. .oon a. violen4e 5a. anB -oliti4al o?7e4t., it i. i,-o..i?le to .aB t5at it i. not 2ire4te2 a:ain.t t5e =in:, in t5e .en.e o3 ?ein: ar,e2 o--o.ition to t5e la;3ul eEer4i.e o3 5i. -o;erM/ !5e learne2 C5ie3 Ju.ti4e t5en re3erre2 to t5e o?.ervation. o3 Lor2 &olt, C/ J/ in a 4a.e re-orte2 in &olt>. re-ort. (1#8811000) at #811#82: M&olt L/ C/J/ in Sir Jo5n +rien2>. 4a.e .aB., >i3 -er.on. 2o a..e,?le t5e,.elve. an2 a4t ;it5 3or4e in o--o.ition to .o,e la; ;5i45 t5eB t5in= in4onvenient, an2 5o-e t5ere?B to :et it re-eale2, t5i. i. a levBin: ;ar an2 trea.onM/ MI tell Bou t5e 7oint o-inion o3 u. all, t5at, i3 t5i. ,ultitu2e a..e,?le2 ;it5 intent, ?B a4t. or 3or4e an2 violen4e, to 4o,-el t5e le:i.lature to re-eal a la;, it i. 5i:5 trea.onM////!5e que.tion al;aB. i., ;5et5er t5e intent i., ?B 3or4e an2 violen4e, to attain an o?7e4t o3 a :eneral an2 -u?li4 nature, ?B anB in.tru,ent.D or ?B 2int o3 t5eir nu,?er.M/ In 1820 Lor2 )re.i2ent &o-e in 5i. .u,,in: u- .-ee45 to t5e 7urB in (e9 v. And!e .a!die, (1820, 1 State !rial. $/S/, #10) eE-laine2 t5e 2i.tin4tion ?et;een levBin: a ;ar an2 4o,,ittin: a riot in t5e 3ollo;in: ;or2.: M'entle,en, it ,aB ?e u.e3ul to .aB a 3e; ;or2. on t5e 2i.tin4tion ?et;een levBin: ;ar a:ain.t t5e Ain: an2 4o,,ittin: a riot/ !5e 2i.tin4tion .ee,. to 4on.i.t in t5i., alt5ou:5 t5eB ,aB o3ten run verB nearlB into ea45 ot5er/ F5ere t5e ri.in: or tu,ult i. ,erelB to a44o,-li.5 .o,e -rivate -ur-o.e, intere.tin: onlB to t5o.e en:a:e2 in it, an2 not re.i.tin: or 4allin: in que.tion t5e Ain:>. aut5oritB or -rero:ative t5en t5e tu,ult, 5o;ever nu,erou. or outra:eou. t5e ,o? ,aB ?e, i. 5el2 onlB to ?e a riot/ +or eEa,-le, .u--o.e a ,o? to ri.e, an2 even ?B 3or4e o3 ar,. to ?rea= into a -arti4ular -ri.on an2 re.4ue 4ertain -er.on. t5erein 4on3ine2, or to o?li:e t5e *a:i.trate. to .et t5e, at li?ertB or to lo;er t5e -ri4e o3 -rovi.ion. in a 4ertain ,ar=et, or to tear 2o;n 4ertain en4lo.ure., ;5i45 t5eB 4on4eive to en4roa45 on t5e to;n>. 4o,,on./ All .u45 a4t., t5ou:5 .everelB -uni.5a?le, an2 t5ou:5 t5eB ,aB ?e re.i.te2 ?B 3or4e, 2o not a,ount to trea.on/ $ot5in: i. -ointe2 a:ain.t eit5er t5e -er.on or aut5oritB o3 t5e Ain:M/ M@ut, :entle,en, ;5erever t5e ri.in: or in.urre4tion 5a. 3or it. o?7e4t a :eneral -ur-o.e, not 4on3ine2 to t5e -e4uliar vie;. an2 intere.t. o3 t5e -er.on. 4on4erne2 in it, ?ut 4o,,on to t5e ;5ole 4o,,unitB, an2 .tri=in: 2ire4tlB t5e Ain:>. aut5oritB or t5at o3 )arlia,ent, t5en it a..u,e. t5e 45ara4ter o3 trea.on/ +or eEa,-le, i3 ,o?. ;ere to ri.e in 2i33erent -art. o3 t5e 4ountrB to t5ro; o-en all en4lo.ure. an2 to re.i.t t5e eEe4ution o3 t5e la; re:ar2in: en4lo.ure. ;5ere.oever atte,-te2, to -ull 2o;n all -ri.on. or Court. o3 7u.ti4e, to re.i.t all revenue o33i4er. in t5e 4olle4tin: o3 all or anB o3 t5e taEe.D in .5ort, all ri.in:. to a44o,-li.5 a :eneral -ur-o.e, or to 5in2er a :eneral ,ea.ure, ;5i45 ?B la; 4an onlB ?e aut5oriGe2 or -ro5i?ite2 ?B aut5oritB o3 t5e Ain: or )arlia,ent, a,ount to levBin: o3 ;ar a:ain.t t5e Ain: an2 5ave al;aB. ?een trie2 an2 -uni.5e2 a. trea.on/ It i., t5ere3ore, not t5e nu,?er. 4on4erne2, nor t5e 3or4e e,-loBe2 ?B t5e -eo-le ri.in: in ar,., ?ut t5e o?7e4t ;5i45 t5eB 5ave in vie; t5at 2eter,ine. t5e 45ara4ter o3 t5e 4ri,e, an2 ;ill ,a=e it eit5er riot or trea.on, a44or2in: a. t5at o?7e4t i. o3 a -u?li4 an2 :eneral, or -rivate an2 lo4al natureM/ !5en in 1839, !in2al, C/ J/ ;5ile .u,,in: u- t5e JurB in t5e trial o3 Jo5n +ro.t in t5e Bear 1839 9All ER Re-rint 18351 18"2 )/10# at )/110< .tate2 t5at it ;a. Me..ential to t5e ,a=in: out o3 t5e 45ar:e o3 5i:5 trea.on ?B levBin: ;ar, t5ere ,u.t ?e an in.urre4tion, t5ere ,u.t ?e 3or4e a44o,-anBin: t5at in.urre4tionD an2 it ,u.t ?e 3or t5e a44o,-li.5,ent o3 an o?7e4t o3 a :eneral natureM/ !5e 3ollo;in: .tate,ent o3 la; ?B Sir *i45ael +o.ter i. in.tru4tive: M!5ere i. a 2i33eren4e ?et;een t5o.e in.urre4tion. ;5i45 5ave 4arrie2 t5e a--earan4e o3 an ar,B 3or,e2 un2er lea2er., an2 -rovi2e2 ;it5 ,ilitarB ;ea-on., an2 ;it5 2ru,., 4olour. et4/, an2 t5o.e ot5er 2i.or2erlB tu,ultuou. a..e,?lie. ;5i45 5ave ?een 2ra;n to:et5er an2 4on2u4te2 to -ur-o.e. ,ani3e.tlB unla;3ul, ?ut ;it5out anB o3 t5e or2inarB .5e; an2 a--aratu. o3 ;ar ?e3ore ,entione2/M MI 2o not t5in= anB :reat .tre.. 4an ?e lai2 on t5at 2i.tin4tion/ It i. true, t5at in 4a.e o3 levBin: ;ar t5e in2i4t,ent. :enerallB 45ar:e, t5at t5e 2e3en2ant. ;ere ar,e2 an2 arraBe2 in a ;arli=e ,annerD an2, ;5ere t5e 4a.e ;oul2 a2,it o3 it, t5e ot5er 4ir4u,.tan4e. o3 .;or2., :un., 2ru,., 4olour., et4/, 5ave ?een a22e2/ @ut I t5in= t5e ,erit. o3 t5e 4a.e 5ave never turne2 .in:lB on anB o3 t5e.e 4ir4u,.tan4e.M/

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Fe 3in2 4o-iou. re3eren4e to t5e.e En:li.5 aut5oritie. in t5e Ju2:,ent. o3 variou. &i:5 Court. ;5i45 ;e ;ill ?e re3errin: to a little later an2 in t5e >La; o3 Cri,e.> aut5ore2 ?B Ratanlal an2 5ira7lal (25 t5 E2ition)/ In 3a4t, t5eB ;ere re3erre2 to in eEten.o ?B t5i. Court in )a/i! #han v. State of Delhi *A$(CSCC0#22C2003/ F5et5er t5i. eE-o.ition o3 la; on t5e .u?7e4t o3 levBin: ;ar 4ontinue. to ?e relevant in t5e -re.ent 2aB an2 in t5e 4onteEt o3 :reat .o4io1-oliti4al 2evelo-,ent. t5at 5ave ta=en -la4e i. a ,oot -oint/ %ur 4o,,ent. ,aB ?e 3oun2 a little later/ Co,in: to t5e In2ian 2e4i.ion., t5e earlie.t 4a.e in ;5i45 t5e 4onvi4tion un2er .e4tion 121 an2 121A I)C ;a. .u.taine2 i. t5e 2e4i.ion o3 a ivi.ion @en45 o3 *a2ra. &i:5 Court in AIR 1922 *a2/ 12#/ !5e a44u.e2 ;a. .een in a 4ro;2 o3 -eo-le ;5i45 atta4=e2 t5e -oli4e an2 ,ilitarB 3or4e. ;it5 2ea2lB ;ea-on., ;5en t5e 3or4e. un2er t5e .u-ervi.ion o3 t5e i.tri4t *a:i.trate .tarte2 .ear45in: 3or ;ar1=nive./ !5e ,o? retreate2 a3ter t5e -oli4e o-ene2 3ire an2 t5e a44u.e2 ;5o ;a. arre.te2 tol2 t5e ,o? to 2i.-er.e/ !5e a44u.e2 earlier eE5orte2 t5e -eo-le ;5o atten2e2 a ,eetin: to .u?vert t5e @riti.5 Ra7 an2 e.ta?li.5 t5e A5ila3at 'ovt/ an2 to 2e.troB t5e 'ovt/ -ro-ertie./ !5e &i:5 Court a:reein: ;it5 t5e i.tri4t Ju2:e 3oun2 5i, :uiltB un2er .e4tion 121, I)C ;5ile o?.ervin: t5u. : MFe 5ave t5en t5at t5e a44u.e2 ;a. ta=in: -art in an or:aniGe2 ar,e2 atta4= on t5e 4on.titute2 aut5oritie., t5at atta4= 5avin: 3or it. o?7e4t, in t5e ;or2. o3 5i. o;n .-ee45, t5e .u?ver.ion o3 @riti.5 Ra7 an2 t5e e.ta?li.5,ent o3 anot5er 'overn,ent/ !5at ?ein: .o, ;e 4on4ur ;it5out 5e.itation in t5e lo;er Court>. 4on4lu.ion t5at t5e a44u.e2 ;a. :uiltB o3 t5e o33en4e o3 ;a:in: ;ar a:ain.t t5e Ain:/M !5e neEt 4a.e ;5i45 i. an o3t1quote2 aut5oritB i. t5e 2e4i.ion o3 a .-e4ial @en45 o3 Ran:oon &i:5 Court in AIR 1931 Ran: 235, )a:e CJ .-ea=in: 3or t5e .-e4ial @en45 -re3a4e2 5i. 2i.4u..ion ;it5 t5e .tate,ent t5at t5e ;or2. M;a:in: ;ar in Se4tion 121 are .BnonB,ou. ;it5 >levBin: ;ar> in t5e Statute 25, E2;ar2 3, 4lau.e 2 ;5i45 o33en4e i. 2e4lare2 to ?e trea.on/ A3ter re3errin: to t5e o?.ervation. o3 *an.3iel2, CJ, Lor2 )re.i2ent &o-e, !in2al, CJ an2 t5e 4o,,entarie. o3 Sir *i45ael +o.ter, t5e &i:5 Court 4on4lu2e2 t5u. : M!5e natural an2 rea.ona?le in3eren4e to ?e 2ra;n 3ro, t5e 4on2u4t an2 a4t. o3 in.ur:en4e ;a. t5at t5eB inten2e2 to over4o,e an2 2e.troB t5e 3or4e. o3 t5e Cro;n at all event. an2 re:ar2le.. o3 anB -reten2e2 :rievan4e in 4onne4tion ;it5 4a-itation taE/M !5e learne2 Ju2:e. re3erre2 to t5e in4i2ent. t5at too= -la4e in t5e 4our.e o3 -re-arin: 3or an en4ounter ;it5 t5e 3or4e. o3 t5e Cro;n an2 o?.erve2 t5at t5eB ;ere 4on.i.tent onlB ;it5 an intention on t5e -art o3 t5e in.ur:ent. to ;a:e ;ar a:ain.t t5e Ain: E,-eror/ !5e rai2in: o3 5ea2,en>. 5ou.e. 3or :un. an2 a,,unition, t5e lootin: o3 .tore., t5e 2rillin: o3 t5e ran= an2 3ile, t5e .u--lB o3 2a.5 an2 .-ear. an2 uni3or,. to t5e 4o,?atant., t5e en3or4e2 tattooin: o3 4ertain relu4tant villa:er. Mall -oint to an intention to ;a:e ;ar an2 not5in: el.eM/ It ;a. t5en o?.erve2 t5at : Ma 2eli?erate an2 or:aniGe2 atta4= u-on t5e Cro;n 3or4e. .u45 a. t5at ;5i45 too= -la4e on 0t5 JanuarB 4learlB ;oul2 a,ount to a ;a:in: o3 ;ar i3 t5e o?7e4t o3 t5e in.ur:ent. ;a. ?B ar,e2 3or4e an2 violen4e to over4o,e t5e .ervant. o3 t5e Cro;n an2 t5ere?B to -revent t5e :eneral 4olle4tion o3 t5e 4a-itation taEM/ !5e in4i2ent ;a. 2e.4ri?e2 a. a ?attle ;5i45 ;a. t5e re.ult o3 a re?ellion/ !5o.e ;5o ;ere -artie. to it ;ere 5el2 :uiltB o3 ;a:in: ;ar ;it5in Se4tion 121 I)C/ In t5e 4a.e o3 ,aganlal (adhak!ishan 9AIR 19"# $a:-ur 103< t5ere ;a. an ela?orate 2i.4u..ion on t5e .4o-e o3 Se4tion 121 ;it5 re3eren4e to t5e ol2 En:li.5 4a.e. on t5e .u?7e4t o3 >levBin:1;ar> an2 5i:5 trea.on/ Certain 2e4i.ion. o3 In2ian Court. e/:/, AIR 1931 Ran:oon 235 ;ere al.o re3erre2 to an2 t5e 3ollo;in: -rin4i-le. ;ere 4ulle2 out : (i) $o .-e4i3i4 nu,?er o3 -er.on. i. ne4e..arB to 4on.titute an o33en4e un2er S/121, )enal Co2e/ (ii) !5e nu,?er 4on4erne2 an2 t5e ,anner in ;5i45 t5eB are equi--e2 or ar,e2 i. not ,aterial/ (iii) !5e true 4riterion i. quo ani,o 2i2 t5e :at5erin: a..e,?leP (iv) !5e o?7e4t o3 t5e :at5erin: ,u.t ?e to attain ?B 3or4e an2 violen4e an o?7e4t o3 a :eneral -u?li4 nature, t5ere?B .tri=in: 2ire4tlB a:ain.t t5e Ain:>. aut5oritB/ (v) !5ere i. no 2i.tin4tion ?et;een -rin4i-al an2 a44e..orB an2 all ;5o ta=e -art in t5e unla;3ul a4t in4ur t5e .a,e :uilt/M !5e a44u.e2 in t5at 4a.e ;a. 3oun2 to 5ave 4onne4tion. ;it5 &in2u.tan Re2 Ar,B an2 to 5ave 2e.i:n. 3or t5e eli,ination o3 t5e eEi.tin: 'overn,ent/ Ar,. an2 eE-lo.ive. ;ere 3oun2 4on4eale2 in 5i. 5ou.e/ &e ;a. 3oun2 involve2 in t5e 2e.tru4tion o3 )oli4e Station an2 .5ootin: o3 a -oli4e 4on.ta?le/ !5e learne2 Ju2:e. 3elt t5at t5e rai2 on t5e *au25a Station &ou.e ;a. -art o3 t5e 2e.i:n >to attain ?B 3or4e an2 violen4e an o?7e4t o3 a :eneral -u?li4

