RADIAL, MIXED AND AXIAL-FLOW PUMPS. SIZE ESTIMATION AND SPECIFICATION

1. NOTATION AND UNITS

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The terminology and notation used in this Item largely follow those employed by pump specialists.

Units CH CQ C D d g H H N NPSHa NPSHr n P p ps pv p Q S z correction factor on total head rise for viscous liquids, CH = H H correction factor on volume flow rate for viscous liquids, C Q = Q Q correction factor on efficiency for viscous liquids, C = impeller diameter pipe internal diameter acceleration due to gravity, g 9.81 m/s2 gauge total head referred to agreed vertical datum total head rise produced by pump, H i = H o H i rotational speed of impeller net positive suction head available referred to agreed vertical datum net positive suction head required referred to pump vertical datum specific speed, n = Q ( g H ) bep bep pump shaft power absolute total pressure referred to agreed vertical datum absolute static pressure vapour pressure of pumped liquid total pressure rise produced by pump, p = p o p i volume flow rate through pump suction specific speed, S = Q bep ( g NPSHrbep ) vertical height, positive upwards measured from agreed vertical datum pump efficiency expressed as percentage, i.e. = 100 Q g H P liquid dynamic viscosity m m m/s2 m m rev/min m m rad W Pa or N/m2 Pa or N/m2 Pa or N/m2 Pa or N/m2 m3/s rad m per cent N s/m2

Issued November 1980 - 41 pages With Amendment A 1


Subscripts liquid kinematic viscosity ( = / ) density of pumped liquid angular speed of impeller

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m2/s kg/m3 rad/s

a bep i o

denotes atmospheric value denotes value at pump best efficiency point denotes value at pump inlet (suction) referred to pump datum elevation where relevant denotes value at pump outlet (discharge) referred to pump datum elevation where relevant

Superscript

prime denotes value associated with water as pumped liquid


2. INTRODUCTION

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This Item presents a method for estimating the size*, efficiency and typical flange sizes of a pump suited to a given duty. It may be used with the other Items in the series that give guidance to the non-specialist on the selection of pumps. The other Items in the series are as follows.

Radial, mixed and axial-flow pumps. Introduction, Radial, mixed and axial-flow pumps. Glossary of terms, Radial, mixed and axial-flow pumps. Conversion factors, 2.1 Item Layout

Item No. 80030 Item No. 81001 Item No. 81002.

In conjunction with Item No. 80030, Section 3 of this Item provides guidance on the determination of an appropriate design duty for approximate sizing. Section 4 then leads the user through a step-by-step procedure which (1) indicates how pumps available from manufacturers' standard ranges may be arranged to meet the design duty and (2) provides estimates of the size of a suitable pump, its efficiency and sizes of its suction and discharge flanges. A worked example in Section 5 is used to show the way in which this information may be appraised in order to produce a specification for submission to a supplier. It also illustrates the dangers of specifying a pump to match an overestimated system resistance.

The method provides an estimate of impeller diameter which is often used by manufacturers as a designation of the pump size.


3. DESIGN DUTY

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In the absence of other information, it may be assumed initially that the duty is to be covered by a single pump. The procedure in Section 4.1.1 indicates if this is feasible and, if not, gives guidance on how pumps available from manufacturers' standard ranges may be arranged to cover the duty. With multi-pump arrangements, it should be noted that in order to cover contingencies such as the failure of one pump, the design duty should be determined after consideration of the additional load on the pumps remaining in service. Section 7.3 of Item No. 80030 (Reference 4) gives guidance. In general, the design duty should be that which poses the most exacting pumping requirements. Consideration should be given to the following factors on which additional guidance is available in Item No. 800304 as indicated.

Factor 1.

Considerations for Determining Design Duty Full load flow rate at lowest temperature with largest likely system losses (determines most exacting Q and H ). If a particular pressure rise requirement has to be met in a system with changing liquid density, H should be calculated assuming the minimum value for density. Pump sized on the basis of Factor 1 but running at the highest temperature with the smallest likely system losses (resulting increase in Q determines most exacting NPSHr and, usually P *, see example in Section 5.4). Minimum load flow rate at highest temperature (determines most exacting NPSHr for high specific speed pumps). Minimum load flow rate at lowest temperature (determines most exacting P * for high specific speed pumps). Shut-off head requirement for starting system (determines minimum shut-off head requirement).

Section Numbers of Item No. 800304 3.2, 6

2.

3.2, 3.4, 6, 7.2

3. 4. 5.
*

3.4, 6 3.2 3.2

In a system with changing liquid density, the maximum power requirement corresponds to the maximum liquid density. Note that a pump sized to produce a given total pressure rise under conditions of minimum liquid density (c.f. Factor 1) will produce the same total head rise but higher total pressure rise with the maximum liquid density. Thus a higher power will be absorbed.

A pump should be sized initially on the basis of Factor 1 and checked iteratively against Factor 2. Factors 3 to 5 are seldom governing but, where they are, the penalties, e.g. of oversizing or efficiency, that may be incurred at the normal operating condition can be minimised; this may involve the use of variable speed or other controls on which guidance is given in Section 7.8 of Item No. 80030.


