AN INTERNATIONAL CODE 2007 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code PA July 1, 2007 Vv NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee Subcommittee on Nondestructive Examination The American Society of eT RT tyDate of Issuance: Jy 1 2007 (aludes all Addenda dated July 2006 and esler) “Tis imeratonsl code ar standard was developed under procedures acreited as meting the eriteia for American National sndards and itis an American National Slandar, The Standards Comite that approved the code or tana was balanced to assure that individuals from competent an concerted interests have had an oppartaiy to ptiepnte. The proposed coe for Standard was made available foe publi review and eomment that provides am oppectonty fo additions pubic ipo fem Industry. academia, regulatory agences, and the puble-a-arge. "ASME does not “approve” "rae" 0 “endorse” any item, coastrcton, proprietary device, oF ait: ‘ASME does not take any position wih respect © the valiiy of any patent rights aserted in connection with any items ‘mentioned in his document and doesnot undesake to insure anyone ullizig.a standard agains Hiab forinfingement of ‘ny applicable leters patent nor assume any such ability. Users ofa code or standard ae expressly advised that determination ‘of the validity of any such patent righ, and te risk of infringement of sue rights, is enircly ther own responsibility Paniciption by federal agency representatives) or person) afilated with industry is not 1 be interpreted as goverment ‘or indusey endorsement ofthis code or standard ASME accep resposibiity for only thoce interpretation of this document sed in aecordance withthe established ASME procedures and policies, which precldes the istnce of interpretations by individuals The footnotes in this document are par of his American National Standard @ EN) A 3 MAW (3 ws ‘The above ASME symbols are registered in the U.S. Patent Offi. Oy, Be) awe BeBe S28 882 Bey Pn | ASME" isthe iademark of the American Socsty of Mechanical Engineers. “The Specifications published and copysighted by the Amesian Society for Testing and Materials are reprdueed withthe Society's permission [No pat ofthis dacument may he reproduced in any form. n a electronic reieva stem or ners without the prior writen permission ofthe publisher Library of Congress Catalog Cand Number: 56-3934 Printed inthe United States of America ‘Adopted by the Council of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1914, Revised 1940, 1941, 1943, 1946, 1959, 1952, 1983, 1956, 1959, 1962, 1965, 1968, 1971, 1974, 1977, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1959, 1992, 1998, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2007 ‘The American Sosoty of Mechanical Engineers “Three Pak Avenve, New York, NY 100165990 Copyright © 2007 by ‘THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Al Righis Reserved2007 ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE SECTIONS 1 Rules for Construction of Power Boilers WH Materials Part A — Ferrous Material Specifications Part B — Nonferrous Material Specifications Part C — Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals Part D — Properties (Customary) Part D -— Properties (Metric) HII Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components ‘Subsection NCA — General Requirements for Div Division | Subsection NB — Class 1 Components Subsection NC — Class 2 Components Subsection ND — Class 3 Components Subsection NE — Class MC Components ‘Subsection NF — Supports Subsection NG — Core Support Structures Subsection NH — Class 1 Components in Elevated ‘Temperature Service Appendices Division Division 3 — Containments for Transportation and Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel and High Level Radioactive Material and Waste IV Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers V Nondestructive Examination jon | and Division 2 — Code for Concrete Containments VI Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers VII Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers VIL Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels Division 1 Division 2 — Alternative Rules Division 3 — Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications X — Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels XI Rules for Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components, XII Rules for Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks itiADDENDA Colored-sheet Addenda, which include additions and ‘revisions to individual Sections of the Code, are published annually and will be sent automatically to purchasers of the applicable Sections up to the publication of the 2010 Code. The 2007 Code is available only in the loose-leaf format; accordingly, the Addenda will be issued in the loose-leaf, replacement-page format, INTERPRETATIONS ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretation of technical aspects of the Code. The Inter- pretations for each individual Section will be published separately and will be included as part ofthe update service to that Section, Interpretations of Section IH, Divisions 1 and 2, will be included with the update service to Subsec- tion NCA. Interpretations of the Code are distributed annually in July with the issuance of the edition and subse- quent addenda. Interpretations posted in January at www.cstools.asme.orgfinterpretations are included in the July distribution, CODE CASES ‘The Boiler a sure Vessel Committee meets regu- larly to consider proposed additions and revisions to the Code and to formulate Cases to clarify the intent of existing requirements or provide, when the necd is urgent, rules for materials or constructions not covered by existing Code rules. Those Cases that have been adopted will appear in the appropriate 2007 Code Cases book: “Boilers and Pressure Vessels” and “Nuclear Components.” Supple- ‘ments will be sent automatically to the purchasers of the Code Cases books up to the publication of the 2010 Code.CONTENTS Foreword ‘Statements of Policy Personnel ..... ASTM Personne! ‘Summary of Changes List of Changes in BC Order SUBSECTION 4 NONDESTRUCTIVE METHODS OF EXAMINATION Article 1 General Requirements T10 Scope T120 General. T.130 Equipment... 1150 Procedure, T160 Calibration... eseseeeeeee T.170 Examinations and Inspections. 7180 1190 Records/Decumentation . Mandatory Appendix 1 Glossary of Terms for Nondestructive Examination ... Nonmandatory Appendix A Imperfection vs Type of NDE Method, Article 2 Radiographic Examination, ScOpE «ss sseseeees General Requirements Equipment and Materials. Calibration. Examination Evaluation .. Documentation. Location Marker Sketches... Tables T2331 Hole-Type 1QI Designation, Thickness, and Hole Diameters 7.2332 Wire 101 Designation, Wire Diameter, and Wine Identity 7.216 {QI Selection : 7283 Equivalent Hole-Type IQI Sensitivity. ‘Mandatory Appendices 1 In-Motion Radiography ... xix xxx xxiwt Real-Time Radioscopie Examination mt Digital Image Acquisition, Display, and Storage for Radiography and Radioscopy Vv Interpretation, Evaluation, and Disposition of Radiographic and Radioscopic Examination Test Results Produced by the Digital Image Acquisition and Display Process v Glossary of Terms for Radiographic Examination, vi Digital Image Acquisition, Display, Interpretation, and Storage of Radiographs for Nuclear Applications vil Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings vult Radiography Using Phosphor Imaging Plate Nonmandatory Appendices A Recommended Radiographic Technique Sketches for Pipe or Tube Welds c Hole-Type 1QI Placement Sketches for Welds D ber of IQs (Special Cases) Article 4 Uluasonic Examination Methods for Welds. T-410 ‘Scope 1-420 General 7-430 Equipment 7-440 Miscellaneous Requirements. 7-450 Techniques 7-460 Calibration, 7-470 Examination .. 7.480 Evaluation 7-490 Documentation Figures T434.1.7.2 Ratio Limits for Curved Surfaces . 1-434.2.1 Non-Piping Calibration Blocks. T4343 Calibration Block for Pipe. . T4344. Calibration Block for Technique One, : T-434.4.2.1 Alltemmate Calibration Block for Technique One. Alternate Calibration Block for Technique One... Alternate Calibration Block for Technique Two Requirements of an Ultrasonic Examination Procedure Mandatory Appendices I Screen Height Lineatity 0 ‘Amplitude Control Linearity. nt ‘Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) Technique . Vv Phased Array, Single Fixed Angle With Manual Raster Scanning .. Nonmandatory Appendices Layout of Vessel Reference Points General Techniques for Angle Beam Calibrations. . General Techniques for Straight Beam Calibrations Examples of Recording Angle Beam Examination Data cae 2B 28 28 31 M 34 41 41 4 41 46 46 48 50 52 52 43 45 46 47 47 48 33 33 33 58 59 59 65 65raccoon Article 5 1-510 1-520 1-530 7-560 1970 7-380 1-590 Figures 1.5343 Table 7522 Mandatory Appendi 1 1 mm Vv Article 6 7-610 1-620 7-630 T-640 7-650 1-660 T-670 T-680 1-690 Tables T6821 T6R Mandatory Appendices I ur m0 ‘Computerized Imaging Techniques. ‘Alternate Calibration Block Configuration Examination of Welds Using Angle Beam Search Units Altemative Basie Calibration Block Recording Stsight Beam Examination Data for Planar Reflectors ‘TOFD Sizing Demonstration/Dual Probe — Computer Imaging “Technique 7 General Techniques for Angle Beam Longitudinal Wave Calibrations 7 ime of Flight Diffretion (TOFD) Interpretation Ultrasonic Examination Methods for Materials Scope REE ee General Se ees : Equipment Calibration. . Examination Evaluation Documentation ‘Straight Beam Calibration Blocks for Bolting Variables of an Ultrasonic Examination Procedure Ultrasonic Examination of Pumps and Valves... 7 Inservice Examination of Nozzle Inside Comer Radius and Inner Comer Regions Glossary of Terms for Ultrasonic Examination Inservice Examination of Bolts Liquid Penetrant Examination Scope General Equipm« Miscellaneous Requirements. Technique . Calibration, Examination . Evaluation Documientati Requirements of a Liguid Penetrant Examination Procedure Minimum Dwell Times Glossary of Terms for Liquid Penetrant Examination. Control of Contaminants for Liquid Penetcant Examination Qualification Techniques for Examinations at Nonstandard ‘Temperatures 68 4 76 n p p 106 10 ho i 12 ua ua ud i 4 us 6 16 u7 us us 16 19 9 120Article 7 Magnetic Particle Examination. T710 Scope T7120 Genera 1730 Equipment 7740 Miscellancous Requirements 1.750 Technique 7-760 Calibration 7.770 Examination 7-780 Evaluation 1-790 Documentation Figures T-7542.1 Single-Pass and Two-Pass Central Conductor Technique : 1154.22 The Eifective Region of Examination When Using an Offset Central Conductor : T7641. Pie-Shaped Magnetic Particle Feld Indicator. 7-764.1.21 Astificial Flaw Shims .. eas T-764.1.2.2 Anificial Flaw Shims 7-766.1 Ketos (Betz) Test Ring. . Table 1721 Requirements of a Magnetic Particle Examination Procedure ‘Mandatory Appendices I Magnetic Particle Examination Using the AC Yoke Technique on Ferritic Materials Coated With Nonmagnetic Coatings . .. w Glossary of Terms for Magnetic Particle Examination, M1 Magnetic Particle Examination Using the Yoke Technique With Fluorescent Particles in an Undarkened Area. Nonmandatory Appendix A Measurement of Tangential Field Strength With Gaussmeters. Article 8 Eddy Current Examination of Tubular Products ‘T-810 Scope Mandatory Appendices I Glossary of Terms for Eddy Current Examination 0 Eddy Current Examination of Nonferromagnetic Heat Exchanger Tubing Mm Eddy Current Examination on Coated Fervitie Materials v Extemal Coil Eddy Current Examination of Tubular Products, v Eddy Current Measurement of Nonconductive-Nonmagnetic Coating Thickness on a Nonmagnetic Metallic Material. VI Eddy Current Detection and Measurement of Depth of Surface Discontinuities in Nonmagnetic Metals With Surface Probes. Artide 9 Visual Examination. T9310 Scope 7-920 General ee 7-930 Equipment ‘ 7-950 Technique 7-980 Evaluation . 122 122 12 12 123 123 126 129 131 BI 125 125 126 127 128 130 132 134 135 137 138 138 139 139 145 147 149 151 154 154 154 155 155 1557-990 Table T921 Mandatory Appendix t Article 10 T-1000 T-1010 1.1020 T-1030 T1040 T-1050 71060 T-1070 T-1080 T-1090 jandatory Appendices u um Vv MI vil vill Ix x Documentation Requirements of a Visual Examination Procedure Glossary of Terms for Visual Examination. Leak Testing Introduction. ‘Scope General Equipment. Miscellaneous Requirements Procedure. Calibration... Test Evaluation .. Documentation... Bubble Test — Direct Pressure Technique Bubble Test — Vacuum Box Technique Halogen Diode Detector Probe Test. Helium Mass Specvometer Test — Detector Probe Technique Helium Mass Spectrometer Test — Tracer Probe Technique Pressure Change Test Glossary of Terms for Leak Testi Thermal Conductivity Detector Probe Test Helium Mass Spectrometer Test — Hood Technique. Ultrasonic Leak Detector Test Nonmandatory Appendix, A Article 11 Tano T1120 7.1130 T1140 T1160 T1180 T-1190 igures T-1142(@)(1(@) T1142(0)(1}00) T-1142(6)(1K€) T-1142(6)(2)a) TALAOQAKD} Supplementary Leak Testing Formula Symbols. Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Vessels Scope - General, a Equipment and Supplies. Application Requirements... Calibration... Evaluation Documentation Atmospheric Vessels Stressing Sequence . Vacuum Vessels Stressing Sequence Test Algorithm — Flowchart for Atmospheric Vessels Pressure Vessel Stressing Sequence .. 7 Algorithm — Flowchart for Pressure Vessels. 155 156 Ist \sT IST \s7 137 158 158 158 159 159 159 160 161 163 165 168 170 i in Ws 7 180 BL 181 181 182 183 184 184 184 185 186 187 188 189Tables T1121 Reguirement for Reduced Operating Level Immediately Pir to Examination 7 - ca Ts} Evaluation Criteria Mandatory Appendices 1 Instrumentation Performance Requirements i Instrument Calibration m Glossary of Terms for Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiber- Reinforced Plastic Vessels .. Nonmandatory Appendix A Sensor Placement Guidelines .. Article 12 Examination of Metallic Vessels During Pressure T1210 T1220 Equipment and Supplies... T1240 Application Requirements . T1260 Calibration, T1280 Evaluation .. T-1290 Documentation Figure T1244.3.2 An Example of Pressure Vessel Test Stressing Sequence Table T1281 An Example of Evaluation Criteria for Zone Location, ‘Mandatory Appendices I Instrumentation Performance Requirements 0 Instrument Calibration and Cross-Referencing it Glossary of Terms for Acoustic Emission Examination of Metal Pressure Vessels Nonmandatory Appendices A Sensor Placement Guidelines . B Supplemental Information for Conducting Acoustic Emission Examinations Continuous Acoustic Em Scope General Equipment. Requirements Procedure Requirements Calibration, Examination . Evaluation/Results, Reports/Records .- 1m Monitoring. 