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nature t5e te.t lai2 2o;n ?B *an.3iel2, CJ/ !5e $a:-ur &i:5 Court 4on4lu2e2 t5at all t5i. ;a. a -re12eter,ine2 -lan 3or t5e overt5ro; o3 'overn,ent at a ti,e ;5en it ;a. involve2 in a ;orl21;i2e 4on3li4t/ !5e 4onvi4tion o3 *a:anlal un2er .e4tion 121 ;a. t5u. u-5el2/ !5e 2e4i.ion o3 a ivi.ion @en45 o3 )atna &i:5 Court in *A$(C@&C015"C1950 (,i! .asan #han v. the State) i. illu.trative o3 ;5at a4t. 2o not 4on.titute ;a:in: o3 ;ar/ !5at ;a. a 4a.e in ;5i45 t5ere ;a. a ,utinB a,on: 4ertain .e4tion. o3 t5e )oli4e 3or4e. on a44ount o3 t5e in2i:nation arou.e2 ?B t5e -uni.5,ent :iven to one o3 t5eir 4ollea:ue./ !5e 4onvi4tion un2er .e4tion 121, I)C ;a. ,ainlB ?a.e2 on t5e 3a4t t5at t5e a44u.e2 ;ere a,on: t5o.e ;5o too= -o..e..ion o3 t5e ar,orB an2 al.o too= -art in t5e re.i.tan4e ;5i45 ;a. -ut u- to t5e troo-./ !5e 4onvi4tion ;a. .et a.i2e an2 t5e 3ollo;in: -ertinent o?.ervation. ;ere ,a2e ?B S5earer, J/ M!5e eE-re..ion M;a:in: ;arM ,ean. J 4an, I t5in=, onlB ,ean M;a:in: ;ar in t5e ,anner u.ual in ;arM/ In ot5er ;or2., in or2er to .u--ort a 4onvi4tion on .u45 a 45ar:e, it i. not enou:5 to .5o; t5at t5e -er.on. 45ar:e2 5ave 4ontrive2 to o?tain -o..e..ion o3 an ar,ourB J 5ave, ;5en 4alle2 u-on to .urren2er it, u.e2 t5e ri3le. J a,,unition .o o?taine2 a:ain.t t5e Ain:>. troo-./ It ,u.t al.o ?e .5o;n t5at t5e .eiGure o3 t5e ar,ourB ;a. -art J -ar4el o3 a -lanne2 o-eration J t5at t5eir intention in re.i.tin: t5e troo-. o3 t5e Ain: ;a. to over;5el, J 2e3eat t5e.e troo-. J t5en to :o on J 4ru.5 anB 3urt5er o--o.ition ;it5 ;5i45 t5eB ,i:5t ,eet until eit5er t5e lea2er. o3 t5e ,ove,ent .u44ee2e2 in o?tainin: -o..e..ion o3 t5e ,a45inerB o3 'ovt/ or until t5o.e in -o..e..ion o3 it Biel2e2 to t5e 2e,an2. o3 t5eir lea2er.M/ Su--ort ;a. 2ra;n 3ro, t5e i:e.t o3 Cri,inal La; ?B Sir Ja,e. Ste-5en./ In t5e i:e.t, one o3 t5e ,eanin:. :iven to t5e eE-re..ion to levB1;ar i. : Matta4=in: in t5e ,anner u.ual in ;ar t5e Ain: 5i,.el3 or 5i. ,ilitarB 3or4e., a4tin: a. .u45 ?B 5i. or2er., in t5e eEe4ution o3 t5eir 2utB/M It ;a. 4on4lu2e2 Mit i., I t5in=, quite i,-o..i?le to .aB t5at anB o3 t5e.e a--ellant. ;a:e21;ar in t5e .en.e in ;5i45 t5at eE-re..ion, a. it o44ur. in Se4tion 121, )enal Co2e, ;a. u.e2M/ M!5e a--ellant. or .o,e o3 t5e, ;ere in -o..e..ion o3 t5e ar,orB at 'aBa 3or .everal 2aB. an2 it i. -er3e4tlB 4lear t5at t5eB never inten2e2 to u.e it a. a ?a.e 3or 3urt5er o-eration.M/ !5e neEt que.tion i. ;5et5er t5e 2are 2evil an2 5orren2ou. a4t. -er-etrate2 ?B t5e .lain terrori.t. -ur.uant to t5e 4on.-ira4B, a,ount to ;a:in: or atte,-tin: to ;a:e ;ar -uni.5a?le un2er Se4tion 121 I)C an2 ;5et5er t5e 4on.-irator. are lia?le to ?e -uni.5e2 un2er Se4tion 121 or 121A or ?ot5/ Se4tion 121 an2 121A o44ur in t5e C5a-ter >%33en4e. a:ain.t t5e State>/ !5e -u?li4 -ea4e i. 2i.tur?e2 an2 t5e nor,al 45annel. o3 'overn,ent are 2i.ru-te2 ?B .u45 o33en4e. ;5i45 are ai,e2 at .u?vertin: t5e aut5oritB o3 t5e 'overn,ent or -aralBGin: t5e 4on.titutional ,a45inerB/ !5e eE-re..ion >;ar> -re4e2e2 ?B t5e ver? >;a:e.> a2,it. o3 ,anB .5a2e. o3 ,eanin: an2 2e3ie. a 2e3inition ;it5 eEa4titu2e t5ou:5 it a--eare2 to ?e an una,?i:uou. -5ra.eolo:B to t5e In2ian La; Co,,i..ioner. ;5o eEa,ine2 t5e 2ra3t )enal Co2e in 18"0/ !5e La; Co,,i..ioner. o?.erve2: MFe 4on4eive t5e ter, >;a:e. ;ar a:ain.t t5e 'overn,ent> naturallB to i,-ort a -er.on arraBin: 5i,.el3 in 2e3ian4e o3 t5e 'overn,ent in li=e ,anner an2 ?B li=e ,ean. a. a 3orei:n ene,B ;oul2 2o, an2 it .ee,. to u., ;e -re.u,e it 2i2 to t5e aut5or. o3 t5e Co2e t5at anB 2e3inition o3 t5e ter, .o una,?i:uou. ;oul2 ?e .u-er3luou./M !5e eE-re..ion >'overn,ent o3 In2ia> ;a. .u?.titute2 3or t5e eE-re..ion >Hueen> ?B t5e A2a-tation o3 La;. %r2er o3 1950/ Se4tion 121 no; rea2.1 MF5oever ;a:e. ;ar a:ain.t t5e 'overn,ent o3 In2ia or atte,-t. to ;a:e .u45 ;ar, or a?et. t5e ;a:in: o3 .u45 ;ar, .5all ?e -uni.5e2 ;it5 2eat5 or i,-ri.on,ent 3or li3e an2 .5all al.o ?e lia?le to 3ineM/ !5e 4on.-ira4B to 4o,,it o33en4e. -uni.5a?le un2er Se4tion 121 attra4t. -uni.5,ent un2er Se4tion 121A an2 t5e ,aEi,u, .enten4e 4oul2 ?e i,-ri.on,ent 3or li3e/ !5e ot5er li,? o3 Se4tion 121A i. t5e 4on.-ira4B to overa;e ?B ,ean. o3 4ri,inal 3or4e or t5e .5o; o3 4ri,inal 3or4e, t5e Central 'overn,ent or anB State 'overn,ent/ !5e eE-lanation to Se4tion 121A 4lari3ie. t5at it i. not ne4e..arB t5at anB a4t or ille:al o,i..ion .5oul2 ta=e -la4e -ur.uant to t5e 4on.-ira4B, in or2er to 4on.titute t5e .ai2 o33en4e/ Far, terrori., an2 violent a4t. to overa;e t5e e.ta?li.5e2 'overn,ent 5ave ,anB t5in:. in 4o,,on/ It i. not too ea.B to 2i.tin:ui.5 t5e,, ?ut one t5in: i. 4ertain, t5e 4on4e-t o3 ;ar i,?e22e2 in Se4tion 121 i. not to ?e un2er.too2 in international la; .en.e o3 inter14ountrB ;ar involvin: ,ilitarB o-eration. ?B an2 ?et;een t;o or ,ore 5o.tile 4ountrie./ Se4tion 121 i. not ,eant to -uni.5 -ri.oner. o3 ;ar o3 a ?elli:erent nation/ A-art 3ro, t5e le:i.lative 5i.torB o3 t5e -rovi.ion an2 t5e un2er.tan2in: o3 t5e eE-re..ion ?B variou. &i:5 Court. 2urin: t5e -re1in2e-en2en4e 2aB., t5e Illu.tration to Se4tion 121 it.el3 ,a=e. it 4lear t5at >;ar> 4onte,-late2 ?B Se4tion 121 i. not 4onventional ;ar3are ?et;een t;o nation./ %r:aniGin: or 7oinin: an in.urre4tion a:ain.t t5e 'overn,ent o3 In2ia i. al.o a 3or, o3 ;ar/ >In.urre4tion> a. 2e3ine2 in 2i4tionarie. an2 a. 4o,,onlB un2er.too2 4onnote. a violent u-ri.in: ?B a :rou- 2ire4te2 a:ain.t t5e 'overn,ent in -o;er or t5e 4ivil aut5oritie./ MRe?ellion, revolution an2 4ivil ;ar are -ro:re..ive .ta:e. in t5e 2evelo-,ent o3 4ivil unre.t t5e ,o.t ru2i,entarB 3or, o3 ;5i45 i. >in.urre4tion>1vi2e Pan Ame!ican -o!ld Ai! Inc. v. Actna Cas : Su! Co. 9505, +/R/ 22, 989 at )/ 1010</ An a4t o3 in.ur:en4B i. 2i33erent 3ro, ?elli:eren4B/ It nee2. to
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?e 4lari3ie2 t5at in.urre4tion i. onlB illu.trative o3 t5e eE-re..ion >;ar> an2 it i. .een 3ro, t5e ol2 En:li.5 aut5oritie. re3erre2 to .u-ra t5at it ;oul2 4over .ituation. analo:ou. to in.urre4tion i3 t5eB ten2 to un2er,ine t5e aut5oritB o3 t5e Ruler or 'overn,ent/ It 5a. ?een a-tlB .ai2 ?B Sir J/+/ Ste-5en Munla;3ul a..e,?lie., riot., in.urre4tion., re?ellion., levBin: o3 ;ar are o33en4e. ;5i45 run into ea45 ot5er an2 not 4a-a?le o3 ?ein: ,ar=e2 o33 ?B -er3e4tlB 2e3inite ?oun2arie./ All o3 t5e, 5ave in 4o,,on one 3eature, na,elB, t5at t5e nor,al tranquilitB o3 a 4iviliGe2 .o4ietB i., in ea45 o3 t5e 4a.e. ,entione2, 2i.tur?e2 eit5er ?B a4tual 3or4e or at lea.t ?B t5e .5o; an2 t5reat o3 itM/ !o t5i. li.t 5a. to ?e a22e2 >terrori.t a4t.> ;5i45 are .o 4on.-i4uou. no;1 a12aB./ !5ou:5 everB terrori.t a4t 2oe. not a,ount to ;a:in: ;ar, 4ertain terrori.t a4t. 4an al.o 4on.titute t5e o33en4e o3 ;a:in: ;ar an2 t5ere i. no 2i45oto,B ?et;een t5e t;o/ !errori.t a4t. 4an ,ani3e.t t5e,.elve. into a4t. o3 ;ar/ A44or2in: to t5e learne2 Senior Coun.el 3or t5e State, terrori.t a4t. -ro,-te2 ?B an intention to .tri=e at t5e .overei:n aut5oritB o3 t5e StateC'overn,ent, tanta,ount to ;a:in: ;ar irre.-e4tive o3 t5e nu,?er involve2 or t5e 3or4e e,-loBe2/ It i. .een t5at t5e 3ir.t li,? o3 Se4tion 3(1) o3 )%!A1 M;it5 intent to t5reaten t5e unitB, inte:ritB, .e4uritB or .overei:ntB o3 In2ia or to .tri=e terror in t5e -eo-le or anB .e4tion o3 t5e -eo-le 2oe. anB a4t or t5in: ?B u.in: ?o,?., 2Bna,ite or ot5er eE-lo.ive or in3la,,a?le .u?.tan4e. or 3irear,. or ot5er let5al ;ea-on. or -oi.on. or noEiou. :a.e. or ot5er 45e,i4al. or ?B anB ot5er .u?.tan4e. (;5et5er ?iolo:i4al or ot5er;i.e) o3 a 5aGar2ou. nature or ?B anB ot5er ,ean. ;5at.oeverM an2 t5e a4t o3 ;a:in: ;ar 5ave overla--in: 3eature./ &o;ever, t5e 2e:ree o3 ani,u. or intent an2 t5e ,a:nitu2e o3 t5e a4t. 2one or atte,-te2 to ?e 2one ;oul2 a..u,e .o,e relevan4e in or2er to 4on.i2er ;5et5er t5e terrori.t a4t. :ive ri.e to a .tate o3 ;ar/ Iet, t5e 2e,ar4atin: line i. ?B no ,ean. 4lear, ,u45 le.. tran.-arent/ It i. o3ten a 2i33eren4e in 2e:ree/ !5e 2i.tin4tion :et. t5inner i3 a 4o,-ari.on i. ,a2e o3 terrori.t a4t. ;it5 t5e a4t. ai,e2 at overa;in: t5e 'overn,ent ?B ,ean. o3 4ri,inal 3or4e/ Con.-ira4B to 4o,,it t5e latter o33en4e i. 4overe2 ?B Se4tion, 121A/ It nee2. to ?e noti4e2 t5at even in international la; .-5ere, t5ere i. no .tan2ar2 2e3inition o3 ;ar/ )ro3/ L/%--en5ei, in 5i. ;ell1=no;n treati.e on International La; 5a. :iven a 2e3inition ,ar=e2 ?B ?revitB an2 45oi4e o3 ;or2./ !5e learne2 aut5or .ai2: M;ar i. a 4ontention ?et;een t;o or ,ore State. t5rou:5 t5eir ar,e2 3or4e., 3or t5e -ur-o.e o3 over-o;erin: ea45 ot5er an2 i,-o.in: .u45 4on2ition. o3 -ea4e a. t5e vi4tor -lea.e.M/ Iora, in.tein an eE-ert in international la; 3iel2 analBGe2 t5e .ai2 2e3inition in t5e 3ollo;in: ;or2.: M!5ere are 3our ,a7or 4on.tituent ele,ent. in %--en5ei,>. vie; o3 Far: (i) t5ere 5a. to ?e a 4ontention ?et;een at lea.t t;o State. (ii) t5e u.e o3 t5e ar,e2 3or4e. o3 t5o.e State. i. require2, (iii) t5e -ur-o.e ,u.t ?e over-o;erin: t5e ene,B ( a. ;ell a. t5e i,-o.ition o3 -ea4e on t5e vi4tor>. ter,.)D an2 it ,aB ?e i,-lie2, -arti4ularlB 3ro, t5e ;or2. >ea45 ot5er> an2 (iv) ?ot5 -artie. are eE-e4te2 to 5ave .B,,etri4al, alt5ou:5 2ia,etri4allB o--o.e2, :oal./M !5e learne2 aut5or 4o,,ente2 t5at %--en5ei, ;a. entirelB ri:5t in eE4lu2in: 4ivil ;ar. 3ro, 5i. 2e3inition/ *r/ in.tein atte,-te2 t5e 2e3inition o3 >;ar> in t5e 3ollo;in: ter,.: MFar i. a 5o.tile intera4tion ?et;een t;o or ,ore State., eit5er in a te45ni4al or in a ,aterial .en.e/ Far in t5e te45ni4al .en.e i. a 3or,al .tatu. -ro2u4e2 ?B a 2e4laration o3 ;ar/ Far in t5e ,aterial .en.e i. :enerate2 ?B a4tual u.e o3 ar,e2 3or4e, ;5i45 ,u.t ?e 4o,-re5en.ive on t5e -art o3 at lea.t one -artB to t5e 4on3li4t/M In international la;, ;e 5ave t5e allie2 4on4e-t. o3 un2e4lare2 ;ar, li,ite2 ;ar, ;ar1li=e .ituation1t5e nuan4e. o3 ;5i45 it i. not ne4e..arB to unravel/ !5ere i. no 2ou?t t5at t5e o33en4e o3 ;a:in: ;ar ;a. in.erte2 in t5e In2ian )enal Co2e to a44or2 ;it5 t5e 4on4e-t o3 levBin: ;ar in t5e En:li.5 Statute. o3 trea.on, t5e 3ir.t o3 ;5i45 2ate. ?a4= to 1351 A/ / It 5a. ?een .ai2 .o in al,o.t all t5e In2ian &i:5 Court.> 2e4i.ion. o3 t5e -re1in2e-en2en4e 2aB. .tartin: ;it5 AIR 1931 Ran:oon 235/ In )a/i! #han's 4a.e *A$(CSCC0#22C2003 t5i. Court .ai2 .o in .-e4i3i4 ter,. in -ara:ra-5 35 an2 eEten.ivelB quote2 3ro, t5e -a..a:e. in ol2 En:li.5 4a.e./ Sir *i45ael +o.ter>. 2i.4our.e. on trea.on an2 t5e -a..a:e. 3ro, t5e 2e4i.ion. o3 t5e &i:5 4ourt. re3erre2 to t5erein are al.o 3oun2 in Ratanlal>. La; o3 Cri,e./ Fe .5oul2, t5ere3ore, un2er.tan2 t5e eE-re..ion M;a:e. ;arM o44urrin: in Se4tion 121 ?roa2lB in t5e .a,e .en.e in ;5i45 it ;a. un2er.too2 in En:lan2 ;5ile 2ealin: ;it5 t5e 4orre.-on2in: eE-re..ion in t5e !rea.on Statute/ &o;ever, ;e 5ave to vie; t5e eE-re..ion ;it5 t5e eBe. o3 t5e -eo-le o3 3ree In2ia an2 ;e ,u.t ,o2ulate an2 re.tri4t t5e .4o-e o3 o?.ervation. too ?roa2lB ,a2e in t5e vinta:e 2e4i.ion. .o a. to ?e in =ee-in: ;it5 t5e 2e,o4rati4 .-irit an2 t5e 4onte,-orarB 4on2ition. a..o4iate2 ;it5 t5e ;or=in: o3 our 2e,o4ra4B/ !5e o3t1re-eate2 -5ra.e >to attain t5e o?7e4t o3 :eneral -u?li4 nature> 4oine2 ?B *an.3iel2, LCJ an2 reiterate2 in variou. En:li.5 an2 In2ian 2e4i.ion. .5oul2 not ?e un2ulB elon:ate2 in t5e -re.ent 2aB 4onteEt/ %n t5e analB.i. o3 t5e variou. -a..a:e. 3oun2 in t5e 4a.e. an2 4o,,entarie. re3erre2 to a?ove, ;5at are t5e 5i:51 li:5t. ;e 4o,e a4ro..P !5e ,o.t i,-ortant i. t5e intention or -ur-o.e ?e5in2 t5e 2e3ian4e or ri.in: a:ain.t t5e 'overn,ent/ A. .ai2 ?B +o.ter, M!5e true 4riterion i. quo ani,o 2i2 t5e -artie. a..e,?leMP In ot5er ;or2. t5e intention an2 -ur-o.e o3 t5e ;ar1li=e o-eration. 2ire4te2 a:ain.t t5e 'overn,ental ,a45inerB i. an i,-ortant
#0

4riterion/ I3 t5e o?7e4t an2 -ur-o.e i. to .tri=e at t5e .overei:n aut5oritB o3 t5e Ruler or t5e 'overn,ent to a45ieve a -u?li4 an2 :eneral -ur-o.e in 4ontra12i.tin4tion to a -rivate an2 a -arti4ular -ur-o.e, t5at i. an i,-ortant in2i4ia o3 ;a:in: ;ar/ %3 4our.e, t5e -ur-o.e ,u.t ?e inten2e2 to ?e a45ieve2 ?B u.e o3 3or4e an2 ar,. an2 ?B 2e3ian4e o3 'overn,ent troo-. or ar,e2 -er.onnel 2e-loBe2 to ,aintain -u?li4 tranquilitB/ !5ou:5 t5e ,o2u. o-eran2i o3 -re-arin: 3or t5e o33en.ive a:ain.t t5e 'overn,ent ,aB ?e quite a=in to t5e -re-aration in a re:ular ;ar, it i. o3ten .ai2 t5at t5e nu,?er o3 3or4e, t5e ,anner in ;5i45 t5eB are arraBe2, ar,e2 or equi--e2 i. i,,aterial/ Even a li,ite2 nu,?er o3 -er.on. ;5o 4arrB -o;er3ul eE-lo.ive. an2 ,i..ile. ;it5out re:ar2 to t5eir o;n .a3etB 4an 4au.e ,ore 2eva.tatin: 2a,a:e t5an a lar:e :rou- o3 -er.on. ar,e2 ;it5 or2inarB ;ea-on. or 3ire ar,./ !5en, t5e ot5er .ettle2 -ro-o.ition i. t5at t5ere nee2 not ?e t5e -o,- an2 -a:eantrB u.uallB a..o4iate2 ;it5 ;ar .u45 a. t5e o33en2er. 3or,in: t5e,.elve. in ?attle1line an2 arraBin: in a ;ar li=e ,anner/ Even a .tealt5B o-eration to over;5el, t5e ar,e2 or ot5er -er.onnel 2e-loBe2 ?B t5e 'overn,ent an2 to attain a 4o,,an2in: -o.ition ?B ;5i45 ter,. 4oul2 ?e 2i4tate2 to t5e 'overn,ent ,i:5t verB ;ell ?e an a4t o3 ;a:in: ;ar/ F5ile t5e.e are t5e a44e-ta?le 4riteria o3 ;a:in: ;ar, ;e ,u.t 2i..o4iate our.elve. 3ro, t5e ol2 En:li.5 an2 In2ian aut5oritie. to t5e eEtent t5at t5eB laB 2o;n a too :eneral te.t o3 attain,ent o3 an o?7e4t o3 :eneral -u?li4 nature or a -oliti4al o?7e4t/ Fe 5ave alrea2B eE-re..e2 re.ervation. in a2o-tin: t5i. te.t in it. literal .en.e an2 4on.truin: it in a ,anner out o3 tune ;it5 t5e -re.ent 2aB/ !5e Court ,u.t ?e 4autiou. in a2o-tin: an a--roa45 ;5i45 5a. t5e e33e4t o3 ?rin:in: ;it5in t5e 3ol2 o3 Se4tion 121 all a4t. o3 la;le.. an2 violent a4t. re.ultin: in 2e.tru4tion o3 -u?li4 -ro-ertie. et4/, an2 all a4t. o3 violent re.i.tan4e to t5e ar,e2 -er.onnel to a45ieve 4ertain -oliti4al o?7e4tive./ !5e ,o,ent it i. 3oun2 t5at t5e o?7e4t .ou:5t to ?e attaine2 i. o3 :eneral -u?li4 nature or 5a. a -oliti4al 5ue, t5e o33en.ive violent a4t. tar:ete2 a:ain.t ar,e2 3or4e. an2 -u?li4 o33i4ial. .5oul2 not ?e ?ran2e2 a. a4t. o3 ;a:in: ;ar/ !5e eE-re..ion >;a:in: ;ar> .5oul2 not ?e .tret45e2 too 3ar to 5ol2 t5at all t5e a4t. o3 2i.ru-tin: -u?li4 or2er an2 -ea4e irre.-e4tive o3 t5eir ,a:nitu2e an2 re-er4u..ion. 4oul2 ?e re4=one2 a. a4t. o3 ;a:in: ;ar a:ain.t t5e 'overn,ent/ A ?alan4e2 an2 reali.ti4 a--roa45 i. 4alle2 3or in 4on.truin: t5e eE-re..ion >;a:in: ;ar> irre.-e4tive o3 5o; it ;a. vie;e2 in t5e lon: lon: -a.t/ An or:aniGe2 ,ove,ent atten2e2 ;it5 violen4e an2 atta4=. a:ain.t t5e -u?li4 o33i4ial. an2 ar,e2 3or4e. ;5ile a:itatin: 3or t5e re-eal o3 an un-o-ular la; or 3or -reventin: ?ur2en.o,e taEe. ;ere vie;e2 a. a4t. o3 trea.on in t5e 3or, o3 levBin: ;ar/ Fe 2ou?t ;5et5er .u45 4on.tru4tion i. in tune ;it5 t5e ,o2ern 2aB -er.-e4tive. an2 .tan2ar2./ Anot5er a.-e4t on ;5i45 a 4lari3i4ation i. 4alle2 3or i. in re:ar2 to t5e o?.ervation ,a2e in t5e ol2 2e4i.ion. t5at Mneit5er t5e nu,?er en:a:e2 nor t5e 3or4e e,-loBe2, nor t5e .-e4ie. o3 ;ea-on. ;it5 ;5i45 t5eB ,aB ?e ar,e2M i. reallB ,aterial to -rove t5e o33en4e o3 levBin:C;a:in: ;ar/ !5i. ;a. .ai2 ?B Lor2 )re.i2ent &o-e in R v/ &ar2ie in 1820 an2 t5e .a,e .tate,ent 3in2. it. e45o in ,anB ot5er En:li.5 4a.e. an2 in t5e 4a.e o3 ,aganlal (adha #!ishan v. Empe!o! 9AIR 19"# $a:-ur 103 at -a:e 18#</ @ut, in our vie;, t5e.e are not irrelevant 3a4tor./ !5eB ;ill 4ertainlB 5el- t5e Court in 3or,in: an i2ea ;5et5er t5e intention an2 2e.i:n to ;a:e ;ar a:ain.t t5e e.ta?li.5e2 'overn,ent eEi.t. or t5e o33en4e 3all. .5ort o3 it/ +or in.tan4e, t5e 3ire -o;er or t5e 2eva.tatin: -otential o3 t5e ar,. an2 eE-lo.ive. t5at ,aB ?e 4arrie2 ?B a :rou- o3 -er.on.1,aB ?e lar:e or .,all, a. in t5e -re.ent 4a.e, an2 t5e .4ale o3 violen4e t5at 3ollo;. ,aB at ti,e. ?e4o,e u.e3ul in2i4ator. o3 t5e nature an2 2i,en.ion o3 t5e a4tion re.orte2 to/ !5e.e, 4ou-le2 ;it5 t5e ot5er 3a4tor., ,aB :ive ri.e to an in3eren4e o3 ;a:in: ;ar/ !5e .in:le ,o.t i,-ortant 3a4tor ;5i45 i,-el. u. to t5in= t5at t5i. i. a 4a.e o3 ;a:in: or atte,-tin: to ;a:e ;ar a:ain.t t5e 'overn,ent o3 In2ia i. t5e tar:et o3 atta4= 45o.en ?B t5e .lain terrori.t. an2 4on.-irator. an2 t5e i,,e2iate o?7e4tive .ou:5t to ?e a45ieve2 t5ere?B/ !5e ?attle13ront .ele4te2 ;a. t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e Co,-leE/ !5e tar:et 45o.en ;a. t5e )arlia,ent1a .B,?ol o3 .overei:ntB o3 t5e In2ian re-u?li4/ Co,-ri.e2 o3 -eo-le.> re-re.entative., t5i. .u-re,e la;1,a=in: ?o2B .teer. t5e 2e.tinie. o3 va.t ,ultitu2e o3 In2ian -eo-le/ It i. a 4on.titutional re-o.itorB o3 .overei:n -o;er t5at 4olle4tivelB ?elon:. to t5e -eo-le o3 In2ia/ !5e eEe4utive 'overn,ent t5rou:5 t5e Coun4il o3 *ini.ter. i. a44ounta?le to )arlia,ent/ )arlia,entarB 2e,o4ra4B i. a ?a.i4 an2 inaliena?le 3eature o3 t5e Con.titution/ Enterin: t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e ;it5 .o-5i.ti4ate2 ar,. an2 -o;er3ul eE-lo.ive. ;it5 a vie; to laB a .ie:e o3 t5at ?uil2in: at a ti,e ;5en ,e,?er. o3 )arlia,ent, ,e,?er. o3 Coun4il o3 *ini.ter., 5i:5 o33i4ial. an2 2i:nitarie. o3 t5e 'overn,ent o3 In2ia :at5ere2 to tran.a4t )arlia,entarB ?u.ine.., ;it5 t5e o?viou. i2ea o3 i,-erillin: t5eir .a3etB an2 2e.ta?iliGin: t5e 3un4tionin: o3 'overn,ent an2 in t5at -ro4e.., venturin: to en:a:e t5e .e4uritB 3or4e. :uar2in: t5e )arlia,ent in ar,e2 4o,?at, a,ount. ?B all rea.ona?le -er4e-tion. o3 la; an2 4o,,on .en.e, to ;a:in: ;ar a:ain.t t5e 'overn,ent/ !5e ;5ole o3 t5i. ;ell -lanne2 o-eration i. to .tri=e 2ire4tlB at t5e .overei:n aut5oritB an2 inte:ritB o3 our Re-u?li4 o3 ;5i45 t5e 'overn,ent o3 In2ia i. an inte:ral 4o,-onent/ !5e atte,-te2 atta4= on t5e )arlia,ent i. an un2ou?te2 inva.ion o3 t5e .overei:n attri?ute o3 t5e State in4lu2in: t5e 'overn,ent o3 In2ia ;5i45 i. it. alte! e:o/ !5e atta4= o3 t5i. nature 4annot ?e vie;e2 on t5e .a,e 3ootin: a. a terrori.t atta4= on .o,e -u?li4 o33i4e ?uil2in: or an in4i2ent re.ultin: in t5e ?rea45 o3 -u?li4 tranquilitB/ !5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. ;ere rou.e2 an2 i,-elle2 to a4tion ?B a .tron: anti1In2ian 3eelin: a. t5e ;ritin:. on t5e 3a=e &o,e *ini.trB .ti4=er 3oun2 on t5e 4ar (EEt/ )F 1C8) reveal./ !5e 5u:e an2 -o;er3ul eE-lo.ive., .o-5i.ti4ate2 ar,. an2 a,,unition 4arrie2 ?B t5e .lain terrori.t. ;5o ;ere to in2ul:e in >+i2aBeen> o-eration. ;it5 a 2e3inite -ur-o.e in vie;, i. a 4lear in2i4ator o3 t5e :rave 2an:er in .tore 3or t5e in,ate. o3 t5e &ou.e/ !5e -lanne2 o-eration. i3 eEe4ute2, ;oul2 5ave .-elt 2i.a.ter to t5e ;5ole nation/ A ;ar1li=e .ituation lin:erin: 3or 2aB. or ;ee=. ;oul2 5ave -revaile2/ Su45 o33en.ive a4t. o3 uni,a:ina?le 2e.4ri-tion an2 2eva.tation ;oul2 5ave -o.e2 a 45allen:e to t5e 'overn,ent an2 t5e 2e,o4rati4 in.titution. 3or t5e -rote4tion o3 ;5i45 t5e 'overn,ent o3 t5e 2aB .tan2./ !o un2ere.ti,ate it a. a ,ere 2e.-erate a4t o3 a .,all :rou- o3 -er.on. ;5o ;ere .ure to ,eet 2eat5, i. to i:nore t5e o?viou. realitie. an2 to .tulti3B t5e ;i2er 4onnotation o3 t5e eE-re..ion o3 >;ar> 45o.en ?B t5e 2ra3ter. o3 I)C/ !5e tar:et, t5e o?viou. o?7e4tive ;5i45 5a. -oliti4al an2 -u?li4 2i,en.ion. an2 t5e ,o2u. o-eran2i a2o-te2 ?B t5e 5ar214ore >+i2aBeen.> are all 2e,on.trative o3 t5e intention o3 laun45in: a ;ar a:ain.t t5e 'overn,ent o3 In2ia/ Fe nee2 not a..e.. t5e 45an4e. o3 .u44e.. o3 .u45 an o-eration to 7u2:e t5e nature o3 4ri,inalitB/ Fe are not i,-re..e2 ?B t5e ar:u,ent t5at t5e 3ive .lain terrori.t. ou:5t not to ?e >eEalte2> to t5e .tatu. o3 ;arrior. -arti4i-atin:

