CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background Language is maintained and inherited from one generation to the others. This

heritance is not just given; rather it must be learned by every speaker of the language. Linguistic define that language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol by means of which social group cooperates (Bloch 1942:5)7 Wardaugh (1987) "each of the human community insists has a language although in simple language". He said by language the community can understand each other to form one of speech community. Bloomfield (1973: 67) asserts, "A speech community could be defined as all those who make the responses to asset of language pattern all a group of people who interact by means of speech". We can say that the group of people or the community is a speech community. So, speech community is not only a group of people who used the same language, but a group of people who has the same norms in using language forms. (Abdul Chaer and Agustina; 1945). Then Wardaugh in Ainun (1999: 11) define speech community as "a speech community is no more than same kinds of social group whose speech characteristic are of interest and can be described in coherent manner". Each language which functions as the primary language for communication for the ethnic group reflects the culture of its users. The language of a particular ethnic group maybe called a vernacular. Cia-cia language as a vernacular in Buton islands it has same function with other vernacular in Indonesia.

Cia-Cia Language is one of the languages which exist in Southeast Sulawesi exactly in Buton Island. This language is kept by the society that uses Cia-cia as their daily language. Furthermore, name of Cia-cia language is firstly introduced by Hamzah la Jura, BA. This word based on the verb that all local language which integrated in Cia-Cia Language has the same word that is "Cia" (No). (Jumanto; 1998 : 3). The native speaker area of Cia-Cia Language is spread in seven sub districts in Buton Island; they are Pasarwajo, Batauga, Sampolawa, Lasalimu Selatan, Binongko, Batu atas and Sorawolio sub district. Cia-cia language besides it is also as a tool of communication is used as means to support the community culture like art, wedding parties, traditional ceremonial and expression of ethnic identity. Many researchers of Cia-cia language have been done namely Abdullah et.al. "Struktur Bahasa Cia-cia" (1991) Sailan et.al. "Analisis Kategori Bahasa Cia-cia" (1993). The other researchers, Konisi "Analisis Kategori Kata Bahasa Cia-cia Dialect Pedalaman" (2000) and "Kontruksi Verba Aktif-Pasif Bahasa Cia-cia Liwungau" (2001) and Jumanto "Passive Voice in Cia-cia Language" (1998).

1.2. Rationale In daily activities, language can be defined as tool of communication between member of society to convey our ideas by using system of symbol, sign or behavior. By realizing the necessary of the local language function in related to the growth, the developing of national language and interest of the right of developing language as one of the cultures aspect the local language should be developed and saved, unexceptionally the Cia-cia language.

Like the other local language in Indonesia Cia-Cia Language has morphology and syntax form specifically. One of morphology process is reduplication system, in Cia-cia language the system of reduplication has not been described detail and briefly. So, the writer wants to give a clear description about its reduplication system in this research. The other reason why writer choose reduplicaton of Cia-Cia Language in this researches in Indonesia linguistic has been using the terms collection as reduplication Java and Sunda language such as: Dwilingga (Pengulangan bentuk asal), Dwilingga Sahiswara (Pengulangan bentuk asal dengan perubahan fonem), Dwi Purwa (pengulangan pada suk.0 pertama), Dwiwasana (Pengulangan pada akhir bentuk asal) and Trilingga (Pengulangan bentuk asal tiga kali) (Verhaar in Sjahrudin Kaseng, dkk 1983). By this reason, the writer is interested to do a research of Cia-cia language in morphological aspect by giving the title

Reduplication in Cia-cia Language.

1.3. Problem Statement. In relation to the title of this study and the description in the above background, the problem statement in this research is "What are form and meaning of reduplication in Ciacia language used in sentence?

1.4. Objective of the Research The main objective in this research is to attempts a description of reduplication in Cia-Cia language about the form and meaning brought about by reduplication.

1.5. Utility of the Research The expected utility that hoped by the writer of this research are as follows: 1. To give information, a basic knowledge and understanding of Cia-Cia language, especially the reduplication of cia-cia languange. 2. To facilitate the further investigation for other research in Cia-Cia . 3. To support the development and perpetuation of Cia-Cia language.

1.6. Scope of the Research The scope of this research, the writer was limitted at reduplication in Cia-cia language that consists of reduplication of verb, reduplication of noun, and reduplication of adjective.

1.7. Definition of Terms In this research, the writer defines the most important terms, they are: a. Cia,cia language is the language that is used by people in Pasarwajo, Batauga, Sampolawa, Lasalimu Selatan, Binongko, Batu Atas and Sorays olio as their daily communication. b. Form, in this research is a form of reduplication in Cia-cia language, namely Full reduplication, Partial reduplication, and reduplication with affixation. c. Meaning, in this research is about reduplication meaning in Cia-cia language.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related to the title of the research the writer uses some of literatures to arrange this research that is relevant and support the research. 2.1. Review of Previous Studies in Cia-Cia Language The previous study about Cia-cia Language has been conducted by Abdullah et.al. "Struktur Bahasa Cia-Cia", Sailan et.al. "analisis Kategori Bahasa Cai-Cia", Jumanto "Passive Voice in Cia-Cia Language", Zakir "Idiom in Cia-cia Language "beside that the morfology of Cia-Cia language has been conducted by Konisi (2003) in his study "Struktur Morfologi Bahasa Cia-cia iwungae. In this study discussed about affixation, compounding and disscused about reduplication in generally. He discussed about affixation and compounding more clearly than the reduplication. So he gave suggestion to other researchers to do more. Konisi said that" in generally form of reduplication in Cia-cia language consist of two kind they are full reduplication and partial reduplication". Full reduplication example: hamotahamota, ghangka-ghangka, and lala-lala. Partial

reduplication example: ungkaungkaka, ande-andea and wicu-wicuko. He only made a list of words reduplication without followed by sentences and did not discuss about the meaning of reduplication more detail. Actually, what Konisi has done is only to find in generally the form and the meaning of reduplication in Cia-cia language. So the writer tried to conduct a study of reduplication in Cia-cia language more clearly especially form and meaning.