181 190 191 192 194 201 201 201 202 202 203, 203 204 204 206 207 207 - 209 24 25 25 216 219 220 20 21 22 22Figures T1331 7-1332.2 Mandatory Appendices I un OL Vv v VI vit Article 14 T1410 T1420 T1430 T-1440 T1450 T1460 T1470 T1480 T1490 Tables T1472 T1472.2 Mandatory Appendix I 0 Article 15 T-s10 71520 T1530 T-1540 T1560 T1570 T1580 T1590 Figure T1533 Table T1522 Article 16 T1610 71620 T1630 1640 Functional Flow Diagram — Continuous AE Monitoring System. Response of a Waveguide AE Sensor Inductively Tuned to 500 kHz .... Nuclear Components Non-Nuclear Metal Components Nonmetallic Components. Limited Zone Monitoring i Hostile Environment Applications. Leak Detection Applications. Glossary of Terms for Acoustic Emission Sxamination. Examination System Qualification Scope General Requirements Equipment: Application Requirements 7 Conduct of Qualification Demonstration Calibration, Examination Evaluation Documentation and Records Total Number of Samples for a Given Number of Misses at Specified Confidence Level and POD zl Required Number of First Stage Examiners vs. Target Pass Rate. Glossary of Terms for Examination System Qualification UT Performance Demonstration Criteria Alternating Current Field Measurement Technique (ACFMT), ‘Scope General Equipment. Miscellaneous Requirements Calibration Examination Evaluation Documentation ACFMT Calibration Block .. Requirements of an ACFMT Examination Procedure, ‘Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) Ex: ‘Scope General. . Equipment Requirements . 239 240 241 241 245 245 7 245, 245 246 246; 248 248, 248 287 246 249 249 249 251 + 25171650 T1660 T1670 T1680 Figures T1622.1.1 7-1622.1.2 Table T1623 Figures T1762 T-1763.1(@) T1763.10b) T-1763.2 Table Ta724 SUBSECTION B Article 22 SE94 (ASTM E 94.04) SE-747 (ASTM E 747-97) SE.999 (ASTM E 999-05) SE-1025 (ASTM E 1025-05) SE-1030 (ASTM E 1030-00) SENG (ASTM E 1114-03) SE-1165 (ASTM E 1165-04), Calibration Exam Evaluation Documentation Reference Plate Dimensions Reference Pipe or Tube Dimensio Reguizements of an MFL Examination Procedure Remote Field Testing (RFT) Examination Method Scope . General Equipment Technique Calibration Examination Evaluation Documentation Pit Reference Tube (Typical) Voltage Plane Display of Differential Channel Response for Through Wall Hole (Through Hole Signal) and 20% Groove Showing Preferred Angular Relationship Voliage Plane Display of Differential Channel Response for the Tube ‘Support Plate (TSP), 20% Groove, and Through Wall Hole (Through Hole Signal) : Reference Curve and the Absolute Channel Signal Response From ‘Two Circumferential Grooves and a Tube Support Plate - Requirements of an RFT Examination Procedure .... Documents Adopted by Section V Radiographic Standards Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQl) Used for Radiology Standard Guide for Controlling the Quay Of Industrial Radiographic Film Processing. Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping (Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQ) Used for Radiology ; 7 Standard ‘Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings Standard Test Method for Determining the Focal Size of iridium: 192 Industrial Radiographic Sources Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole imaging. 254 255 255 255 253 259 273 289 294 301 313 318SE-1255, [ASTM E 1255-96 ¢R2002)), SE-1416 (ASTM E 1416-04) SE-1617 (ASTM E 1647-03) Article 23 SA-388/SA-388M (ASTM A 3881/4, 388M-04) SA-435/SA435M IASTM A 435/A 435M-90 (R2001)] SA-STTISA-ST7M. [ASTM A S77/A STTM-90 (R2001)] SA-578/SA-578M. [(ASTM A S78IA. 578M-96 (R2001)] SA-G0B/SA-609M [ASTM A 609/A {609M-91 (R2002)] SA-7AS/SA-745M. [ASTM A T45/8 745M-94 (R2003)] SB-548 [ASTM B 548-03) SE-Id [ASTM E 114-95 (R2005)] SE-213 [ASTM E 213-04) SE-273 [ASTM E 273-01) SE-797 [ASTM E 797-95, (R2001)] Article 24 $D-129 (ASTM D 129-00) SD-516 {ASTM D 516-02) SD-808 {ASTM D 808-00) SD-1552 (ASTM D 1552-03) SE-165 (ASTM E 165-02) Standard Practice for Radioscopy ‘Standard Test Method for Radioscopic Examination of Weldments ‘Standatd Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Radiology... Ultrasonic Standards Specification for Ulteasonic Examination of Heavy Steel Forgings. Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates Standard Specification for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Examination of Steel Plates ‘Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Plain and Clad Steel Plates for Special Applications Standard Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy, and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic Examination Thereof ion of Austenitic Steel Standard Practice for Ultrasonie Examin: Forgings ‘Standard Test Method for Ultrasonic Inspection of Aluminum-Alloy Plate for Pressure Vessels ‘Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo 0 Siig -Beam Examination by the Contact Method . ‘Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipe and Tubing ett ‘Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of the Weld Zone of Welded Pipe and Tubing, Standard Practice for Measuring Thickness by Manval Ultrasonic Pulse-Fcho Contact Method Liquid Penetrant Standards ‘Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General Bomb Method). Standard Test Method for Sulfate fon in Water ‘Standard Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petroleum Products (Bomb Method) Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High- ‘Temperature Method). Standard Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination 325 34 346 3st 359) 362 365 371 381 387 392 397 409 ala . 421 426 431 436Article 25 Magnetic Particle Standards SD-1186 Standard Test Methods for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry {ASTM D 1186-01) Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to a Ferrous Base ee SE-109 Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination (ASTM E 709-01) Article 26 Eddy Current Standards SE243 Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Curtent) Examination of [ASTM 243.97 Copper and Copper-Alloy Tubes. (2004) SE-2096 Standard Practice for In Situ Examination of Ferromagnetic Heat- (ASTM E 2096-00) Exchanger Tubes Using Remote Field Testing Article 29 Acoustic Emission Standards SE-650 Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission (ASTM E 650.97) Sensors, SE.976 Standard Guide For Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic (ASTM E 976-00) Emission Sensor Response SE-1211 Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surfuce- (ASTM E 1211-02) Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors SE-1419 Standard Test Method for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled (ASTM E 1419-02) Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission... Article 30 ‘Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations Standard SE-1316 Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations: (ASTM E 1316-02a) Article 31 Alternating Current Field Measurement Standards SE-2261 Standard Practice for Examination of Welds Using the Altemating (ASTM E 2261-03) Current Field Measurement Technique ..... . MANDATORY APPENDICES Appendix I Submittal of Technical Inquiries to the Boiler Committee. Appendix 1 Standard Units for Use in Equations. NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A Guidance for the Use of U.S, Customary and SI Units in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. ee Index .. 467 an 516 523 533, 536 548. 554 562 609 621 623 24 enFOREWORD ‘The American Society of Mechanical Engineers set up a committee in 1911 for the purpose of formulating standard rales forthe construction of steam boilers and other pres- sure vessels, This committee is now called the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee, ‘The Committee's function isto establish rules of safety, relating only to pressure integrity, governing the construc- tion! of boilers, pressure vessels, transport tanks and nuclear components, and inservice inspection for pressure integrity of nuclear components and transport tanks, and to interpret these rules when questions arise regarding their intent, This code does not address other safety issues relat- ingto the construction of boilers, pressure vessels, transport tanks and nuclear components, and the inservice inspection cof nuclear components and transpor tanks, The user of the Code should refer to other pertinent codes, standards, laws, regulations, or other relevant documents, With few exceptions, the niles do not, of practical necessity. reflect the likelihood and consequences of deterioration in service related to specie service uids or external operating envi- ronments. Recognizing this, the Committee has approved a wide variety of construction rules inthis Section to allow the user o his designee to select those which will provide ‘a pressure vessel having a margin for deterioration in sex vice $0 as 10 give a reasonably long, safe period of use~ fulness. Accordingly, itis not intended that this Section bbe used as adesign handbook: rather, engineering judgment must be employed in the selection of those sets of Code rules suitable to any specific service or need. This Code contains mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions, and nonmandatory guidance for construction activities. The Code does not address all aspects ofthese activities and those aspects which are not specifically addressed should not be considered prohibited. The Code is not a handbook and cannot replace education, experi- ence, and the use of engineering judgment, The phrase engineering judgment refers to technical judgments made by knowledgeable designers experienced in the application of the Code. Engineering judgments must be consistent with Code philosophy and such judgments must never be used to overrule mandatory requirements or specific prohibitions of the Code " Consiraction, we in this Foreword, sal inclosive tx oo xing mater, design, fabveation, exsnsatin, inspection, testing, erieation, and presse ci ‘The Committee recognizes that tools and techniques used for design and analysis change as technology prog- resses and expects engineers to use good judgment in the application of these tools, The designer is responsible for ‘complying with Code rules and demonstrating compliance with Code equations when such equations are mandatory, ‘The Code neither requires nor prohibits the use of comput- cers for the design or analysis of components constructed to the requirements of the Code. However, designers and ‘engineers using computer programs for design or analysis are cautioned that they are responsible for all technical assumptions inherent in the programs they use and they are responsible for the application of these progratns to their design, ‘The Code does not fully address tolerances. When dimensions, sizes, or other parameters are not specified with tolerances, the values of these parameters are consid- cred nominal and allowable tolerances or local variances ray be considered acceptable when based on engineering judgment and standard practices as determined by the designer. ‘The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee deals with the care and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels in service only to the extent of providing suggested rules of | good practice as an aid to owners and their inspectors ‘The rules established by the Committee are not to be interpreted as approving, recommending, or endorsing any proprietary or specific design or as limiting in any way the rmanufacture:’s freedom to choose any method of design cr any form of construction that conforms to the Code niles. ‘The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee meets regu- larly to consider revisions ofthe rules, new rales as dictated by technological development, Code Cases, and requests for interpretations. Only the Boiler and Pressure Vessel ‘Committee hs the authority to provide official interpreta- tions of this Code, Requests for revisions, new rules, Code ‘Cases, or interpretations shall be addressed to the Secretary in writing and shall give full particulars in order to receive consideration and action (see Mandatory Appendix cov- ering preparation of technical inquiries). Proposed revi- sions to the Code resulting from inquiries will be presented to the Main Committee for appropriate action, The action Of the Main Committee becomes effective only after con- firmation by letter ballot of the Committee and approval by ASME.Proposed revisions to the Code approved by the Commit- tee are submitted to the American National Standards Insti tate and published at intp://estools.asme.orgleseonnec/ publictindex.cfmn?PublicReview = Revisions to invite com- ‘ments from all interested persons. After the alloted time for public review and final approval by ASME, revisions are published annually in Addenda to the Code. Code Cases nay be used in the construction of compo- nents 10 be stamped with the ASME Code symbot begin- ning with the date of their approval by ASME. ‘Afier Code revisions are approved by ASME, they may bbe used beginning with the date of issuance shown on the Addenda. Revisions, except for revisions to material specifications in Section Il, Parts A and B, become manda- tory six months after such date of issuance, except for boilers or pressure vessels contracted for prior to the end (of the six-month period. Revisions to material specifica- tions are originated by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and other recognized national or international organizations, and are usually adopted by ASME. However, those revisions may or may not have ay effect on the suitability of material, produced to earlier editions of specifications, for use in ASME construction. ASME material specifications approved for use in each construction Code are listed in the Guidelines for Accept- able ASTM Editions in Seetion Tl, Parts A and B. These Guidelines list, for each specification, the latest edition adopted by ASME, and earlierand later editions considered by ASME to be identical for ASME construction, ‘The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee in the formu- Jation of its rules and in the establishment of maximum design and operating pressures considers materials, con- struction, methods of fabrication, inspection, and safety devives ‘The Code Committee does not rule on whether a compo- nent shall or shall not be constructed to the provisions of | the Code. The Scope of each Section has been established to identify the components and parameters considered by the Commitice in formulating the Code rules. Questions or issues regarding compliance of a specific component with the Code rules are to be directed to the ASME Cerificate Holder (Manufacturer). Inquiries con- cerning the interpretation of the Code are to be directed