#8

in a ;ar/ $or 2o ;e en2or.e t5e ar:u,ent o3 t5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el *r/ Su.5il Au,ar t5at in or2er to :ive ri.e to t5e o33en4e o3 ;a:in: ;ar, t5e avo;e2 -ur-o.e an2 2e.i:n o3 t5e o33en4e .5oul2 ?e to .u?.titute anot5er aut5oritB 3or t5e 'overn,ent o3 In2ia/ A44or2in: to learne2 4oun.el, t5e 2e-rivation o3 .overei:ntB .5oul2 ?e t5e -erva2in: ai, o3 t5e a44u.e2 in or2er to ?rin: t5e o33en4e un2er Se4tion 121 an2 t5at i. la4=in: in t5e -re.ent 4a.e/ Fe 3in2 no 3or4e in t5i. 4ontention/ !5e un2ou?te2 o?7e4tive an2 2eter,ination o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. ;a. to i,-in:e on t5e .overei:n aut5oritB o3 t5e nation an2 it. 'overn,ent/ Even i3 t5e 4on.-ire2 -ur-o.e an2 o?7e4tive 3all. .5ort o3 in.tallin: .o,e ot5er aut5oritB or entitB in t5e -la4e o3 an e.ta?li.5e2 'overn,ent, it 2oe. not in our vie; 2etra4t 3ro, t5e o33en4e o3 ;a:in: ;ar/ !5ere i. no ;arrant 3or .u45 trun4ate2 inter-retation/ !5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el *r/ Ra, Jet5,alani al.o 4onten2e2 t5at terrori., an2 ;ar are in4o,-ati?le ;it5 ea45 ot5er/ Far i. nor,ative in t5e .en.e t5at rule. o3 ;ar :overne2 ?B international 4onvention. are o?.erve2 ;5erea. terrori., i. la;le.., a44or2in: to t5e learne2 4oun.el/ !5i. 4ontention -re.u--o.e. t5at t5e terrori.t atta4=. 2ire4te2 a:ain.t t5e in.titution. an2 t5e ,a45inerB o3 t5e 'overn,ent 4an never a..u,e t5e 45ara4ter o3 ;ar/ !5e ar:u,ent i. al.o ?a.e2 on t5e a..u,-tion t5at t5e eE-re..ion >;ar> in Se4tion 121 2oe. not ,ean anBt5in: ot5er t5an ;ar in t5e .tri4t .en.e a. =no;n in international 4ir4le. i/e/ or:aniGe2 violen4e a,on: .overei:n State. ?B ,ean. o3 ,ilitarB o-eration./ Fe 3in2 no ;arrant 3or anB o3 t5e.e a..u,-tion. an2 t5e ar:u,ent ?uilt u- on t5e ?a.i. o3 t5e.e a..u,-tion. 4annot ?e u-5el2/ In t5e -re4e2in: -ara., ;e 5ave alrea2B 4lari3ie2 t5at 4on4e-t o3 ;ar in Se4tion 121 ;5i45 in4lu2e. in.urre4tion or a 4ivilian u-ri.in: .5oul2 not ?e un2er.too2 in t5e .en.e o3 4onventional ;ar ?et;een t;o nation. or .overei:n entitie./ !5e nor,ative -5eno,enon o3 ;ar a. un2er.too2 in international .en.e 2oe. not 3it into t5e a,?it an2 rea45 o3 Se4tion 121/ !5e learne2 .enior 4oun.el *r/ Ra, Jet5,alani ar:ue2 t5at in a 4a.e o3 ;ar, t5e -ri,arB an2 inten2e2 tar:et ,u.t ?e 4o,?atant. a. 2i.tin:ui.5e2 3ro, 4ivilian., t5ou:5 t5e latter ,aB ?e in4i2entallB =ille2 or in7ure2 an2 t5at 3eature i. la4=in: in t5e -re.ent 4a.e/ !5i. 4ontention, t5ou:5 -lau.i?le it i., 2oe. not ,erit a44e-tan4e/ F5en an atta4= on t5e )arlia,ent ;a. -lanne2, t5e eEe4utor. o3 t5i. -lan .5oul2 5ave envi.a:e2 t5at t5eB ;ill en4ounter re.i.tan4e 3ro, t5e -oli4e an2 ot5er ar,e2 .e4uritB -er.onnel 2e-loBe2 on 2utB 3airlB in lar:e nu,?er. at t5e )arlia,ent 4o,-leE/ !5e .lain terrori.t. an2 ot5er 4on.-irator. .5oul2 5ave ne4e..arilB ai,e2 at over-o;erin: or =illin: t5e ar,e2 -er.onnel ;5o ;oul2 naturallB 4o,e in t5eir ;aB/ In3li4tin: 4a.ualtie. on t5e -oli4e an2 .e4uritB -er.onnel on 2utB a. ;ell a. 4ivilian. i3 ne4e..arB ;oul2 5ave ?een -art o3 t5e 2e.i:n an2 -lannin: o3 t5e.e 5ar214ore terrori.t. an2 t5e 4ri,inal 4on.-irator./ It i. not ne4e..arB t5at in or2er to 4on.titute t5e o33en4e o3 ;a:in: ;ar, ,ilitarB or ot5er 3or4e. .5oul2 5ave ?een t5e 2ire4t tar:et o3 atta4=/ !5ere i. no .u45 5ar2 an2 3a.t rule an2 not5in: ;a. .ai2 to t5at e33e4t in t5e lon: line o3 4a.e. re3erre2 to .u-ra/ !5e a4t laBin: .ie:e o3 )arlia,ent &ou.e or .u45 ot5er a4t o3 :rave 4on.equen4e. to t5e 'overn,ent an2 t5e -eo-le i. ,u45 ,ore re3le4tive o3 t5e intention to ;a:e ;ar rat5er t5an an atta4= laun45e2 a:ain.t a ?attalion o3 ar,e2 ,en :uar2in: t5e ?or2er or vital in.tallation./ Anot5er -oint ur:e2 ?B *r/ Ra, Jet5,alani i. t5at no violen4e or even ,ilitarB o-eration. 4an ?e4o,e ;ar unle.. it i. 3or,allB 2e4lare2 to ?e .u45 ?B t5e Central 'overn,ent/ So lon: a. t5e 'overn,ent 2oe. not 3or,allB 2e4lare an o-eration to ?e ;ar, it i. 4onten2e2 t5at a .tate o3 -ea4e i. .u--o.e2 to eEi.t 5o;ever ?a2lB it ,aB ?e 2i.tur?e2/ It i. 3urt5er 4onten2e2 t5at t5e -arti4i-ant. in t5e ;ar are to ?e treate2 a. t5e -ri.oner. o3 ;ar an2 t5eB are not a,ena?le to t5e 7uri.2i4tion o3 2o,e.ti4 4ri,inal Court./ It i. -ointe2 out t5at t5e &a:ue 4onvention an2 ot5er international 4ovenant. ;5i45 are e,?o2ie2 in S45e2ule III o3 t5e 'eneva Convention A4t, 19#0 laB 2o;n t5e rule. a. to ;5o t5e -ri.oner. o3 ;ar are an2 5o; t5eB .5oul2 ?e treate2/ In .u?.tan4e, it i. 4onten2e2 t5at Se4tion 121 I)C 4annot ?e invo=e2 a:ain.t t5e -arti4i-ant. in an un2e4lare2 >;ar>/ !5e.e ar:u,ent. -ro4ee2 on t5e a..u,-tion t5at t5e eE-re..ion >;ar> o44urrin: in t5e )enal Co2e i. al,o.t .BnonB,ou. ;it5 ;ar in international la; .en.e/ !5e que.tion o3 3or,al 2e4laration o3 ;ar ?B t5e 'overn,ent ;oul2 onlB ari.e in a 4a.e o3 out?rea= o3 ar,e2 4on3li4t ;it5 anot5er 4ountrB or a -oliti4al :rou- 5avin: t5e .u--ort o3 anot5er nation/ It ,aB ?e, in a 4a.e o3 4ivil ;ar an2 a re?ellion .-rea2in: t5rou:5 t5e len:t5 an2 ?rea2t5 o3 t5e 4ountrB, t5e 'overn,ent ;ill 5ave to 4ontrol it on ;ar 3ootin: an2 it ,i:5t even 4on.i2er it eE-e2ient to 2e4lare t5at a .tate o3 ;ar eEi.t., ?ut, t5i. t5eoreti4al -o..i?ilitB 4annot ?e a :ui2in: 3a4tor in 4on.truin: t5e eE-re..ion >;a:in: ;ar> in Se4tion 121 e.-e4iallB ;5en t5ere i. no le:al -rovi.ion ,an2atin: t5e 'overn,ent to ,a=e .u45 2e4laration/ It ;a. neEt 4onten2e2 t5at 3orei:n national. ;5o intru2e into t5e territorB o3 In2ia an2 2o not o;e even te,-orarB alle:ian4e to t5e 'overn,ent o3 In2ia 4annot ?e 45ar:e2 o3 t5e o33en4e o3 ;a:in: ;ar/ In ot5er ;or2., t5e 4ontention i. t5at a -er.on ;5o i. not a 4itiGen nor a re.i2ent alien 4annot ?e a44u.e2 o3 5i:5 trea.on/ !5e 2e4i.ion. o3 &ou.e o3 Lor2. in $oys v. DPP 919"# All ER -a:e 18#< an2 o3 )rivB Coun4il in Lode yk $ohannes v. AG of )atal 91900 AC 32#< 5ave ?een re3erre2 to/ !5e 2i4ta in Anthony C!amme! v. +SA 9325 (S -a:e. 1100< an2 in t5e 4a.e o3 +nited States v. 5illato 91090 CC )enn.Blvania )a:e "19< 5ave al.o ?een re3erre2 to in .u--ort o3 5i. -ro-o.ition/ !5e learne2 4oun.el 5a. al.o -la4e2 relian4e on Se4tion 13 o3 t5e 2 n2 Re-ort o3 t5e La; Co,,i..ioner. on t5e In2ian )enal Co2e, t5e eE4er-t. o3 ;5i45 are :iven in )a/i! #han's 4a.e *A$(CSCC0#22C2003/ !5e La; Co,,i..ioner. o?.erve2 t5u.: M!5e la; o3 a -arti4ular nation or 4ountrB 4annot ?e a--lie2 to anB -er.on. ?ut .u45 a. o;e alle:ian4e to t5e 'overn,ent o3 t5e 4ountrB, ;5i45 alle:ian4e i. eit5er -er-etual, a. in t5e 4a.e o3 a .u?7e4t ?B ?irt5 or naturaliGation J4/ or te,-orarB, a. in t5e 4a.e o3 a 3orei:ner re.i2in: in t5e 4ountrB/ !5eB are a--li4a?le o3 4our.e to all .u45 a. t5u. o;e alle:ian4e to t5e 'overn,ent, ;5et5er a. .u?7e4t. or 3orei:ner., eE4e-tin: a. eE4e-te2 ?B re.ervation. or li,itation. ;5i45 are -art. o3 t5e la; in que.tion/M

#9

Fe 3in2 it 2i33i4ult to .u.tain t5e ar:u,ent o3 learne2 Senior Coun.el/ !5e ;or2 >;5oever> i. a ;or2 o3 ?roa2 i,-ort/ A2vi.e2lB .u45 lan:ua:e ;a. u.e2 2e-artin: 3ro, t5e o?.ervation. ,a2e in t5e 4onteEt o3 !rea.on .tatute/ Fe 3in2 no :oo2 rea.on ;5B t5e 3orei:n national. .tealt5ilB enterin: into t5e In2ian territorB ;it5 a vie; to .u?vertin: t5e 3un4tionin: o3 t5e 'overn,ent an2 2e.ta?iliGin: t5e .o4ietB .5oul2 not ?e 5el2 :uiltB o3 ;a:in: ;ar ;it5in t5e ,eanin: o3 Se4tion 121/ !5e .e4tion on it. -lain ter,., nee2 not ?e 4on3ine2 onlB to t5o.e ;5o o;e alle:ian4e to t5e e.ta?li.5e2 'overn,ent/ Fe 2o not 5ave t5e 3ull teEt o3 t5e La; Co,,i..ioner.> Re-ort an2 ;e are not in a -o.ition to =no; ;5et5er t5e La; Co,,i..ioner. or t5e 2ra3ter. o3 In2ian )enal Co2e ;ante2 to eE4lu2e 3ro, t5e a,?it o3 Se4tion 121 t5e unaut5oriGe2 3orei:ner. .nea=in: into In2ian territorB to un2erta=e ;ar li=e o-eration. a:ain.t t5e 'overn,ent/ *oreover, ;e 5ave no ,aterial ?e3ore u. to 5ol2 t5at t5e vie;. o3 La; Co,,i..ioner. on t5i. a.-e4t, ;ere a44e-te2/ !5o.e vie;., a..u,in: t5at t5eB are 4learlB 2i.4erni?le 3ro, t5e eEtra4te2 -a..a:e, nee2 not ?e t5e .ole :ui2in: 3a4tor to 4on.true t5e eE-re..ion >;a:in: ;ar>/ !5ou:5 t5e a?ove o?.ervation. ;ere noti4e2 in )a/i! #han's 4a.e, t5e ulti,ate 2e4i.ion in t5e 4a.e .5o;. t5at t5e :uilt o3 t5e a44u.e2 ;a. not 7u2:e2 3ro, t5at .tan2-oint/ %n t5e ot5er 5an2, t5e 4onvi4tion o3 3orei:ner. ()a=i.tani ,ilitant.) ;a. u-5el2 in t5at 4a.e/ Anot5er 4ontention a2van4e2 ?B t5e learne2 4oun.el i. t5at ;ar in4lu2in: 4ivil ;ar ,u.t 5ave a re-re.entative 45ara4ter an2 t5e -er.on. -arti4i-atin: in t5e ;ar .5oul2 re-re.ent a -oliti4al entitB, ;5i45 5a. t5e o?7e4tive o3 overt5ro;in: t5e 'overn,ent an2 .e4urin: t5e .overei:n .tatu./ !5i. 4ontention too 5a. no 3or4e in vie; o3 ;5at ;e 5ave .ai2 a?ove re:ar2in: t5e .4o-e an2 a,?it o3 t5e eE-re..ion >;ar>/ !5u., t5e 4ri,inal a4t. 2one ?B t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. in or2er to 4a-ture t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e i. an a4t t5at a,ount. to ;a:in: or atte,-tin: to ;a:e ;ar/ !5e 4on.-ira4B to 4o,,it eit5er t5e o33en4e o3 ;a:in: ;ar or atte,-tin: to ;a:e ;ar or a?ettin: t5e ;a:in: o3 ;ar i. -uni.5a?le un2er Se4tion 121A I)C ;it5 t5e ,aEi,u, .enten4e o3 i,-ri.on,ent 3or li3e/ In t5e 4ir4u,.tan4e. o3 t5e 4a.e, t5e i,-o.ition o3 ,aEi,u, .enten4e i. 4alle2 3or an2 t5e &i:5 Court i. 7u.ti3ie2 in 5ol2in: t5e a--ellant A3Gal :uiltB un2er Se4tion 121A I)C an2 .enten4in: 5i, to li3e i,-ri.on,ent/ In a22ition, t5e &i:5 Court 5a. al.o 5el2 t5e a--ellant :uiltB o3 t5e o33en4e un2er Se4tion 121 I)C it.el3 on t5e -re,i.e t5at 5e a?ette2 t5e ;a:in: o3 ;ar/ !5e .enten4e o3 li3e i,-ri.on,ent i,-o.e2 ?B t5e trial Court ;a. en5an4e2 to 2eat5 .enten4e ?B t5e &i:5 Court/ Fe 3eel t5at t5e 4on4lu.ion rea45e2 ?B t5e &i:5 Court ?ot5 in re:ar2 to t5e a--li4a?ilitB o3 Se4tion 121 I)C an2 t5e -uni.5,ent, i. 4orre4t an2 nee2. no inter3eren4e/ !5e &i:5 Court o?.erve2: Mi3 not a4t. o3 ;a:in: ;ar, ;5at t5eB 2i2 ;oul2 4ertainlB ?e a4t. o3 a?ettin: t5e ;a:in: o3 ;arM/ In t5i. 4onne4tion, ;e ,aB 4lari3B t5at t5e eE-re..ion >a?et,ent> .5all not ?e 4on.true2 to ?e an a4t o3 in.ti:atin: t5e ot5er 4on.-irator. (i/e/ t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t.)/ !5ere i. anot5er .5a2e o3 ,eanin: to >a?et,ent> :iven in Se4tion 100 I)C/ It i. 4lau.e .e4on2lB o3 Se4tion 100 ;5i45 i. attra4te2 in t5e 4a.e o3 A3Gal/ Fe quote t5e relevant -ortion o3 Se4tion 100 I)C, ;5i45 rea2. a. 3ollo;.: 100/ A -er.on a?et. t5e 2oin: o3 a t5in:1 Secondly/1En:a:e. ;it5 one or ,ore ot5er -er.on or -er.on. in anB 4on.-ira4B 3or t5e 2oin: o3 t5at t5in:, i3 an a4t or ille:al o,i..ion ta=e. -la4e in -ur.uan4e o3 t5at 4on.-ira4B, an2 in or2er to t5e 2oin: o3 t5at t5in:D A. 4ri,inal a4t. too= -la4e -ur.uant to t5e 4on.-ira4B, t5e a--ellant, a. a -artB to t5e 4on.-ira4B, .5all ?e 2ee,e2 to 5ave a?ette2 t5e o33en4e/ In 3a4t, 5e too= a4tive -art in a .erie. o3 .te-. ta=en to -ur.ue t5e o?7e4tive o3 4on.-ira4B/ !5e o33en4e o3 a?ettin: t5e ;a:in: o3 ;ar, 5avin: re:ar2 to t5e eEtraor2inarB 3a4t. an2 4ir4u,.tan4e. o3 t5i. 4a.e, 7u.ti3ie. t5e i,-o.ition o3 4a-ital -uni.5,ent an2 t5ere3ore t5e 7u2:,ent o3 t5e &i:5 Court in re:ar2 to t5e 4onvi4tion an2 .enten4e o3 A3Gal un2er Se4tion 121 I)C .5all .tan2/ !5e trial Court a. ;ell a. t5e &i:5 Court al.o 4onvi4te2 t5e a--ellant A3Gal un2er Se4tion 3 o3 EE-lo.ive Su?.tan4e. A4t (3or .5ort >E/S/ A4t>) an2 .enten4e2 5i, to li3e i,-ri.on,ent an2 to -aB a 3ine o3 R./25000C1/ (n2er Se4tion " o3 E/S/ A4t, 5e ;a. .enten4e2 to 20 Bear. R/I/ an2 to -aB a 3ine o3 R./25000C1/ Fe are o3 t5e vie; t5at Clau.e (a) o3 Se4tion " o3 E/S/A4t i. attra4te2 in t5e in.tant 4a.e an2 t5e a--ellant A3Gal i. lia?le to ?e -uni.5e2 un2er t5e 3ir.t -art o3 t5e -uni.5,ent -rovi.ion/ !5e relevant -art o3 Se4tion " o3 E/S/ A4t i. a. 3ollo;.: "/ )uni.5,ent 3or atte,-t to 4au.e eE-lo.ion, or 3or ,a=in: or =ee-in: eE-lo.ive ;it5 intent to en2an:er li3e or -ro-ertB/1AnB -er.on ;5o unla;3ullB an2 ,ali4iou.lB1 (a) 2oe. anB a4t ;it5 intent to 4au.e ?B an eE-lo.ive .u?.tan4e or .-e4ial 4ate:orB eE-lo.ive .u?.tan4e, or 4on.-ire. to 4au.e ?B an eE-lo.ive .u?.tan4e or .-e4ial 4ate:orB eE-lo.ive .u?.tan4e, an eE-lo.ion o3 a nature li=elB to en2an:er li3e or to 4au.e .eriou. in7urB to -ro-ertBD or (e,-5a.i. .u--lie2) (?) /// .5all, ;5et5er anB eE-lo.ion 2oe. or 2oe. not ta=e -la4e an2 ;5et5er anB in7urB to -er.on or -ro-ertB 5a. ?een a4tuallB 4au.e2 or not, ?e -uni.5e21

