TABLE 5.

Vector

expansions

in

rectangular

and

curvilinear

coordinates
Spherical coordinates

coordinates

Cylindrical coordinates

Note: The quantity represents the scalar concentration of property, which is for mass transfer or for heat transfer. For momentum transfer, represents the vector components or when is substituted for in the rectangular coordinate column. It is incorrect to substitute the rectangular vector components for in the cylindrical or spherical column. Also, the quantities etc., represent the unit vectors in the subscript direction.

WITH

CONVECTIVE

5.2

Shear

stress-velocity

gradient

relationships

for

constant

viscosity

= = = = =

+ + + +

= =
=

= =
+

+ +

=
=

=
+

Spherical coordinates

Use of Table 5.2 is illustrated by considering incompressible laminar flow in a tube, as shown in Fig. 4.7. The first step in applying Table 5.2 is to choose the coordinate system; cylindrical coordinates are the logical choice. Next the various terms are examined in order to eliminate the zero terms. Flow in a tube is one-directional, so

If

and

are zero, then all derivatives of these are zero. The velocity in the

TRANSPORT

WITH

NET

CONVECTIVE

FLUX

TABLE

The continuity equation

General

equation
coordinates

Rectangular

Cylindrical

coordinates

Spherical

coordinates

For steady-state, Rectangular coordinates

(3.74)

a2
Cylindrical coordinates

Spherical

coordinates

. for the fluid as a whole at a given point; i.e., it does not apply to individual is zero [see Eq. species in the mixture. For steady-state problems, For an incompressible fluid at steady-state or unsteady-state, Eq. (3.71) reduces to Eq. (3.74). Both Eq. (3.71) and Eq. (3.74) are expanded in the three coordinate systems in Table 5.3. Note that the fourth line in Table 5.1 was used for the terms in Table 5.3. The use of Table 5.3 is illustrated in Example 5.2, which follows. Table 5.3 may be used to solve Examples 3.5, 3.6, and 3.7 as well.
Example 5.2. A

flow in cylindrical coordinates is given by

=

Is this flow compressible?

Answer. If the flow is incompressible, then

will be zero as required by Eq. + =0

(E) from Table 5.3 = +

142
TABLE s.4

IN TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

The continuity equation for species A

General equation

Incompressible media, rectangular coordinates

media,

coordinates

Incompressible media, spherical coordinates

a
Note that is coefficient of species A in the

which after substitution for mass transfer becomes

Molar

=
ACC FLUX

+
GEN

(5.11)

(5.12)

Equation (5.11) expands easily in curvilinear coordinates by using the fourth line of Table 5.1, with replaced by Similar equations can be written in terms of and The results are given in Table 5.5, the continuity equation for species A in terms of the molar flux. No further simplification results for the case of an incompressible media.

The Energy Balance

The general heat (or energy) balance was presented in Chapter 3 as Eq. (3.65). from Table 4.2, Eq. (3.65) becomes After substitution for +
ACC CONV

+
GEN

.
MOLEC

.
CONV

(5.13)

Once again, the nature of each term has been included beneath the equation. For an incompressible fluid, the last term is zero as a consequence of Eq. (3.74). Table 5.1, Eq. (5.13) can be expanded routinely for various

TRANSPORT WITH A NET CONVECTIVE FLUX

TABLE 5.5

The continuity equation for species A in terms of the molar flux

General

equation

coordinates at coordinates + ax + +

coordinates

coordinate systems; the incompressible form of Eq. (5.13) in several coordinate systems is presented in Table 5.6. Note that the generation term must also account for the generation of heat by viscous dissipation. systems with large velocity gradients or with fluids of very high viscosity (such as molten polymers), the viscous dissipation term may be significant Thus, generation of heat may occur by several mechanisms such as viscous dissipation, presence of fields (electric, magnetic, microwave), chemical reaction, and nuclear reaction.
TABLE 5.6

The energy equation

equation =
media, rectangular coordinates (5.13)

media, cylindrical

media, spherical coordinates a e

5.7

Navier-Stokes equations for

Navier-Stokes + .
au, au,

of constant

and
only) (5.15)

in

component: 1
P

au, ae

component: au, au au . ,

component:

at

ae

component:

ae component:

147