Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology

How Does the Brain Communicate?
Organization of the Nervous System
How is the Brain Organized? The Endocrine System What Makes Us Who We Are?
Dendrites
Soma
Myelin Sheath
Axon
Terminal Buttons and Synapses
How do Neurotransmitters Work?
How is the Brain Organized?
How do We Study the Brain?
The Endocrine System
What Makes Us Who We Are?
In the spinal cord, information travels from sensory neurons to motor neurons.
Motor neurons send information from your spinal cord to your arm muscles, signaling them to contract, jerking your hand away.
Spinal cord (cross section)
Sensory neurons send information from your (hot) fingertips up your arm and to your spinal cord.
You touch the hot stove; the heat registers in your skins sensory receptors.
Soma
Dendrites
Axon
Myelin Sheath
Synaptic Cleft
Terminal Buttons and Synapses
Presynaptic Neuron
Postsynaptic Neuron
Synaptic Vesicles Neurotransmitter Molecules
Handout
dendrites
Direction of Neural Messages
Myelin Sheath
axon
Cell body/nucleus
Axon bulb
Inside Electrode
Axon
Outside Electrode
50
Inside Electrode
Millivolts
-50
Axon
Outside Electrode
-100 Milliseconds
50
Inside Electrode
Millivolts
-50
Axon
Outside Electrode
-100 Milliseconds
Action Potential
50
No Action Potential
50
Millivolts
OR
-50
Millivolts
-50
-100 Milliseconds
-100 Milliseconds
Refractory Period
50
Inside Electrode
Millivolts
-50
Axon
Outside Electrode
-100 Milliseconds
Presynaptic neuron
Na+ leaks into neuron Excitation
Postsynaptic neuron
Inhibition
CI- leaks into neuron
Neurons can simultaneously receive both excitatory and inhibitory signals from other neurons. The cell will fire an action potential only if it reaches threshold.
1
2
Synthesis and storage of neurotransmitter molecules in synaptic vesicles
Reuptake of neurotransmitters sponged up by the presynaptic neuron
Release of neurotransmitter molecules into synaptic cleft
4
3
Inactivation (by enzymes) or removal (drifting away) of neurotransmitters
Binding of neurotransmitters at receptor sites on postsynaptic membrane
Question
Suki takes a drug that causes potassium ions to leave her neurons. This drug is likely to produce what type of effect on her neurons? a. Increased firing b. Excitation c. Inhibition d. Both excitation and inhibition
More illustrations
http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih2/addiction/activiti es/lesson2_neurotransmission.htm
Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Nerves that carry signals to and from the brain and spinal cord
Nervous system
Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Brain
Spinal cord
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Somatic nervous system
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division
Visual sensory information travels to the eye
Sensory pathways carry visual information to the brain Interneurons process information within the brain Motor pathways carry information away from the brain
Sympathetic Nervous System

Dilates pupils, inhibits tears
Inhibits salivation (dry mouth) Dilates bronchi, increases respiration Accelerates heart rate Goose bumps; activates sweat glands Inhibits activity Releases adrenalin Stimulates glucose release Contracts blood vessels Relaxes bladder; inhibits elimination Promotes ejaculation and vaginal contractions
Parasympathetic Nervous System

Contracts pupil, stimulates tears
Activates salivation Constricts bronchi, calms respiration Slows heart rate No goose bumps; inhibits sweat glands Stimulates activity Stops releasing adrenalin Slows glucose release Dilates blood vessels Constricts bladder; stimulates elimination Stimulates genitals
Question
Which branch of the automatic nervous system is most active when we are relaxed? a. Parasympathetic b. Sympathetic c. Endocrine d. Spinal
Nervous System Made Easy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XEoz_rf40A
Pons Cerebellum Medulla
Midbrain
Septum
Amygdala
Hippocampus
H.M.
Henry Gustav Molaison (February 26, 1926 December 2, 2008) -Severe uncontrolled epilepsy -destroyed hippocampus -seizures stopped but developed anterograde amnesia (could not store new memories -His case played a very important role in the development of theories that explain the link between brain function and memory -UC San Diego where it was sliced into histological sections on December 4, 2009 http://video.pbs.org/video/2365029824/ Key ethical aspect of the scientists studying HMs brain after death?
Hypothalamus Thalamus
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Primary motor area
Brocas area
Production of Speech
Brocas Area
Primary somatosensory area
Primary visual area
Wernickes area
Primary auditory area
Comprehension of Language
Wernickes Area
Stimulus in Left Half of Visual Field
Stimulus in Right Half of Visual Field
Fixation Point
Left Eye Left Hemisphere