00

(i) in t5e 4a.e o3 anB eE-lo.ive .u?.tan4e, ;it5 i,-ri.on,ent 3or li3e, or ;it5 i,-ri.on,ent o3 eit5er 2e.4ri-tion 3or a ter, ;5i45 ,aB eEten2 to ten Bear., an2 .5all al.o ?e lia?le to 3ineD !5e eE-re..ion >eE-lo.ive .u?.tan4e> a44or2in: to Se4tion 2(a) .5all ?e 2ee,e2 to in4lu2e anB ,aterial. 3or ,a=in: anB eE-lo.ive .u?.tan4eD al.o anB a--aratu., ,a45ine, i,-le,ent or ,aterial u.e2, or inten2e2 to ?e u.e2, or a2a-te2 3or 4au.in:, or ai2in: in 4au.in:, anB eE-lo.ion in or ;it5 anB eE-lo.ive .u?.tan4e/ !5e -lanne2 atta4= on t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e, ?B t5e u.e o3 eE-lo.ive. an2 3ire -o;er, ;a. evi2entlB a -art o3 t5e 4on.-ira4B to ;5i45 A3Gal ;a. a -artB/ !5e -re-aration o3 eE-lo.ive. ,eant to ?e u.e2 ?B terrori.t. (4o1 4on.-irator.) in t5e 4our.e o3 t5e -lanne2 atta4= o3 t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e ;a. ;ell ;it5in t5e =no;le2:e o3 A3Gal/ &e, in 3a4t, -ro4ure2 t5e ,aterial. i/e/ 45e,i4al. et4/, 3or 3a4ilitatin: t5e -re-aration o3 eE-lo.ive .u?.tan4e. at t5e 5i2eout./ !5i. i. ;5at t5e evi2en4e on re4or2 4learlB -oint. out/ &e i., t5ere3ore, lia?le to -uni.5e2 un2er 4lau.e (a) rea2 ;it5 (i) o3 Se4tion " o3 )%!A an2 a44or2in:lB 5e .5all ?e .enten4e2 to t5e ,aEi,u, .enten4e o3 i,-ri.on,ent 3or li3e an2 a 3ine o3 R./10000C1, in 2e3ault o3 ;5i45, 5e .5all un2er:o R/I/ 3or .iE ,ont5./ &o;ever, t5e 4onvi4tion un2er Se4tion 3 o3 t5e EE-lo.ive Su?.tan4e. A4t i. .et a.i2e a. ;e are o3 t5e vie; t5at t5e in:re2ient. o3 t5e .ai2 Se4tion are not .ati.3ie2 in or2er to 3in2 A3Gal :uiltB un2er t5at Se4tion/ !5u., A3Gal ;ill 5ave li3e .enten4e on t5ree 4ount./ &o;ever, a. 5e i. .enten4e2 to 2eat5, t5e .enten4e o3 li3e i,-ri.on,ent ;ill naturallB :et ,er:e2 into t5e 2eat5 .enten4e/ !5e a--eal o3 A3Gal i. a44or2in:lB 2i.,i..e2, .u?7e4t to t5e .ettin: a.i2e o3 4onvi4tion. un2er Se4tion 3(2) o3 )%!A an2 Se4tion 3 o3 EE-lo.ive Su?.tan4e. A4t/ 19/ CASE %+ S&A(AA! (A2) A. in t5e 4a.e o3 *o52/ A3Gal, t5e evi2en4e a:ain.t S5au=at &u..ain 4on.i.t. o3 4on3e..ional .tate,ent ,a2e to t5e e-utB Co,,i..ioner o3 )oli4e an2 t5e 4ir4u,.tantial evi2en4e/ (i) Con3e..ion !5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent .ai2 to 5ave ?een re4or2e2 ?B )F#0Ot5e C), S-e4ial Cell at 3/30 -/,/ on 21/12/2001 i. ,ar=e2 a. )F#0C#/ A. -er EEt/)F#0C11, t5e C) a2,ini.tere2 t5e .tatutorB ;arnin: an2 o?taine2 an en2or.e,ent 3ro, S5au=at t5at 5e ;a. not un2er anB 2ure.. an2 5e ;a. rea2B to :ive t5e .tate,ent/ Fe .5all ?rie3lB re3er to t5e 4ontent. o3 t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent/ S5au=at .-o=e a?out 5i. :ra2uation in 1992 in el5i, 5i. a4quaintan4e ;it5 SAR 'ilani o3 @ara,ulla ;5o ;a. 2oin: 5i. -o.t1:ra2uation in Ara?i4 lan:ua:e, .tartin: 3ruit ?u.ine.. in 1990 an2 2i.?an2in: t5e .a,e, 5i. ,arria:e ;it5 a Si=5 :irl na,e2 $av7ot San25u 8 A3.an 'uru (A") in t5e Bear 2000, -ur45a.e o3 tru4= in 5er na,e in June, 2000 an2 .tartin: tran.-ort ?u.ine.., 5i. 4ou.in A3Gal o3 So-ore .tu2Bin: in el5i (niver.itB in 1990 an2 5i. 3rien2.5i- ;it5 'ilani at t5at ti,e/ !5en 5e .tate2 a?out A3Gal ,otivatin: 5i, to 7oin t5e %ihad in Aa.5,ir an2 in %4to?er, 2001, A3Gal 4allin: 5i, 3ro, Aa.5,ir an2 a.=in: 5i, to arran:e a rente2 5ou.e 3or 5i,.el3 an2 anot5er ,ilitant, a44or2in:lB arran:in: rente2 a44o,,o2ation in @oB.> &o.tel at C5ri.tian ColonB an2 A3Gal a44o,-anie2 ?B t5e ,ilitant *o5a,,e2 4o,in: to el5i an2 ,eetin: 5i, at 5i. 5ou.e in *u=5er7i $a:ar an2 A3Gal 2i.4lo.in: to 5i, t5at 5e ;a. a )a= national o3 Jai.51e1*o5a,,a2 ,ilitant out3it an2 5a2 4o,e to el5i 3or 4arrBin: out a >3i2aBeen> atta4=/ &e t5en .tate2 t5at 2urin: t5at -erio2, 5e 2i.4u..e2 a?out 7i5a2 ;it5 SAR 'ilani ;5o al.o o33ere2 5el- in 4arrBin: out t5e atta4= an2 A3Gal t5erea3ter :oin: to Srina:ar an2 ?rin:in: .o,e ot5er ,ilitant. ;5o ;ere )a= national. an2 ;5o ?rou:5t ;it5 t5e, ar,. an2 eE-lo.ive. an2 t5eB ?ein: a44o,,o2ate2 at A190, 'an25i 6i5ar an2 A3Gal an2 *o5a,,e2 ,a=in: -re-aration. 3or t5e atta4=./ &e t5en .tate2 a?out t5e 45an:e o3 5i. ,o?ile nu,?er a. a -re4autionarB ,ea.ure an2 a?out 5i. tal=. ;it5 '5aGi?a?a, *o5a,,e2 an2 A3Gal 3ro, 5i. -reviou. nu,?er an2 len2in: 5i. ,otor4B4le/ !5en 5e .tate2 t5at ,eetin:. ;ere al.o 5el2 at 5i. 5ou.e 3or 2i.4u..ion an2 eEe4ution o3 t5e -lan. an2 5i. ;i3e ;a. al.o in t5e =no;le2:e o3 t5eir -lan./ !5en 5e .tate2 a?out t5e -ur45a.e o3 a .e4on2 5an2 A,?a..a2or 4ar ?B A3Gal an2 *o5a,,e2, ta=in: anot5er rente2 a44o,,o2ation in In2ira 6i5ar/ &e t5en .tate2 t5at on t5e ni:5t o3 12/12/2001, 5e alon: ;it5 A3Gal an2 'ilani ,et *o5a,,e2 an2 ot5er ,ilitant. at t5eir 'an25i 6i5ar 5i2eout an2 *o5a,,e2 :ave La-to- 4o,-uter an2 R./10 la=5. to A3Gal ;it5 a 2ire4tion to 5an2over t5e La-to- to '5aGi?a?a an2 t5e ,oneB to ?e 2i.tri?ute2 a,on: A3Gal, 'ilani an2 5i,.el3/ *o5a,,e2 tol2 t5e, t5at t5e neEt 2aB i/e/ 13/12/2001, t5eB ;ere :oin: to 4arrB out >3i2aBeen> atta4= on t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e/ &e t5en .tate2 t5at A3Gal 4alle2 5i, 3ro, 5i. ,o?ile -5one nu,?er ///89"29 an2 a.=e2 5i, to ;at45 !6 an2 re-ort a?out t5e late.t -o.ition o3 t5e ,ove,ent o3 6I). in )arlia,ent/ @B t5e ti,e 5e .;it45e2 on t5e !6, 5e re4eive2 anot5er 4all 3ro, A3Gal t5at t5e ,i..ion ;a. on/ !5erea3ter, 5e ,et A3Gal at AGa2-ur *an2i an2 ?ot5 o3 t5e, ;ent to 'ilani>. 5ou.e to :ive 5i, R./2 la=5./ &o;ever 'ilani ;ante2 t5e, to 5an2 it over at 5i. 5ou.e in Aa.5,ir/ +inallB, 5e .tate2 t5at 5e alon: ;it5 A3Gal le3t 3or Srina:ar in 5i. tru4= on t5e .a,e 2aB an2 t5eB ;ere a--re5en2e2 at Srina:ar on 15 t5 e4e,?er, 2001 an2 t5e La-to- an2 4a.5 re4overe2 ?B t5e -oli4e an2 later t5eB ;ere ?rou:5t to el5i/ S5au=at ;a. -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore t5e AC** ?B )F80 t5e neEt 2aB alon: ;it5 t5e ot5er a44u.e2 an2 t5e AC** re4or2e2 5i. .tate,ent/ !5e AC** 5a2 :one t5rou:5 t5e .a,e -ro4e2ure a. in 5e 4a.e o3 A3Gal an2 re4or2e2 t5e
01

.tate,ent t5at t5ere ;a. no 4o,-laint a:ain.t t5e -oli4e -er.onnel an2 t5at S5au=at 4on3ir,e2 ,a=in: t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent ?e3ore C) anB -oli4e -re..ure/ !5e 3ir.t 2ate on ;5i45 S5au=at retra4te2 t5e 4on3e..ion ;a. on 19/1/2002 ;5en 5e 3ile2 an a--li4ation ?e3ore t5e e.i:nate2 Court eE-re..in: 4ertain 2ou?t. a?out t5e >ver?al 4on3e..ion ,a2e ?e3ore S-e4ial Cell>/ &e eE-re..e2 t5at t5e el5i )oli4e ;oul2 5ave t;i.te2 t5e 4on3e..ion >in a 2i33erent ;aB an2 2i33erent 3or,ation>/ &e 3urt5er .tate2 t5at 5e ;a. ,a2e to .i:n ?lan= -a-er. an2 ;a. not allo;e2 to rea2 t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent ?e3ore 5e .i:ne2 it/ !5ere3ore, 5e reque.te2 t5e Court to re4or2 5i. .tate,ent a3re.5/ Anot5er a--li4ation ;a. 3ile2 on 3 r2 June, 2002 i/e/ a3ter t5e 45ar:e1 .5eet ;a. 3ile2 2i.-utin: t5e -ro4ee2in:. re4or2e2 ?B t5e AC** ;5en 5e ;a. -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore t5e *a:i.trate on 22n2 e4e,?er an2 al.o .tatin: t5at 5e :ave ver?al 4on3e..ional .tate,ent ?e3ore a S-e4ial Cell %33i4er an2 not ?e3ore C) or AC)/ &e ,aintaine2 t5at 5e ;a. 3or4e2 to .i:n .o,e ?lan= -a-er./ !5e 2i33eren4e ?et;een t5e 4a.e o3 A3Gal an2 S5au=at in re:ar2 to 4on3e..ional .tate,ent i. t5at t5e retra4tion ;a. 2one ?B S5au=at ,u45 earlier i/e/ ;it5in a ,ont5 a3ter it ;a. re4or2e2 ?B t5e C)/ !5e ot5er -oint o3 2i33eren4e i. t5at S5au=at ;a. .ent to 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B unli=e A3Gal ;5o ;a. .ent to -oli4e 4u.to2B a3ter t5eB ;ere -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore t5e AC**/ !5e .a,e rea.on. ;5i45 ;e 5ave :iven in re:ar2 to t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent o3 A3Gal, 5ol2 :oo2 in t5e 4a.e o3 S5au=at a. ;ell eE4e-t ;it5 re.-e4t to t5e ?rea45 o3 require,ent a. to 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B/ !5e -ro4e2ural .a3e:uar2. in4or-orate2 in Se4tion. 50(2), 50(3) J 50(") are violate2 in t5i. 4a.e al.o/ !rue, S5au=at ;a. .ent to 7u2i4ial 4u.to2B a3ter 5i. .tate,ent ;a. re4or2e2 ?B t5e *a:i.trate/ @ut in t5e a?.en4e o3 le:al a2vi4e an2 t5e o--ortunitB to intera4t ;it5 t5e la;Ber, t5ere i. rea.on to t5in= t5at 5e ;oul2 not 5ave ?een a;are o3 t5e .tatutorB ,an2ate un2er Se4tion 32(5) an2 t5ere3ore t5e lur=in: 3ear o3 :oin: ?a4= to -oli4e 4u.to2B 4oul2 5ave ?een -re.ent in 5i. ,in2/ !5e learne2 AC** 2i2 not a--ri.e 5i, o3 t5e 3a4t t5at 5e ;oul2 no lon:er ?e in -oli4e 4u.to2B/ !5ere i. al.o not5in: to .5o; t5at t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent ;a. rea2 over to 5i, or at lea.t a :i.t o3 it 5a. ?een ,a2e =no;n to 5i,/ %n t5e -oint o3 trut5 o3 t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent, ;e 5ave, ;5ile 2i.4u..in: t5e 4a.e o3 A3Gal, a2verte2 to 4ertain 4o,,ent. ,a2e ?B t5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e a--ellant. in or2er to 2e,on.trate t5at t5e alle:e2 4on3e..ion 4annot ?e true 7u2:e2 3ro, t5e .tan2-oint o3 -ro?a?ilitie. an2 natural 4our.e o3 5u,an 4on2u4t/ %3 4our.e, ;e 5ave not re.te2 our 4on4lu.ion on t5e.e .u?,i..ion., t5ou:5 ;e 4o,,ente2 t5at t5eB ;ere >-lau.i?le an2 -er.ua.ive>/ &o;ever, in t5e 4a.e o3 S5au=at, t5ere i. one a22itional -oint ;5i45 2e.erve. .eriou. noti4e/ A44or2in: to 5i. ver.ion in t5e 4on3e..ion .tate,ent, 5i. ;i3e A3.an 'uru (A") ;a. al.o 5avin: =no;le2:e o3 t5eir -lan./ I. it reallB ?elieva?le t5at 5e ;oul2 :o to t5e eEtent o3 i,-li4atin: 5i. -re:nant ;i3e in t5e 4ri,e/ It 4a.t. a .eriou. 2ou?t ;5et5er .o,e e,?elli.5,ent. ;ere ,a2e in t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent/ Fe are not in4line2 to eE-re.. a 3inal o-inion on t5i. -oint a. ;e are in anB ;aB eE4lu2in: t5e 4on3e..ion 3ro, 4on.i2eration on t5e :roun2 o3 violation o3 -ro4e2ural .a3e:uar2. an2 t5e utterlB ina2equate ti,e :iven ?B )F #0 3or re3le4tion/ !5e ot5er -oint ;5i45 ;a. 5ar-e2 u-on ?B t5e learne2 4oun.el *r/ S5anti @5u.5an ;a. t5at S5au=at an2 A3Gal ;ere not -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore t5e C) in t5e 3orenoon on 21.t e4e,?er, 2001 a. 2ire4te2 ?B 5i,/ In t5e 3ir.t in.tan4e, 'ilani ;a. -ro2u4e2 an2 ;5en 5e ;a. not -re-are2 to :ive t5e .tate,ent, t5e learne2 4oun.el .u::e.t. t5at S5au=at an2 A3Gal ;ere ta=en ?a4= to -oli4e 4ell an2 .u?7e4te2 to t5reat. an2 it ;a. onlB a3ter en.urin: t5at t5eB ;oul2 ,a=e t5e 4on3e..ion, t5eB ;ere -ro2u4e2 ?e3ore t5e C) late in t5e evenin:/ It i. 4onten2e2 t5at t5e rea.on :iven 3or not -ro2u4in: t5e, at t5e a--ointe2 ti,e i. not 4onvin4in:/ !5ou:5 t5e -o..i?ilitB -ointe2 ?B t5e learne2 4oun.el 4annot ?e rule2 out, Bet, t5e ar:u,ent i. in t5e real, o3 .ur,i.e an2 ;e are not in4line2 to 2i.4re2it t5e 4on3e..ion on t5i. :roun2/ EE4lu2in: t5e 4on3e..ion 3ro, 4on.i2eration 3or t5e rea.on. .tate2 .u-ra, ;e 5ave to eEa,ine t5e 4ir4u,.tantial evi2en4e a:ain.t S5au=at an2 a..e.. ;5et5er 5e 7oine2 in 4on.-ira4B ;it5 A3Gal an2 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. to atta4= t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e or ;5et5er 5e i. :uiltB o3 anB ot5er o33en4e/ !5e 4ir4u,.tan4e. analBGe2 ?B t5e &i:5 Court an2 -ut a:ain.t t5e a44u.e2 S5au=at &u..ain in t5e 4on4lu2in: -art o3 t5e 7u2:,ent, a-art 3ro, t5e Con3e..ion, are t5e 3ollo;in:: 1/ &e alon: ;it5 A3Gal too= on rent roo, $o/5, @oB.> &o.tel, @1 "1, C5ri.tian ColonB on 0/11/2001 in ;5i45 roo, t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t *o5a,,e2 5a2 .taBe2/ 2/ Cell -5one $o/ 9810""#305 ;5i45 ;a. re4overe2 3ro, t5e 5ou.e o3 S5au=at ;a. 3or t5e 3ir.t ti,e ,a2e o-erational on 2n2 $ove,?er, 2001/ !5i. 4oin4i2e. ;it5 t5e -erio2 ;5en A3Gal a4quire2 a ,o?ile -5one an2 t5e 3ir.t 5i2eout ;a. -ro4ure2/ !5i. nu,?er ;a. in 4onta4t ;it5 t5e .atellite -5one $o/ 8821#51150059 an2 ;a. al.o in 4o,,uni4ation ;it5 t5e ,o?ile $o/ 9810#93"5# re4overe2 3ro, t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t *o5a,,e2, on ;5i45 nu,?er *o5a,,e2 5a2 re4eive2 4all. 3ro, t5e .a,e .atellite -5one $o/ 8821#51150059, an2 even A3Gal 5a2 re4eive2 -5one 4all. 3ro, t5i. nu,?er/ !5i. e.ta?li.5e. t5at S5au=at ;a. in tou45 ;it5 A3Gal an2 *o5a,,e2 2urin: t5e -erio2 $ove,?er1 e4e,?er, 2001 an2 all t5e t5ree ;ere in 4onta4t ;it5 t5e .a,e .atellite -5one $o/ 8821#51150059/ 3/ S5au=at>. ,otor4B4le ;a. re4overe2 3or, t5e 5i2eout an2 ;a. u.e2 3or re4e2e ?B t5e terrori.t./