2.2. Reduplication Basically reduplication is the result of morphological process which has some forms or kinds of reduplication. According to Ramlan (1987) reduplication is repetition of grammatical unit either in whole or part either with phoneme variation or not. The unit that is reduplicated is called base form and its result is called reduplication word. In addition Chaer (1994) argues that reduplication is the instrument of morphology toward base word, affix word, and compound word. The word which formed as the result of reduplication process is called reduplication word. According to Wardaugh (1987) that reduplication is a process in which a word or a part of a word is repeated for example: wishy-wishy, and mish-mash. Furthermore Quirk in Yasir (2004) categorizes the reduplication as compaund form. I lis argument can be caused by the lack of the reduplication phenomenon in English. According to him, compound form has two or more elements which is quite identical of different to the basic form of word. As example goody-goody is different from goody. On the other hand the form crisscross identical cross. Kridlaksana (1984: 167) "Reduplication is a process and result repetition in a language as tool of fonology and grammatical" example in Indonesia language: rumahrumah, tetamu, bolak-balik dan sebagainya. Furthermore Sutawijaya (1996) "Reduplication is a proccess to form word trough repetition on base word, is it full reduplication, partial reduplication, reduplication combining with affixes and reduplication with phoneme variation or not. According to Nida (1962), "reduplication is a comprehensive repeating or partial of the root or stem" A form of stem that is repeated overall can be seen in Tojolabal language;

oc "come in" becomes ocoe "slowly come in". In some root forms, we can find three times repeating reduplication, such in San Blas language used in Panama: mu a "move" becomes mu.a mu.a "continuously move" and becomes mu.a mu.a mu.a "move strongly and continuously". These words are used to describe the movement of wave in the sea.

2.3. Form of Reduplication Ramlan in Sumarmin (1999: 8) explains, "The forming word process by reduplication of basic form is named reduplication process" for example: sepedasepeda, memukul-mukul, gerak-gerik, and buah-buahan, the basic form of those words are sepeda, pukul, gerak, and buah. Parera (1994) explain that "reduplication form is a morphological process that always consists of two or more morphemes". Kuda-kuda "horses'. in Indonesian language for example: consist of two morphemes: kuda "horse" as first morpheme and its repeating as second one. Sayur mayur "vegetables" in Indonesia language consist of sayur as one morpheme and mayur as the other one. Furthermore Ramlan (1987) categorizes reduplication into four namely full reduplication, partial reduplicatiom, reduplication with affixation and reduplication by changing of phoneme. According to Sutawijaya at al, (1996: 130) each of reduplication word has reduplicated unit, the unit is named `bentuk dasar' or basic form. Based upon the way to reduplicate the basic form, classified reduplication into four classes, they are: 1. Full reduplication Examples: Rumah-rumah, which comes up from the basic form rumah, meja-meja comes up from the basic form meja and sekolah-sekolah, which comes up from the

basic form sekolah 2. Partial reduplication Examples: membaca-baca, terbatuk-batuk, bersiap-siap. 3. Reduplication by combining the affixes process Examples: Mobil-mobilan, jelek-jelekan, buah-buahan. 4. Reduplication by changing of phoneme Examples: Gerak-gerik, serba-serbi, lauk-pauk, ramah-tamah. 2.3.1. Full reduplication Simatupang (1983) defines full reduplication as repeating all base form. While Sutawijaya at al. (1985) defines full reduplication as the reduplication of all underlying base form totally without undergoing phonemic changes. furthermore Sailan (1990) "Full Reduplication is repeat all base form without phonemic variation and without affixes combination, and its meaning is relate with its base form. 2.3.2. Partial reduplication According to Sailan (1990) "Partial reduplication is a form of reduplication only repeat on part of base form". Furthermore Simatupang (1983) " Partial reduplication consist of two kind namely regressive and progressive reduplication. Regressive reduplication is a kind of partial reduplication in which the repeated part of the basic element is on the left said. While progressive reduplication is a kind of partial redulication where the repeated part of the basic element is on the right side. 2.3.3. Reduplication with affixation According to Mulyono (2003)," Reduplication with affixation is the process of reduplication by reduplicating on its base form and then followed by affixes attachment.

Furthermore, Simatupang (1983) described "Reduplication with affixation is the reduplication form which gets affix, either in the first base form or in the second base form. 2.3.4. Reduplication by changing of phoneme According to Mulyono (2003) "Reduplication by changing of phoneme is very difficult to determine of its base form". For example in Indonesian language: compangcamping, pontag-panting, and mondar-mandir. He said reduplication by changing of phoneme is full reduplication from the other language.

2.4. The Function of Reduplication Sutawijaya in Arifin (2004) states that function of reduplication is the all of appointment of category or kind of other word as the effect of redupication process. Based on the definition above, every function has to be given according to category that resulted. Function which resulting noun called noun function, function which resulting adjective called adjective function, function which resulting adverb called adverb function and function which resulting numeral called numeral function. Whereas, Ramlan (1987) states that reduplication have two function namely grammatical and semantical functions. Gramatical function relates with the form of language unit, while semantical function relates with the meaning of language unit. Both of those functions cannot be separated one to another, because the change of language unit will also modify its semantic identity.