to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee. ASME is to be notified should questions arise concerning improper use of an ASME Code symbol ‘The specifications for materials given in Section Il are identical with or similar to those of specifications published by ASTM, AWS, and other recognized national or intemna- tional organizations. When reference is made in an ASME, material specification to a non-ASME specification for which a companion ASME specification exists, the re ence shall be interpreted as applying to the ASME material specification. Not all materials included in the material specifications in Section II have been adopted for Code use. Usage is Tied to those materials and grades adopted by at least one of the other Sections of the Code for applica tion under rules of that Section, All materials allowed by these various Sections and used for construction within the scope of their rules shall be furnished in accordance with material specifications contained in Section Il or referenced inthe Guidelines for Acceptable ASTM Editions in Section 1, Parts A and B, except where otherwise provided in Code ‘Cases or in the applicable Scetion of the Code. Materials covered by these specifications are acceptable for use in items covered by the Code Sections only to the degree indicated inthe applicable Section. Materials for Code use should preferably be ordered, produced, and documented on this basis; Guideline for Acceptable ASTM Editions in Section Il, Part A and Guideline for Acceptable ASTM Editions in Section II, Part B list editions of ASME and year dates of specifications that meet ASME requirements and which may be used in Code consiniction, Material produced to an acceptable specification with requirements ‘different from the requirements of the corresponding speci- fications listed in the Guideline for Acceptable ASTM. Editions in Part of Part B may also be used in accordance with the above, provided the material manufacturer or ves sel manufacturer certifies with evidence acceptable to the Authorized inspector that the corresponding requirements of specifications listed in the Guideline for Acceptable ASTM Editions in Part A or Part B have been met, Material produced to an acceptable material specification is not ied as to country of origin. When required by context in this Section, the singular shall be interpreted as the plural, and vice-versa: and the feminine, masculine, oF neuter gender shall be treated as such other gender as appropriate.STATEMENT OF POLICY ON THE USE OF CODE SYMBOLS AND CODE AUTHORIZATION IN ADVERTISING [ASME has established procedures to authorize qualified organizations to perform various activities in accordance with the requirements of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Itis th aim ofthe Society to provide reeogni- tion of organizations so authorized. An organization hold- ing authorization to perform various activities in accordance with the requirements of the Code may state this capability in its advertising literature. Organizations that are authorized to use Code Symbols for marking items or constructions that have been con- structed and inspected in compliance withthe ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code are issued Cenificates of Autho= rization, [tis the aim of the Society to maintain the standing of the Code Symbols for the benefit of the users, the enforcement jurisdictions, and the holders of the symbols ‘who comply with all requirements Based on these objectives, the following policy has been established on the usage in advertising of facsimiles of the symbols, Certificates of Avthorizaion, and reference 0 Code construction. The American Society of Mechanical Engincers does not “approve,” “certify,” “rate,” or STATEMENT “endorse” any item, construction, or activity and there shall ‘be no statements or implications that might so indicate. An ‘organization holding a Code Symbol and/or a Certificate of Authorization may state in advertising literature that items, constructions, or activities “are built {produced or per- formed) or activities conducted in accordance with the requirements of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,” or “meet the requirements of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.” ‘The ASME Symbol shall be used only for stamping and nameplates as specifically provided in the Code. However, facsimiles may be used for the purpose of fostering the use of such construction, Such usage may be by an associa tion or a society, or by a holder of a Cade Symbol who may also use the facsimile in advertising to show that clearly specified items will carry the symbol. General usage is permitted only when all of a manufacturer's items are ‘constructed under the rules. ‘The ASME logo, which is the cloverleaf with the letters ASME within, shall not be used by any organization other than ASME. OF POLICY IN THE USE OF ASME MARKING TO IDENTIFY MANUFACTURED ITEMS ‘The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code provides rules for the construction of boilers, pressure vessels, and nuclear components. This includes requirements for mate- rials, design, fabrication, examination, inspection, and stamping. Items constructed in accordance with all of the ‘applicable rules of the Code are identified with the official Code Symbol Stamp described in the governing Section of the Code. ‘Markings such as “ASMI other marking including ” “ASME Standard,” or any \SME” or the various Code ‘Symbols shall not be used on any item that is not con- structed in accordance with all of the applicable require~ iments of the Code. Ttems shall not be described on ASME Data Report Forms nor on similar forms referring to ASME that tend to imply that all Code requirements have been met when, in fact, they have not been. Data Report Forms covering items not fully complying with ASME requirements should not refer to ASME or they should clearly identify all excep- tions to the ASME requirements,o oO ey SeedPERSONNEL ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee Subcommittees, Subgroups, and Working Groups AAs of January 1, 2007 MAIN COMMUTTEE G. G. Korchee, Chair UL. Mille W.G. Feldstein, Vice Chair PA. Molvie 1S. Brauszhiewicz, Secretary C. C. Neely RW. Baraes| WE Noris R J. Basile G.C. Park JE. Batey TP Pastor DL. Berger MD. Rana IM. Beesler B.W. Robes A, Canoaico Fl Schaat, I R.P. Deubler A. Sole D.A, Douin RW, Swayne RE Gimple 0. Tanner MM. Gold 5.¥. Voorhees TE, Hansen F.B. Kovacs, alrmate R.A, Moen, Honorary Member ¥. Tahara, Delegate CL Hotinann D.F. Landers WM Lundy JR Mackay EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (MAIN COMMITTEE) 1.G. Feldstein, Chair TP. Pastor G.G, Karchee, Vice Chai A. Selz 1S. Bravsekiewicz, Secretary DE. Tanner D.A.Canonico, ExOfficio Member M. Kotb, E*-Otficio Membor RW. Baenes D1. Beer M.Gold GC. Park HONORARY MEMBERS (MAIN COMMITTEE) FP. Baron MH. Jawad RD. Bonner A Jstin RI. Bosak EL. Kemmler RJ. Cepluch WG. Knecht Ll Chockie 1. eof TM Cullen T. G MeCany W.D. Doty G.C. sillman JR. Fae G.E Feigel RC. Gain 0. Heelden J. Hemzy HONORS AND AWARDS COMMITTEE WL. Haag. 8. Howson, Ie. 1.8, MacKay, Chair IM. Gold, Vice Chair G. Moino, Secretary RM Jessee R J. Basile W.C. Larockelle LE Batey T.P. Pastor DL. Berg A. Selz 1.G. Feldstein RR Stevenson FE. Gregor MARINE CONFERENCE GROUP HN Patel, Chait RJ. Peto L/W. Doutiwate ‘CONFERENCE COMMITTEE D.C. Cook — California RA. Coomes — Kentucky D. Eastman — Newfoundland ‘and Labrader, Canada G.L Eheyer ~ Lousiana E Everett ~ Georgio Jo. Given, e-— North D. A, Douie — Hlinois (Chan) RD. Reeta = Nomth Dakota (ice Char D.. Tanner — Ohio (Secretary) J. Aben, Ir. — Michigan 1.8, Aclaro — California ALE Adkins — West Viggnia Carolina J.T. Amato — Minaesota P. Hackford — Utah EA. Anderson ~ tiaois RJ. Handy — Kentucky FR. Andis — Ozzgon J. 8. Harlan — Delaware ML. Holloway — Oklahoma K. Hynes — Prince fbsard ‘sland, Canada D.T. Jagger — Ohio 1. J Jenkins — Kansas 5, Katz — Betis Columbia, Canals M, Kot ~ Quebec, Canada KT Lau — alberta, Canada M.A. Malek — Florida G. F. Mankel — Nevada BP. Anthony — Rhode Island R.D. Austin — Colorado € W. Gachellier — Nunavut, Canada MLM. Barber — Michigan RW. Banlett — Arizona FP. Baron — Vieginia M. Bishop — Brits Columbia, Canada W.K. Brigham — New Hampshire DE. Burns — Nebraska R.D, Marvin I= Washington JH. Burpee — Maine 1AW, Nault Manitoba, Ck Castle — Nova Scotia, Canada Canada HT. McEwen — Mississippi P. A. Conblin — New YorkCONFERENCE COMMITTEE (CONT'D) R.D, Mile ~ Ontario, Canada MF Mooney — Massachusetts G.R Myrick — Arkansas ¥. Nagpaul — await W. R, Owens — Louisiana T.M, Parks — Texae RP. Pate — Alsbama 1. . Payton — Pennsylvania LR Paterson — Alaska HD, Pha — South Dakota J. Pratt — ascot D.C. Price — Yakon Testitory, Canada B.S. Pucek — Wisconsin . E, Ross — New Brunswick, Canad IN Surtees — Saskatchewan, Canada MR. Toth — Tennessee IM. J. Verhagen — Wisconsin 1M. Washinglon — New Jersey RB West — low, MJ. Wheel — Vermont DF. Willis — indiana Zarate — Arizona BPV PROJECT TEAM ON HYDROGEN TANKS M.D. Rana, Chair R.C. Bie, Corresponding G.M. Eisenberg, Secretory Member FL. Brows, J. Cameron, Corresponding D.A.Canonico ‘Member D.C. Gook M. Duncan, Corresponding JW, Felbaum ‘Member T Joseph D_R Frikken, Comesponding JM. Lacy Member NL Newhouse LE Hayden, i, G.B. Raw, I Contesponding Member JR. Sims fe K.T, Lay, Comresponding N, Siros ‘Member 1-H Smith K, Oyamads, Covesponding 5. Staniszewski ‘Member Tahara CH. Rivka, Conespanding 0.W. Treadwell ‘Member EUpitis San Machi, Conesponding CTL. Webster ‘Member H, Banhelemy, Comesponding 8. Somorday, Coresponeling ‘Member ‘Member INTERNATIONAL INTEREST REVIEW GROUP V. Flix 5-H. Leong Ww. tin Mine ¥. i, Delegate ‘SUBCOMMITTEE ON POWER BOILERS (SC 1 D.L. Berges, Chaie WL. Lowry B.W. Roberts, Vice Chair |. R. MacKay U, DUNK, Secretary T.C. McGough D_A. Cananiea RE McLaughlin KK, Coleman P. A. Movie PD. Edwards Y¥, Oishi 1.G. Feldsoin J.T. Pillow J. Hainswonh 8. O, Schuler, I T.& Hansen J.P. Sweey, 1S. Hunter JM, Tanzosh CF Jeesings R, V, Wielgoszinski I. Uibbrecht D. J. Wills Honorary Members ($C 1 D.N. French RL Willams W. E Somers Subgroup on Design (SC D PLA. Molvie, Chair 1. tibbreche GL. Hier, Secretary 1. Light MU Coats B. W. Moore 1.0. Fishburn RD. Schoeler, Je J.P. Glaspie LL Seige CF Jonsings J.P. Swezy, J G.B. Komora 5. V, Toraldson Subgroup on Fabrication and Examination (SC 1) 1.7. illo, Chair 1. Hansen JL Arnold 1. McGough DL. Berger RE. Mclaughlin 5.W. Cameron ¥. O'shi G.W, Galanes RV. Wielposzinsk J Hainsworth Subgroup on General Requirements (SC) R. E McLaughlin, Chae TC. MeGough J. Hainsworth, Secretary 1.7. Pillow G. Cook D. Tompkins PD. Edwards 5. V. Teekiidson 7. E Manson RV. Wielgoszinsk W.L Lowry BJ. Willis F. Masst Subgroup on Materials $C) BW. Roberts, Chair 1. Henry 1.5. Hunter, Secretary 1. Libbrecht B.A, Canonico J. Mackay KK Coleman F Maseyama G.W. Galanes J.-M. Tanzosh KL Hayes Subgroup on Piping (SC 1) T.E. Hanson, Chair Mass DL. Berger TC, McGough .D. Eewards . Tompkins G. W. Galanes EA While W. L. Lowy’ ‘Heat Recovery Steam Generators Task Group (SC 1) 1. €. Hanson, Chair 8. W. Moore FM. Orman, Secretary AL. Plumiey RW. Anderson RD. Schuele, fe J.P. Belt IG, Stevernan, fe LR. Douglas 5.R, Timko 1D. Fishburn . Tompkins 6.8, Komora 5.V. Torildson 1. tibbeecht 8. C. Turceynski DLL Marcott EA Turhan.SUBCOMMITTEE ON MATERIALS (SC 11) 1. Hoffmann PA. Larkin Fase J.F. Henry, Chair M, Gold, Vice Chair IN. Lobo, Secretary Abe. RK Nanstad D.C. Agarwal M, LNayyar Ww. R. Apblet I. E.G. Nisbett A. Appleton 1D. W. Raho! M,N. Bressler B. W. Roberts HD. Busbeld E Shapiro J.Cameron RC Sutherin B.A. Camonico RW. Swinder A, Chaudouet J.-M. Tanzosh ®. Fallouey BE Thurgood D. W. Gandy RA. Moen, Honorary MM. Gilkey Member IF Grubb ©. Kwan, Delegate Honorary Members (SC 1) AP. Abend J.J. Heger T. M. Callen GC. Hsu AK. Ditsehet RA Moen W. 0, Dow CE. Spacer, I W.. Edsall AW. Zeuthen ‘Subgroup on External Pressure (SC I & SC-D) RW. Mikitka, Chair Katcher JAA. Morrow, Secretary DLL. Kurle LF, Campbell E. Michalopoulos 0.5. Gain 1. Nadel FF Grubb CoH, Sturgeon ‘Subgroup on Ferrous Specifications (SC 1) E.G. Nisbet, Chal D.C. Krouse A. Appleton, Vice Chair Le Lavezzi RM. Davison Ww. C. Mack 8. M. Dingmaa 1. K, Mahaney: MJ, Dosdourian AS. Mell T. Graham KE Orie IF Grubb E Upiis KM. Hote R Zawierucha ©. S Janikowski A.W. Zeuthen Subgroup on fnternational Material Specifications (SC I) W. Mt, Lundy, Char 1.0. Heary ‘A. Chavdouet, Vice Chair ML. Higuehi J.P. Glaspie, Secretary H.torene D.C. Agansal HD. Bushtetd 10.A.Canonica ». Fallouey ALF. Gatbolevsky AR Nywening R., Schuele, I EA. Steen E, Upits 1. Kwon, Delegate Subgroup on Nonferrous Alloys (SC M) 1D. W. Rabot, Chair AG. Kiet, I IM. Katcher, Secretary J. Kissell 0.C. Agarwal PLA Lakin WR. Apblet, Ie Hats HD. Bushfeld A.A, MoMaster LG. Coffee BT, Peers MH Gilkey Shapiro JF. Gab RC Sutherin EL Honor R. Zawierucha GC Hau Subgroup on Strength, Ferrous Alloys (SC I) CL Hatnana, Chair F. Masuyama JM. Taozoth, Secretary Hatsu F. Abe Hi. Murakami WR. Apblet D. W. Rahot D.A Canonico 8. W. Roberts M.S, Shellon 8, W, Swvindeman KK. Coleman P. Fallovey M. Gold 8. Thurgoad JF, Heney T.P. Vassallo, Je EL. Hines ‘Sulygroup on Physical Properties (SC I) J. Grubb, Chair P. Fallouey D.C. Agarwal E Shapivo HD. Bushield Subgroup on Strength of Weldments (SC H & SC IX) J. M,Tanzosh, Chair J. F. Hey W.F. Newell, Jr, Secretary. W. Rahat kK Coleman B. W. Roberts PD. lenner W. 1 Sperko D. W. Gandy B.E. Thurgood KL Hayes Subgroup on Toughness (SC Mt & SC VIED W. 5. Jacobs, Chair K. Mokbiarian| IL Armold CC. Newly Rf. Basile TY Phil J. Cameron 1.0. Rana HE Gordon DA. Swanson D.C. Lamb E.Upitis ‘Special Working Group on Nonmetallic Materials (SC 10, C.W. Rowley, Chair 1M. 8. Kessler FL Brown RH, Walker 5.R Frost J. W. Wegner PS. Mill F. Worth SUBCOMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR POWER ($C Il) RW. Barnes, Chair V, Kostarew RM. Jesse, Vice Chair D.F. Landers €.A. Sara, Secretary W.C. Lakochelle W. H. dower KA Manoly MLN. Bressler EA. Mayhew 1.8. Cole W.N. MeLean RE Comma, Je D.K. Morton R.P, Oeubler (0.0. Oyamnada B.A. Eiler RF. Reedy GoM Foster B.B. Scot RS. Hill J.D. Stevenson CL Hotimann KR. Wichman CC. kim YH. Choi, Delegate Honorary Members (SC 11) RJ. Bosna FR. Drohos: EB. Branch R.A. Moen W.D. Doty C1. PieperSubgroup on Containment Systems for Spent Fuel and High-Level Waste Transport Packagings (SC Il) G.M. Foster, Chair A.B. Moichier G. J, Solovey, Vice Chaie RE, Nickel D.K. Morton, Secreta EU Pleine WH. Bonce T. Sacgusa GR. Cannell HP. Shrivastava © A. Fare N-M. Simpson 5. Hl RH. Smith BW. Lewis J.D. Stevenson CGAty CL Temus PE McConnell Torula 1-0. Melines A.D. Watkins Subgroup on Design (SC It) RP. Doubler, Chair RS. ML Vice Char AN. Nguyen, Secretary DF Landers KA. Manoly RJ Masterson T. 4. Adams WN. Mclean MN, Bressler J.