02

"/ S5au=at alon: ;it5 A3Gal 5a2 le3t t5e -re,i.e. A190, 'an25i 6i5ar alon: ;it5 "C5 ot5er ?oB. in t5e ,ornin: o3 13/12/2001 at a?out 10 a/,/ in an A,?a..a2or Car/ 5/ F5en t5e )arlia,ent ;a. un2er atta4=, A3Gal ;a. in tou45 ;it5 *o5a,,e2/ S5au=at ;a. in tou45 ;it5 A3Gal/ &e ;a. t5u. in 4onta4t ;it5 t5e 4o14on.-irator. an2 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. at t5e ti,e o3 atta4=/ #/ S5au=at 5a2 ?een vi.itin: A3Gal at A190, 'an25i 6i5ar an2 281, In2ira 6i5ar/ &e 5a2 al.o a44o,-anie2 5i, ;5en t5e roo, at t5e @oB.> &o.tel at C5ri.tian ColonB ;a. ta=en on rent/ It 4annot ?e in3erre2 t5at S5au=at ;a. ,erelB ,ovin: aroun2 ;it5 5i. 4ou.in/ Aee-in: in vie; t5e totalitB o3 t5e evi2en4e, S5au=at ;a. equallB lia?le 3or ;5at ;a. 5a--enin: at t5e 5i2eout./ 0/ S5au=at ;a. -re.ent in el5i till t5e 3orenoon o3 13/12/2001 ;5en )arlia,ent ;a. un2er atta4= an2 5e a?.4on2e2 alon: ;it5 A3Gal ;5en ?ot5 o3 t5e, ;ere arre.te2 at Srina:ar/ &i. 4on2u4t, -o.t atta4=, i. in4ri,inatin:/ 8/ !5e la-to- re4overe2 3ro, t5e tru4= ?elon:in: to ;i3e o3 S5au=at ;a. t5e one ;5i45 ;a. u.e2 ?B t5e terrori.t. to 4reate t5e i2entitB 4ar2. o3 Nan.a Fe?.itB an2 t5e 3a=e &o,e *ini.trB .ti4=er./ !5e &i:5 Court t5en 4o,,ente2 at -ara:ra-5 "021 MS5au=at>. role in t5e 4on.-ira4B ;a. 4learlB t5at o3 an a4tive -arti4i-ant/ Evi2en4e on re4or2 2oe. not .5o; t5at 5e 5a. ?een ?rou:5t ;it5in t5e .;ee- o3 t5e 2ra:net o3 4on.-ira4B ?B ,erelB ?ein: .een a..o4iate2 ;it5 A3Gal/ !5ere i. ,ore t5an ,ere =no;le2:e, a4quie.4en4e, 4arele..ne.., in2i33eren4e or la4= o3 4on4ern/ !5ere i. 4lear an2 4o:ent evi2en4e o3 in3or,e2 an2 intere.te2 4o1o-eration, .i,ulation an2 in.ti:ation a:ain.t a44u.e2 S5au=at/ Evi2en4e qua S5au=at 4learlB e.ta?li.5e. t5e .te-. 3ro, =no;le2:e to intent an2 3inallB a:ree,entM/ !a=in: into a44ount t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent ;5i45 .tan2. 4orro?orate2 ?B variou. 4ir4u,.tan4e. -rove2, t5e &i:5 Court rea45e2 t5e inevita?le 4on4lu.ion t5at S5au=at ;a. a -artB to t5e a:ree,ent 4on.titutin: 4on.-ira4B/ %n4e t5e 4on3e..ional .tate,ent i. eE4lu2e2, t5e evi2en4e a:ain.t S5au=at :et. .u?.tantiallB ;ea=ene2 an2 it i. not -o..i?le to 4on4lu2e ?eBon2 rea.ona?le 2ou?t on t5e ?a.i. o3 t5e ot5er 4ir4u,.tan4e. enu,erate2 ?B t5e &i:5 Court, t5at S5au=at 5a2 7oine2 t5e 4on.-ira4B to atta4= t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e an2 2i2 5i. -art to 3ul3ill t5e ,i..ion o3 t5e 4on.-irator./ A-art 3ro, t5e 4on3e..ion, t5e &i:5 Court .ee,. to 5ave ?een in3luen4e2 ?B t5e 3a4t t5at S5au=at ;a. in tou45 ;it5 5i. 4ou.in a. ;ell a. t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t *o5a,,e2 t5rou:5 4ell -5one/ @ut t5i. 3in2in:, a. 3ar a. tele-5oni4 4onta4t ;it5 *o5a,,e2 i. 4on4erne2, i. not ?orne out ?B t5e 4ell -5one re4or2. on ;5i45 t5e -ro.e4ution relie2/ !5ere ;a. no o44a.ion on ;5i45 S5au=at 4onta4te2 *o5a,,e2 or anB ot5er terrori.t/ !o t5i. eEtent, t5ere .ee,. to ?e an error in t5e &i:5 Court>. 3in2in: in t5e la.t .enten4e o3 4ir4u,.tan4e $o/2/ !5e in3eren4e 2ra;n in relation to 4ir4u,.tan4e $o/# t5at S5au=at M;a. equallB lia?le 3or ;5at ;a. 5a--enin: at t5e 5i2eout.M, 4annot al.o ?e a44e-te2/ &e ,aB 5ave =no;le2:e o3 ;5at ;a. :oin: on ?ut it 4oul2 not ?e .ai2 t5at 5e ;a. equallB lia?le 3or t5e a4t. 2one ?B t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. an2 A3Gal, unle.. t5ere i. enou:5 ,aterial a-art 3ro, t5e 4on3e..ion, to 4on4lu2e t5at 5e ;a. a -artB to t5e 4on.-ira4B/ Fit5 t5e.e 4o,,ent. on t5e 3in2in:. o3 t5e &i:5 Court, let u. .ee ;5at 4oul2 an2 4oul2 not ?e -ut a:ain.t t5e a--ellant S5au=at/ Fe un2erta=e t5e eEer4i.e o3 re3errin: in ?rie3 to t5e evi2en4e tou45in: on ea45 o3 t5e 4ir4u,.tan4e. a2verte2 to ?B t5e &i:5 Court ;5ile notin: t5e 4o,,ent. o3 *r/ S5anti @5u.5an ;5erever ne4e..arB/ (ii) Cir4u,.tan4e $o/1 S5au=at in t5e 4o,-anB o3 A3Gal .ee=in: t5e a..i.tan4e o3 )F38 ;5o ;a. runnin: S! ?oot5 in C5ri.tian ColonB to :et a roo, on rent an2 a--roa45in: t5e -ro-rietor o3 @oB.> &o.tel ()F30) an2 ta=in: a roo, in t5e 5o.tel on rent i. e.ta?li.5e2 ?B t5e evi2en4e o3 )F30Ot5e -ro-retor/ @ot5 )F. 30 J 38 i2enti3ie2 S5au=at a-art 3ro, A3Gal/ !5e ,ore i,-ortant -ie4e o3 evi2en4e i. t5e 3a4t reveale2 ?B )F30 t5at 5e .a; one Ru5ail Ali S5a5 .taBin: in t5e roo, ;5o .5o;e2 5i. I/Car2 to 5i, on enquirie./ !5e i2entitB 4ar2 (EEt/)F"C") ;5i45 ;a. .5o;n to )F38 ;a. i2enti3ie2 ;5en t5e t;o a44u.e2 le2 t5e -oli4e to t5e 5o.tel on 19/12/2001 it.el3/ &e al.o i2enti3ie2 t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal an2 S5au=at, ?ot5 ?e3ore t5e -oli4e a. ;ell a. in t5e Court/ !5e 3a4t t5at S5au=at an2 A3Gal ;ere 4o,in: to .ee Ru5ail Ali S5a5, ;5o ;a. no ot5er t5an *o5a,,e2, ;a. al.o .-o=en to ?B 5i,/ !5e -5oto:ra-51EEt/)F29C5 o3 Ru5ail Ali S5a5, ;5o.e real na,e ;a. *o5a,,e2, ;a. al.o i2enti3ie2 ?B 5i,/ !5e 4ontention o3 t5e learne2 4oun.el a--earin: 3or S5au=at t5at te.t i2enti3i4ation -ara2e ou:5t to 5ave ?een 5el2, 4annot ?e a44e-te2 5avin: re:ar2 to t5e le:al -o.ition 4lari3ie2 ?B u. in t5e earlier -art o3 t5e 7u2:,ent/ !5e 3a4t t5at )F30 2i2 not -ro2u4e t5e re:i.ter eE-e4te2 to ?e ,aintaine2 ?B 5i,, 2oe. not al.o 2i.4re2it 5i. te.ti,onB ;5i45 5a. ?een ?elieve2 ?B ?ot5 t5e Court./ (iii) Cir4u,.tan4e $o./2 J 5 (-5one 4onta4t.) !5e evi2en4e o3 t5e inve.ti:atin: o33i4er1)F ## an2 )F#0 reveal. t5at t;o ,o?ile -5one in.tru,ent. ;ere re4overe2 on 15t5 e4e,?er, 2001 3ro, t5e 5ou.e o3 S5au=at/ %ne o3 t5e,, na,elB, EEt/)F3#C1 ;it5 t5e -5one $o/981150350# ;a. re4overe2 3ro, t5e 5an2 o3 A3.an 'uru/ !5i. ;a. a3ter t5e tele-5oni4 4onver.ation over t5i.

03

nu,?er at 20/09 5our. ;a. inter4e-te2 on t5e ni:5t o3 1" t5 e4e,?er/ It tran.-ire2 t5at t5e .ai2 4onver.ation ;a. ?et;een 5er an2 5er 5u.?an2 S5au=at .-ea=in: 3ro, Srina:ar/ Anot5er 4ell -5one in.tru,ent ;it5 t5e nu,?er 9810""#305 ;5i45 ;a. o-erate2 u-to 0t5 e4e,?er, 2001 ;a. al.o 3oun2 in t5e 5ou.e an2 t5e .a,e ;a. .eiGe2/ !5e 4all re4or2. in2i4ate 3requent 4onta4t. ?et;een S5au=at an2 'ilani an2 S5au=at an2 A3Gal 3ro, t5e 3ir.t ;ee= o3 $ove,?er, 2001 u-to 13t5 e4e,?er, 2001/ %n t5e 4ru4ial 2aB i/e/ 13t5 e4e,?er, 2001 7u.t ?e3ore t5e )arlia,ent atta4=, *o5a,,e2 .-o=e to A3Gal at 10/"3 an2 11/08 5our. an2 t5en A3Gal .-o=e to S5au=at at 11/19 5our. an2 t5erea3ter *o5a,,e2 .-o=e to A3Gal at 11/25 5our. an2 A3Gal in turn 4alle2 S5au=at at 11/32 5our./ *r/ S5anti @5u.5an 5a. 45allen:e2 t5e trut5 o3 re4overie. o3 -5one. on t5e :roun2 t5at no in2e-en2ent ;itne..e. ;ere require2 to ;itne.. t5e re4overB/ !5e learne2 4oun.el 5a. relie2 on t5e 2e4i.ion. in Sahi& Singh v. State of Pun%a& *A$(CSCC0#11C1990 an2 #eha! Singh v. State 2Delhi Administ!ation3 *A$(CSCC02"1C1988 to .5o; t5at in t5e a?.en4e o3 in2e-en2ent ;itne..e. ?ein: a..o4iate2 ;it5 .ear45 t5e .eiGure 4annot ?e relie2 u-on/ Fe 2o not t5in= t5at anB .u45 in3leEi?le -ro-o.ition ;a. lai2 2o;n in t5o.e 4a.e./ %n t5e ot5er 5an2 ;e 5ave t5e 4a.e o3 San%ay v. )C" *A$(CSCC0088C2001, ;5erein it ;a. o?.erve2 at -ara/ 30, t5at t5e 3a4t t5at no in2e-en2ent ;itne.. ;a. a..o4iate2 ;it5 re4overie. i. not a :roun2 an2 t5at t5e Inve.ti:ation %33i4er. evi2en4e nee2 not al;aB. ?e 2i.?elieve2/ %3 4our.e, 4lo.er .4rutinB o3 evi2en4e i. ;5at i. require2/ &avin: re:ar2 to t5e 3a4t .ituation in t5e -re.ent 4a.e, t5e -oli4e o33i4er. 4annot ?e 3aulte2 3or not :oin: in .ear45 o3 t5e ;itne..e. in t5e lo4alitB/ !5ere i. no la; t5at t5e evi2en4e o3 -oli4e o33i4ial. in re:ar2 to .eiGure ou:5t to ?e 2i.4ar2e2/ !5eB too= t5e 5el- o3 'ilani ;5o ?B t5en ;a. in -oli4e 4u.to2B to lo4ate t5e 5ou.e o3 S5au=at an2 t5at 'ilani ;a. ;it5 t5e -oli4e, ;a. ,entione2 ?B A3.an 'uru in 5er Se4tion 313 .tate,ent/ !5e neEt -oint ur:e2 ?B t5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e a--ellant t5at t5e 2etail. re:ar2in: .ale. o3 ,o?ile -5one. an2 SI* 4ar2. ;a. not 45e4=e2 u- 3ro, t5e 2i.tri?utor. o3 AIR!EL or ESSAR 2oe. not al.o a33e4t t5e 4re2i?ilitB o3 re4overie./ Su45 o,i..ion. in inve.ti:ation 4annot ?e ,a:ni3ie2/ !5e learne2 4oun.el *r/ S5anti @5u.5an a. ;ell a. *r/ Su.5il Au,ar 4onten2e2 t5at it ;a. quite li=elB t5at all t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. ;ere 5avin: one ,o?ile -5one ea45, ?ut onlB t5ree ;ere .5o;n to 5ave ?een re4overe2 an2 t5e ot5er t;o ,u.t 5ave ?een 3oi.te2 on t5e a44u.e2 :ivin: t5e 4olour o3 re4overB 3ro, t5e,/ Fe 3in2 no 7u.ti3i4ation 3or t5i. 4o,,ent/ Anot5er -oint ur:e2 i. t5at t5e re4overB o3 -5one. .5o;n to ?e a3ter 10/"5 a/,/ on 15 t5 e4e,?er 4annot ?e true a. A3.an 'uru ;a. arre.te2 on t5e ni:5t o3 1"t5 e4e,?er, a. 5el2 ?B t5e trial Court on t5e ?a.i. o3 te.ti,onB o3 Srina:ar -oli4e ;itne..e. t5at t5e in3or,ation a?out t5e tru4= :iven ?B A3.an 'uru ;a. re4eive2 earlB in t5e ,ornin: o3 15t5 e4e,?er/ It i. t5ere3ore -ointe2 out t5at t5e -ro.e4ution 2i2 not 4o,e 3or;ar2 ;it5 t5e 4orre4t ver.ion o3 t5e .ear45 an2 re4overB o3 t5e arti4le. in t5e 5ou.e o3 S5au=at/ In t5i. 4onteEt, it ,u.t ?e note2 t5at A3.an 'uru (A") ;a. not 4on.i.tent in 5er .tan2 a?out t5e ti,e o3 arre.t/ F5erea. in 5er .tate,ent un2er Se4tion 313, .5e .tate2 t5at .5e ;a. arre.te2 on 1" t5 e4e,?er ?et;een #/00 J 0/00 -/,/ In t5e 4our.e o3 4ro.. eEa,ination o3 )F#0, it ;a. .u::e.te2 t5at .5e ;a. arre.te2 at # or #/30 a/,/ on 15t5 e4e,?er, 2001/ &er ver.ion in t5e .tate,ent un2er Se4tion 313 4annot ?e 4orre4t 3or t5e rea.on t5at t5e inter4e-te2 4onver.ation ;a. at 8/12 -/,/ on 1"t5 e4e,?er, 2001 an2 t5e -oli4e 4oul2 5ave a4te2 onlB t5erea3ter/ !5ou:5 t5e ti,e o3 arre.t, a. -er t5e -ro.e4ution ver.ion, .ee,. to ?e 2ou?t3ul, 3ro, t5at, it 4annot ?e in3erre2 t5at t5e .ear45 an2 re4overB ;a. 3al.e/ %ne 2oe. not lea2 to t5e ot5er in3eren4e ne4e..arilB/ !5e .ear45 an2 re4overB o3 -5one. 5avin: ?een ?elieve2 ?B ?ot5 t5e Court., ;e are not in4line2 to 2i.tur? t5at 3in2in:/ In anB 4a.e, t5e 3a4t t5at t5e -5one $o/ ///0350# ;a. in t5e -o..e..ion o3 A3.an 'uru .tan2. -rove2 3ro, t5e inter4e-te2 4onver.ation an2 t5e evi2en4e re:ar2in: t5e i2enti3i4ation o3 voi4e/ $eEt, it ;a. 4onten2e2 t5at t5e -rintout.C4all re4or2. 5ave not ?een -rove2 in t5e ,anner lai2 2o;n ?B Se4tion #3, #5A J #5@ o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ !5i. -oint 5a. ?een 2ealt ;it5 ;5ile 2ealin: ;it5 t5e 4a.e o3 A3Gal an2 ;e 5ave u-5el2 t5e a2,i..i?ilitB an2 relia?ilitB o3 t5e 4all re4or2./ !5e -oint 4on4ernin: t5e 2u-li4ate entrie. 5a. alrea2B ?een 4on.i2ere2 in t5e 4a.e o3 A3Gal an2 3or t5e .a,e rea.on. ;e 3in2 no .u?.tan4e in t5i. 4ontention in re:ar2 to .o,e o3 t5e 2u-li4ate entrie. in t5e 4all re4or2./ (iv) Cir4u,.tan4e $o/3 (Re4overB o3 ,otor4B4le o3 S5au=at 3ro, 281, In2ira 6i5ar) !5e 3a4t t5at t5e Ia,a5a E.4ort. ,otor4B4le ;it5 t5e re:i.tration $o/ L1SA3122 ?elon:e2 to S5au=at &u..ain, i. ?orne out ?B t5e re:i.tration re4or2. -ro2u4e2 ?B )F53/ In 3a4t, in t5e 4our.e o3 Se4tion 313 eEa,ination, 5e 2i2 not 2enB t5at 3a4t/ !5i. ,otor4B4le ;a. 3oun2 at 281, In2ira 6i5ar a. .een 3ro, t5e evi2en4e o3 )F0# an2 )F32/ S5au=at to:et5er ;it5 A3Gal le2 t5e -oli4e to t5e .ai2 -re,i.e. at In2ira 6i5ar a. .een 3ro, t5e >-ointin: out an2 .eiGure ,e,o> (EEt/)F32C1) 4ou-le2 ;it5 t5e evi2en4e o3 )F0#/ )F32C1 ;a. atte.te2 ?B )F32 al.o ;5o ;a. -re.ent at t5e ti,e o3 .ear45/ A. -er t5e evi2en4e o3 )F32, *o52/ A3Gal ;5o, 5e i2enti3ie2 in t5e Court, 5a2 ta=en t5e 2n2 +loor on rent on 9/12/2001 t5rou:5 t5e -ro-ertB 2ealerO)F31/ )F32 .tate2 t5at 3ive or .iE -er.on. ;ere 3oun2 in t5e u-.tair. on 11t5 e4e,?er, 2001/ F5en enquire2 a. to ;5B t5eB ;ere in t5e 3lat in.tea2 o3 5i. 3a,ilB, A3Gal .tate2 t5at t5eB ;oul2 ?e leavin: .oon/ %n 12t5 e4e,?er, 2001 A3Gal le3t t5e -re,i.e. a3ter -uttin: t5e lo4= ;5i45 ;a. ?ro=en o-en ?B t5e -oli4e on 1#t5 e4e,?er/ Fe 5ave alrea2B noti4e2 t5at t5e 45e,i4al. u.e2 3or -re-aration o3 t5e eE-lo.ive. ;5i45 ;ere -ur45a.e2 ?B A3Gal ;ere re4overe2 3ro, t5e -re,i.e. in t5e -re.en4e o3 )F32/ SiE 2etonator. in a -la.ti4 4ontainer ;ere al.o 3oun2/ !5ou:5 )F32 4lai,e2 to 5ave i2enti3ie2 t5e -5oto:ra-5. o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. a. t5o.e ;5o ;ere 3oun2 in t5e -re,i.e., t5i. -art o3 t5e evi2en4e i. not entitle2 to anB ;ei:5t a. ri:5tlB 4onten2e2 ?B *r/ S5anti @5u.5an/ )F32 .tate2 t5at t5e -oli4e .5o;e2 5i, .o,e -5oto:ra-5. an2 tol2 5i, t5at t5o.e ;ere t5e -5oto. o3 t5e .lain terrori.t. ;5o atta4=e2 t5e )arlia,ent/ !5u., t5e .o 4alle2 i2enti3i4ation ?B )F32 on t5e revelation ?B t5e -oli4e 4annot ?e relie2 u-on/ In 3a4t, t5e &i:5 Court 2i2 not ?elieve t5i. ;itne.. on t5e -oint o3 i2enti3i4ation o3 -5oto. (vi2e -ara:ra-5 32# o3 7u2:,ent)/ &o;ever it i. quite 4lear 3ro, t5e 45e,i4al. an2 eE-lo.ive ,aterial. 3oun2 t5ere t5at t5i. 5i2eout ;a. ta=en ?B A3Gal to a44o,,o2ate t5e