2.5. The Meaning of Reduplication Mad'ie in Arifin (1984) stated that the meaning of reduplication devided into two items, they are: a. Grammatical meaning is a meaning that its formulation predictable based on similarities that valid grammaticaly. b. Non grammatical meaning is a meanig that does not follow, the general norm of grammar in language. According to Mulyono (2003) "The meaning appear in reduplication process is a grammatical meaning and it is not the lexical meaning-. Example in Indonesian language: orang, mobil, and kursi each of them have their own lexical meaning but if those words repeated become orang-orang, mobil-mobil and kursikursi, their meaning is various. According to M.Sikki in Sutawijaya (1996) the meaning reduplication is grammatical meaning which appear because of reduplication process. Furthermore Simatupang in Maslan (2001) said that the meaning of reduplication can be classified as follows: 1. Express the meaning 'plural'. Example:

a. Sekolah-sekolah itu terpencil b. Sepeda-sepeda itu tersimpan di gudang c. Lukisan-lukisan itu milik Abdul Haris d. The meaning of sekolah-sekolah, sepeda-sepeda, and lukisan-lukisan are plural
2. Express the meaning `unlimitted'. Example:

a. Hujan-hujan datang juga in ke rumah saya b. Mentah-mentah dimakannya juga buah itu c. Tua-tua senang juga is berdisk

d. The meaning of hujan-hujan, mentah-mentah, and tua-tua are same with although
3. Express the meaning 'diminutive/replica'. Example:

a. Anak-anakan b. Kuda-kudaan c. Mobil-mobilan d. Anak-anakan, kuda-kudaan, and mobil-mobilan their meaning is diminutive/replica.
4. Express the meaning to do an activity more than one (continuously/repeatdly). Example:

a. Bernyanyi-nyanyi: to sing continuously b. Berteriak-teriak: scream continuously c. Memukul-mukul: to hit repeatdly

5. Express the meaning to do an activity for relax. Example:

a. Mereka sedan duduk-duduk di teras rumah b. Orang membaca-baca majalah di ruang tunggu c. Sudah lama anak itu tidur-tiduran di lantai d. The reduplication meaning of duduk-duduk, membaca-baca, and tidur-tiduran is
relax 6. Express the meaning reciprocal. example:

a. Mereka caci-mencaci mencari kejelekan masing-masing b. Kedua remaja itu berpandang-pandangan dari kejauhan c. Kedua sahabat itu bersurat-suratan selama dua tahun
7. Express the meaning case that connected with work which mentioned on base form. Example:

a. Karang-mengarang: something relate with composing b. Jahit-menjahit: something relate with sewing c. Masak-memasak: something relate with cooking
8. Express the meaning 'rather'. Example: a. Kehijau-hijauan: greenish b. Keputih-putihan: whitish c. Kehitam-hitaman: blackish 9. Express the meaning about superlative. Example: a. Serajin-rajinnya: as diligent as possible b. Sepenuh-penuhnya: as full as possible c. Sebaik-baiknya: as well as possible

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1. Design of the Research In this research the writer used descriptive design. It means that data of this research based on the fact or phenomenon empirically. So it absolutely describes factual and natural data gotten in the field of the research. This relating to Djajasudarma's opinion (1993:15) that "metode descriptive digunakan apabila penelitian memusatkan pada ciri atau sifat bahasa secara alami atau apa adanya berdasarkan fakta yang ada".

3.2. Source of Data Data sources that used in this research were field and library source. The field data means that the data was taken from informants through translation technique. The data from library were gathered by finding the folktale (appendix 2 and 3), the writer select its reduplication word. To get data field, the writer has chosen three informants. The informants that had been chosen were live in Warinta village, Pasarwajo sub district in Buton regency as the object place of this research. The informants that had been taken must fulfil the following criteria. 1. 2. 3. 4. Native speaker of Cia-cia language. The age is between 26-56 years old. Having complete organs of speech. Having background of education.

5.

Fluent in Indonesian and Cia-cia language (Mahsum in Jumanto 1998: 9)

3.3. Method of Research In getting the clear and the descriptive data, the writer uses some methods. Those methods are as follows. 1. Library method, it was done by reading some linguistic books which related to the object of the research and to get the additional data namely folktale. It is also very useful in helping the writer to study the theory of linguistics that applied in this research. 2. Field method, it is taken directly from the research object.

3.4. Technique of Data Collection The following are technique of data collection of this study. 3.4.1. Translation In doing this technique the writer asked the informants to translate a number of sentences in Indonesia language to Cia-cia language which have been prepared by the writer. The informants translate a number of sentences by writing. 3.4.2. Elicitation This technique was used to check the validity of achieved data by asking to the other informants of this research. It means that after the writer getting the translated data from the first informant particulary, the writer met the second and the third informants to ask whether the data was corect or not.

3.4.3. Introspection This technique was applied to recheck the doubtful data found in this research. To clarify the gotten data, the writer introspected based on natural usage of target language in speech community of Cia-cia language. The writer introspected all the achieved data by using the writer's background knowledge as one of native speaker of Cia-cia language.

3.5. Steps of Data Analysis 1. 2. 3. 4. To put the data in the right order Clasification, making classification the data according to the need of research. Rechecking the generalization by referring the data that had been prepared in the file. Translation, the sentence of cia-cia language translated based on English structure.