€. Minichietlo CW. Bruny M. Morishita D.L. Cadell FF. Naguib J.B Cole T. Nakamnue| R.& Connman, Ie W. 2, Novak A.A, Dermenjian EU, Pleing P. Hirschberg 1 Saito Ri. ter G.C. Slogis RB. Keating J.D Stevenson FF Kiel J.P. Tucker H. Kobayashi KR. Wichman ‘Working Group on Supports (SG-D) (SC I) RJ. Masterson, Chair 1, Sato Fle Bitch, Secretary JR. Stinson U.S. Bandyopadhyay ¥.G Teryah RP, Debler DV, Walshe W. P. Colin Cok We AN Nguyen Working Group on Core Support Structures (SC-D) SC I) J.F.Kiel, Chae LF Land J. F. Mallooly Working Group on Design Methodelogy (SC:D) D.F. Landers W. S. Lapay RB. Keating, Chit P-L. Anderson, Soeretary TM Adame H. Locket MK: AwNang J. F, MeCabe R.D. Blevins P.R Oko. DL. Caldwell J.D, Stevenson M. Hatem Yang H. Kobayashi Working Group on Design of Division 3 Containments (66-0) 6C mh EL Pheins, Chair D.K Morton TM. Adams RE. Nickel G. Bjeckran HP. Shrivastava D.W.tewis C) Temas 1. Moines PTurula J.C. Miniietlo Working Group on Piping (SC-D) (SC IN) DF. Landers JF, McCabe . Hirshberg, Chair B.C, Fung, Secretary TM, Adame 1. Minichiello C. Bassvaraju ALK. Nguyen J. Catalano (0.0. Oyamada IR Cole B.D. Patel RJ Gurdal EC. Rodabaugh RW. Haupt M.S. Sills J. Kawahara Gc RB. Keating EA V. Kostarev cA ‘Working Group on Probabilist ‘Methods in Design (66-0) SC MD 5 Hil I, Chair 5.0. Kulat TM, Adams A. Mefel I T. Asayama PJ. O'Regan BM Ayyub NA, Pal A Bacon 1 Saito AA Dermenjian MCE. Schmidh MR, Graybeal J.P. Tucker 0.0. Henry RM. Wilson EV. imbro Working Group on Purmps SG-D) (SC M1) RE. Comman, jr, Chair JW Leavit M.D. Eftychiow 1-E Livingston ACA Fraser 1B. Rajan M. Higochi AG, Waehbuen C.R, Jones Working Group on Valves ($G-D) (SC I) J.P. Tooker, Chair 1.0. Page RR Brodin S.N. Shields G.A. Jolly H.R, Sondereggor WN. McLean J.C. Tsacoyeanes T. A. MeMahon RG. Visa ‘Working Group on Vessels (SG-D} (SC HD FF, Naguib, Chair A. Kalins G.K miller, Secretay RB. Keating CW. Bruny K. Matsunaga 6.0. Cooper 0. E, Matthews IM. Hateman IM. Naleaiea WJ. Heike RM. Wilson Group on Environmental Eifects(SG-D) ($C I) 5. Yukawa, RS, Hl YH Choi, Delegne CU Hoffmann Subgroup on General Requiremeats (SC IN & SC 3C) WC. LaRochelle, Chair RD. Mille CLA Lizote, Secretary MR Minick A Appleton B.B. Se J.R. Berry HK Sharma W. P. Golin W. K, Sowdor EA. Mayhew LM. Vickery D. V, Walshe RP. MelntyreSubgroup on Materials, Fabrication, and Examination (SC 1M) CL Holfnana, Chair H. Murakami G.P. Milley, Secretary M. Nokahira W.H. Boner C.1. Peper DM. NM, Simpson cM W. J. Spero c. J. Stinson ROM. Jessee KB, Stuckey CC kim A.D. Watkins Mo bau 5. Yukawa, Subgroup on Pressure Relief (SC I) 8, F. Harrison, J, Chair ALL, Sze EM, Potwosky 0.6. Thibault ‘Subgroup on Strategy and Management (SC Ml, Divisions 1 and 2) RW. Barnes, Chair MF. Hesshoimer JR, Cole, Secretary BS. Hil at B. K, Bobo. EV. lmbro IN. Broom RM. Jessee BLA Ener RF. Reedy CM. Faidy ¥. Urabe JM. Helmey Special Working Group on Editing and Review (SC I RF. Reedy, Chair RP, Doubler W. H. Borer BLA Euler MLN. Bressler WC. LaRochelle 0.1 Caldwell J.D. Stevenson Subgroup on Graphite Core Components (SC I) 1. D. Burchell, Chair ©. Galineaw CLA Sanna, Secretary MN. Mitchell RL Bratton N,N. Nemeth MLW, Davios 1. Oku 5. W. Doms IM, Seinvasan SF. Duty JOINT ACLASME COMMITTEE ON ‘CONCRETE COMPONENTS FOR NUCLEAR SERVICE (SC 3C) TC teman, Chair 5. Gurieror A.C Eberhard, Vice Chair J. K. Martold CA. Sanna, Secretary MF. Hessheimer 1. Aletaae T.E-Johnson 1. . Alshawat Neti. Lee I.F artuso B.B. Scot HG. Ashae RE. Shewmakor IM. Elgohary J.D. Stevenson | B.A Erlee AY.C. Wong Faczamn T. Wasson, Liaison Member SUBCOMMITTEE ON HEATING BOILERS (SCV) PLA. Molvie, Chair KM. McTague S.V, Voothees, Vice Chair BW. Moore G. Moino, Secretary EA, Nordstrom TLL, Bedeaux T.M, Parks D.C. Bixby J. Seigle G. Byn0g R. V. Wielgoszinsk J ealland FP. Barton, Honorary J.P. Chicoine Member C.M. Dove RB. Duggen, Honorary W.L Haag, In Member JA Hall RH, Weigel, Honorary J.D. Hoh Member DJ. enkins 1.1. Woodworth, Honorary W.D. Lemos Member Subgroup on Care and Operation of Heating Boilers (SC 1¥) 5. V. Voothees, Chair KM. MeTague TL Bedeaue PLA Mole KJ. Hoey Subgroup on Cast Iran Boilers (SC IV) KM. McTague, Chair PA Lasko TL. Bedeaux ‘Ww. D. Lemos 1. Chicoine CP. McQuiggan 1A. Mall Subgroup on Materials (SCN) \W. D. Lemos Jol Seige P.A.Latkin, Chair JA Hall Subgroup on Water Heaters (SC 1V) WL. Haag Ir, Chair KM. McTague J. calland F. J. Schreinee 1.0. Gantt MLA. Taylor W. ©. Lemos TE Tent Subgroup on Welded Boilers (SC IV) ToL, Bedeaux, Chae EA. Nordstrom 4.Calland LL Seige CM, Dove RV, Wielgoszinsk W. B. Lemos SUBCOMMITTEE ON NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION (SCV) J.€.Batoy, Chair 1. R, Quattebaum, J. F.. Kovacs, Vice Chair FJ, Satler S. Vasquez, Secretary 8H, Clark, Je, Honorary S.J. Akrin ‘Member 1. Aycock H.C. Gaaber, Honorary AS. Birks, ‘Member P-L Brown (©. Hedlden, Honevary N.Y. Faransso ‘Member AF. Garbolevsky J.R, MacKay, Honorary G.W. Hembree Mombor RW. Kruzie TG, McCarty, Honorary JF. Manning, Member RD. McGuireSubgroup on General Requirements! Personnel Qualifications and Inquiries (SC V) R. D. McGuire, Chair G. Ww. Hembree JE. Batey [eW. Hout AS, Birks IR Mackay: N.Y. Faransso I-P. Swen Ie Subgroup on Surface Examination Methods (SC V) AS. Birks, Chait BW. Kruse S.J. Akrin D.R_Quatlebau, fe P-L. Brown Fp Sal N.Y, Faransco M1 Wheel 6. W. Hembree Subgroup on Volumetric Methods (SC ¥) GW. Hembree, Chair RW. Hardy S.J. Aktin RA Kellerhall 1. Aycock, FB. Kovacs LE Bawy RW. Kruzic P-L. Brown J. F, Manning, N.Y, Faransso FJ Sater AF. Garbolevsky Working Group on Acoustic Emissions (SG-VM) CV) N.Y. Faransso, Chair JE. Batey J. Aycodk JF Manning, Working Group on Radiography (SG-VM) (6C V) EB. Kovacs, Chair AF, Gatbolevsky S.J Aktin RW. Hardy JE Aycoek G.W. Hembree 1E Batey RW. Kruzic PA. Brown ToL. Phasek N.Y. Faransso Working Group an Ultraso (SG-VM) (SCV) RW, Keuzic, Chair R.A. Kellerha JE Aycoke J.F, Manning N.Y. Fasansso M.D, Moles (0. Healden Fh Sater SUBCOMMITTEE ON PRESSURE VESSELS (SC VI) 1.8. Pastor, Chae CC. Necly K. Mokbiarian, Vice Chair. ¥.Peters SI. Rossi, Secretary MJ. Pischke BI. Basile M.D. Rana’ J. Cameron GB. Raves, Je D.B. Demichael 8.C. Roberts J.P. Glaspie C.D. Rodlery M, Gold K J. Schneider W. 5. Jacobs A Selz G. Karcher 1. Sims, Ie Kru EA. Steen 1-8. Lee KK Tam BR Mahadeen E Upitis 5. Malone EL. Thomas, J, Honorary RW. Mikiha ‘Member U.R Mille Subgroup on Design (SC VII) ULR. Milles, Chair 1. P. Pastor RE, Knoblock, Secretary M. 0. Rana OLA. Barsky G.B. Rawls Jr RJ Basile S.C. Roberts M.R. Breach C.D. Rodery FL. Brown A Sele IR Far S.C. Shab IP. Glaspie 1. Sowing CE Hinmant CH. Sturgeon W. 5. Jacobs DLA. Swanson M.D, Lower KK Tam RW. Mla EL Thomas K. Mokbnarian RA. Whipple Subgroup on Fabrication and Inspection SC Vi) C.D. Rodery, Chair C.D. Lamb EA. Stoen, Vice Chair 1S. Lee PL Amold BR. Morelock LF. Campbell ML. Pischke HE Gordon ML Rice W. 5. lacobs B.F. Shelley DoJ. Krett 1-P. Swe I Subgroup on General Requirements (SC VIID 5.C. Roberts, Chie AS. Olivares 1.8. Demichae!, Secrony FL. Richter Basile K. J Schneider I.P. Glaspie D.B. Stewart KT bw A. Swanson M.D. Lower KK. Tam C.C, Newly Subgroup on Heat Transfer Equipment (SC VII R Mahadeen, Chair B.. Lerch G. Auroles, Socretry S. Mayeux S.R, Babla U.R Mille 1-H. Bacboo TW. Norton ©. A. Barsky F. Osweller 1G. Carmpelt | Stasiny M.D. Clatk 5. Yokel Je 1. Gordon RP. Zoldak NM) Hol 5. M. Caldwell, Honora FE Jeo Member Subgroup on High-Pressure Vessels (SC VID J. R. Sis, fe Chai IA Kapp 5. Vaeques, Secretary I. Keljens Panty 1. Kendall RC Bel ALK. Khare DI. Burns M.D. Mann P.N. Chak 5. Morde R. 0, Dion Gy Mraz ME, Dupee EH, Perez ©.M. Fryer 0.7, Peters w, Hiller ©. Rall AH. Hones FAW Tatar MM. James 5 Terads JanssonSubgroup on Materials (SC VII) W.M, Lundy £.G. Nisbet J. Cameron, Chair EE Morgeneng, Seevetary D.C. Agaewal D.W. Rahot 1 Gaubb R.C, Sutherin EL Miner EUpitis ML Katcher Special Working Group on Graphite Pressure Equipment sc vi MR. Minick E. Solow ALA, Spica 5, mtalone, Chae U. D'Ussp, Secretary Ft Bown Special Working Group on High-Pressure Vessels (SC VIN) 5, Vasquez, Soerotany Task Group on Impubsively Loaded Vessels (SC Vit) RE. Nickell Chair JE. Didlake, fe GA. Anak TA Dufiey DD. Barker Forgas RC. Biel BL Hacoldsen HL, Heaton EA. Rodkiguez JR. Sims, fe D.W, Bowman DLL, Caldwell ASL Clayton SUBCOMMITTEE ON WELDING (SC IX) 8D, MeGiuiee 8. R, Newmark AS. Olvares 1M. Pisce 5.D. Reynotes, Ir 1.6. Feldstein, Choir WI. Sperko, Vice Chair I-D. Wendl, secretary 0.A. Baw 8. K. Bown, Ir ML. Camper MI. Rice LP. Conaor M8, Sims PD. Fleaner G.W. Spoon i JEM. Giveo, J Mf Stanko 1S tee P-L Van Fosson We. Lan RR. Young Subgroup on Brazing SC IX) A. Gatbolevsky CLF Jeers 1B. Sweey, Ir ML Piscke, Chair E,W. Beckman LF Campbell ML. Carpenter Subgroup on General Requirements (SC IX) 8. R. Newinark, Chair B. Porter PR Beans P-L Sturgill RM. lessee KR Willons ALS. Olivares Subgroup on Materials SC IX) ML. Carpenter, Chair T. Met 1 LAmold 5. D. Reynolds, I M.Bemasel CE Sainz LP. Conaoe W. |. Sposko RM, jessee MJ Sianko CC. kin RR Young, Subgroup on Performance Qualification (SC 1X) D.A, Bowes, Chair KL Hayes V. A. Belt 1.8. Lee LP. Connor WM. Lundy RB. Cort RD. MeGuie PR. Evans MB. Sins P.D. Flenner G.W¥. Spon I LM. Given, Ie Subgroup on Procedure Qualification (SC 1X) M8. Sims WJ. Sporto S.A, Sprague 1.P. Swe, Ie P.-L Van Fosson 1. G. Wiesner D.A Bowers, Char MI. Bice, Secretary IM, Bernasel RK. B10, I AS, Olivares 5D. Reyne e Honorary Member (SC IX) 1W.K, Seatteood SUBCOMMITTEE ON FIBER-REINFORCED PLASTIC PRESSURE VESSELS (SC) D. Bisberg, Chair J... Murphy PJ. Conlisk, Vice Chair Dl Painter 5. Vasquez, Secretary D. Pi G. Ramiver JR Richter T. W. Cowley JA Rolston TJ. Fowler 8B. F Shelley D-H, Hodgkinson FW. Van Name LE Hunt D.O. Yancey, Ie B.A. Keeler PL Zieht 8.M. Linnemann SUBCOMMITTEE ON [NUCLEAR INSERVICE INSPECTION (SC X1) G.C. Park, Chair WE. Nowts RW. Swayne, Vice Chai K. Rhyne RL. Crane, Seerosny W. R Rogers I W. H, Bamiord, Ir DLA. Saath RC. Cipolla FJ. Schaaf Ie D.D. Davis 1G. Spanner, RL Dyle LE Stathora EL Fariow G, L Stevens RE Gimple E,W. Throckmorton tt FE. Gregur DE. Waskey K, Hasegawa RA West D. Co) Wine R C5. Withers s RA Yonokawa G KK, Yoon ©. 7. Yoh 1.1. Lindberg Y-S. Chang, Delegate B.R NewtonExecutive Committee ($C X0 R.W. Swayne, Chait ©. F. Hedken G.C. Park, Vice Chair CG. MeCargor Rt. Crane, Secretary W. E Nortis W.H. Bomiord, K. Rhyne D.D. Davis FJ. Schaal RL Pyle 1-C. Spanner, I RE Ginple E,W. Throckmorton Il FE Gregoe RA Yonekawa Honorary Members (SC Xt Lil. Chockie 1.8. Houstup C.D. Cntr LR Kate 0. Heddon F.C Riccatdell ‘Subgroup on Evaluation Standards (SC X!) W. H. Baenoed, Ie, Chale K. Koyama G.L, Stovens, Secretary DLR Lee RC. Cipolla HLS Mebia 5. Coifin 1.6. Merkle G.H. De Boo) S, Ranganath BR Canta 0.4, Seantn To). Griesach KR Wichman K. Hasegawa KK Yoon 1D. N. Hopkins YS. Chang, Delegate Y. Imamura Working Group on Flaw Evaluation ($C-ES) (SC XI) RC. Cipalla, Chae 1.6, Merle G. 1H, De B09, Secretary M.A, Mitchell W. H, Barford, K, Miyazaki IM. Basol BK Qashu J. Bloom S. Ranganath BR Canta PJ. Rush T.J. Griesbach 0. A, Seah HL Gustin T.S, Schurman FD. Hayes WL Sener PH. Heang FA. Simonen 1D. N. Hopkins KR. Wichman Y¥. Imamura G., Walkowski K. Koyama KOK. Yoon D.R. Lee 5. Yukawa HS. chia V.A.Zilberstein Working Group on Operating Plant Criteria St 1. J. Grieshach, Chair R. Pace KR Baker S. Ranganath W. H, Bamford W.L. Server H. Behnke EA Siegel B.A. Bishop. FLA. Simonea| TL, Dickson Go Stevens 5. R. Gosselin D.P, Weakland 5. Malle KK Yoon HS. Mehta Working Group on Pipe Flaw Evaluation (SG-ES) (SC X)) DLA. Scarth, Chair K. Hasogawa G.M. Witkowski, Secretar ——P. H, Hoang, TA. Bacon D.N. Hopkins W. H, Bamford, K. Kashima B.C. Cipolla HS. Mebia N. G. Cofie XK. Miyazaki 8. K, Daftuar 4.5, Panesar G.H, De Boo PI. Rus E Friedman K. K. Yoon BR Gana VA. Zilberstein LF, Goyette Subgroup on Liquid-Metal-Cooled Systems (SC XI .G. MeCargar, Chair W.L. Chase Subgroup oa Nondestructive Examination ($C XD 5. Spanner. i, Chair 1.0. Henry G.A.Lofthus, Secretary eR Hu NR. Bendey G.L Lagleder TL Chan 1-7 Lindberg €.B. Cheezen G.R. Peckins D.R. Cordes AS, Reed Fel, Dodd F.). Schaal, FE, Dohmen CJ Wiz 1M. & Gothard ‘Working Group on Personnel Qualification and Surface, Visual, and Eddy Current Examination (SG-NDB (SC XI) D.R. Quatlebaum: Ie BL Curis ALS. Reed IN Farenbaogh D. Spake G8, Georgiev 1. Spanner, Ir D.0. Henay Wiz 1. T. tinder Working Group on Pressure Testing (SG-WCS) (SC XD D.W. Lamond, Chair RE Hall J. M.foughman, Secretary JK. McClanahan 1.) Charetsvell, A. Mesell GL Fechtr B.L. Monigomery kw. Hall EJ Sallvan, Je Working Group on Procedure Qualification and Volumetric Examination {SG-NDE} (SC X!) ME, Gothard. Chair R.Kellerhall G.R. Perkins, Secroury 1D. Kurek CB, Cheeze GL Lagleder A.D. Chockie GA. Lotus 5. R. Doctor CE, Moyer EJ. Dodd S.A Sabo FE, Dohimen RV. Swain K.. HackerSubgroup on Repait/Replacement Activities (SG-RRANSC XD R.A, Yonekawa, Chair RD. Keer EV. Farell, e, Socrotry S.L MeCracken 5.8. Brown B.. Newton iE Cantal LE O%sullivan PD. Fisher WR, Rogers It £8, Gedlach RR, Severson KE Gimple RW. Swayne’ O.R. Grahame DLE. Waskey ROA. Heimann 1.6. Weieks| EV. imbro 5. Withers ‘Working Group on Design and Programs (&G-RRA) (SC XI) D.R. Graham C.F. Hoaatt RR. Stevenson £8. Geilach, Chair 5.8. Brown, Secretary A.V. Du Bouchet G.G. Elder RW, Swayne EV. Forel, AH. Tautique 5.K Fisher TP. Vassallo, I JM. Camber RA Yorokawa Working Group on Welding and Special Repair Process SG-RRA) (SCXD) DE. Waskey, Chair RD. Keer RE. Cantal, Secretary CC. kim SI. Findian Law PD. Fisher 8. Li McCracken KA. Grss B.. Newton ML, Hall J € O'sllivan RUA, Hermann 1G. Weicks & PIndap KB Willers Subgroup on Water-Cooled Systems (SC XD E,W. Throckmorton I, Chair 5. D. Kulat JEM. Agold, Secretary D.W. Lamond G.t. Belew A. MeNeil M4 Baughman WE. Rotts B.D. Oavs B.Song H.Q. Do IE. Saiiera |. ells HM, Stephon Ie EU Fareow K 8. Thomas MJ. Fei RA West 0. Hedden G.E. Whitman ML Hevea HLL. Graves I, Alteate Working Group 0 Containment (SG-WCS) (SC XD J. Statins, Chae Hr Hill HL Ashe RD. Hough 5.G, Bron CN. Krishnaswamy K.KN. Choo. 1D. Naus RC. Cox 5.C. etiyout IW. Crider HLM Stephens, | Feds WE, Nomis, lternae HL. Gawes I Working Group on 1St Optimization (SG-WCS) (SC XD AH. Mahindakor D. G. Nawjack K. 6. Thomas GE Whitman Y. Yoguchi EA, Siegel, Chae D.R Cordes, Secrtary RL. Turoer, Seeretry WH, Bamford 1M. Boa RE, Hl Working Group on Implementation of Risk-Based Examination {GG-WCS) (SC X1) 5.D. Kult, Choir KW. Mall A MeN I, Senet .W. Lamond Jot Agold 1.7 Lindberg S.A Alt RK Maw B.A Bishop. PJ O'Regan 5.T. Cheswonh NA. Palm C. Casto Feueroso. M.A. Pyne H.Q. Do FA, Simonen R.Fougerousse RA West M.R. Groybeal Hak J.C. Younger