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2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. ;5o .taBe2 t5ere to 2o -re-aratorB a4t./ !5e 3a4t t5at S5au=at>. ,otor4B4le ;a. al.o 3oun2 t5ere, ;oul2 :ive ri.e to a rea.ona?le in3eren4e t5at S5au=at =e-t it 3or u.e ?B A3Gal an2 5i. 4o,-anion./ It al.o rein3or4e. t5e 4on4lu.ion t5at S5au=at ;a. a;are o3 t5e In2ira 6i5ar a?o2e o3 t5e.e -er.on./ (v) Cir4u,.tan4e $o/" J # (S5au=at>. vi.it. to 'an25i 6i5ar 5i2eout) !5e evi2en4e o3 )F3" ;5o let out t5e 2n2 +loor o3 5i. 5ou.e at A190, 'an25i 6i5ar to t5e a44u.e2 A3Gal t5rou:5 )F331t5e -ro-ertB 2ealer, reveal. t5at S5au=at u.e2 to 4o,e to ,eet A3Gal ;5o ;a. .taBin: t5ere un2er a 3al.e na,e o3 *aq.oo2 an2 t5at S5au=at u.e2 to ,eet A3Gal at t5at -la4e/ )F3" i2enti3ie2 A3Gal an2 S5au=at/ +ro, t5e 5ou.e in 'an25i 6i5ar, .ul-5ur -a4=et. (-ur45a.e2 ?B A3Gal), Su7ata *iEer :rin2er in ;5i45 tra4e. o3 eE-lo.ive ,aterial ;ere 2ete4te2, ;ere 3oun2/ )F3" i2enti3ie2 t5e -5oto:ra-5 o3 t5e terrori.t *o5a,,e2 (EEt/)F1C20) a. t5e -er.on ;5o .taBe2 ;it5 A3Gal 3or a 3e; 2aB. in t5e -re,i.e./ &e .tate2 t5at 5e 4oul2 onlB i2enti3B t5e -5oto:ra-5 o3 *o5a,,e2 ?ut not re.t o3 t5e, ;5en t5e -oli4e .5o;e2 5i, t5e -5oto:ra-5./ &i. evi2en4e on t5e -oint o3 i2enti3i4ation o3 *o5a,,e2>. -5oto:ra-5 in.-ire. 4on3i2en4e a. *o5a,,e2 .taBe2 in t5e -re,i.e. 3or a 3e; 2aB./ !5e ;itne.. al.o 2e-o.e2 to t5e 3a4t t5at on 13t5 e4e,?er, 2001, A3Gal, S5au=at an2 3our ,ore -er.on. le3t t5e -re,i.e. aroun2 10 a/,/ an2 all eE4e-tin: A3Gal :ot into an A,?a..a2or 4ar an2 A3Gal 4a,e ?a4= to t5e -re,i.e./ &o;ever, 5e 2i2 not ,ention t5at one o3 t5e a44o,-anBin: -er.on. ;a. *o5a,,e2/ &i. evi2en4e e.ta?li.5e. t5at S5au=at ;a. a 3requent vi.itor to 'an25i 6i5ar 5i2eout an2 5e ;a. ;it5 A3Gal an2 .o,e ot5er. even on t5e 4ru4ial 2aB/ (vi) Cir4u,.tan4e $o./ 0 J 8 !5at a3ter t5e atta4= on 13t5 e4e,?er, A3Gal an2 S5au=at le3t 3or Srina:ar in t5e tru4= o;ne2 ?B t5e ;i3e o3 S5au=at an2 t5at t5e la-to-, ,o?ile -5one an2 4a.5 o3 R./ 10 la4. ;a. re4overe2, i. e.ta?li.5e2 ?B uni,-ea45a?le evi2en4e/ In 5er eEa,ination un2er Se4tion 313 Cr/)/C/ A3.an a2,itte2 t5at 5er 5u.?an2 le3t el5i in t5e tru4= to Srina:ar on 13t5 e4e,?er t5ou:5 .5e eE-re..e2 5er i:noran4e a?out A3Gal :oin: ;it5 5i,/ !5ere i. t5e evi2en4e o3 )F #1, S) at Srina:ar t5at t5eB .to--e2 t5e tru4= near t5e -oli4e .tation at )ara,-ura an2 on t5e -ointin: out o3 A3Gal an2 S5au=at t5eB re4overe2 t5e la-to-, ,o?ile -5one an2 R./ 10 la4. 3ro, t5e tru4= an2 t5e t;o a44u.e2 ;ere arre.te2 at 11/"5 a/,/ on 15t5 e4e,?er/ Evi2en4e o3 )F #1 ;a. 4orro?orate2 ?B )F #2, anot5er -oli4e o33i4er/ !5ere i. a 4ontrover.B on t5e que.tion a. to ;5en t5e Srina:ar -oli4e re4eive2 t5e in3or,ation, i/e/, ;5et5er at 10/30 or .o on 15t5 e4e,?er or in t5e earlB ,ornin: 5our. o3 15t5 e4e,?er/ @ut t5e 3a4t 4annot ?e 2enie2 t5at Srina:ar -oli4e a4te2 on t5e in3or,ation re4eive2 3ro, el5i a?out t5e tru4= nu,?er ;5i45 ;a. 4onveBe2 ?B A3.an (A")/ )F. #" an2 #5, t5e -oli4e o33i4er. o3 el5i al.o te.ti3ie2 t5at A3Gal an2 S5au=at ;ere 5an2e2 over to t5e, alon: ;it5 t5e .eiGe2 arti4le. on 15t5 e4e,?er at 1 )/*/ a. t5eB rea45e2 Srina:ar ?B a .-e4ial air4ra3t/ !5e .tan2 ta=en ?B S5au=at ;a. t5at 5e ;a. arre.te2 in el5i 3ro, 5i. 5ou.e on 1"t5 e4e,?er ;5i45 i. o?viou.lB 3al.e in vie; o3 t5e -let5ora o3 evi2en4e re3erre2 to .u-ra/ A. re:ar2. t5e tru4=, 5e .tate2 in t5e 4our.e o3 Se4tion 313 eEa,ination t5at t5e tru4= loa2e2 ;it5 ?anana. ;a. .ent to Srina:ar on t5e ni:5t o3 13t5 e4e,?er/ !5e 3al.itB o3 S5au=at>. ver.ion o3 arre.t in el5i on 1"t5 i. e.ta?li.5e2 ?B t5e 3a4t t5at on t5e ni:5t o3 1"t5, S5au=at 2i2 4all u- 3ro, Srina:ar an2 .-o=e to 5i. ;i3e A3.an, t5e re4eivin: nu,?er ?ein: ///0350# ;5i45 ;a. later re4overe2 3ro, t5e 5ou.e o3 S5au=at/ !5e Conver.ation ;a. ta-e2 an2 )F"8Ot5e Senior S4ienti3i4 %33i4er in C+SL, el5i 4o,-are2 t5e voi4e .a,-le. o3 S5au=at an2 A3.an 'uru .ent to 5i, ;it5 t5e voi4e on t5e 4a..ette ;5i45 re4or2e2 inter4e-te2 4onver.ation/ &e ,a2e au2itorB an2 .-e4tro:ra-5i4 analB.i. o3 voi4e .a,-le./ &e .u?,itte2 a re-ort EEt/ )F "8C1/ )F "8 te.ti3ie2 t5at on 4o,-ari.on t5e voi4e ;a. 3oun2 to ?e t5e .a,e/ !5e &i:5 Court 2ou?te2 t5e aut5enti4itB o3 t5e inter4e-te2 4onver.ation on t5e :roun2 t5at 2uration note2 ?B t5e eE-ert in 5i. re-ort ;a. t;o ,inute. an2 1# .e4on2. ;a. at varian4e ;it5 t5e 2uration o3 "9 .e4on2. note2 in t5e 4all re4or2./ !5e &i:5 Court la?oure2 un2er t5e ,i.ta=en i,-re..ion t5at t5e 2uration ;a. 2 ,inute. an2 1# .e4on2. ;5i45 ;a. t5e 2uration o3 4onver.ation ?et;een 'ilani an2 5i. ?rot5er/ Even t5en t5ere i. .o,e 2i.4re-an4B (?et;een "9 an2 0" .e4on2. ;5i45 a44or2in: to )F"8 ;a. a--roEi,ate) ?ut no que.tion ;a. -ut to )F "8 in t5i. re:ar2 nor anB .u::e.tion ;a. -ut to )F "8 t5at t5e voi4e ;a. not t5e .a,e/ I3 anB .u45 45allen:e ;a. ,a2e t5e trial Court ;oul2 5ave 5ear2 t5e 4onver.ation 3ro, t5e ta-e an2 note2 t5e 2uration/ Fe are, t5ere3ore, o3 t5e vie; t5at t5e 3in2in: a. re:ar2. inter4e-tion o3 tru4=, re4overB o3 la-to- et4/ 3ro, t5e tru4= an2 t5e arre.t o3 S5au=at alon: ;it5 A3Gal on 15t5 e4e,?er at a?out 11/"5 A/*/ at Srina:ar 4annot ?e 2ou?te2/ A. alrea2B 2i.4u..e2, t5e la-to- 4o,-uter .tore2 5i:5lB in4ri,inatin: ,aterial relatin: to t5e i2entitB 4ar2. 3oun2 ;it5 t5e 2e4ea.e2 an2 t5e &o,e *ini.trB .ti4=er. -a.te2 on t5e 4ar u.e2 ?B t5e,/ In a22ition to t5e a?ove 4ir4u,.tan4e., t5e -ro.e4ution 5a. -la4e2 relian4e on t5e evi2en4e o3 )F"5 ;5o i. t5e lan2lor2 o3 S5au=at to -rove t5at not onlB A3Gal ?ut al.o t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. u.e2 to 4o,e to S5au=at>. re.i2en4e on t5e 3ir.t 3loor a 3e; 2aB. ?e3ore t5e in4i2ent/ In a22ition, )F"5 .tate2 t5at 5e 5a2 .een t5e -er.on., ;5o.e -5oto:ra-5. 5e i2enti3ie2 :oin: to S5au=at>. re.i2en4e o3ten t;o or t5ree 2aB. -rior to 13t5 e4e,?er/ !5e -5oto:ra-5. ;ere t5o.e o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t./ &e .tate2 t5at 5e ;a. runnin: a -rintin: -re.. in t5e :roun2 3loor 3ro, ;5ere 5e 4oul2 .ee t5e -eo-le :oin: to t5e 3ir.t 3loor/ &e al.o .tate2 t5at 5e ;a. 4alle2 ?B -oli4e in t5e S-e4ial Cell at Lo2i Roa2 on 10t5 e4e,?er an2 5e ;a. .5o;n .o,e -5oto:ra-5. ;5i45 5e i2enti3ie2 a. t5o.e relatin: to t5e -er.on. vi.itin: S5au=at an2 $av7ot/ @ut, ;e 3in2 no evi2en4e o3 5i. i2enti3i4ation ?e3ore 5e ;a. eEa,ine2 in t5e Court/ It i. 2i33i4ult to ?elieve t5at 5e ;oul2 ?e in a -o.ition to i2enti3B (in t5e Court) a3ter a la-.e o3 ei:5t ,ont5. t5e 4a.ual vi.itor. :oin: to t5e 3ir.t 3loor o3 S5au=at ?B i2enti3Bin: t5eir -5oto:ra-5./ In 3a4t, in .o,e o3 t5e -5oto:ra-5., t5e 3a4e i. 3oun2 .o ,u45 2i.3i:ure2 on a44ount o3 in7urie. t5at it ;oul2 ?e 2i33i4ult to ,a=e out t5e i2entitB on .eein: .u45 -5oto:ra-5./ Iet, 5e 4lai,e2 to 5ave i2enti3ie2 t5e -5oto:ra-5. o3 all t5e 3ive 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. a. t5o.e

05

vi.itin: S5au=at>. re.i2en4e/ &e .tate2 t5at 5e 4oul2 not i2enti3B 'ilani a. t5e -er.on ;5o ;a. vi.itin: S5au=at>. re.i2en4e at t5at 4ru4ial ti,e ?ut a3ter a lea2in: que.tion ;a. -ut, 5e i2enti3ie2 'ilani in t5e Court/ !5e &i:5 Court 2i2 not atta45 anB ;ei:5t to 5i. evi2en4e re:ar2in: i2enti3i4ation o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t./ !5ou:5 t5e trial Court re3erre2 to 5i. evi2en4e ineEten.o, no vie; ;a. eE-re..e2 ?B t5e trial Court on t5e -oint o3 relia?ilitB o3 5i. evi2en4e re:ar2in: i2enti3i4ation/ *oreover, ;e 3in2 4on.i2era?le 3or4e in t5e ar:u,ent o3 t5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e a--ellant t5at it i. 5ar2 to ?elieve t5at t5e terrori.t. ;oul2 ta=e t5e ri.= o3 :oin: to S5au=at>. -la4e 3or t5e .o 4alle2 ,eetin:. t5ere?B eE-o.in: to t5e ri.= o3 ?ein: .u.-e4te2, e.-e4iallB, at a -la4e ;5ere t;o -oli4e .u?1in.-e4tor. ;ere .taBin: a. .tate2 ?B )F "5/ Even a44or2in: to t5e -ro.e4ution 4a.e, ?B t5at ti,e, t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. 5a2 .ettle2 2o;n at t5eir re.-e4tive 5i2e1out. ;it5 t5e 5el- o3 A3Gal/ In t5e nor,al 4our.e, t5e terrori.t. ;oul2 not 5ave venture2 to :o out 3requentlB an2 i3 ne4e..arB t5eB ;oul2 4all S5au=at 3or a ,eetin: at t5eir -la4e o3 .taB in.tea2 o3 t5e ;5ole :an: :oin: to S5au=at>. -la4e 3requentlB/ +or all t5e.e rea.on. ;e 5ave to 2i.4ar2 t5e evi2en4e o3 )F "5 in.o3ar a. 5e te.ti3ie2 t5at t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. ;ere t5e 3requent vi.itor. o3 S5au=at>. re.i2en4e ?e3ore t5e in4i2ent/ In a22ition to t5e a?ove 4ir4u,.tan4e., t5e -ro.e4ution 5a. -la4e2 relian4e on t5e evi2en4e o3 )F"5 ;5o i. t5e lan2lor2 o3 S5au=at to -rove t5at not onlB A3Gal ?ut al.o t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. u.e2 to 4o,e to S5au=at>. re.i2en4e on t5e 3ir.t 3loor a 3e; 2aB. ?e3ore t5e in4i2ent/ !5e -ro.e4ution al.o relie2 on anot5er 4ir4u,.tan4e, na,elB, t5at S5au=at 5a2 a44o,-anie2 A3Gal to t5e .5o- o3 )F"9 on "t5 e4e,?er, 2001 to -ur45a.e a *otorola ,a=e ,o?ile -5one ;5i45 ;a. ulti,atelB re4overe2 3ro, t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t Rana at t5e .-ot/ $o 2ou?t )F"9 .tate2 t5at ;5en A3Gal 4a,e to -ur45a.e tele-5one 3ro, t5e .5o-, t5e a44u.e2 S5au=at -re.ent in t5e Court ;a. al.o ;it5 5i,/ Fe are not in4line2 to -la4e relian4e on t5e te.ti,onB o3 )F"1 re:ar2in: S5au=at>. -re.en4e/ It ;oul2 ?e 2i33i4ult 3or anB one to re,e,?er t5e 3a4e o3 an a44o,-anBin: -er.on a3ter a 4on.i2era?le la-.e o3 ti,e/ !5e &i:5 Court 2i2 not -la4e relian4e on t5i. 4ir4u,.tan4e/ !5ere are, 5o;ever, t;o 4ir4u,.tan4e. ;5i45 4an ?e -ut a:ain.t t5e a44u.e2 S5au=at/ !5e .e4on25an2 ,otor4B4le $o/ &R 51E150#8 ;a. .ol2 to *o52/ A3Gal on 8t5 e4e,?er/ &e i2enti3ie2 A3Gal an2 S5au=at in t5e Court a. t5e -er.on. ;5o 4a,e to 5i. .5o- on t5at 2aB in t5e 4o,-anB o3 t;o ot5er. in4lu2in: a la2B/ &e al.o i2enti3ie2 t5e, at t5e S-e4ial Cell on 19t5 e4e,?er/ &e 4oul2 not i2enti3B t5e la2B a. A3.an/ &o;ever, 5e i2enti3ie2 t5e -5oto:ra-5 o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t *o5a,,e2 at t5e S-e4ial Cell on 19 t5 e4e,?er an2 al.o in t5e Court/ !5i. ,otor4B4le o3 A3Gal ;a. re4overe2 3ro, t5e 5i2eout at A190, 'an25i 6i5ar ;5i45 S5au=at u.e2 to vi.it 3requentlB/ &i. -re.en4e at t5e .5o- ;it5 *o5a,,e2 a-art 3ro, A3Gal ;oul2 .5o; t5at 5e 5a2 a4quaintan4e ;it5 *o5a,,e2 al.o/ !5e evi2en4e o3 t5i. ;itne.. 5a. ?een 4riti4iGe2 on t5e :roun2 t5at te.t i2enti3i4ation -ara2e 4oul2 5ave ?een 5el2 an2 t5at t5ere ;a. 2i.4re-an4B in re:ar2 to t5e 2ate o3 .eiGure ,e,o o3 t5e ?ill ?oo=/ !5e.e are not .u?.tantial :roun2. to 2i.4re2it t5e te.ti,onB o3 an in2e-en2ent ;itne..O )F29/ !5e &i:5 Court ;a. in4line2 to -la4e relian4e on t5i. ;itne.. in re:ar2 to t5e i2enti3i4ation o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t 5avin: re:ar2 to t5e 3a4t t5at t5eB ;oul2 5ave ?een in t5e .5o- 3or ta=in: trial et4/, an2 t5at t5e ;itne.. ;oul2 5ave 5a2 enou:5 o--ortunitB to o?.erve t5e ?uBer>. -artB 3or quite .o,e ti,e/ Anot5er 4ir4u,.tan4e t5at ou:5t to ?e ta=en into a44ount a:ain.t S5au=at i. t5e tele-5oni4 4onver.ation ?et;een 5i, an2 5i. ;i3e A3.an on t5e ni:5t o3 1" t5 e4e,?er/ Fe 5ave alrea2B 5el2 t5at t5e inter4e-te2 4onver.ation re4or2e2 on t5e ta-e i. relia?le an2 t5e &i:5 Court .5oul2 not 5ave 2i.4ounte2 it/ !5e 4onver.ation .5o;. t5at S5au=at ;a. ;it5 anot5er -er.on at Srina:ar, ?B na,e C5otu (t5e alia. na,e o3 A3Gal, a44or2in: to t5e -ro.e4ution) an2 t5at -ani4 an2 anEietB ;ere ;rit lar:e on t5e 3a4e o3 it/ In t5e li:5t o3 t5e a?ove 2i.4u..ion, 4an it ?e .ai2 t5at t5e 4ir4u,.tan4e. e.ta?li.5e2 ?B .ati.3a4torB evi2en4e are .o 4lin45in: an2 unerrin: .o a. to lea2 to a 4on4lu.ion, una33e4te2 ?B rea.ona?le 2ou?t, t5at t5e a--ellant S5au=at ;a. a -artB to t5e 4on.-ira4B alon: ;it5 5i. 4ou.in A3GalP Fe 3in2 t5at t5ere i. no .u33i4ient evi2en4e to 5ol2 5i, :uiltB o3 4ri,inal 4on.-ira4B to atta4= t5e )arlia,ent/ !5e :a-. are ,anB, on4e t5e 4on3e..ion i. eE4lu2e2/ !o re4a-itulate, t5e i,-ortant 4ir4u,.tan4e. a:ain.t 5i, are: 1/ !a=in: a roo, on rent alon: ;it5 A3Gal at C5ri.tian ColonB 5o.tel into ;5i45 A3Gal in2u4te2 t5e terrori.t *o5a,,e2 a?out a ,ont5 -rior to t5e in4i2ent/ S5au=at u.e2 to :o t5ere/ 2/ !5e ,otor4B4le o3 S5au=at ?ein: 3oun2 at In2ira 6i5ar, one o3 t5e 5i2eout. o3 t5e terrori.t. ;5i45 ;a. 5ire2 ?B A3Gal in t5e 1.t ;ee= o3 e4e,?er 2001/ 3/ &i. vi.it. to 'an25i 6i5ar 5ou.e ;5i45 ;a. al.o ta=en on rent ?B A3Gal in terrori.t. an2 ,eetin: A3Gal t5ere quite o3ten, a. .-o=en to ?B )F3"/ "/ A44o,-anBin: A3Gal an2 *o5a,,e2 3or t5e -ur45a.e o3 ,otor4B4le ?B A3Gal/ 5/ &i. 3requent 4all. to A3Gal e.-e4iallB on t5e 2ate o3 atta4=, e4e,?er 2001 to a44o,,o2ate t5e