3.6. Technique of Data Analysis After collecting the data it was analyzed descriptively. The technique of descriptive analysis was used to describe the data gathered from the field namely reduplication of Ciacia language that consists of reduplication of verb, reduplication of noun, and reduplication of adjective. The technique of data analysis, the researcher conducted technique as follow:

1. Identify the base form of reduplication 2. Determine the form of reduplication 3. Determine the meaning of the reduplication

CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION Talking about reduplication which related to the morphological process of Cia-cia language in particularly, the writer will discuss about reduplication form and meaning based on the problem statement in this research. 4.1. Reduplication of verb in Cia-cia Language In this section the writer discuss some forms and meaning of verb reduplication in Cia Cia language as follow: 4.1.1. The Full verb reduplication Full verb reduplication can be formed by repeating all base form without undergoing phonemic change and affixation. Bellow the examples of verb become full reduplication: / bhebe / / bhebe-bhebe / 1. ' to stirike ' to strike something repeatdly'

La Udi bhebe bhebe ganda. Per.pro strike continuously drum `La Udi strike a drum continuously' / cumpo / / cumpo-cumpo/ ' to cut' ' to cut something repeatdly'

2.

Arman cumpo cumpo sau iharoano kaana. Per.pro. cut continuously wood prep. house `Arman cut wood in front of the house repeatedly / baca / 'to read'

/ baca-baca/ 'reading repeatdly' 3. La Tane baca-baca boku iperpustakaan. Per.pro read continuously book i-(prep) library `La Tane read a book continuously in the library'

/ sira / / sira-sira /

'to water' 'to water repeatdly'

4. Wa Ani sira-sira kakammba iharoa sikola. Per.pro water continuously flower prep. school `Wa Ani water flowers repeatedly in front of school' Looking the examples above, it is clear that the words bhebebhebe'strike repeatdly',cumpo-cutnpo 'cut repeatdly',baca-baca 'read repetdly' and sira-sira `to water repeatdly' are words providing evidence of full reduplication in cia-cia languae. The words above are derived from the base form bhebe 'strike', cumpo'cur, baca 'read' and sira'w water'. Based on the examples above, the writer can conclude that the full verb reduplication in the cia-cia language is used to indicate repeatedly means that someone does something more than once. 4.1.2. Partial reduplication of verb Simatupang (1983) classified "Partial reduplication into regressive and

progressive reduplication, regressive reduplication is a kind of partial reduplication in which the repeated part of the basic element is on the left side and progressive reduplication is a kind of partial reduplication where the repeated part of the basic element is on the right side". Both of this reduplication is described in following discussion. 4.1.2.1. Regressive reduplication Regressive reduplication is partial reduplication of which the repeated part of the basic elements is on the left side. / pindongo / / pindo-pindongo / to listen' 'listen something for relax'

5. Indau pindo-pindongo radio ikaanau. I listen continuously radio i-(prep.) house (poss.)-u

`I listen radio program in my house for relax' / poroku / / poro-poroku / 6. Moia poro-poroku ' to drink' `to drink something for relax' kopi ikantino sikola.

They drink continuously coffe i-(prep.) Cafetaria School They drink coffe in school cafeteria for relax Looking at the examples above, it is clear that the word pindopindongo 'listen something for relax, and poro-poroku 'drink something for relax' are words indicating the regressive reduplication without affix of verb in cia-cia language. The words above is derived from the base loin pindongo `listen, and poroku 'drink'. Based on the example above the writer can conclude that the regressive reduplication above is used to indicate 'for relax'.The meaning of this reduplication is someone does something for relax. 4.1.2.2. Progressive reduplication Progressive reduplication is partial reduplication of reduplication also can be formed by reduplicating the basic element is on the right side. Progressive reduplication can be seen in the following example: / Pogira / / pogira-gira / 7. Moia pogira-gira 'to fight' 'to fight each other' idaoa.

They fight each other i-(prep.) market `They fight each other in the market'

Looking at the example above, it is clear that the word pogira-gira fight each other' indicating the progressive reduplication of verb in cia-cia language. The word above is derived from the base form pogira to fight Based on the example above the writer can conclude that the progressive reduplication above in Cia-cia language is used to indicate reciprocal activity means that two or more people do an activity mutually. 4.1.3. Reduplication with affixes In reduplication of verb in cia-cia language with affixes consist of preffix, conflix and suffix. 4.1.3.1.Reduplication of verbs with preffixes Prefix is an affix element which attaches in the first position of base words. The writer found preffixes of verb in Cia-Cia language arc introduced with: pi-. po-,and pika-. a. Reduplication with the Prefix PiThe reduplication of verb with preffix pi- in Cia-cia language can be seen in the following example: / ndole / / Pindole ndole 8. La Domai pindole-ndole Per.pro. lie down continuously to lie down' `lie down for relax' ikado'ou. i-(prep) bedroom-u(poss.)

`La Domai is lie down in my bedroom for relax' / Koja / / Pikoja-koja / 9. Ahmat nobundo 'to talk' `to talk for relax' wakutuuno indau pikoja-koja I mai Ali.

Per.pro. no-(3sr)come time

talk continuously conj. Ali

`Ahmat came when I and Ali were talking for relax' /hora / / pihora-hora / `to sit' `to sit for relax' iharoano kaana. house

10. La Siniani pihora-hora Per.pro.

sit continuously prep.

`La Siniani sit in front of house for relax' /antagi/ 'wait'

/pianta-antagi/ 'wait continuously'

b. Reduplication with the Pref.& poThe reduplication of verb with preffix po- in Cia-cia language can be seen in the following example: / sepa / /posepa-sepa / 'to kick' 'to kick each other' sabangkano. (conj.) frend (poss.)-no

13. Barabano bola mai posepa-sepa mai The player ball that kick each

`The football player kicks each other' /cumbu/ /pocumbu-cumbu/ 'hit' 'hit each other'

14. Moia pocumbu-cumbu idhaoa They hit each other i-(pre.) market

`They hit each other in the market' / kuadhi / `to pinch'

/ pokua-kuadhi / 15. Ani

'to pinch each other'

mai wati pokua-kuadhi.