ALT. Keim, Alterate Working Group on Inspection of Systems and Components (SG-WCS) (SC XI) KB, Thomas. Chair S.D. Kula D. Song, Secretary B. G. Naujock YL Asmentrout 1. Nomura GC. Below CM. Ross Cueto Felgueroso RL. Turner H.Q. Do RA West R, Fougerousse CE Whitman M. R. Hum ‘Working Group on General Requirements (SC X!) K. Rhyne, Chaie EL Farrow E J, Maloney, Secretary RK Matty Th, SR Scott 1.0. Blis CS. Withers Special Working Group on Eéiting and Review (SC XI) RW. Swayne, Chair 1.6 States CE. Moyer Wine Special Working Group on Plant life Extension (SC X1) TA Moyer, Chait PT. Kuo D.V. Burges, Secret RL Tuer 0.0. Davis G.G. Young FE, Gregor ‘Special Working Group on High-Temperature, Gxs-Cooted, Reactors (SC XI) 8. Kruse MN. Michell J. Fletcher, Chair M.A. Lackivood, Secreta? Broom Fd. Schaai Ie KN. Fleming RW, Swayne W.A.O. Kee SUBCOMMITTEE ON TRANSPORT TANKS (SC XIN) A Sele, Char G. McRae 1, Plano, Secretary MLR. Minick PD. Stumps, Secrevry M.D. Pham AN. Anta MD, Rana © Becht IV 5, Stanizewski ML, Coats MR. Toth M.A Gareet AP. Varghese CH, Hochman 5S. ¥. Veorhees G.G.KavcheeSubgroup on Design and Materials (SC XI1 M.D. Rana, Chair T.A. Rogers G. G. Karcher AP. Varghese SL Mowillams MR. Ward NI. Palick EA Whitle M.D. Pham ‘Subgroup on Fabrication and Inspection (SC Xt) 8.V, Voorhees, Chair OD. I Keft 1A. Bye G. Mekae BLL. Gohl MR. Minick LD, Halsinger A'S. Olvaces Subgroup on General Requirements (SC XI) C.F Hochman, Chair M.A, Garett TW. Alexander KL. Gilmore D.M. llbrtten J. 1. Rademacher CA et T. Rummel IF. Cannon MR Toth 1 Feiler L Wolpert WL. Carita SUBCOMMITTEE ON BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL ACCREDITATION (SC.BPVA) M.A. DeVries, Aernate CE. Ferd, Alternate TE Hanson, Alternate G.L Hollinger, Atemate Db. Jenkins, Afernate 8. B. MacDonald, Akraate RD. Mille, Atenate G.P. Milley, Alemate T.W. Norton, Alternate H.R. Stachr, Alemate LA. Wes, Alernate RV, Wielgoseinsk, Atornate 0. Trapp, Senior Consultant AL Spencer, Honorary Member W.C. LaRochelle, Chair P. D. Edwards, Vice Chair K. 1. Baron, Secretary NB, Doherty . Hackiord KT bw LE, MeDonald KM. sicTague 1B. R. Morelock 1.D. Oteary DE. Taoner B.C. Torcaynski DLE Tutle FA. Whitle 5. By, Alernate SUBCOMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR ACCREDITATION (SC-NA) R.R, Stevenson, Chair W.C.LaRochelle, Vice Chair J. Pang, Secretary MN. Bressler 5. M. Goodwin DE. Fanner DM. Vickery G. Bynog, Aernate G. Daily Alternate P.O, Edwards, Alrnate KA. Haber JW. Highlands, Alternate M. Kotb KM, Hotle,Alimate 1.€. Keane BG, Kovarik Alternate CA tizote PF Prescott, Alternate RP. Melniye 5. Toledo, Alternate MLR. Minick EA. Whitle, Alternate HB, Prasse RV, Wielgoszinsk, Atornate HL. Wiger, Alerate 0. €. Trapp, Senior Consultant TE, Quaka ALT. Rober I SUBCOMMITTEE ON DESIGN (SC-D) RJ. Basile, Chair D. P. Jones RW. Bames RW. Mikitha MR. Breach UR. Miller R. P. Deubler WJ. O'Donnell 6.6. Graven R.D. Schucler, I. CU Hollinger A Sele Ro. Jone ‘Subgroup on Design Analysis (SC:D) G.L Hollinger, Chae K. Matsunaga S.A Adams G.A.Miller MR. Breach W. D. Reinhard RG. Browa D.H, Roary Rf Gurdal . Sannazzar0 C.F Heberling T.G. Seip .A. Swaacon G.Taxacher CE Hignant Hirschberg D.P. Jones EL. Thomas, J. A kalnine R.A. Whipple W. J Koves Subgroup on Elevated Temperature Design (SC-D) Ref. Joter, Chae TE McGrew. T. Asayama KA. Meote Becht IV W. | O'Donnell JF. Corvenka D.A. Osage D.S. Grin 1.5. Poros BF Hantz B. Riou MHL Jawad Tat, Sham W. J. Koves MS. Shelton 5, Majumdar RW, Swindeman DL. Marcon Subgroup on Fatigue Strength (SC-D) W. J. O'Donnell, Chair 1. P. Jones S.A Adams G. Kharshafjian P.R, Donavin| S. Majumdar R. | Gurdal T. Nakamura C.F. Hobertng 1D. H, Roarty P. Hirschberg G.Taxacher Psa HLH, Ziad Subgroup on Openings (SC-D) MR. Breach, Chair J.P. siden | RW Mika, Secretary 1. R. Palmer G.G. Graven 1A, Plier Vo T Hwang, M.D. Rana 1c. tig EC. Rodabaugh R.B. Laney Special Working Group on Bolted Flanged Joints (SC-D) RW. Mika, Chair J. Payne G.D. Bibel PG. Scheckermana HA, Bouzid RW. Schneider RD. Schueler, J A Sele M.S, Shelton A. Chaudover E- Michalopoulos S.N. PasaySUBCOMMITTEE ON SAFETY VALVE REQUIREMENTS (SC-SVRD 8. Hawison, Ie Chater J.P. Glaspie JA, West, Vice Chair HI, Gress 5. J. Ross, Secretary Wor Hawt LF. Ball CA Neumann 5. Camnmocesi TM. Paks A. Cox D.K Partsh RD. Danzy DI. Seallan D. B. Demichael 1. ©. Sonaiast RI. Doetling 2 Wang Subgroup on Design (SC-SVR) 1a. West, Chair HF Gregg GE Bear D. iller R Patel R T.R, Torbay Subgroup on General Requirements (SC-SVR) D. B. Demichael, Chaie To Packs J. Ball D.K. Pash G. Brazier JW. Ramsey J.P. Glaspie JW Richardson GA Neuman F.C. Standlast Subgroup on Testing SC-SVR) A. Cox, Chair W. Foe JE Brit KG. Roth 5. Camineres D. J. Scallan 6.0. Goodson Wang US. Technical Advisory Group ISOVTC 185 Safety Relief Valves 5. Bevilacqua, Chair YS. Lab SJ: Rossi, Secretary D Miler 5. F. Hanson, Je 1A. WestO oOPERSONNEL Officers of ASTM Committee (Cooperating in the Development of the Specifications Herein) ‘As of December 31, 2006 &-7 ON NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING 1.8, Brnizes, Je, Chair AP. Washabaugh, M. Carlos, Vice Chair ‘Membership Secretary CV, Keopas-Hughes, Secretary: : ° OSUMMARY OF CHANGES ‘The 2007 Edition of this Code contains revisions in addition to the 2004 Edition with 2005 and 2006 Addenda, “The revisions are identified with the designation 07 in the margin and, as described in the Foreword, become mandatory six months after the publication date of the 2007 Edition. To invoke these revisions before the ‘mandatory date, use the designation "2007 Edition” in documentation required by this Code. f you choose nat to invoke these revisions belore their mandatory date, use the designation “2004 Edition through the 2005 Addenda” in documentation required by this Code. ‘The BC numbers listed below are explained in more detail in “List of Changes in BC Order” following this Summary of Changes. Changes given below ave identified on the pages by a margin note, 07, placed next to the affected area, Page Location Change (8C Number) a TaD12 First sentence revised (BCO6-115) 2 T4341. Revised in its entirety (BCO6-543) “a Fig. 1434.2. Note (h) added (806-543) 45 Tay Revised (8006-543) 51 1.4723 Title corrected by errata (BCO6-1321) 56, 57 marie Revised (8C06-705) 65-68 Appendix D Revised in its entirety in Article 4 (BC05-571) B 47a Fourth paragraph added (805-628) 76 Appendix H Deleted from Article 4 (BC05-571) 104 7522.2 First sentence revised (BCO5-115) ns T0212 First sentence revised (BC06-115) ns Table T-621 Under Requirements, twelfil entry revised (BCOS- 1-652 Revised (8C05- 1069) 1-653 Revised (BCO5-1064) 6 Table 1-072 Note (1) revised (8C05-1064) 19 Isat Title and paragraph sevised (8C05-300) L642 Revised in its entirety (BCO5-300) 1683 Deleted (8605-300) 120 610 Revised (BC05-1064) 641.1 Title and paragraph revised (BC05-1064) -oa1.2 Last line of first paragraph revised (805-1064) 12 12 First sentence revised (BC06-115) T7310) Revised (8C06-993) 127 T6412 Revised! and Note added (BC06-993) Fig. T-764.1.2 Redesignated as Fig. T-764.1.2.1 and revised (8C06-993) 128 Fig. 1-762.1.2.2 Added (6C06-993) 135, 136 Appendix It Added to Article 7 (BC04-1408) vaxPage 138-153, 359 362 365 a7 381 392 397-408 409-413 a4 426-430 136-403 Location Aticle 8 1 T0213 1.2 7-1090 x-1090 Appendix S125 SA-ARSISA-435M SA-S77ISA-S77M SA-S78/SA-578M SA-600/5A-609M SA-PABISA-745M seat se213 sé273 se-797 50516 80-1552 st.709 se203 SE.976 Change (8C Number) (1) 7-810 cevised in its entirety (BC03-1265) (Q) 7-820 through T-892 deleted (BC03-1289) (3) Appendices I through VI revised in their entirety (BC03-1289) First sentence revised (8C06-115) First sentence revised (806-115) ‘Added by errata (8C06-982) Deleted by eveata (8006-982) ‘Added to Adicle 14 (8C03-1552) Subiile revised (BCO6-426) Subiile revised (8C06-365) Subiile revised (BC06-3661 Subiile revised (6C06-367 Subiile revised (BC05-380) Subsite revised (BC06-381) (1) Designator corrected by errata (BC06-341) (2) Subtitle revised (6CO6-382) Revised in its entirety (BC04-1408) Revised in its entirety (BC04-1409) Designator corrected by errata (BC06-341) Revised in its entirety (8005-1008) Revised in its enticety (BC04-1410) Revised in its enticety (BCO4-1413) Subiile revised (BC06-383) Designator corcected by errata (806-341) NOTE: Volume 57 of the Interpretations to Section V of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code follows the fast page of this Editon.LIST OF CHANGES IN BC ORDER BC Number Change BCOI-I288 Ace is rovied 0 reference several appendices. ‘Appendices Land It see revised and combined into a new Appe ‘Appendix IV ie revised and redesignated as Appendix 1 Aric is revised and redesignated as Appendix IV. ‘Appendix I nserences to Article are upstd 1 ference aew Appendix IV: “eddy eure” abbreviaon is removed BCO3-1SS2 _Aricle 14, App Is skled fo provide requirements for qualiying ultrasonic exsnination systems. BCOI-[408 Article 7, Mandatory Appendit IIs adied t provide reyutement forthe performance of a Magnetic Pale ‘xaminaion (SIT) asing Oe yoke technique with duorescent particles in an andarkened ae COLO —Anicle 23, ASTM E 213.04 is adopt and replaces SE-213 (ASTM E 213-38) BCOI-L409 _Anicle 28, ASTM! & 273-01 is adopted and replaces SE-273 (ASTM E 273-93). BCOLL4I0—Antcle 24, ASTM D 1352.03 is adopted and replaces SD-1552 (ASTM D 1552-00), BCOL-I413 Article 25, ASTM E 709.01 is adopted and replaces SE-709 (ASTM E 709-95). BBCOS-I064 Article 6 and Amici 6 Append Il ae revised to update the minut standard temperatures from SOF (10°C) (o1OF 0, BCOS-1088 Aisle 24, ASTM D $16.02 sad nd replies SD.S16 (ASTM $16:90 (1955) RCOS-1129 Errata comes Code Cate 2476 by inventing missing par. 277.2 BCOS-30—Amtile 6 IL641 and ILS42 are revised to clarify references. Ait 6, 1L643 i delete BCUS-ST1 —_Appentives D and H revised and combined info Appendix D to include receding fllecoreelevan indiatons and Ingth measurement RCUS-61% Acted. Nonmandtory AppenlixE is revised to include new paragraph concerning Sectoral sans (S-seas) an sede holes wae for ealieabons. CUG-NIS —TeA2L2, T-522.2, T6212, 7721.2, P22, T92L.2, and T1021.3 ae revised w clarify that procedure qulit- cations ae quid only when speci by the referencing Code BC06-1321 Ente comes misspelling of T1723 te CU6-341 —_SE-114, SE-797, $976, and SE-1419 ac revised to delete "2° from Table of Contents and tle pages BCO6-365 Anicle 13, ASTM A 43S/A 435N-90 (R200!) is adoped and reploces SAW1BSISA-135M [ASTM A 43S/A, {1358-90 (21996). BC06-366 Aaicie 23, ASTM A S77/A S77M.90 (R200!) is adoped and ceplaces SA-STUSA-STTM [ASTM A S7T/A, S7780-90 (21996) BC06-367 _Amicle 28, ASTM A STA/A S7R1.96 (ROOI) ic opted and replaces SA-S7R/SA-S7M (ASTM A STBIA STEM 96) BCUG-380 Article 28, ASAI A 6OBIA 600.91 (R2000) is adopted and replaces SA-GODESA.SQOM [ASTM A BOKVA 608 91 R199), BO06-381 _Antcie 23, ASTM A 7A3/A TASMB4 (2003) is adopted and replaces SA-T4SISATHSM (ASTM A T8S/A 1434-98, BCO6-382 Anicle 23, ASTM E 114.95 (82005) is adopted and replace SEIS [ASTM E 114-95 (R2001)] BCU6-3E3 —Ancle 26, ASTM E 243.98 (R2O04) is adopted and replaces SE-29 (ASTM E 243-97, BCU6-26 Anicle 22. ASTM E 1285-96 (R2002) is adopted aad replaces SE-I255 (ASTM E 1255.96), BC06-S43—T-4¥.12 is revised to ald Uissilar meal weld requzements “T1342 revised to reference Fig, T3421 for look hiksess, 7. Fig, T3421 revised to add Not (2) to define weld thickness. « BCU6-T0S Aisi, Appendix Hl, I-171.8 is rovieed Yo add the requigemen hat a a minimum a wanverse examination rods to be peforted per T4721 3 BCU6-982 Errata comet editorial nshap based on BCDS-1679; T1090 was deleted insta of X-1080, 1BCU6993 —_Aeicle7 i vse in sevouance with SE-702,6 - QO2007 SECTION V ARTICLE 1 SUBSECTION A NONDESTRUCTIVE METHODS OF EXAMINATION ARTICLE 1 GENERAL REQUIREMEN T-10 SCOPE (a) This Section of the Code contains requirements and methods for nondestructive examination (NDE), which are Code requirements to the extent they are specifically refer cenced and required by other Code Sections or referencing. document, These NDE methods are intended to detect sur- face and internal imperfections in materials, welds, fabri- cated parts, and components. They include radiographic examination, ultrasonic examination, liquid penetrant examination, magnetic particle examination, eddy current ‘examination, visual examination, leak testing, and acoustic mission examination, See Nonmandatory Appendix A of s Article for a listing of common imperfections and ‘damage mechanisms, and the NDE methods that are gener- ally capable of detecting them. (b) For general terms such as Inspection, Flaw, Discon- sinuity, Evaluation, et., refer to Mandatory Appendix I 1-120 GENERAL (a) Subsection A describes the methods of nondestruc- tive examination to be used if referenced by other Code Sections o referencing documents. (b) Subsection B lists Standards covering nondestruc- tive examination methods which have been accepted as standards. These standards are nonmandatory unless spe cifically referenced in whole or in part in Subsection A or as indicated in other Code Sections or referencing document, fc) Any reference to a paragraph of any Article in Sub- section A of this Section includes all ofthe applicable rules in the paragraph,! In every case, reference to a paragraph includes all the subparagraphs and subdivisions under hat paragraph {d) Reference to a standard contained in Subsection B ig mandatory only to the extent specified? {e) Forthose documents that directly reference this Ani- cle for the qualification of NDE personne, the qualification Shall be in accordance with ther employers written prac- tice which must bein accordance with one ofthe follow documents: (1) SNT-TC-1A,? Personnel Qualifi fication in Nondestructive Testing; or (2) ANSVASNT CP-189,° ASNT Standard for Quali- fication and Certification of Nondesteuctive Testing Per- sonnel ( National or international central cerifeation pro- grams, such as the ASNT Central Certification Program (ACCP), may be alternatively used to fulfill the examina- tion requirements of the documents listed in T-120e) as specified in the employer's written practice tion and Certi- " For example, rfeeoue to T-270 incisal de rules conned ia TAN dvough T2773 2 Fr example, 7-233 cequres that Inoge Quay Indicators be man facture and ented inaecordance with eguiements ra allowed in SE-T37 or SE-1025, and Appendices, a appre ff 10) 10 be used. These are the only parts of eter SETA x 1028 that ave mandsiory iy Ack 2 ® SNT-TC-IA (2001 alton, “Personnel Qualification andl Cenex: tionin Nondestnative Testing,” and ANSUASNT CP-189 00 Eon), 'ASNT Standard for Qulieation sna Cention of Nondestructive ‘Testing Persoanet published bythe Amerissn Soci for Nondestee= lve Tesing, ITLL