Principles of ~oundation Engineering

Sixth Edition

Braja M. Das

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THOMSON

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Principles of Foundation Engineering,Sirth Edition by Braja M. Das Associate Vice President and Editorial Director: Evelyn Veitch Publisher: Chris Carson Copy Edilor: Patricia Daly Proofreader: Erin Wagner Indexer: RPK Editorial Services Production Manager: Renate blcClay Creative Director: r\npela C'lusr Interior Design: Carniela Pereira

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128

Chapter 3 Sha//owFoundations: Ultimate Bearing Capacity Table 3.2 Terzaghi's Modified Bearing Capacity Factors N:,N ; . and N :

N:. N;, and N;, the modified bearing capacity factors, can be calculated by using the bearing capacity factor equations (for N,, N,, and N., respectively) by replacing 4' by &' = tan-'($ tan $). The variation of N:. Nb, and N ; with the soil friction angle $ is given in Table 3.2. Terzaghi's bearing capacity equations have now been modified to take into account the effects of the foundation shape ( B I L ) . depth of embedment (D,), and the load inclination. This is given in Section 3.6. Many design engineers, however, still use Terzaghi's equation, which provides fairly good results considering the uncertainty of the soil conditions at various sites.

3.4

Factor of Safety
Calculating the gross allowable load-bearing capaciry of shallow foundations requires the application of a factor of safety (FS) to the gross ultimate bearing capacity, or

3.4 Factor of Safety

129

However, some practicing engineers prefer to use a factor of safety such that net ultimate bearing capacity Net stress increase on soil = (3.13) FS The net ultimate bearing capacity is defined as the ultimate pressure per unit area of the foundation that can be supported by the soil in excess of the pressure caused by the surrounding soil at the foundation level. If the difference between the unit weight of concrete used in the foundation and the unit weight of soil surrounding is assumed to be negligible, then

where
q.,(.) = net ultimate bearing capacity

4=Y D ~

The factor of safety as defined by Eq. (3.15) should be at least 3 in all cases. Another type of factor of safety for the bearing capacity of shallow foundaIn tions is often used. It is the factor of safety with respect to shear failure (FSShe,,). most cases, a value of FS,,,,, = 1.4 to 1.6 is desirable along with a nlinimunl factor of safety of 3 to 4 against gross or net ultimate bearing capacity.The following procedure should be used to calculate the net allowable load for a given FSshnr.
1 . Let c' and 6' be the cohesion and the angle of friction, respectively, of soil and let FSSh,,,be the required factor of safety with respect to shear failure. So the developed cohesion and the angle of friction are

tan 6' FSshear 2. The gross allowable bearing capacity can now be calculated according to Eqs. (3.3), (3.7), (3.8), with c i and as the shear strength parameters of the soil. For example, the gross allowable bearing capacity of a continuous foundation according to Terzaghi's equation is

4 :

tan-(-)

where N,. N,, and N., = bearing capacity factors for the friction angle,& 3. The net allowable bearing capacity is thus

(3.19) Irrespective of the procedure by which the factor of safety is applied, the magnitude of FS should depend on the uncertainties and risks involved for the conditions encountered.
4 . 1 1 ( " , 1 , 441 -

(1 = ciNc

9(& - I) + ~YB.'.,