Per.pro conj.wati pinch each other `Ani and Wati pinch each other' /kusai/ /pokusa-kusai/ Amir may Wati pokusa-kusai 'scratch' `scartch each other'

Per.pro conj. per pro. scratch each other `Amir and Wati scratch each other'

Looking at the examples above, it is clear that the words posepa-sepa to kick each other', pocumbu-cumbu 'to hit each other' and pokua-kuadhi 'to pinch each other' and pokusa-kusai `scartch each other' are words indicating the affixes reduplication of verb in cia-cia language. Each of those two words is derived from the base form sepa 'kick', cumbu 'hit kuadhi and kusai. The writer can conclude that the reduplication above in cia-cia language is used to indicate reciprocal activity means that two or more people doing an activity mutual each other. The meaning of this reduplication is to express the meaning mutually. c. Reduplication with the Preffix pikaThe reduplication of verb with preffix pika- in Cia-cia language can be seen in the following examples: /bundo/ /pikabundo-bundo/ 17. Per.pro. come repeatdly 'come' 'come repeatdly' Amin pikabundo-bundo ikaanau

i-(prep.) house (poss.)-u

`Amin often come in my house'

/tende/ /pikatende-tende/ 18. Per.pro. jump repeatdly

'jump' 'jump repeatdly' La Sapari pikatende-tende (prep.) table iwawono meja

`La Sapari often jump on the table' Looking at the examples above, it is clear that the words pikabundobundo 'come repeatdly', and pikatende-tende jump repeatdly' are words

indicating the affixes reduplication of verb in cia-cia language. The words above are derived from the base form bundo 'come' and tende jump'. The writer can conclude that the reduplication above in Cia-cia language is used to indicateing repeatdly, means that someone does an activity more than once. 4.1.3.2 Reduplication with conffix a. Reduplication of verb with conffix po-...-a The reduplication of verb with conffix pi-...-a in Cia-cia language can be seen in the following example: /rompu/ /porompu-rompua/ 19. Ibara danee 'get together' 'get together for meeting' porompu-rompua get together to meeting

In-(prep.) west season there is

`In the west season there is a meeting' Looking at the example above, it is clear that the word porompurompua 'get together for meeting' is word indicating the progressive reduplication without affix of verb in cia-cia

language. The word above is derived from the base form rompu 'get together'. The writer can conclude that the progressive reduplication above in cia-cia language is used to indicate reciprocal activity means that two or more people do an activity mutual each other. The meaning of this reduplication is to express the mutually.

b. Reduplication with Conffix pi-...-a The reduplication of verb with conffix pi-...-a in Cia-cia language can be seen in the following example: / bun / / piburi-buria / 20. Ali 'to write' 'a work relate with writing'

nomakida ilalono piburi-buria. prep. a work relate with writing

Per.pro. clever

`Ali is clever about a job relate with writing' / dheu / / pidheu-dheua / `to sew' 'a work relate with sewing'

21. Masalano pidheu-dheua dawuaso La Awal. A problem about sewing give Per.pro.

`A problem about a job relate with sewing give to La Awal' Looking at the examples above, it is clear that the words piburi-huria `a work relates with writing' and pidheu-dheua 'a work relate with sewing' are words indicating the affixes reduplication of verb in cia-cia language. Each of those two words is derived from the base form hurl 'write' and dhew 'to ,Phew'. Based on the two examples above the writer can conclude that the reduplication above in cia-cia

language is used to indicate "case connected with work", means that something relate with a work. The meaning of this reduplication is based on the meaning mentioned in the base of verb form.

4.1.3.3 Reduplication of verbs with suffix The reduplication of verb with suffix -e in Cia-cia language can be seen in the following example: / huda / huda-hudae' 22. Kolie huda-hudae Don't shake continuously `to shake' `to shake repeatdly' bunga ancu flower that

`Don't shake continuously that flowers' / bhebe / /bhebe-bhebee/ 23. Kolie bhebe-bhebee Don't hit continuously `to hit' `to hit repeatdly' beka ancu. cat that

`Don't hit that cat continuously' Looking at the examples above, it is clear that the words huda-hudae 'to shake repeatdly' and bhebe-bhebee 'to hit repeatdlly' are words indicating the affixes reduplication of verb in cia-cia language. Each of those two words is derived from the base form huda 'shake' and bhebe 'hit ' Based on the two examples above the writer can conclude that the reduplication above in cia-cia language is used to indicate "repeatdly", its mean someone does

something repeatdly. The meaning of this reduplication is to express the repeatedly meaning. 1.2 Reduplication of Noun in cia-cia language Reduplication of noun in Cia-cia language consists of: full reduplication and partial reduplication

4.2.1 Full reduplication of noun The full reduplication of noun in Cia-cia language can be seen in the following example: / sau / / sau-sau / 24. Kacumpono The part (poss.)-no woods 'wood' 'woods' sau-sau nomantale ilembono spread kaana.

i-(prep.) yard house

`The part of woods spread in yard of house' /behembe/ /behembe-bhembe/ 'goat' 'goats' expensive very