Atligate Lane, PO. Bex 28518, Columb, OH. 19228.0518,ARTICLE 1 (g) When the referencing Code Section does not specify {qualifications or does not reference directly Article | ofthis Seetion, qualification may simply involve demonstration in routine manufacturing operations to show that the person- nel performing the nondestructive examinations are compe- tent to do so in accordance with the Manufacturer's established procedures. (1) The user of this Article is responsible for the quali- fication and certification of NDE Personne! in accordance ‘with the requirements of this Article. The Code User's* Quality Program shall stipulate how this is to be accom- plished. Qualifications in accordance with « prior edition of SNI-TC-1A, or CP-189 are vatid until recertification Recertification or new certification shall be in accordance with the edition of SNT-TC-1A or CP-189 specified in Footnote 3. (i) Limited certification of nondestructive examination personnel who do not perform all of the operations of ‘a nondestructive method that consists of more than one ‘operation, or who perform nondestructive examinations of Timited scope, may be based on fewer hours of training and experience than recommended in SNT-TC-1A or CP-189. ‘Any limitations or restrictions placed upon a person’s cevti- fication shall be described in the written practice and on the certification () Either US. Customary Units of SI Units may be used for compliance with all requirements of this edition, ‘but one system shall be used consistently throughout for all phases of construction (1) Bither the U.S. Customary Units or $1 Units that are listed in Mandatory Appendix IL are identified in the text, or are identified in the nomenclature for equations shall be used consistently for all phases of construction (eg. materials, design, fabrication, and reports). Since values in the two systems are not exact equivalents, each system shall be used independently of the other without mixing US. Customary Units and SI Units, (2) When $1 Units are selected, U.S. Customary val- toes in referenced specifications that donot contain ST Units shall be converted to SI values to at least three significant figures for use in calculations and other aspects of con- struction EQUIPMENT yy of the Code User to ensure that the examination equipment being used conforms to the roguirements of this Code Section. “inthis Code Seaton, "Code Usee” is say organization conducting nondestrctve examinations f the requirements Of tis Section. 2007 SECTION V 7-150 PROCEDURE (a) The nondestructive examination methods included in this Section are applicable to most geometric configura- tions and materials encountered in fabrication under normal conditions. However. special configurations and materials may require modified methods and techniques, in which ‘ease the Manufacturer shall develop special procedures ‘hich are equivalent or superior to the methods and tech- niques deseribed inthis Code Section, and which ae capa- ble of producing interpretable examination results under the special conditions. Such special procedures may be modifications or combinations of methods described or referenced in this Code Section, and shall be proved by ‘demonstration to be capable of detecting discontinuities under the special conditions, and such demonstrated capa bilities shall be equivalent othe capabilities ofthe methods described in this Code Section when used under more general conditions, Depending on the quality assurance or quality control system requirements of the referencing Code Section, these special procedures shall be submitted to the Inspector for acceptance where required, and shall be adopted as part of the Manufacturer's quality control program, (b) When an examination to the requirements of this Section of the Code is required by other Sections of the Code, it shall be the responsibility of the Manufacturer, fabricator, or installer to establish nondestructive examina- tion procedures and personnel certification procedures con- forming to the referencing Code requirements. (c) When required by the referencing Code Section, all nondestructive examinations performed under this Code Section shall be done to writen procedute. This procedure shall be demonstrated to the satisfaction ofthe Inspector. ‘The procedure or method shall comply with the applicable requirements ofthis Section for the particular examination tmethod. Where so required, writen procedures shall be made avaiable to the Inspector on request. At least one copy of each procedure shall be readily available 10 the Manufacturer's Nondestructive Examination Personnel for their reference and use T-160 CALIBRATION (a) The Manufacturer, fabricator, or installer shall assure that all equipment calibrations required by Subsec- tion A and/or Subsection B are performed. (b) When special procedures are developed [see ‘T-150(a)], the Code User shall specify what calibration is necessary, when calibration is required, T-170 EXAMINATIONS AND INSPECTIONS {a) The Inspector concemed with the fabrication of the vessel oF pressure part shall have the duty of verifying2007 SECTION Y to his satisfaction that all examinations required by the referencing Code Section huve been made to the require ‘ments of this Section and the referencing document(s), He shall have the right to witness any of these examinations to the extent stated in the referencing document(s). ‘Throughout this Seetion of the Code, the word Inspector means the Authorised Inspector who has been qualified as required in the various referencing Code Sections. (b) The special distinction established in the various Code Sections between inspection and examination and the personnel performing them is also adopted in this Code Section. In other words, the term inspection applies to the functions performed by the Authorized Inspector, but the erm examination applies to those quality control functions, performed by personnel employed by the Manufacturer. One arva of occasional deviation from these distinctions exists. In the ASTM Standard Methods and Recommended Practices incorporated in this Section of the Code by refer cence or by reproduction in Subsection B, the words inspet tion or Inspector, which frequently occur in the text or titles of the referenced ASTM documents, may actually deseribe what the Code calls examination of examiner, This situation exists because ASTM has no occasion to be concerned with the distinetions which the Code makes ARTICLE 1 between inspection and examination, since ASTM activi- ties and documents do not involve the Authorized Inspector described in the Code Sections. However, no attempt Its been made to edit the ASTM documents to conform with Code usage; this should cause no difficulty if the users of this Section recognize that the terms inspection, testing, ‘and examination in the ASTM documents referenced in Subsection B donot describe duties ofthe Authorized Code Jnspector but rather describe the things to be done by the Manufacturer's examination personnel. T-180 EVALUATION ‘The acceptance standards for these methods shall be as, stated in the referencing document(s). 7-190 RECORDS/DOCUMENTATION Records/Documentation shal be in accordance with the referencing document(s) and the applicable requirements of Subsection A and/or B of this Code Section. The Code User shall be responsible for all required Records/Documentation.ARTICLE 1 2007 SECTION V ARTICLE 1 MANDATORY APPENDIX APPENDIX I — GLOSSARY OF TERMS. FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION SCOPE ‘This Mandatory Appendix is used for the purpose of establishing standard terms and definition of terms common to all methods used in Nondestructive Examination. 10 1.120 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS (a) The Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations (ASTM E 1316) has been adopted by the Committee as SE-1316. (b) SE-1316 Section A provides the definition of terms listed in 1-130. (c) Paragraph I-130(b) provides a list of terms and defi- nitions, which are in addition to SE-1316 and are Code specific 1.130 REQUIREMENTS (a) The following SE-1316 terms are used in conjunc- tion with this Article: defect, discontinuity, evaluation, false indication, flaw, lave characterization, imperfection, imerpretation, nonrelevant indication, relevant indication. (b) The following Code terms are used in conjunction with this Article ‘area of interest: the specific portion of the object that is tobe evaluated as defined by the referencing Code Section. Indicasion: the response or evidence from a nondestruc- tive examination that requires interpretation to determine relevance, inspection: the observation of any operation performed ‘on materials and/or components to determine its accept ability in accordance with given crteri limited certification: an acereditation of an individual's {qualification to perform some but not all of the operations, ‘within a given nondestructive examination method or tech- ‘nique that consists of one or more than one operation, or to perform nondestructive examinations within a limited scope of responsibilty. ‘method: the following is a list of nondestructive exami- ration methods and respective abbreviations used within the scope of Scction V: RT — Radiography UT — Ultrasonics MT — Magnetic Particle PT — Liquid Penetrants VT — Visual LT — Leak Testing ET — Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) AE — Acoustic Emission nondestructive examination (NDE}: the development and application of technical methods to examine materials and/or components in ways that do not impair future use- fulness and serviceability in order to detect, locate, mea- sure, interpret, ancl evaluate flaws. ‘operation: a specific phase of a method or technique. procedure: an orderly sequence of actions describing, how a specific technique shall be applied, sensitivity: a measure of the level of response from a discontinuity by a nondestructive examination, technique: a technique is a specific way of utilizing a particular nondestructive examination (NDE) method.2007 SECTION V ARTICLE £ ARTICLE 1 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX APPENDIX A — IMPERE} TYPE OF NDE METHOD SCOPE AAO ‘Table A-110 lists common imperfections and the NDE methods that are generally capable of detecting them. CAUTION: Table A-110 should be regarded for general guldance ‘only and not as a basis for requiring or prohibiting a particular type ‘of NDE method fora specific application. For example, material and product fore are factors that could result in diferences from the degree of effectiveness implied ia the table. For service-induced imperfections, aeessiblity atid other conditions atthe exan location are also significant factors that must be co ing a particular NDE method. In addition, Table A-110 must not ‘be considered to be all inclasive; there are several NDE method) techniques and imperfections not listed inthe table. The wser must ‘consider all applicable conditions when seloeting NDE methods for a speifle applicationARTICLE A 2007 SECTION V TABLE A-l10 IMPERFECTION VS TYPE OF NDE METHOD ‘Surface Susur (Note 1 ote 2) Volumetric (Note 311 weer mT eT RT UTR TS ET. Service Induced Imperfections Abrasive Wear (Localized) Safle Wear (Heat Exchangers) ° 0 Corcosion-Acisted Fatigue Cracks Coreosion -Grevee General / Uniform ° Pitting Creep (Primary) [Note (4) Erosion Fatigue Cracks Freting (Heat Exchanger Tubing) Het Cracking a 9@ Hyereoen-Induced Cracking Intergranular Stress-Coerason Cracks Stres-Corrosgn Cragks (Transoranlae) ° ° . . ° ° 2! ceo ° 0 . . e ce . . ° 3 o ° ° ei oe e000 eiecie ‘Welding tmperfections ‘ura Through ° Excesiveflnadequate Reiforcement Inclusions (Sla/Tungstend lacompete Fusion Facompiete Pesetration Misalignment Overlap Porosity Root Concavity ert cececces eeoc ecole soe eos e ° ee: cece ° . o 2 . o . . ° oleee o a 2 oo ° ° Product Form Imperfections Bursts (Forginns) Cole Shuts (Castings) Cracks (All Product Forms) Hot Tene ‘Castings! Inclusions (Al Product Fors) Lamination «Plate, Pipe) Laps (Forgings) Porosity Castings) Seams (Bar, Pipe) oc! eoee eoceeee cocoooeoe ee 3 lesen: AE ~ Acoustic Emission UTA Ultrasonic Angle Beam EF" fectromagnetic (Eddy Curren) UTS — Ultrasone Straight Beam fat Magnetic Particle DT? — Ulissonie Thickness Mestorement PT Liquid Penoteat r= visual RT Radiography “or matt standard techniques will tect this imperfection under al oF rast cndtons One er more standard techniqets) will delet this iperiction unde certain cendition. Spacta tcheaguns, Canitons andlor personel qualfReations are required to detect this Imperfection GENERAL NOTE: Table A120 lists imzeredtons an WDE methods tat are capable of detetina them. Hust te kept in mind that this table ‘very ceneral la natre,tlanylactors infers the detectability of imperfcttans. This table assumes thal only qualified personnel are performing vacatwetive examinations sod gobd conditions eve to permit tyaminationCooad 2ezes, surface condition, cleanings, et.) Notes: 1) ethods capable of detecting inperfactions that are open tothe surface en ods eapable of etecting Inperlectons that are eller open tothe surface or slightly subsurface 5) Methods capable of detecting imperectons that may be located anywhere within the examined volume 2} Vastu REE methods are conabe of detecting tertiary (Sed sage) creep and some, particularly using special Lecriques, are capable of ecingveconuary (Gnd sage) creep. There ae voriousdesriptonsigebiions fr the Stages of crap anda particular eeseipionefintion rill nat be apglieble te all materias and product forms 62007 SECTION V ARTICLE? ARTICLE 2 RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION 1-210 SCOPE ‘The radiographic method described in this Article for ‘examination of materials including castings and welds shall be used together with Article 1, General Requirements. Definitions of terms used in this Article sre in Mandatory Appendix V of this Article. Certain product-specific, technique-specific, and appli- ccation-specitic requirements are also given in other Manda- tory Appendices of this Article, as listed in the table of contents. These additional requitements shall also be com- plied with when an Appendix is applicable to the radio- ‘graphic or radioscopic examination being conducted, 7-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 7-221 Procedure Requirements ‘T-221.1 Written Procedure. Radiographic examina tion shall be performed in aceordance with a written proce dure, Each procedure shall include at least the following information, as applicable: (a) material type and thickness range (b) isotope oF maximum X-ray voltage used e-to-object distance (D in T-274.1) ce from source side of object to fllm (d in T2741) (e) source size (F in T-274.1) (P filea brand and designation (g) sereens used 'T-221.2 Procedure Demonstration, Demonstration of the density and image quality indicator (1QU image require- ‘ments of the written procedure on production or technique radiographs shall be considered satisfactory evidence of compliance with that procedure. 