0#

#/ &i. leavin: el5i to Srina:ar on t5e 2ate o3 atta4= it.el3 in 5i. tru4= ;it5 A3Gal ;5o 4arrie2 a ,o?ile -5one, la-tou.e2 ?B terrori.t. an2 4a.5 o3 R./10 la=5./ 0/ !5e 3ear an2 anEietB ;it5 ;5i45 5e an2 5i. ;i3e 4onver.e2 over -5one on t5e ni:5t o3 3ollo;in: 2aB/ !5e.e 4ir4u,.tan4e., ;it5out anBt5in: ,ore, 2o not lea2 to t5e 4on4lu.ion t5at S5au=at ;a. al.o a -artB to t5e 4on.-ira4B in a..o4iation ;it5 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t./ !5e i,-ortant ,i..in: lin= i. t5at t5ere ;a. no o44a.ion on ;5i45 S5au=at ever 4onta4te2 anB o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. on -5one/ S5au=at ;a. not .5o;n to ?e ,ovin: ;it5 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. at anB ti,e eE4e-tin: t5at 5e u.e2 to :o ;it5 A3Gal to t5e @oB.> 5o.tel ;5ere *o5a,,e2 ;a. .taBin: initiallB an2 5e on4e a44o,-anie2 A3Gal an2 *o5a,,e2 to t5e ,o?ile -5one .5o-/ &e 2i2 not a44o,-anB A3Gal at t5e ti,e o3 -ur45a.e. o3 45e,i4al. et4/ u.e2 3or -re-aration o3 eE-lo.ive. an2 ,otor 4ar u.e2 ?B terrori.t. to :o to )arlia,ent &ou.e/ In t5e a?.en4e o3 anB evi2en4e a. re:ar2. t5e i2entitB o3 .atellite -5one nu,?er., t5e Court 4annot -re.u,e t5at t5e 4all. ;ere re4eive2 3ro, a ,ilitant lea2er ;5o i. .ai2 to ?e t5e =in:-in ?e5in2 t5e o-eration./ !5e 3requent 4all. an2 ,eetin:. ?et;een S5au=at an2 A3Gal .5oul2 ?e vie;e2 in t5e 4onteEt o3 t5e 3a4t t5at t5eB ;ere 4ou.in./ !5ou:5 5i. in4lination an2 ;illin:ne.. to len2 a 5el-in: 5an2 to A3Gal even to t5e eEtent o3 3a4ilitatin: 5i, to 3lee a;aB 3ro, el5i to a .a3er -la4e .oon a3ter t5e in4i2ent i. evi2ent 3ro, 5i. variou. a4t. an2 4on2u4t, t5eB are not .u33i4ient to e.ta?li.5 5i. 4o,-li4itB in t5e 4on.-ira4B a. .u45/ Certain 3al.e an.;er. :iven ?B 5i, in t5e 4our.e o3 eEa,ination un2er Se4tion 313 are not a2equate enou:5 to ,a=e u- t5e 2e3i4ien4B in t5e evi2en4e relatin: to 4on.-ira4B a. 3ar a. S5au=at i. 4on4erne2/ At t5e .a,e ti,e, t5e rea.ona?le an2 irre.i.ti?le in3eren4e t5at 5a. to ?e 2ra;n 3ro, t5e 4ir4u,.tan4e. e.ta?li.5e2 i. t5at t5e a--ellant S5au=at 5a2 t5e =no;le2:e o3 4on.-ira4B an2 t5e -lan. to atta4= t5e )arlia,ent &ou.e/ &i. 4lo.e a..o4iation ;it5 A3Gal 2urin: t5e 4ru4ial -erio2, 5i. vi.it. to t5e 5i2eout. to ,eet A3Gal, ;5i45 i,-lie. a;arene.. o3 t5e a4tivitie. o3 A3Gal, t5e la.t ,inute 4onta4t. ?et;een 5i, an2 A3Gal an2 t5eir i,,e2iate 2e-arture to Srina:ar in S5au=at>. tru4= ;it5 t5e in4ri,inatin: la-to- an2 -5one 5el2 ?B A3Gal ;oul2 4ertainlB :ive ri.e to a 5i:5 2e:ree o3 -ro?a?ilitB o3 =no;le2:e on t5e -art o3 S5au=at t5at 5i. 4ou.in 5a2 4on.-ire2 ;it5 ot5er. to atta4= t5e )arlia,ent an2 to in2ul:e in t5e terrori.t a4t./ &e ;a. a;are o3 ;5at ;a. :oin: on an2 5e u.e2 to eEten2 5el- to A3Gal ;5enever ne4e..arB/ &avin: =no;n a?out t5e -lan. o3 A3Gal in 4olla?oratin: ;it5 terrori.t., 5e re3raine2 3ro, in3or,in: t5e -oli4e or *a:i.trate inten2in: t5ere?B or =no;in: it to ?e li=elB t5at .u45 4on4eal,ent on 5i. -art ;ill 3a4ilitate t5e ;a:in: o3 ;ar/ In t5i. 4onteEt, it i. relevant to re3er to Se4tion 39 Cr/)/C/: 39/ )u?li4 to :ive in3or,ation o3 4ertain o33en4e.1(1) EverB -er.on, a;are o3 t5e 4o,,i..ion o3, or o3 t5e intention o3 anB ot5er -er.on to 4o,,it, anB o33en4e -uni.5a?le un2er anB o3 t5e 3ollo;in: Se4tion. o3 t5e In2ian )enal Co2e ("5 o3 18#0), na,elB:11 (i) Se4tion. 121 112#, ?ot5 in4lu.ive, an2 Se4tion 130 (t5at i. to .aB o33en4e. a:ain.t t5e State .-e4i3ie2 in C5a-ter 6I o3 t5e .ai2 Co2e)D /// .5all, in t5e a?.en4e o3 anB rea.ona?le eE4u.e, t5e ?ur2en o3 -rovin: ;5i45 eE4u.e .5all lie u-on t5e -er.on .o a;are, 3ort5;it5 :ive in3or,ation to t5e neare.t *a:i.trate or -oli4e o33i4er o3 .u45 4o,,i..ion or intentionD !5u., ?B 5i. ille:al o,i..ion to a--ri.e t5e -oli4e or *a:i.trate o3 t5e 2e.i:n o3 A3Gal an2 ot5er 4on.-irator. to atta4= t5e )arlia,ent ;5i45 i. an a4t o3 ;a:in: ;ar, t5e a--ellant S5au=at 5a. ,a2e 5i,.el3 lia?le 3or -uni.5,ent 3or t5e le..er o33en4e un2er Se4tion 123 I)C/ I3 5e 5a2 :iven t5e ti,elB in3or,ation, t5e entire 4on.-ira4B ;oul2 5ave ?een ni--e2 in t5e ?u2/ !5e 3a4t t5at t5ere ;a. no 45ar:e a:ain.t 5i, un2er t5i. -arti4ular Se4tion, 2oe. not, in anB ;aB, re.ult in -re7u2i4e to 5i, ?e4au.e t5e 45ar:e o3 ;a:in: ;ar an2 ot5er allie2 o33en4e. are t5e .u?7e4t ,atter o3 45ar:e./ Fe are o3 t5e vie; t5at t5e a44u.e2 S5au=at i. not in anB ;aB 5an2i4a--e2 ?B t5e a?.en4e o3 45ar:e un2er Se4tion 123 I)C/ !5e 4a.e ;5i45 5e 5a2 to ,eet un2er Se4tion 123 i. no 2i33erent 3ro, t5e 4a.e relatin: to t5e ,a7or 45ar:e. ;5i45 5e ;a. 4on3ronte2 ;it5/ In t5e 3a4e o3 t5e .tan2 5e 5a2 ta=en an2 5i. 4on2u4t even a3ter t5e atta4=, 5e 4oul2 not 5ave -lea2e2 rea.ona?le eE4u.e 3or not -a..in: on t5e in3or,ation/ 6ie;e2 3ro, anB an:le, t5e evi2en4e on re4or2 7u.ti3ie. 5i. 4onvi4tion un2er Se4tion 123 I)C/ In t5e re.ult, ;e 3in2 S5au=at &u..ain 'uru :uiltB un2er Se4tion 123 I)C an2 .enten4e 5i, to t5e ,aEi,u, -erio2 o3 i,-ri.on,ent o3 10 Bear. (ri:orou.) .-e4i3ie2 t5erein/ &e i. al.o .enten4e2 to -aB a 3ine o3 R./25000C1 3ailin: ;5i45 5e .5all .u33er R/I/ 3or a 3urt5er -erio2 o3 one Bear/ !5e 4onvi4tion. an2 .enten4e. un2er all ot5er -rovi.ion. o3 la; are .et a.i2e/ &i. a--eal i. allo;e2 to t5i. eEtent/ 20/ CASE %+ S/A/R/ 'ILA$I !5e &i:5 Court .et a.i2e t5e 4onvi4tion o3 S/A/R/ 'ilani an2 a4quitte2 5i, o3 t5e variou. 45ar:e./ !5ere i. no evi2en4e to t5e e33e4t t5at 'ilani ;a. ,aintainin: -er.onal or tele-5oni4 4onta4t. ;it5 anB o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t./ !5ere i. no evi2en4e o3 anB -arti4i-ative a4t. in 4onne4tion ;it5 or in -ur.uan4e o3 t5e

00

4on.-ira4B/ &e ;a. not 4onne4te2 ;it5 t5e -ro4ure,ent o3 5i2eout., 45e,i4al. an2 ot5er in4ri,inatin: arti4le. u.e2 ?B t5e terrori.t./ S-ea=in: 3ro, t5e -oint o3 vie; o3 -ro?a?ilitie. an2 natural 4our.e o3 4on2u4t t5ere i. no a--arent rea.on ;5B 'ilani ;oul2 5ave ?een a.=e2 to 7oin 4on.-ira4B/ It i. not t5e 4a.e o3 t5e -ro.e4ution t5at 5e ten2ere2 anB a2vi4e or :ave i,-ortant ti-.Cin3or,ation relevant to t5e -ro-o.e2 atta4= on )arlia,ent/ $one o3 t5e 4ir4u,.tan4e. ;oul2 lea2 to an in3eren4e ?eBon2 rea.ona?le 2ou?t o3 'ilani>. involve,ent in t5e 4on.-ira4B/ !5ere i. onlB t5e evi2en4e o3 )F "5, t5e lan2lor2 o3 S5au=at, t5at 5e 5a2 .een t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. an2 'ilani vi.itin: t5e 5ou.e o3 S5au=at t;o or t5ree 2aB. -rior to 13t5 e4e,?er/ Fe 5ave alrea2B 2i.4u..e2 5i. evi2en4e/ &i. ver.ion o3 i2enti3i4ation o3 vi.itor. ?B ,ean. o3 t5e -5oto:ra-5. o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. ;a. 5el2 to ?e in4re2i?le/ A. re:ar2. 'ilani, in t5e 3ir.t in.tan4e, 5e 3ran=lB .tate2 t5at 5e 4oul2 not i2enti3B t5e -er.on ;5o ;a. .ittin: in t5e S-e4ial Cell i/e/ 'ilani, ?ut, on a lea2in: que.tion -ut ?B t5e )u?li4 )ro.e4utor, on t5e -er,i..ion :iven ?B t5e Court, )F "5 -ointe2 out to;ar2. 'ilani a. t5e -er.on t5at ;a. in t5e S-e4ial Cell/ It i. note2 in t5e 2e-o.ition t5at initiallB t5e ;itne.. .tate2 t5at 5e 5a2 not .ai2 .o to t5e -oli4e a?out 'ilani/ In t5i. .tate o3 evi2en4e, no relian4e 4an ?e -la4e2 on t5e te.ti,onB o3 )F "5 in re:ar2 to t5e alle:e2 vi.it. o3 'ilani to t5e 5ou.e o3 S5au=at a 3e; 2aB. -rior to 13t5 e4e,?er/ !5e &i:5 Court o?.erve2 t5at in anB 4a.e )F "5 2i2 not .tate t5at 5e 5a2 .een 'ilani vi.itin: t5e 5ou.e o3 S5au=at in t5e 4o,-anB o3 3ive terrori.t./ !5ere3ore, t5e 4a.e o3 t5e -ro.e4ution t5at 'ilani -arti4i-ate2 in t5e ,eetin:. at S5au=at>. -la4e ;5ere t5e 4on.-ira4B ;a. 5at45e2 2oe. not .tan2 .u?.tantiate2/ !5e &i:5 Court a3ter 5ol2in: t5at t5e 2i.4lo.ure .tate,ent o3 'ilani ;a. not a2,i..i?le un2er Se4tion 20 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t an2 t5at t5e 4on3e..ion o3 4o1a44u.e2 4annot al.o ?e -ut a:ain.t 5i,, o?.erve2 t5u.: MFe are, t5ere3ore, le3t ;it5 onlB one -ie4e o3 evi2en4e a:ain.t a44u.e2 S/A/R/ 'ilani ?ein: t5e re4or2 o3 tele-5one 4all. ?et;een 5i, an2 a44u.e2 *o52/ A3Gal an2 S5au=at/ !5i. 4ir4u,.tan4e, in our o-inion, 2o not even re,otelB, 3ar le.. 2e3initelB an2 unerrin:lB -oint to;ar2. t5e :uilt o3 a44u.e2 S/A/R/ 'ilani/ Fe, t5ere3ore, 4on4lu2e t5at t5e -ro.e4ution 5a. 3aile2 to ?rin: on re4or2 evi2en4e ;5i45 4u,ulativelB 3or,. a 45ain, .o 4o,-lete t5at t5ere i. no e.4a-e 3ro, t5e 4on4lu.ion t5at in all 5u,an -ro?a?ilitie. a44u.e2 S/A/R/ 'ilani ;a. involve2 in t5e 4on.-ira4B/M !5e &i:5 Court 4on4lu2e2 t5at Mt5e evi2en4e on re4or2 2oe. not ?rin: out a 5i:5 level o3 4on.4iou.ne.. qua S/A/R/ 'ilani in t5e 4on.-ira4B/M Fe are in a:ree,ent ;it5 t5e 4on4lu.ion rea45e2 ?B t5e &i:5 Court/ &o;ever, ;e ;oul2 li=e to enter into a 3urt5er 2i.4u..ion on t5e in4ri,inatorB 4ir4u,.tan4e. ;5i45, a44or2in: to t5e -ro.e4ution, ;oul2 5ave ?earin: on t5e :uilt o3 t5e a44u.e2 'ilani/ !5e 3a4t t5at 'ilani ;a. in inti,ate ter,. ;it5 S5au=at an2 A3Gal an2 ;a. 4onver.in: ;it5 t5e, t5rou:5 5i. ,o?ile -5one $o/ 9810081228 3requentlB ?et;een t5e 3ir.t ;ee= o3 $ove,?er an2 t5e 2ate o3 t5e 4ru4ial in4i2ent i. .ou:5t to ?e -ro7e4te2 ?B t5e -ro.e4ution -ro,inentlB a. an in4ri,inatin: 4ir4u,.tan4e a:ain.t 'ilani/ In4i2entallB, it i. al.o -ointe2 out t5at t5ere ;ere 4onte,-oraneou. 4all. ?et;een 'ilani, A3Gal an2 S5au=at an2 A3Gal an2 *o5a,,e2/ It i. -arti4ularlB -ointe2 out t5at a3ter S5au=at a4quire2 ,o?ile -5one 9810""#305, t5e 3ir.t 4all ;a. to 'ilani on 2/11/2001 3or 22 .e4on2./ 'ilani in turn 4alle2 5i, u- an2 .-o=e 3or 13 .e4on2./ !5erea3ter, t5ere ;a. eE45an:e o3 4all. ?et;een S5au=at an2 'ilani on .even o44a.ion. in t5e ,ont5 o3 $ove,?er/ In t5e ,ont5 o3 $ove,?er, t5ere ;a. a 4all 3ro, S5au=at t5rou:5 5i. -5one $o/ 981150350# to 'ilani on 0t5 e4e,?er, 2001 an2 on t5e 9t5 e4e,?er, 2001, 'ilani .-o=e to S5au=at 3or 38 .e4on2./ !5ere ;a. a 4all on t5e ,i2ni:5t o3 13 t5 e4e,?er 3or 1"# .e4on2. 3ro, 'ilani>. nu,?er to S5au=at/ !5ere i. a 4ontrover.B a?out t5i. 4all ;5i45 ;e .5all re3er to in t5e neEt -ara/ !5en, .oon a3ter t5e atta4= on )arlia,ent on 13 t5 e4e,?er, 2001, t5ere ;a. a 4all 3ro, S5au=at to 'ilani an2 t5erea3ter 3ro, 'ilani to S5au=at/ A. re:ar2. t5e 4all. ?et;een 'ilani an2 A3Gal are 4on4erne2, t5e 4all re4or2. .5o; t5at t;o 4all. ;ere eE45an:e2 ?et;een t5e, in t5e ,ornin: o3 12t5 $ove,?er, 2001/ !5en, 'ilani 4alle2 u- A3Gal on 10/11/2001 3or #" .e4on2. an2 a:ain on 0 t5 e4e,?er J 9t5 e4e,?er, 2001/ It i. -ointe2 out t5at on t5e rea4tivation o3 t5e tele-5one o3 A3Gal i.e/ ///89"29 on 0/12/2001, 'ilani .-o=e to A3Gal on t5e .a,e 2aB/ !5e &i:5 Court o?.erve2 t5at on t5e ?a.i. o3 t5e.e 4all., it i. not -o..i?le to 4onne4t 'ilani to t5e 4on.-ira4B, e.-e4iallB 5avin: re:ar2 to t5e 3a4t t5at 'ilani ;a. =no;n to S5au=at an2 5i. 4ou.in A3Gal/ S5au=at an2 'ilani live2 in t5e .a,e lo4alitB i.e/ *u=5er7ee $a:ar/ It i. not in 2i.-ute t5at 'ilani -laBe2 a -art at t5e ,arria:e 4ere,onB o3 S5au=at (A2) an2 A3.an 'uru (A") in t5e Bear 2000/ It i. al.o not in 2i.-ute t5at t5eB 5ail 3ro, t5e .a,e i.tri4t an2 ;ere t5e .tu2ent. o3 el5i (niver.itB/ !5e 4all. ?et;een t5e, 2o not :ive a 2e3inite -ointer o3 'ilani>. involve,ent in t5e 4on.-ira4B to atta4= t5e )arlia,ent/ A. 3ar a. t5e 4all. ?et;een A3Gal an2 'ilani are 4on4erne2, t5ere ;a. no 4all too 4lo.e to t5e 2ate o3 in4i2ent/ %ne 4all ;a. on 0t5 e4e,?er, 2001 an2 anot5er ;a. on 9t5 e4e,?er, 2001/ %n t5e 2ate o3 in4i2ent, t5ere ;a. eE45an:e o3 4all. ?et;een S5au=at an2 'ilani t;i4e a?out 5al31an15our a3ter t5e in4i2ent/ $ot ,u45 o3 i,-ortan4e 4an ?e atta45e2 to t5i., a. it i. not unu.ual 3or 3rien2. tal=in: a?out t5i. eEtraor2inarB event/ !5e -5one 4all. ?et;een t5e.e t5ree -er.on., i3 at all, ;oul2 a..u,e .o,e i,-ortan4e i3 t5ere i. ot5er relia?le an2 relevant evi2en4e -ointin: out t5e a44u.in: 3in:er a:ain.t 'ilani/ !5at i. la4=in: in t5e in.tant 4a.e/ 'ilani 5a2 invite2 -ro?le, 3or 5i,.el3 ?B 2i.o;nin: t5e 3rien2.5i- ;it5 S5au=at an2 t5e 4onta4t. ;it5 A3Gal/ In t5e 4our.e o3 eEa,ination un2er Se4tion 313, 5e too= t5e -lea t5at S5au=at ;a. a ,ere a4quaintan4e an2 5e 5a2 not vi.ite2 5i,/ F5en a.=e2 que.tion. a?out t5e tele-5oni4 4onta4t. :ivin: t5e nu,?er. t5ereo3, 'ilani 3ei:ne2 i:noran4e o3 t5e tele-5one nu,?er. o3 S5au=at an2 A3Gal ?B :ivin: eva.ive an.;er. 1 >I 2o not re,e,?er>/ %3 4our.e, a ;ron: que.tion ;a. al.o -ut ;it5 re3eren4e to t5e 4all. at 11/19 an2 11/32 5our. on 13 t5 ;5i45 ;ere ?et;een A3Gal an2 S5au=at a. i3 'ilani 5a2 4alle2 t5e, u- at t5at ti,e/ Still, t5e 3a4t re,ain. t5at 5e 2i2 :ive 3al.e an.;er. -ro?a?lB in