25. Bhembe-bhembe mangkee nomohali pali Goats that `Those goats are very expensive' I bhangko / / bhangko-bhangko / 'chairs' 26. Bhangko-bhangko cukee nomodakimo. Chairs that `That chairs was broken' /sea/ /sea-sea/ `ant' `ants' `chair'

broken

27. Sea-sea kokodi ana pande kukuci Ants small this often beat

`These small ants often heat' / piri / / piri-piri / 'plates' 'plate'

rewu / / rewu-rewu /

`rubish. `rubishes' i-

2Q. Kabhie rewu-rewu nakeana intampano rewu. Throw rubbishes this (prep)rubbishbin `Throw up these rubbishes in the rubbishbin'

Looking at the examples above, it is clear that the words sau-sau 'woods', bhembebhembe 'goats' bhangko-bhangko 'chairs',sea-sea 'ants' piri-piri 'plates' and rewu-rewu ;rubishes 'are words indicating the full reduplication of noun in cia-cia language. The words above are derived from the base form sau bhembe 'goat' bhangko 'chair', sea 'ant' piri plate' and rewu 'rubish'. Based on the examples above the writer can conclude that the reduplication above are used to indicate 'plural' .The meaning of those reduplication are plural/many thing 4.2.2 Partial reduplication The partial reduplication of noun in cia-cia language can be formed by repeat apart of base form on the left side (regressive reduplication). While, the progressive reduplication did not found in noun. In Cia-cia language regressive reduplication of noun can be seen in following example: / kaana / 'house'

/ kakaana / 30.

`replica of house (toy)' La Ridi nopakana kakaana.

Per.pro. no-(3sr)make replica of house (toy) `La Ridi made toy house' / kalangka / / kakalangka / 31. Wa Ompu 'basket. 'replica of basket (toy)' nopakana ka-kalangka Ani diaaso Ani.

Grandmother no-(3sr)make replica of basket (toy) for `Grandmother made toy basket for Ani'

Looking at the examples above, it is clear that the words kakaana 'replica of house (toy)' and kakalangka 'replica of basket (toy) are words indicating the regressive reduplication of noun in cia-cia language. The words above are derived from the base form kaana 'house 'and kalangka 'basket'. Based on the examples above the writer can conclude that the reduplication above is used to indicate 'diminutive'means that something is smaller than the real thing. 4.2.3 Reduplication of noun with affixes In reduplication of noun with affix in cia-cia language the writer only found preffix ka-. In Cia-cia language reduplication with preffix ka- 01 noun can be seen in following example: / oto / / kaoto-oto / 32. Per.pro. no-(3sr)buy toy car i-(prep.) market 'a car' 'a toy car' La Adi noholi kaoto-oto idhaoa.

`La Adi bought a toy car in the market' / temba / / katemba-temba / 33. dhaoa. Per.pro no-(3sr)buy toy gun `La Hali bougth a toy gun in the market' /bangka/ /kabangka-bangka/ 34. pante Per.pro no-(3sr)make replica of boat `Ali made toy boat edge of beach' /isa/ /kaisa-isa/ 35. Ani 'fish' 'replica of fish(toy)' noholi toy fish kaisa-isa Prep. beach Ali 'boat' 'replica of boat (toy) nopakana kabangka-bangka ilepeno i-(prep) market 'a gun' 'a toy gun' La Hali noholi katemba-temba in

Per.pro no-(3sr)buy `Ani buy a toy fish' / mia / / kamia-mia /

'people' 'dummy' i hamota. i-(prep) garden

36. La Hendra nopakana kamia-mia Pre.pro. (3sr)make dummy

`La Hendra made dummy in the garden'

/ ajara / / kaaja-ajara / 37. La Dali nopakana 'toy horse'

'horse'

kaaja-ajara mina roono

kadese.

Per.pro. no-(3sr)make toy horse

from leave (poss.)-no banana

`La Dali made a toy horse of bananas leaves' /mutoro/ 'motor bike'

/kamuto-mutoro/ 38. Arman noholi

"toy motor bike' kamoto-motoro idaoa

Per.pro no-(3sr) buy toy motor bike i-(prep) market `Arman buy a toy motor bike in the market' Looking at the examples above, it is clear that the words kaotooto 'replica of car (toy), katemba-temba 'replica of gun (toy), kahangka-bangka `replica with boat (toy) and kaisa-isa 'replica of fish (toy), kaja-ajara 'toy horse' and kamuto-mutoro 'replica of motor hike (toy)' are words indicating the reduplication with an affix of noun in cia-cia language. The words above are derived from the base form oto 'car ',temba 'gun'.bangica 'boat ', isa fish',ajara 'horse' and mutoro 'motor bike'. Based on the examples above the writer can conclude that the reduplication above in cia-cia language is used to indicate "diminutive", means that something is smaller than the real thing. 43 Reduplication of Adjective in Cia-cia language In Cia-cia language reduplication of adjective consist of full reduplication, partial reduplication and affixes reduplication.