7-222 Surface Preparation T-222.1 Materials Including Castings. Surfaces shall satisfy the requirements of the applicable materials speci lication or referencing Code Section, with additional condi- tioning, if necessary, by any suitable process to such a degree that the resulting radiographic image due to any surface irregularities cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity T-222.2 Welds. The weld ripples or weld surface irregu- larities on both the inside (where accessible) and outside shall be removed by any suitable process to such a dk that the resulting radiographic image due to any surface irregularities cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity. ‘The finished surface of all butl-welded joints may be flush with the base material or may have reasonably uni- form crowns, with reinforcement not to exceed that speci- fied in the referencing Code Section, 1.223 Backscatter Radiation A lead symbol “B," with minimum dimensions of in, (13 mm) in height and Yi in, (1.5 rom) be attached to the back of each film holder dari exposure to determine if backseatter radiation is exposing the film, 7-224 System of Identification ‘A.system shall be used to produce permanent identifica- tion on the radiograph traceable to the contract, component, weld or weld seam, or part numbers, as appropriate. In addition, the Manufacturer's symbol or name and the date of the radiograph shall be plainly and permanently included ‘on the radiograph, This identification system does no essary require thatthe information appear as radiographic images. In any case, this information shall not obscure the Monitoring Density Limitations of Radiographs Either a densitometer or step wedge comparison film shall be used for judging film density 7-226 ‘The extent of radiographic examination shall be as speci- fied by the referencing Code Section. Extent of Examination 7-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS 1231 Film T2311 Selection, Radiographs shall be made using industrial radiographic film,ARTICLE 2 2007 SECTION V TABLE 7-233. HOLE-TYPE IQI DESIGNATION, THICKNESS, AND HOLE DIAMETERS ial ‘27 Hele aT Hole a Thickness, Diameter, Diameter, Designation in, (rm) in, Gum) in (oun) in, (rm) 5 0.005 10.13) 0.010 (025) 9.020 (0.51) 0.040 «1.02 7 0.0075 (0.19) 0.010 60.25) 0201051) 0.040 0.02) 10 0.010 10.25) 0.010 (025) 9201050) 0.040 (2.02) 2 0.0125(0.32) 0.0125 (0.32) 0.025 (06a) 0.050 01.27) 13 0.015 (0.380 0.035 (038) 0.030 10.76), 0.960 11.52 v 0.0175 (0.48) 0.0175(0.48) 0.035 (0.89) 0.070 0.78 20 0.020 10.51) 0.020 (051) 0.090 (1.02), 0.080 «2.03 2 0.025 (oes 0.025 (0.64) 0.050 0.27) 0.00 (2.54) 30 0.030 (0.76) 10.030 (0.769 0.060 «3.529, 0.120 (3.05 35 0.035 (0.69) 0.035 (0.89) 0.070 0.78) 0.2403.56) 40 0.040 0.02) 9.040 0.02 0.080 ¢2.03), 0.60 (4.06) 3 0.045 (1.14) 0.05 (1.14) 0.090 (2.29) 0.180 (457) 50 0.050 0.27) 0.050 (127) 0.200 (254 0.200 (5.03) 60 0.060 0.52 0.060 (152) 0.20 (3.05) 0.260 (6.200 70 9.070. 0.78) 0.070 (1.78) 0.240 (3.56) 0.280721) 80 0.080 (203) 0,080 (2.03) 0.260 (4.067 0.320 8.3) 200 0.100 (254) 900 (254) 0.200 (5.08) 0.400 (10.18) 120 0.120 3.05) 0.120(3.08) 0.240 «6.20 0.490 012.19) 140 0.140 (3.56) 9240 3.56) 0.260 (7.21 0.500 114.22) 360 0.160 (406) 0.260 14.06), 0.320 (8.13) 0.640 116.28) 200 (0200 (5.08) 0.200 15.08) 0.400 0.0.16) 240 0240 (6.10) 0.240 (6.20), 0.480 012.19) 200 0.200 (7.1) 0.26007.) 0.560 114.22) 1-231.2 Processing, Standard Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Processing, SE-999, or paragraphs 23 through 26 of Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination SE-94 shall be used as a guide for processing film, 7-232 Intensifying screens may be used when performing radiographic examination in accordance with this Article. Intensifying Screens T-233 Image Quality Indicator (IQN) Design ‘T-2381 Standard 1QI Design. 1Qls shall be either the hole type or the wice type. Hole-type IQIs shall be mamafas- tured and identified in accordance with the requirements fr altemates allowed in SE-1025, Wite-type IQls shal bbe manufactured and identified in accordance with the requirements of alternates allowed in SE-747, except that the lagest wire number or the identity number may be omitted, ASME standard IQIs shall consist of those in Table T-233.1 for hole type and those in Table T-233.2 for wire type 'T-233.2. Alternative 1QI Design. IQIs designed and ‘manufactured in accordance with other national or interna tional standards may be used provided the requirements of either (a) or (b) below, and the material requirements ‘of T-276.1 are met. TABLE 7-233.2 WIRE IQ DESIGNATION, WIRE DIAMETER, AND WIRE IDENTITY Sea sa8 Wire Wire Wire Wire Diameter, in, (mm) _Wdeatty Diameter, in. (mim) _Toentity 00032 (0.08) ooo 1025) 000s 10.30) 2 ons 033) 7 aos (0.13) 3 one = a) o0ne (026) 4 0020 05) 9 000s = 02005 092s (0.68) 30 ooo 025) & 032 oa Sete Sad Wire Wire Wire Wire Diameter, i._(rom)_Ideatity Diameter, ia._(mvm) _teentity 0032 © (asl) t00 24) oa = ao2) 12 dae 3.20) aso 4.27) 13 too 4.06) oes 60) 24200508) 319 0080 (2.03) 15025035) 20 100254) 36 032083) 222007 SECTION V a) Hole Type IO!s. The calculated Equivatent QI Sen- sitivity (EPS), per SE-1025, Appendix X1, is equal to or better than the required standard hole type IQ {b) Wire Type 1Qls. The aliernative wire 1QK essential wire diameter is equal 1 or less than the required standard 1Q{ essential wie, 7-234 Facilities for Viewing of Radiographs Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will wot cause reflections, shad- ows, of ghire on the radiograph that interfere with the interpretation process. Equipment used to view radiographs for interpretation shall provide a variable fight source suf ficient for the essential IQI hole or designated wire 10 be visible for the specified density ninge, The viewing conditions shall be such that light from around the outer ‘edge of the radiograph or coming through low-density portions of the radiograph does not interfere with interpre tation, 7-260 CALIBRATION T-261 Source Size T-261.1 Verification of Source Size. The equipment ‘manufacturer's or supplier's publications, such as technical ‘manuals, decay curves, or written statements documenting. the actual 0 acceptable as source size verification. ze oF focal spot, shatl be T-261.2 Determination of Source Size, When manu- Pacturer's or supplier's publications are not available, source size may be determined as follows: (a) X-Ray Machines, For X-ray machines operating at 500 KV and less, the focal spot size may be determined by the pinhole method," or in accordance with SE-1165, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging. (b) Iridium- 192 Sources. For Iridivm-192, the source size may be determined in accordance with SE-1114, Stan dard Test Method for Determining the Focal Size of Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic Sources. 1-262 _Densitometer and Step Wedge ‘Comparison Film ‘F-262.1 Densitometers. Densitometers shall be cali- brated at least every 90 days during use as follows: a) national standard step tablet ora step wedge cali- bration film, traceable to a national standard step tablet and having at least $ steps with neutral densities from at * Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Volume! Fitst Eton, pp. M32 1433, "Measuring Fecal Spot Sie.” Also, pp 20-21 of Radiography in Mortern industry, Foun Eto, ARTICLE? least 1.0 through 4.0, shall be used. The step wedge calibra- tion film shall have beon verified within the last year by comparison with a national standard step tablet unless, prior to first use, it was maintained in the original Tight- fight and waterproof sealed package as supplied by the manufaeturer. Step wedge calibration films may be used without verification for one year upon opening, provided itis within the manufacturer's stated shelf life () The densitometer manufacturer's step-by-step instructions for the operation of the densitometer shall be followed, 4.0. on libration (0) The density steps closest t0 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, the national standard step tablet or step wedge film shall be ead. (a) The densitometer is acceptable if the density read: ings do not vary by more than # 0.05 density units from the actual density stated on the national standard step tablet or step wedge calibration film. T-262.2 Step Wedge Comparison Films. Step wedge ‘comparison films shall be verified prior to first ase, unless periormed by the manufacturer, as follows: (a) The density of the steps ona step wedge comparison film shall be veritied by a calibrated densitometer. (b) The step wedge comparison film is acceptable if the density readings do not vary by more than + 0.1 density ‘units from the density stated on the step wedge compari- son film. 7262.3 Pe (a) Densitometers. Periodic cablibration verification ‘checks shall be performed as described in T-262.1 at the beginning of each shift, after 8 hr of continuous use, or afler change of apertures, whichever comes first ie Verification (b) Step Wedge Comparison Films. Verification checks shall be performed annually per T-262.2. ¥-262.4 Documentation (a) Densitometers. Densitometer calibrations required by T-262.1 shall be documented, but the actual readings for ceach step do not have to be recorded. Periedie densitometer verification checks required by T-262.3(a) do not have 10 be documented. (6) Step Wedge Calibration Films, Step wedge calibra tion film verifications required by T-262. (a) shall be docu- mented, but the actual readings for each step do not have to be recorded, (c) Step Wedge Comparison Films. Step wedge comp: ison film verifications required by T-262.2 and 7-262.3(b) shall be documented, but the actual readings for each step do not have to be recorded,ARTICLE 2 2007 SECTION ¥ 7-270 EXAMINATION 7-272, Radiation Energy T-271 Radiographic Technique? ‘The radiation energy employed for any radiographic A single-wall exposure technique shall be used for radi ography whenever practical. When it is not practical to use a single-wall technique, a double-wall technique shall beused, An adequate number of exposures shall be made 10 ‘demonstrate that the required coverage has been obtained, T-271.1 Single-Wall Technique. In the single-wall technique, the radiation passes through only one wall of the weld (material), which is viewed for acceptance on the radiograph F-271.2 Double-Wall Technique, When itis not prac- tical 10 use a single-wall technique, one of the following dlouble-wall techniques shall be used. (a) Single Wall Viewing, For materials and for welds in components. a technique may be used in which the sadiation passes through two walls and only the weld (mate- rial) on the film-side wall is viewed for acceptance on the radiograph, When complete coverage is required for circumferential welds (materials), a minimum of three ‘exposures taken 120 deg to each other shall be made. {(b) Double-Wall Viewing, For matcrials and for welds in components 314 in. (89 mm) or less in nominal outside diameter, a technique may be used in which the radiation passes through two walls and the weld (material) in both ‘walls i viewed for acceptance on the same radiograph For double-wall viewing, only a source-side 1QI shall be used, Care should be exercised 10 ensure that the required geometric unsharpness is not exceeded. If the geometric tunsharpness requirement cannot be met, then single-wall viewing shall be used. (J) For welds, the radiation beam may be offset from the plane of the weld at an angle sufficient to sepaate the images of the souree-side and film-side portions of the ‘weld so that there is no overlap of the areas to be interpre- ted. When complete coverage is required, a minimum of two exposures taken 90 deg to each other shall be made for each join. (2) As an alternative, the weld may be radiographed «with the radiation beam positioned so thatthe images of ‘both walls are superimposed. When complete coverage is required, a minimum of three exposures taken at either 60 deg or 120 deg to each other shall be made for each joint (3) Additional exposures shall be made ifthe required radiographic coverage cannot be obtained using the mini- mum number of exposures indicated in (b)(1) of (b)(2) ove “SKetchcs showing sopgesed soare, fl, and 1QE placements for Pineor tue welds rested in Ante 2, Nonmandatory Appendix A. technique shall achieve the density and 1QH image require- ments of this Article 273 Direction of Radiation ‘The direction of the central beam of radiation should be centered on the area of interest whenever practical 7-274 Geometric Unsharpness T-274.1 Geometric Unsharpness Determination. Geometric unsharpness of the radiograph shall be deter- mined in accordance with: Up = Fu/D where Us F geometric unsharpness source size: the maximum projected dimension of the radiating source (or effective focal spot) in the plane perpendicular to the distance D from the weld or object being radiographed distance from source of radiation to weld or object being radiographed distance from source side of weld or abject being radiographed to the film D and d shall be determined at the approximate center of the area of interest. NOTE: Altematively, a monograph shown in Standart Guide for Radiographic Examination SEA may be used. T-274.2 Geometric Unsharpness Limitations. Rec- ‘ommended maximum values for geometric unsharpness are as follows: Mates u, Thickness. in (rn) ‘Maxim, n(n) Under 2 60) ‘0.020 (051) 2 ehraugh 3 (50-75) (0.030 (06) ‘Over 3 through 4 25-100) 41.040 (1.02) Greater than 4 (100) 4.070 0.28) NOTE: Matera hickness isthe thickness on which the OH is based T-275 Location Markers Location markers (see Fig. T-275), which are to appear as radiographic images on the film, shall be placed on the part, not on the expasure holder/cassette, Their locations, shall be permanently marked on the surface of the part being radiographed when permitted. or on a map, in a ‘manner permitting the area of interest on a radiograph 10 be accurately traceable to its location on the part, for the required retention period of the radiograph. Evidence shall\] Film side unacceptable: Ti Flat component or longitudinal seam, [See T275.11a)(11] {Seo sketch (o} for alternate] @) j Source side ‘unacceptable Film side acceptable Curved components with radiation source to film distance greater than radius of curvatur [See T-275.116)(101 ‘a LEGEND: Radiation source — Location marker— Component center — +} FIG. 7-275 LOCATION MARKER SKETCHES Film side ‘unacceptable Curved components with radiation source to film distance less than radius of component [See T-275.118)/2)) tb) A Siow te Source side marker alternate Flat component or logitudinal seam x = (¢/ D)(M/ 12) additional required coverage beyond film side location marker component thickness. im side location marker interval source to component distance [See T-275.11b)(2)1 te Source side ‘acceptable Source side acceptable ‘Curved components with convex surface towards radiation source (See F-275.1(aN(3)] (e) Either side location marker is acceptable Curved components with radiation source ‘at center curvature [See T-275.1e)} o ANOLLIAS 1007 caronayIso be provided on the radiograph that the required cover- of the region being examined has been obtained, Loca- jon markers shall be placed as follows. T-275.1 Single-Wall Viewing (a) Source-Side Markers. Location markers shall be placed on the source side when radiographing the fol- owing: (7) fat components of longitudinal joints in eylindsi- cal or conical components (2) curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the souree and when the “source-to-material” distance is less than the inside radius of the component; (2) curved or spherical components whose convex side is toward the source, (D) Fili-Side Markers (1) Location markers shall be placed on the fl side when radiographing either curved or spherical components. whose coneave side is toward the source and when the “source-to-material” distance is greater than the inside radius, (2) Asan alternative t0 source-side placement in T-275.1(a}(1), location markers may be placed on the film side when the radiograph shows coverage beyond the lo tion markers to the extent demonstrated by Fig. 7-275, sketch (¢), and when this alternate is documented in accor- dance with 7-291, ic) Either Side Markers. Location markers may be placed on cither the source side or film side when radio: ppraphing either curved or spherical components whose con- cave side is toward the souree and the “source-to-material” distance equals the inside radius of the component. 