(Control of Right Hand)
Right Eye Right Hemisphere

(Control of Light Hand)
Optic Nerves Information Delivered to Left Visual Processing Area
Severed Corpus Callosum Information Delivered to Right Visual Processing Area
Stimulus in Left Half of Visual Field
Stimulus in Right Half of Visual Field
Fixation Point
Left Eye Left Hemisphere

(Control of Right Hand)
Right Eye Right Hemisphere

(Control of Light Hand)
Optic Nerves Information Delivered to Left Visual Processing Area
Severed Corpus Callosum Information Delivered to Right Visual Processing Area
Question
Billy suffered a stroke on the left side of his brain. Most of his left frontal lobe was destroyed. What symptoms would you most expect to see in Billy as a result of this damage? a. Paralysis on the right side of his body and an inability to speak b. Paralysis on the right side of his body and an inability to understand speech c. Paralysis in the left leg, partial deafness, and stuttering d. Paralysis on the left side of his body and an inability to understand speech
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1zkVBH Ph5c http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8hC6NG QReL4 (stop at 5:50)
Hypothalamus Pituitary Glands

Thyroid Gland Adrenal Gland Pancreas Ovary
(in Female)
Testis
(in Male)
Question
Juanita was just frightened by a snake. Which of the following endocrine glands most likely played the biggest role in her response to danger? a. Thymus b. Thyroid c. Adrenal Cortex d. Adrenal Medulla
Hypothalamus Pituitary Glands Thyroid Gland Adrenal Gland Pancreas Ovary

(in Female, Release Estrogens)
Testis
(in Male, Release Androgens)
Question
Dr. Jasper is a scientist who believes that environment influences can affect the way that our genes are expressed during development. In his studies, he is examining how maternal environment can affect fur coloring in subsequent generations of rats. Dr. Jasper is LEAST likely to agree that our traits are the result of______ a. Epigenetics b. Interactionism c. Nature forces d. a and b

Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology

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Chapter 2 Notes - Psychology

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How Does the Brain Communicate?

Organization of the Nervous System

Terminal Buttons and Synapses

How Does the Brain Communicate?

How do Neurotransmitters Work?

Organization of the Nervous System

How is the Brain Organized?

How do We Study the Brain?

The Endocrine System

What Makes Us Who We Are?

Spinal cord (cross section)

How Does the Brain Communicate?

How do Neurotransmitters Work?

Organization of the Nervous System

How is the Brain Organized?

How do We Study the Brain?

The Endocrine System

What Makes Us Who We Are?

How Does the Brain Communicate?

How do Neurotransmitters Work?

Organization of the Nervous System

How is the Brain Organized?

How do We Study the Brain?

The Endocrine System

What Makes Us Who We Are?

How Does the Brain Communicate?

How do Neurotransmitters Work?

Organization of the Nervous System

How is the Brain Organized?

How do We Study the Brain?

The Endocrine System

What Makes Us Who We Are?

How Does the Brain Communicate?

How do Neurotransmitters Work?

Organization of the Nervous System

How is the Brain Organized?

How do We Study the Brain?

The Endocrine System

What Makes Us Who We Are?

How Does the Brain Communicate?

How do Neurotransmitters Work?

Organization of the Nervous System

How is the Brain Organized?

How do We Study the Brain?

The Endocrine System

What Makes Us Who We Are?

Terminal Buttons and Synapses

How Does the Brain Communicate?

How do Neurotransmitters Work?

Organization of the Nervous System

How is the Brain Organized?

How do We Study the Brain?

The Endocrine System

What Makes Us Who We Are?

How Does the Brain Communicate?

How do Neurotransmitters Work?

Organization of the Nervous System

How is the Brain Organized?

How do We Study the Brain?

The Endocrine System

What Makes Us Who We Are?

Synaptic Vesicles Neurotransmitter Molecules

How Does the Brain Communicate?

How do Neurotransmitters Work?