4.3.1 Full reduplication The full reduplication of adjective in Cia-cia language can be seen in the following example: / kondu / / kondu-kondu / `rather crazy' 'crazy'

39.la ancu mia kondu-kondu l le that man rather crazy 'l le is a rather crazy Mall. / bhea / / bhea-bhea / 'stupid' 'rather stupid'

40.Landokendoke nomakidha hawali bhea-bhea. Landokendoke clever but rather stupid

`Landokendoke is clever but rather stupid' Looking at the examples above, it is clear that the words kondu-kondu 'rather crazy' and bhea-bhea 'rather stupid' are words indicating the full reduplication of adjective in cia-cia language. The words above are derived from the base form kondu 'crazy' and bhea Based on the examples above the writer can conclude that the full reduplication of adjective above indicating 'rather' means that rather close with the base form 4.3.2 Partial reduplication There are two kinds of partial reduplication of adjective in Cia-cia language can be seen as follows: 4.3.2.1. Regressive reduplication Regressive reduplication is partial reduplication which the repeated part of the

basic elements is on the left side. The regressive reduplication of adjective in Cia-cia language can be seen in the following example: / maea / / mae-maea / 'shy' 'rather shy' that still

41. Sarimbanua wukou ancu dhaneepo mae-maea mai ikita. Neighbour new rather shy conj. us `Our new neighbour is still rather shy to us'

Looking at the example above, it is clear that the words maemaea `rather shy' is word indicating the partial reduplication of adjective in cia-cia language. The word above is derived from the base form maea `shy'. Based on the example above the writer can conclude that the regressive reduplication of adjective above indicating 'rather' means that close with the base form. 4.3.2.2 Progressive reduplication Progressive reduplication is partial reduplication which repeated part of the basic element is on the right side. The progressive reduplication of adjective in Cia-cia language can be seen in the following example: / pokana / / pokana-kana / 'same' 'all same' conj. per.pro

42. Wa Narsia mai Wa Nuri noholi bhaju pokana-kana warna modea. Per.pro. 3sr buy shirts all same colour red

Wa Narsia and Wa Nun bought all same shirts with red colour'

Looking at the example above, it is clear that the word pokana-kana 'all same' is a word indicating the progressive reduplication of adjective in

cia-cia language. The words above are derived from the base form pokana same'. Based on the examples above the writer can conclude that the progressive reduplication of adjective above indicating 'all same' means that everythig is same. 4.3.3 Reduplication with Affixes Reduplication with affixes here the writer found preffix ma-, ka-, piko- and -a4.3.3.1 Reduplication with preffix maThe reduplication of adjective with preffix ma- in Cia-cia language can be seen in the following example: / mbaka / / mambaka-mbaka/ 'delicious' 'rather delicious'

43. Minaa rondo ana mambaka-mbaka Meal night this rather delicious `The meal tonight is rather delicious' /meko/ /mameko-meko/ 44. Ahmat nopelu sayoro 'sweet' 'rather sweet' mameko-meko

Per.pro 3srlike vegetable rather sweet `Alma like rather sweet vegetable' Looking at the examples above, it is clear that the word mambakambaka 'rather delicious' and mameko-meko 'rather sweet' are words

indicating the reduplication with an affix of adjective in cia-cia language. The word above

are derived from the base form mhaka 'delicious' and meko 'sweel' Based on the example above the writer can conclude that the reduplication above in cia-cia language is used to indicate 'rather' means that close with the base form. 4.3.3.2 Reduplication with preffix ka-The reduplication of adjective with preffix ka- in Cia-cia language can be seen in the following example: /pusi/ /kapusi-pusi/ 45. Hasan mai kapusi-pusi Per.pro that always emotional `Hasan is always emotional' Looking at the example above, it is clear that kapusi-pusi 'always emotional' is a word indicating the reduplication with an affix of adjective in cia-cia language. The word above is derived from the base form pusi 'emotional Based on the example above the writer can conclude that the reduplication above in cia-cia language is used to indicate often means that someone often emotional. 'emotional' 'often emotional'

4.3.3.3 Reduplication with preffix pikoThe reduplication of adjective with preffix piko- in Cia-cia language can be seen in the following example: /nggilo/ 'clear-

/pikonggilo-nggilo/ 'as clear as posible'

46. Pibaho

pikonggilo-ngilo

Take bath as clear as posible ' Take bath as clear as posible'

/bukua/

'diligent/

/pikobuku-bukua/ 'as diligent as posible'

47. Inte isikola

pikobuku-bukua

diaaso potabu angka umela mark good

Go in school as diligent as posible inorder get

`Go to school as diligent as posible in order to get good mark' Looking at the examples above, it is clear that the word pikonggilonggilo 'as clear as posible' and pikobuku-bukua 'as diligent as posible' are words indicating the reduplication with an affix of adjective in cia-cia language. The word above is derived from the base form nggilo 'clear' and hukua 'diligent' Based on the example above the writer can conclude that the reduplication above in cia-cia language is used to indicate "comparison degree of adjective". The meaning of this reduplication is superlative/most.

4.3.3.4 Reduplication with preffix piThe adjective reduplication with preffix pi- in Cia-cia language can be seen in the following example: / panaki / / pipana-panaki / 'sick' 'often get sick'

48. Ungkaka ancu pipana-panaki. Child that often get sick `That child often gets sick' Looking at the example above, it is clear that the word pipana-panaki 'often get sick' is a word indicating the reduplication with an affix of adjective in cia-cia language. The words above are derived from the base form panaki 'sick'. Based on the example above the writer can conclude that the reduplication above in

cia-cia language is used to indicate 'often', means that someone always get sick. 4.3.3.5 Reduplication with Inffix aThe reduplication of adjective with inffix a- in Cia-cia language can be seen in the following examples: / mkuri / / makuri-kuri / 'blue' 'bluish' sky bluish

49. Holeoana langi makuri-makuri. Today `Today sky is bluish'

/ mkesa / / makesa-kesa /

'nice' 'all nice' all nice style

50. I kampo ana kaana makesa-kesa modeleno. In village this house

`In this village houses are all nice style' /mpaki/ /mapaki-paki/ 'bitter' 'rather bitter' mapaki-paki namino taste (poss.)-no

51. Isami topelue pikuri

We like

vegetables rather bitter

`We like vegetables that taste is rather bitter' /mlala/ /malala-lala/ 'hot' 'rather hot' namino malala-lala

52. Nasi goreng iwawono meja mai

Rice fried prep. table that

taste (poss.)-no rather hot

`The fried rice on the table its taste is rather hot'

/ mriri / / mariri-riri /

'yellow' 'yellowish' kadese ancu mariri-riri.