1T-275.2 Double-Wall Viewing. For double-wall view- ing, at least one location marker shall be placed adjacent to the weld (or on the material in the area of interest) for each radiograph: ‘7-275.3 Mapping the Placement of Location Mark- cers, When inaccessibility or other limitations prevent the placement of markers as stipulated in T-275.1 and T-275.2, ‘1 dimensioned map of the actual marker placement shall accompany the radiographs (0 shiow that full coverage has been obtained 1-276 1QI Selection T-276.1 Material. 1QIs shall be selected from either the same alloy material group or grade as identified in ‘SE-1025, or SE-747, as applicable, or from an alloy mate~ rial group or grade with less radiation absorption than the material being radiographed. T-2762. Size. The designated hole 1QI or essential wire shall be as specified in Table T-276. A thinner or thicker hhole-type IQL may be substituted for any section thickness 2007 SECTION V ted in Table 7-276, provided an equivalent 1QI sensitiv- ity is maintained, See T-283.2, {a)_ Welds With Reinforcements. The thickness on which the IQ] is based is the nominal single-wall thickness plus the estimated weld reinforcement not to exceed the maxi- ‘mum permitted by the referencing Code Section. Backing Fings or strips shall not be considered as part ofthe thick: ness in IQI seleetion, The actual measurement of the weld reinforcement is not required (b) Welds Withow Reinforcements, The thickness on which the 1Qf is based is the nominal single-wall thickness. Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as part of the weld thickness in 1QI selection, 7-276.3 Welds Joining Dissimilar Materials or Welds With Dissimilar Filler Metal. When the weld metal is of an alloy group or grade that has a radiation attenuation that differs from the base material, the 1QL ‘material selection shall be based on the weld metal and be in accordance with T-276.1. When the density limits of T-282.2 cannot be met with one [QI, and the exceptional density area(s) is at the interface of the weld metal and the base metal, the material selection for the additional 1Qls shall be based on the base material and be in accor- dance with T-276.1. 7-277 Use of IQIs to Monitor Radiographic Examination -2771 Placement of IQIs (a) Source-Side 101s). The QU) shall be placed on the source side of the part being examined, except for the condition deseribed in T-277.10}. ‘When, due to part or weld configuration or size, it is rot practical to place the IQKs) on the part or weld, the 1OI(s) may be placed on a separate block. Separate blocks shall be made ofthe same or radiographically similar mate- rials (as defined in SE-1025) and may be used to facilitate TQK positioning. There is no restriction on the separate block thickness, provided the 1Q1/area-of-interest density tolerance requirements of T-282.2 ate met. (1) The 1QL on the source side ofthe separate block shall be placed no closer to the film than the source side ‘of the part being radiographed. (2) The separate block shall be placed as close as possible to the part being radiographed (3) When hole-type IQIs are used, the block dimen- sions shall exceed the IQ! dimensions such that the outline of atleast three sides of the IQH image shall be visible on the radiograph (b) Film-Side 1OK(s). Where inaccessibility prevents brand placing the IQKs) onthe source side, the IQKs) shall be placed on the film side in comtact with the part being ‘examined. A ead leter “F” shall be placed adjacent to or2007 SECTION V ARTICLE 2 TABLE 1-276 IQl SELECTION Nominal Singl-Wall Source Side Flim side Satelite —— —HoleeTyne Wire Type Hole-Type Wire Type in Designation Essential Wire Designation _Essential Wire Up t 0.25, ie. Up to 64, int 2 5 10 4 Over 0.25 troveh 0.975 Over 6 through 9.5 15 6 2 5 Over 0.375 through 0.50 Over 9.5 through 12.7 wv 7 15 6 (ver 0.50 through 0.75 Over 12:7 theough 19.0 20 8 uw 7 (ver 6.75 traueh 1.00 Over 19.0 through 25.4 25 9 20 8 (er 1.06 through 150 Over 25.4 through 38.1 30 20 25 9 (Ouer 1.50 through 2.00 Over 38.1 through 50.8 35 n 30 10 ‘er 2.00 throu 2.50 Over 50.8 through 63.5 40 2 38 n (ser 2.50 throveh 4.00 Over 63.5 traudh 101.6 20 2B 20 R ‘er 8.00 kirouh 6.00 Over 101.6 through 152.4 © 4 50 B ‘er 6.00 throvsh 8.00 Over 152.4 trough 2032 80 6 © 4 (er 8.00 through 10.00 Over 203.2 through 254.0 100 v 80 6 (ver 10,00 through 12.00 Over 254.0 trough 304.8 120 28 300 y (ter 12.00 through 16.00 Over 304.8 tough 405.4 160 20 120 18 (eer 16,00 through 20.00 Over 406.4 through 508.0 200 2 360 20 Con the 1QU(3), but shall not mask the essential hole where hole 1QIs are used. (e) 1QE Placement for Welds ~ Hole 10ts, The 1QUs) ‘may be placed adjacent to or on the weld. The identification number(s) and, when used, the lead letter “F," shall not be in the area of interest, except when geometric configuration makes it impractical (d) 1Q1 Placement for Welds — Wire 1Qts. ‘The 1QUs) shall be placed on the weld so that the length of the wires is perpendicular tothe tength of the wetd. The identification numbers and, when used, the lead letter °F,” shall not be inthe area of interest, except when geometric configuration makes it impractical (e) [QI Placement for Mat IQs) with the 1QF ide used, the lend letter “F interest fads Other Than Welds, The ation number(s), and, when may be placed in the area of T-277.2 Number of IQIs. When one or more film hold- ers are used for an exposure, at least one IQI image shall appear on each radiograph except as outlined in (b) below. (a) Multiple 1Qls, the requirements of T-282 are met by using more than one IQI, one shall be representative of the lightest area of interest and the other the darkest area of interest; the intervening densities on the radiograph shall be considered as i ‘ceptable density. (b) Special Cases? (1) For cylindrical components where the source is placed on the axis of the component for a single exposure, at least three IQIs, spaced approximately 120 deg apart, are required under the following conditions: * Refer vo Noamardavory Appendie D for aldtona guidance, (a) When the complete circumference is radio ‘graphed using one or more film holders, or; (b) When a section or sections of the circumter- cence, where the length between the ends of the outermost sections span 240 or more deg. is radiographed using one ‘or more film holders. Additional film locations may be required to obtain necessary {QI spacing, (2) For cylindrical components where the source is placed on the axis of the component for a single exposure, at Teast three 1QIs, with one placed at each end of the span of the circumference radiographed and one in the approximate center of the span, are required under the following conditions: {a) When aseotion of the circumference, the length of which is greater than 120 deg and less than 240 deg, is radiographed using just one film holder, or {b) When a seetion or sections of the cireumfe ence, where the length between the ends of the outermost sections span less than 240 deg, isradiographed using more than one film holder. (2) In (1) and (2) above, where sections of longitudi- nal welds adjoining the circumferential weld are radio- graphed simultaneously with the circumferential weld, an additional IQI shall be placed on each longitudinal weld at the end of the section most remote from the junetion with the circumferential weld being radiographed (4) For spherical components where the source is placed atthe center ofthe component fora single exposue, at least three 1QIs, spaced approximately 120 deg apart, are required under the following condition (a) When & complete circumference is radio ‘graphed using one or more film holders, or;ARTIC (o) where the lengih between the ends ofthe outermost sections When a section or sections of a circumference, span 240 or more deg. is radiographed using one or more film holders. Additional film locations may be required to bain necessary QI spacing. {5) For spherical components where the source placed atthe center ofthe component for a single exposure, at least three IQIs, with one placed at each end of the radiographed span of the circumference radiographed and ‘one in the approximate center of the span, are required under the following conditions: (a) When a section of a circumference, the length of which is greater than 120 deg and less than 240 deg, is sadiographed using just one film holder. oF: {b) When a section or sections of a circumference, ‘sherethe length between the ends of the outermost sector span less than 240 deg is radiographed using more than one film holder. (6) In4) and (5) above, where other welds are radio- graphed simultaneously with the circumferential weld, one ‘additional 1QK shall he placed on each other weld (7) For segments of a fat or curved (ellipsoidal, torispherical,torieanieal, elliptical, ete.) component where the source is placed perpendicular to the center of a length of weld for a single exposure when using more than three film holders, at least three IQIs, one placed at each end of the radiographed span and one in the approximate center of the span, are requite. 18) When an array of components in circle is radio- raped, at least one 1QI shall show on each component (9) In order to maintain the continuity of records involving subsequent exposures, all radiographs exhibiting, TOKs that qualify the techniques permitted in accordance with (1) through (7) above shall be retained 277.3 Shims Under Hole IQIs. For welds, a shim oof material radiographically simitar to the weld metal shall be placed between the part and the IQI, if needed, so that the radiographic density throughout the area of interest is ho more than minus 159% from (lighter than) the radio iphic density through the [Ql ‘The shim dimensions shall exceed the 1Q1 dimensions such that the outline of at least three sides of the IQT image shall be visible in the radiograph, 1-280 7-281 EVALUATION Quality of Radiographs All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical, br other blemishes to the extent that they do not mask and are not confused with the image of any discontinuity in the area of interest of the object being radiographed, Such blemishes include, but are not limited to: 2007 SECTION ¥ (a) fogging: (b) processing defeets such as streaks, watermarks, or chemical stains; {c) scratches, finger marks, erimps, dirtiness, static marks, smudges, or tears: (a) false indications due to defective sereens. 7-282 Radiographic Density ‘7-282.1 Density Limitations. The transmitted film density through the radiographic image of the body of the appropriate hole IQK or adjacent to the designated wire of a wire 1Q1 and the area of interest shall be 1.8 minimum for single lm viewing for radiographs made with an X-ray souree and 20 minimum for radiographs made with a ‘gamma ray source, For composite viewing of multiple film exposures, each film of the composite set shall have a rninimum density of 1.3, The maximum density shall be 44. for either single or composite viewing. A tolerance of 0.05 in density is allowed for variations between densitom- eter readings. *¥-282.2 Density Variation (a) General. the density of the radiograph anywhere through the area of interest varies by more than minus 158% or plus 30% from the density through the body of the hole IQLor adjacent to the designated wire ofa wire 1QK, Within the minimum/maximum allowable density ranges specified in T-282.1, then an additional 1QT shall be used for ‘each exceptional area or areas and the radiograph retaken. When calculating the allowable variation in density, the calculation may be rounded to the nearest 0.1 within the range specified in T-282.1 (b) With Shims. When shims are used with hole-type IQIs, the plus 30% density restriction of (a) above may bee exeeeded, and the minimam density requirements of “T-282.1 do not apply for the IQI, provided the required QI sensitivity of T-283.1 is met 7-283 1QI Sensitivity ‘T-283.1 Required Sensitivity. Radiography shall be performed with a technique of sufficient sensitivity to dis- play the designated hole IQI image and the 27 hole, or the ‘essential wire of @ wire IQL. The radiographs shall also display the 1Q1 identifying numbers and leters. Ifthe desig nated hole 1QI image and 27 hole, or essential wire, do rot show on any film ina multiple film technique, but do show in composite film viewing, interpretation shall be permitted only by composite film viewing. 283.2 Equivalent Hole-Type Sensitivity. A thinner or thicker hole-type IQF than the required IQl may be substituted, provided an equivalent or better 1QI sensitivity. as listed in Table T-283, is achieved and all other require ments for radiography are met. Equivalent IQI sensitivity