08

5i. over anEietB to ;ri::le out o3 t5e .ituation/ !5at 2oe. not ,a=e an ot5er;i.e inno4uou. 3a4tor on in4ri,inatin: 4ir4u,.tan4e/ !5ere ;a. a 2e?ate on t5e que.tion ;5et5er t5e 4all 3ro, 'ilani>. nu,?er to S5au=at>. nu,?er at 00/"1 5our. on 12t5 e4e,?er i/e/ 7u.t on t5e eve o3 t5e )arlia,ent atta4= ;a. ,a2e ?B 'ilani/ !5e 4all la.te2 3or 1"# .e4on2./ !5e 2e3en4e o3 'ilani ;a. t5at 'ilani>. ?rot5er 4alle2 S5au=at to ;i.5 5i, on t5at ni:5t ;5i45 5a--ene2 to ?e .5a?1e1 qa2r 3e.tival ni:5t an2 t5at it ;a. not unu.ual 3or t5e 3rien2. to eE45an:e t5e :reetin:. on t5at ni:5t/ It i. -ointe2 out ?B t5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e State t5at t5e te.ti,onB o3 F51 'ilani>. ;i3e, eE-o.e. t5e 3al.itB o3 t5i. 2e3en4e/ S5e .tate2 t5at no one in t5e 3a,ilB u.e2 4ell -5one t5at ni:5t/ S5e .tate2 t5at na,aG ;a. -er3or,e2 on t5e ni:5t o3 12t5 e4e,?er, ?B all t5e 3a,ilB ,e,?er. to:et5er 3ro, 9/30 -/,/ on;ar2./ It ;a. 4lo.e2 at 0/00 a/,/ on 13t5 e4e,?er, 2001 an2 t5en t5eB .le-t/ S5e 3urt5er .tate2 t5at 2urin: na,aG, 5er 5u.?an2 2i2 not ,ove out o3 t5e roo, nor tal=e2 to anB?o2B/ S5e al.o .tate2 t5at t5e 4ell -5one ;a. .;it45e2 o33 an2 =e-t a.i2e/ S5e 2enie2 t5at anB 4all ;a. ,a2e ?B 5er 5u.?an2 on t5e 4ell -5one at 00/"5 5our. on t5e intervenin: ni:5t o3 12 t5C13t5 e4e,?er, 2001/ It ;a. 4onten2e2 ?e3ore u. t5at 'ilani ;a. not que.tione2 on t5i. -oint in 5i. Se4tion 313 eEa,ination/ I3 a que.tion ;a. -ut, a 4lari3i4ation ;oul2 5ave ?een :iven t5at in 3a4t, t5e ?rot5er o3 'ilani 5a2 4onta4te2 S5au=at to 4onveB :oo2 ;i.5e./ Co,,ent ;a. al.o ,a2e in re:ar2 to t5e role, a..u,e2 ?B t5e learne2 trial Ju2:e, o3 -uttin: que.tion. to F5/ !5ou:5 it a--ear. t5at F5>. evi2en4e i. in4on.i.tent ;it5 t5e 2e3en4e ver.ion, a. no .-e4i3i4 que.tion ;a. -ut to 'ilani on t5i. a.-e4t, ;e are not in4line2 to :o .o 3ar a. to 5ol2 t5at it i. un2ou?te2lB a 3al.e -lea/ Iet, it rai.e. a :rave .u.-i4ion t5at t5e a44u.e2 ;a. trBin: to 5i2e .o,et5in: ;5i45 ,i:5t turn out to ?e a2ver.e to 5i,/ Even i3 t5ere ;a. .u45 a 4all on t5e 13t5 ,i2ni:5t ?et;een S5au=at an2 'ilani, un2ue i,-ortan4e ou:5t not to ?e atta45e2 to t5i. 3a4t, 5avin: re:ar2 to t5e .tate o3 ot5er 4ir4u,.tantial evi2en4e on re4or2/ !5en, t5e -ro.e4ution relie2 on t5e evi2en4e o3 )F39 ;5o i. t5e lan2lor2 o3 'ilani/ &e ,erelB .tate2 in :eneral ter,. t5at 5e 5a2 .een S5au=at an2 A3Gal vi.itin: t5e 5ou.e o3 'ilani t;o or t5ree ti,e. 2urin: t5e -erio2 'ilani .taBe2 in 5i. 5ou.e i/e/ 2urin: a -erio2 o3 ,ore t5an t;o Bear./ )F39 2i2 not .aB anBt5in: a?out vi.it. o3 A3Gal or S5au=at a 3e; 2aB. or ;ee=. ?e3ore t5e in4i2ent/ !5en, t5e -ro.e4ution relie2 on t5e 2i.4lo.ure .tate,entOEEt/)F##C13 to e.ta?li.5 t5at 'ilani ;a. ;ell a;are o3 t5e na,e. o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t., t5e 45an:e o3 5i2eout. ?B A3Gal an2 t5e ,aterial .u45 a. -oli4e uni3or,. ;5i45 ;ere -ro4ure2 3or t5e -ur-o.e o3 4on.-ira4B/ It i. 4onten2e2 t5at t5e relevant -ortion. in t5e 2i.4lo.ure .tate,ent a,ount to in3or,ation. lea2in: to t5e 2i.4overB o3 3a4t. ;it5in t5e ,eanin: o3 Se4tion 20 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t/ A44or2in: to t5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e State *r/ 'o-al Su?ra,niu,, t5e .tate,ent o3 *r/ 'ilani 2i.4lo.in: t5e na,e. o3 3ive 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t. ;5o 5a2 4o,e 3ro, )a=i.tan, S5au=at ta=in: a roo, on rent 3or *o5a,,e2 in C5ri.tian ColonB an2 t5e terrori.t. .e4urin: eE-lo.ive., ,o?ile -5one. an2 -oli4e uni3or,. are all a2,i..i?le ina.,u45 a. t5e.e 3a4t. le2 t5e inve.ti:atin: a:en4ie. to 3urt5er inve.ti:ation. ;5i45 4on3ir,e2 t5e in3or,ation 3urni.5e2 ?B 'ilani/ In t5i. 4onne4tion, ;e ,aB re4a-itulate t5e 4ontention o3 t5e learne2 4oun.el t5at Se4tion 20 re.t. on t5e -rin4i-le o3 4on3ir,ation ?B .u?.equent event. an2 t5at t5e 3a4t. 2i.4overe2 nee2 not ne4e..arilB relate to ,aterial o?7e4t./ Fe 5ave alrea2B 2i.4u..e2 t5e le:al -o.ition in re:ar2 to t5e .4o-e an2 -ara,eter. o3 Se4tion 20 an2 ;e 5ave not a44e-te2 t5e 4ontention o3 t5e learne2 4oun.el 3or t5e State/ Fe are o3 t5e vie; t5at none o3 t5e .tate,ent. 4an ?e -ut a:ain.t 'ilani/ It ,aB ?e note2 t5at 'ilani ;a. not ta=en to anB -la4e. .u45 a. t5e 5i2eout. ;5ere t5e in4ri,inatin: arti4le. ;ere 3oun2/ &e onlB -ointe2 out t5e 5ou.e o3 S5au=at ;5o ;a. in t5e .a,e lo4alitB on t5e 15t5 e4e,?er, 2001 ;5i45 i. an inno4uou. 4ir4u,.tan4e/ !5ou:5 t5ere i. .o,e 2i.-ute on t5i. a.-e4t, ;e are in4line2 to ?elieve t5e evi2en4e o3 t5e inve.ti:atin: o33i4er. ?e4au.e A3.an 'uru, in 5er .tate,ent un2er Se4tion 313, .tate2 t5at 'ilani ;a. ;it5 t5e -oli4e ;5en t5eB 4a,e to 5er 5ou.e/ %ne ,ore i,-ortant a.-e4t t5at 2e.erve. ,ention i. t5at t5ere i. not5in: to .5o; t5at t5e in3or,ation 3urni.5e2 ?B 'ilani le2 to t5e 2i.4overB o3 3a4t. .u45 a. i2enti3i4ation o3 t5e 2e4ea.e2 terrori.t., re4overB o3 45e,i4al., -oli4e uni3or,. et4/, at t5e 5i2eout./ !5at ;a. all 2one on t5e ?a.i. o3 in3or,ation. 3urni.5e2 ?B ot5er a44u.e2/ !5ere i. no ineEtri4a?le lin= ?et;een t5e alle:e2 in3or,ation. 3urni.5e2 ?B 'ilani an2 t5e 3a4t. 2i.4overe2/ $one o3 t5e inve.ti:atin: o33i4er. 2e-o.e2 to t5e e33e4t t5at on t5e ?a.i. o3 in3or,ation 3urni.5e2 ?B 'ilani, anB in4ri,inatin: arti4le. ;ere re4overe2 or 5i2eout. ;ere 2i.4overe2/ %n t5e ot5er 5an2, t5e evi2en4e 2i.4lo.e. t5e .u-ervenin: in3or,ation. ;5i45 le2 t5e I/%./ to 2i.4over t5e t5in:./ !5e 2i.4lo.ure ,e,o 5a. al.o ?een a..aile2 (EEt/)F##C13) on t5e :roun2 t5at t5e arre.t o3 'ilani ;a. ,ani-ulate2 an2 t5ere3ore no 4re2en4e .5all ?e :iven to t5e -oli4e re4or2./ F5erea. a44or2in: to 'ilani, t5e ti,e o3 arre.t ;a. at 1/30 -/,/ on 1"t5 e4e,?er, 2001 ;5ile 5e ;a. :oin: in a ?u., a44or2in: to t5e I/%/, t5e arre.t ;a. e33e4te2 at a?out 10 a/,/ on 15t5 e4e,?er, ;5en 5e ;a. a?out to enter 5i. 5ou.e/ !5ou:5 t5e ti,e o3 arre.t at 10 a/,/ 2oe. not a--ear to ?e 4orre4t in vie; o3 t5e in3or,ation ;5i45 ;a. alrea2B -a..e2 on to Srina:ar re:ar2in: t5e tru4= o3 S5au=at t5ere are 4ertain 2ou?t3ul 3eature. in t5e ver.ion o3 'ilani too t5at t5e arre.t ;a. e33e4te2 on t5e a3ternoon o3 1"t5 e4e,?er, 2001/ It i. not ne4e..arB to 2elve into t5i. que.tion 3urt5er 3or t5e -ur-o.e o3 2i.-o.al o3 t5i. a--eal/ !5e la.t 4ir4u,.tan4e ;5i45 nee2. to ?e 2i.4u..e2 i. a?out t5e tele-5oni4 4onver.ation ?et;een 'ilani an2 5i. ?rot5er S5a5 +aiGal on t5e 1"t5 e4e,?er 2001 at 12/22 5our./ &i. ?rot5er S5a5 +aiGal eEa,ine2 a. /F/ O #, .-o=e 3ro, @ara,ulla5CSrina:ar, ;5i45 ;a. inter4e-te2 an2 re4or2e2 on ta-e, EE/ )/F/ ##C1, ;5i45 4onver.ation ;a. a2,itte2/ !5e 2i.-ute i. onlB a?out t5e inter-retation o3 4ertain ;or2. u.e2 in t5at -5one 4onver.ation/ !5e 4onver.ation ;a. in Aa.5,iri lan:ua:e, ;5i45 ;a. tran.late2 into &in2i ?B )/F/ 1 01, a Boun: ,an ;5o.e e2u4ational quali3i4ation ;a. onlB 6 .tan2ar2/ A. it ;a. an or2inarB 4olloquial 4onver.ation, t5ere i. no 2i33i4ultB in

09

t5e .-ee45 ?ein: tran.late2 ?B a le.. e2u4ate2 -er.on/ A. a:ain.t t5i. tran.lation, t5e 2e3en.e ver.ion o3 tran.lation ;a. :iven ?B /F./ 1 1 J 2/ !5e relevant -ortion o3 t5e .-ee45 a. tran.late2 ?B )/F/ 1 01 i. a. 3ollo;.: Caller: (@ot5er o3 'ilani) F5at 5ave Bou 2one in el5iP Re4eiver: ('ilani) It i. ne4e..arB to 2o (;5ile lau:5in:) ( E5 45e Gururi)/ Caller: Ju.t ,aintain 4al, no;/ Re4eiver: %/A/ (;5ile lau:5in:)F5ere i. @a.5anP !5i. -ortion o3 t5e 4onver.ation a--ear. al,o.t to;ar2. t5e en2 o3 tal=/ !5e 2e3en4e ver.ion o3 tran.lation i. a. 3ollo;.: Caller: (@rot5er o3 'ilani) F5at 5a. 5a--ene2P Re4eiver: ('ilani) F5at, in el5iP

Caller: F5at 5a. 5a--ene2 in el5iP Re4eiver: &aU &aU &aU (lau:5in:) Caller: RelaE no;/ Re4eiver: &aU &aU &aU, %/A/ F5ere are Bou in Srina:arP !5e 4ontrover.B i. 4entere2 on t5e -oint, ;5et5er t5e ;or2. ME5 45e GururiM ;ere u.e2 ?B 'ilani or not/ A44or2in: to t5e -ro.e4ution t5e.e ;or2. in2i4ate t5e .tate o3 ,in2 o3 'ilani in relation to t5e atro4iou. in4i2ent in el5i t5e -reviou. 2aB/ !5e &i:5 Court 4o,,ente2 t5u. in -ara:ra-5 3"#: M urin: t5e 5earin: o3 t5e a--eal, ;e 5a2 4alle2 3or t5e ta-e 3ro, *al=5ana an2 in t5e -re.en4e o3 t5e -artie. -laBe2 t5e .a,e/ In2ee2 t5e voi4e ;a. .o inau2i?le t5at ;e 4oul2 not ,a=e 5ea2 or tail o3 t5e 4onver.ation/ Fe trie2 our ?e.t to -i4= u- t5e -5oneti4al .oun2. ;5ere t5ere ;a. a 2i.-ute a. to ;5at ;or2. ;ere u.e2, ?ut ;ere una?le to 2o .o/ !e.ti,onB o3 )F "8 reveal. t5at 5e 4oul2 not analB.e t5e tal= a. it ;a. 5i:5lB inau2i?le/ )F "8 i. a -5oneti4 eE-ert/ I3 5e 4oul2 not 4o,-re5en2 t5e 4onver.ation in a 4learlB au2i?le tone, t5e -ro?a?ilitB o3 or2inarB laB,an -i4=in: u- t5e -5oneti4 .oun2. 2i33erentlB 4annot ?e rule2 out/ !5e -ro.e4ution ;itne.., )F 01, Ra.5i2, ;5o -re-are2 a tran.4ri-t o3 t5e ta-e i. 3i3t5 4la.. -a.. an2 it ;a. not 5i. -ro3e..ion to -re-are tran.4ri-t o3 ta-e2 4onver.ation/ !5e -o..i?ilitB o3 5i. ?ein: in error 4annot ?e rule2 out/ @ene3it o3 2ou?t ,u.t :o to t5e 2e3en4e/M &o;ever t5e trial Court too= t5e vie; t5at t5e tran.lation ?B )F 01 a--eare2 to ?e 4orre4t/ !5e learne2 Coun.el 3or t5e State .u?,it. t5at t5e &i:5 Court .5oul2 not 5ave 2i.4ar2e2 t5i. -ie4e o3 evi2en4e on t5e :roun2 o3 inau2i?ilitB, ;5en t;o o3 t5e 2e3en4e ;itne..e. 4oul2 5ear an2 tran.late it/ &o;ever, t5e 3a4t re,ain. t5at t5e &i:5 Court ;a. not a?le to ,a=e out t5e ;or2. u.e2 nor t5e -5oneti4 eE-ert )F "8/ *oreover, t5ere are 2i33erent ver.ion. o3 tran.lation/ !5e 2e3en4e ver.ion 5avin: ?een tran.late2 ?B -er.on. -ro3i4ient in Aa.5,iri an2 &in2i, t5e vie; ta=en ?B t5e &i:5 Court .ee,. to u. to ?e rea.ona?le/ At anB rate, t5ere i. roo, 3or 2ou?t/ $o 2ou?t, a. -er t5e 2e-o.ition o3 F #, t5e ?rot5er o3 'ilani an2 t5e ver.ion o3 'ilani in 5i. .tate,ent un2er Se4tion 313, t5e relevant querB an2 an.;er ;a. in t5e 4onteEt o3 quarrel ?et;een 5i, an2 5i. ;i3e ;it5 re:ar2 to t5e Aa.5,ir tri- 2urin: Ei2 a--ear. to ?e 3al.e in vie; o3 t5e tenor o3 t5e 4onver.ation/ At t5e .a,e ti,e, in vie; o3 t5e 2i.4re-ant ver.ion., on an overall 4on.i2eration, ;e are not in4line2 to 2i.tur? t5e 3in2in: o3 t5e &i:5 Court/ &o;ever, ;e ;oul2 li=e to a2vert to one 2i.tur?in: 3eature/ 'ilani re7oi4e2 an2 lau:5e2 5eartilB ;5en t5e el5i event ;a. rai.e2 in t5e 4onver.ation/ It rai.e. a .eriou. .u.-i4ion t5at 5e ;a. a--rovin: o3 t5e 5a--enin:. in el5i/ *oreover, 5e 4a,e 3or;ar2 ;it5 a 3al.e ver.ion t5at t5e re,ar= ;a. ,a2e in t5e 4onteEt o3 2o,e.ti4 quarrel/ Fe 4an onlB .aB t5at 5i. 4on2u4t, ;5i45 i. not onlB evi2ent 3ro, t5i. 3a4t, ?ut al.o t5e untrut53ul -lea. rai.e2 ?B 5i, a?out 5i. 4onta4t. ;it5 S5au=at an2 A3Gal, :ive ri.e to .eriou. .u.-i4ion at lea.t a?out 5i. =no;le2:e o3 t5e in4i2ent an2 5i. ta4it a--roval o3 it/ At t5e .a,e ti,e, .u.-i4ion 5o;ever .tron: 4annot ta=e t5e -la4e o3 le:al -roo3/ !5ou:5 5i. 4on2u4t ;a. not a?ove ?oar2, t5e Court 4annot 4on2e,n 5i, in t5e a?.en4e o3 .u33i4ient evi2en4e -ointin: un,i.ta=a?lB to 5i. :uilt/ In vie; o3 t5e 3ore:oin: 2i.4u..ion ;e a33ir, t5e ver2i4t o3 t5e &i:5 Court an2 ;e u-5ol2 t5e a4quittal o3 S/A/R/ 'ilani o3 all 45ar:e./

80

21/ CASE %+ A+SA$ '(R( 8 $A6J%! SA$ &( !5e trial Court 4onvi4te2 5er o3 t5e o33en4e un2er Se4tion 123 I)C i,-utin: 5er t5e =no;le2:e o3 4on.-ira4B an2 4on4ealin: t5e evi2en4e o3 2e.i:n to ;a:e ;ar ?B rea.on o3 5er ille:al o,i..ion to in3or, t5e -oli4e/ !5e &i:5 Court a4quitte2 5er o3 t5e 45ar:e/ Fe are o3 t5e vie; t5at t5e &i:5 Court i. 3ullB 7u.ti3ie2 in 2oin: .o/ !5e -ro.e4ution 4a.e a:ain.t t5i. a44u.e2, ;5o i. t5e ;i3e o3 S5au=at &u..ain, i. ;ea=, e.-e4iallB, in t5e li:5t o3 t5e eE4lu.ion o3 4on3e..ional .tate,ent. o3 4o1a44u.e2 O S5au=at an2 A3Gal/ !5e &i:5 Court 5el2 t5e 4on3e..ion. ina2,i..i?le a:ain.t t5e 4o1a44u.e2 an2 ;e 5ave eE-re..e2 t5e .a,e vie;/ In4i2entallB, ;e ,aB ,ention t5at even t5e 4on3e..ion. o3 4o1a44u.e2 2o not attri?ute to 5er in 4lear ter,. t5e role o3 4on.-irator, t5ou:5 on t5e ?a.i. o3 4on3e..ion. it 4oul2 -er5a-. ?e 5el2 t5at .5e ;a. in t5e =no; o3 t5in:. ;ell ?e3ore t5e -lanne2 atta4= on t5e )arlia,ent/ In 3a4t, t5ere ;a. no eart5lB rea.on 3or invitin: 5er to 7oin t5e 4on.-ira4B/ S5e ;a. -re:nant ?B t5en/ !5en it i. to ?e note2 t5at no re4overie. ;ere e33e4te2 at 5er in.tan4e 4o,in: ;it5in t5e -urvie; o3 Se4tion 20 o3 t5e Evi2en4e A4t a. inter-rete2 ?B u. an2 t5e &i:5 Court/ )ra4ti4allB t5ere i. no evi2en4e le3t to ?rin: 5er ;it5in t5e -urvie; o3 Se4tion 123 I)C ,u45 le.. ;it5in t5e net o3 4on.-ira4B to ;a:e ;ar an2 to 4o,,it terrori.t a4t/ In2i.-uta?lB, no -o.itive or -arti4i-atorB role 5a. ?een attri?ute2 to 5er an2 a. ri:5tlB o?.erve2 ?B t5e &i:5 Court, M.5e -rovi2e2 no lo:i.ti4.D .5e -ro4ure2 no 5i2eout.D .5e -ro4ure2 no ar,. an2 a,,unitionD .5e ;a. not even a ,otivator/M S5e 4oul2 5ave 5a2 .o,e =no;le2:e o3 t5e .u.-i4iou. ,ove,ent. o3 5er 5u.?an2 ;it5 A3Gal ;5o i. 5i. 4ou.in an2 a .urren2ere2 ,ilitant/ %3 4our.e, .5e ;a. a;are o3 t5e 3a4t t5at S5au=at a44o,-anie2 ?B A3Gal le3t in 5er tru4= on t5e 2aB o3 )arlia,ent atta4= in -o.t15a.teD ?ut, t5e involve,ent o3 A3Gal, 2ire4t or in2ire4t, an2 t5e attitu2e o3 5er 5u.?an2 in relation to t5e )arlia,ent atta4= 4oul2 5ave 4o,e to 5er =no;le2:e a3ter t5e atta4= ;5en t5eB a?ru-tlB le3t 3or Srina:ar in t5e tru4=/ !5e -ro.e4ution .ou:5t to relB on 5er 2i.4lo.ure ,e,o EE/ )F ##C1" ?ut not5in: ;a. re4overe2 a. a 2ire4t re.ult o3 t5e in3or,ation :iven ?B 5er/ %3 4our.e, a. 3ar a. -a..in: on t5e in3or,ation re:ar2in: t5e tru4= ?B ;5i45 S5au=at le3t 3or Srina:ar, t5ere i. no 2i.-ute/ @ut t5e re4overB o3 la-to- et4/ 3ro, t5e tru4= i. not 2i.tin4tlB relata?le to t5e in3or,ation 4ontaine2 in t5e alle:e2 2i.4lo.ure .tate,ent/ !5e arti4le. in t5e tru4= ;ere re4overe2 at t5e in.tan4e o3 A3Gal an2 S5au=at ;5en it ;a. inter4e-te2 at Srina:ar/ Fe 3in2 no lin= ?et;een t5e 2i.4lo.ure an2 t5e re4overie. a. a 4au.e an2 e33e4t/ !5e neEt -ie4e o3 evi2en4e relie2 a:ain.t 5er i. t5e tele-5oni4 4onver.ation .5e 5a2 ;it5 5er 5u.?an2 S5au=at on t5e ni:5t o3 1"t5 e4e,?er ;5i45 ;a. ta-e2/ Fe 5ave 5el2 t5at t5e &i:5 Court erre2 in 2ou?tin: t5e aut5enti4itB o3 t5e .ai2 inter4e-te2 4onver.ation re4or2e2 on t5e ta-e/ !5e 4all ;a. re4eive2 ?B A3.an on t5e )5one $o/ 981150350# an2 t5e 4aller ;a. 5er 5u.?an2/ !5e voi4e o3 ?ot5 5a. ?een i2enti3ie2 ?B t5e eE-ert, a. alrea2B note2/ !5e 4onver.ation rea2. t5u.: 1"/12/2001 !i,e: 2013 5r. 981150350# Caller: &ello I a,U Fa. t5ere anB tele-5oni4 4allP (S5au=at) Re4eiver: S5au=at ;5ere are BouP (A3.an) Caller: I a, in Srina:ar/ Re4eiver: Rea45e2 t5ere/ Caller: Ie./ Re4eiver: So,e -er.on 5a2 4o,e 7u.t no;/ Caller: +ro, ;5ereP Re4eiver: I 2on>t =no;/ on>t .aB anBt5in:/ Caller: %/A/ Re4eiver: I 2on>t =no; t5eB are ;it5 t5e la2B o3 :roun2 3loor/ So,e ve5i4le i. .till -ar=e2 out.i2e/ Caller: %/A/ Re4eiver: I 2on>t =no;/ I 2i2 not .-ea= anBt5in:/ Caller: %/A/ Alri:5t/ Re4eiver: !ell ,ore, 2on>t .-ea= anBt5in: no; an2 tell ,e/ I a, ,u45 a3rai2/ Caller: $o, $o not5in: 2ear, %/A Re4eiver: Are Bou 3ineP Caller: Ie., Ie./ Re4eiver: Rea45e2 .a3elBP Caller: Ie., Ie./ Re4eiver: An2 C5otuP Caller: Ie., Ie./ Re4eiver: o Bou =no;P Caller: Ie., Ie. alri:5t Bou ,aB ,a=e a 4all/ Re4eiver: F5enP

81

Caller: In t5e ni:5t ri:5t no;/ I a, 4allin: 3ro, out.i2e Re4eiver: Alri:5t I ;ill 4all u- to,orro; (;5ile ;ee-in:) Caller: %/A/ A. ri:5tlB o?.erve2 ?B t5e &i:5 Court it .5o;. t5at MS5au=at an2 A3.an ;ere tal=in: ?et;een t5e line./ A3.an ;a. .4are2/M An in3eren4e 4an ?e 2ra;n t5at .5e ;a. 4on4erne2 a?out t5e .a3etB o3 S5au=at an2 t5at .5e ;a. a;are t5at S5au=at an2 A3Gal 2i2 .o,et5in: t5at attra4te2 -oli4e .urveillan4e/ @ut 3ro, t5i. 4ir4u,.tan4e alone, no in3eren4e 4an ?e 2ra;n ;it5 a rea.ona?le 2e:ree o3 4ertaintB t5at .5e ;a. 5avin: =no;le2:e o3 t5e -lan to atta4= t5e )arlia,ent ?e3ore it 5a--ene2/ !5e .4antB evi2en4e on re4or2 2oe. not 7u.ti3B 5er 4onvi4tion eit5er on t5e 45ar:e. 3ra,e2 a:ain.t 5er or un2er Se4tion 123 I)C 3or ;5i45 .5e ;a. 5el2 :uiltB ?B t5e trial Court/ !5e &i:5 Court>. vie; i. uneE4e-tiona?le/ 22/ I$ !&E RES(L!, ;e 2i.,i.. t5e a--eal 3ile2 ?B *o52/ A3Gal an2 t5e 2eat5 .enten4e i,-o.e2 u-on 5i, i. 5ere?B 4on3ir,e2/ !5e a--eal o3 S5au=at i. allo;e2 -artlB/ &e .tan2. 4onvi4te2 un2er Se4tion 123 I)C an2 .enten4e2 to un2er:o RI 3or 10 Bear. an2 to -aB a 3ine o3 R./ 25,000C1 an2 in 2e3ault o3 -aB,ent o3 3ine 5e .5all .u33er RI 3or a 3urt5er -erio2 o3 one Bear/ &i. 4onvi4tion on ot5er 45ar:e. i. 5ere?B .et a.i2e/ !5e a--eal. 3ile2 ?B t5e State a:ain.t t5e a4quittal o3 S/A/R/ 'ilani an2 A3.an 'uru are 5ere?B 2i.,i..e2/

82