53. Wuano

Fruit (poss.) banana that redish `The bananas fruit is yellowish' / mdhea / / madhea-dhea 'red' 'redish' jambu mai madhea-dhea.

54. Wuano

Fruit (poss.)-no cashew that redish `The cashew fruit is redish' Looking at the examples above, it is clear that the words makuri-kuri `bluish', makesa-kesa "all nice ',mapaki-paki 'rather bitter', malala-lala

rather hot', mariri-riri 'yellowish' and, madhea-dhea 'redish" are words indicating the reduplication of adjective with inffix in cia-cia language. The words above are derived from the base form makuri 'blue', mokesa 'nice', mpaki mlala 'hot', mriri 'yellow' and mdhea 'red'. Based on the examples above the writer can conclude that the reduplication of adjective above indicating 'rather' means that close with the base form. 4.4 Teaching Implementation The contribution this research towards the educational field is most useful for Junior High School, Elementary School, and a Kindergarten. Teacher a guide has big responsibility, in process of teaching is not come from the students only, however how the teacher brings and espouses the material to the students also necessary. One of determination the successful of goal in teaching process, especially Kindergarten and First Elementary School in language skill.

Language skill in this case is mastering the language more than one either written or oral language include mastering regional language which include Cia-Cia language. It is as a result of some students that have poor skill in speak Indonesian language especially for students of first semester of Elementary school and kindergarten. Therefore, this is one of problem for a teacher who knows one language only in delivering the materials of subject. So., this study may helps to solve this problem, This study investigated the morphological process of reduplication verbs, noun and adjective in Cia-Cia language. Therefore, the writer whishes the result of

this study can be implemented in the teaching and learning process at Elementary and Junior High School levels in which the language is taught as their local loud curriculum. It means that the result of this study can be used as one of data source for both teachers and students in teaching and learning process. Beside, this study is oriented on the morphological aspect as a branch of linguistics in general. It means that the result of this study can be applied as one of additional source. In the teaching and learning process of linguistics in general and in the morphological area in particular at both of Senior High School and University Student level. In the university level, for example at English Department curriculum of Haluoleo Univesity, the subject relationship with this topic is Discourse Analysis in semester 7th on fourth meeting. The teacher strategy to delivery this topic is the teacher give explanation about Reduplication and its meaning. The teacher discusses reduplication form like Full reduplication, partial reduplication and reduplication with affixes. Reduplication meaning like in verb reduplication to express repeatedly activity, reciprocal activity and in noun to express plurality and diminutive. Then the

teacher give a task to students to looking for their own local Language to fine the form and the meaning of reduplication, Therefore, the writer assumes this result of this study can be used as an additional and comparative source in teaching and learning process of discourse analysis particularly.

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion This study finds that: 1. The Form of reduplication in Cia-Cia Language a. The Form of Verb Reduplication in Cia-Cia Language consists of Full Reduplication, Partial reduplication, and Reduplication with affixes. / The full verb reduplication formed by repeating all base word without undergoing phonemic change and affixation, the partial reduplication of verb classified into two part namely reduplication of verb which repeated part of base element on the left side (regressive) and reduplication of verb which the repeated part of base element on the right side (progressive). The affixes verb reduplication is formed through prefix, suffix and confix. Prefix in this research consist of prefix pi-, po- and pika-. Confix in this research consist of confix po...-a and confix pi-...-a. Suffix in this research the writer only find suffix -e. b. qhe Form of Noun Reduplication in Cia-Cia Language consists of Full Reduplication, Partial Reduplication and Reduplication with affixes. I The full noun reduplication formed by repeating all base word without undergoing phonemic change and affixation, the partial reduplication of noun the writer only find regressive

reduplication there is not find progressive reduplication.The affixes noun reduplication the writer only find prefix kat

he Form of Adjective Reduplication in Cia-Cia Language consists of Full Reduplication, Partial

reduplication and Reduplication with affixes. /

The full adjective reduplication formed by repeating all base word without undergoing phonemic change and affixation, the partial reduplication of adjective classified into two part namely reduplication of adjective which repeated part of base element on the left side (regressive) and reduplication of adjective which the repeated part of base element on the right side (progressive). The affixes verb reduplication is formed through prefix and infix. Prefix in this research consists of prefix ma-, ka-,piko and prefix piko-. Infix in this research the writer only finds infix --ad. In this study the writer does not find reduplication with phoneme changes particularly in verb, noun and adjective. 2. The meaning of Reduplication in Cia-Cia Languge

a. The meaning of verb reduplication in Cia-Cia Language namely to express: repeatedly

activity, to do something for relax, reciprocal activity, a case connected with work and continuity activity.

b. The meaning of noun reduplication in Cia-Cia Language namely to express: Plurality,

diminutive, The meaning of adjective reduplication in Cia-Cia Languge namely to express: rather, all same, often, superlative/most. 5.2 Suggestion

This research just investigated a small part of morphological aspect, namely about reduplication form of Cia-cia language in the other hand, there many still cases of Cia-cia language that must be investigated. As the other vernancular, Cia-cia language is also one of the vernaculars that must be taken care by the native of this vernacular, or the other comunity of Indonesia. Therefore, the writer suggest to the researcher, the learner and the user of Cia-cia language to take care and investigate other aspect on system of Cia-cia language.