4. 4.1 SIZING AND SPECIFICATION Size Estimation

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The data presented in this section for estimating the size of a pump impeller and for estimating the size of the connecting pipework are based on a correlation of manufacturers' data but, because designs differ widely, the data are approximate only. The procedure is geared towards the selection of the minimum size of pump that will fulfil the design duty. For small scale installations, minimum size is the most usual selection criterion because it usually corresponds to the least capital cost. For larger installations, efficiency considerations may be more important and, although the criteria of minimum size and maximum efficiency are not fundamentally conflicting, the procedure may be readily adapted to provide an optimum efficiency solution.

4.1.1

Procedure The following procedure leads to answers that are appropriate to single-stage single-inlet impellers. It is left to the discretion of the user to adapt the results to other configurations. To use the procedure for a double-suction pump, work throughout with a value for Q that is half the design flow rate. To use the procedure for a multi-stage pump, work with a total head rise, H , that is the design total head rise for the stage under consideration*. The procedure requires values for the following variables: Liquid Properties at Design Point pv (values for several liquids are available from Reference 2), (values for several liquids are available from Reference 2), (values for water are available from Reference 2).

System Properties at Design Point Hi H Q (guidance on the calculation of this is given in Section 6 of Item No. 800304), (per stage), (per impeller inlet).

Step 1

Calculate NPSHai from NPSHa i = H i + ( pa pv ) ( g ) . Section 6 of Item No. 80030 gives guidance.

Step 2

If the liquid is water or is of lower viscosity than water, take Q = Q , H = H , C = 1 and jump to Step 4.

In most multi-stage pumps, the stages share the total head rise equally.

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If the pumped liquid is of higher viscosity than water, obtain a value for max from Figure 1 using Q and H . If max , it may be worth considering a positive displacement pump on efficiency grounds. Nevertheless, if only small powers are involved, the user may be prepared to tolerate large losses of efficiency. Using the value of max obtained from Figure 1, calculate the ratio max and obtain values for C Q , C H and C from Figure 2.

Step 3

Calculate the equivalent duty point for water as the pumped liquid, i.e., Q = Q CQ and H = H CH .

Step 4

Decide on a suitable value for suction specific speed (e.g. S = 2.8 rad for an ordinary impeller or S = 4 rad for a special design). Allowing for the advisory 0.5 m increment* on NPSHa i , take NPSHr = NPSHa i 0.5 m and calculate max , the maximum speed before cavitation takes effect, from max = S ( g NPSHr ) /Q . 30 - Nmax = ----, where is in rad/s and N in rev/min. max

Note
*

Section 3.4 of Item No. 80030 gives an explanation. Note that increments in NPSHa i other than 0.5 m may be necessary in some cases.

Step 5

Check max or N max against the available motor pole speeds using the following table if direct-drive units are to be used. Select the highest speed that is below max or N max .

Nominal speeds of induction motors Supply Frequency No. of Poles 50 Hz N (rev/min) 2 4 6 8 10 2 900 1 450 960 720 570 (rad/s) 305 152 100 75 60 3 500 1 750 1 160 870 690 60 Hz N (rev/min) (rad/s) 366 183 121 91 72

If the available speeds are all too high, then max (and N max ) should be increased. This may be achieved by one of the following means.


(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

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Use a double-suction pump (halves Q ). Go back to Step 1. Use more than one pump in parallel (reduces Q ). Go back to Step 1. Fit an inducer (increases S ) but see Section 3.4 of Item No. 80030. Go back to Step 4. Increase the pump inlet pressure (increases NPSHa i ), e.g. by lowering the pump. Go back to Step 1.

Step 6

Calculate the specific speed for the duty from n = Q ( g H ) rad. The most efficient pumps available have specific speeds between approximately 0.6 and 2 as illustrated by Sketch 3.3 of Item No. 800304. Thus, if 0.6 n 2 , jump to Step 10. If efficiency is not a prime consideration, proceed to Step 7. Otherwise, if a higher value for n is required, jump to Step 8, or, if a lower value is required, jump to Step 9.

Step 7

If 0.15 n' 2 , the specific speed falls within the range for standard pumps. Jump to Step 10. If n' < 0.15 , proceed to Step 8. If n' > 2 , jump to Step 9.

Step 8

Because n ' is too low (see Section 3.7 of Item No. 80030 for details) a high speed or a multi-stage pump could be considered. If a high speed pump is preferred, go back to Step 6 and choose a higher speed that is nevertheless below max or N max . However, if speeds higher than 3600 rev/min are being considered, the manufacturer should be consulted. If a multi-stage pump is preferred, go back to Step 2 with the amended value for H .

Step 9

Because n' is too high (see Section 3.7 of Item No. 80030 for details), one or more of the following options must be taken. (i) (ii) (iii) Reduce speed. Go back to Step 6. Use a double-suction pump (halves Q ). Go back to Step 1. Use more than one pump in parallel (reduces Q ). Go back to Step 1.


Step 10

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For viscous liquids, i.e. those resulting in C < 0.9 , viscosity affects performance significantly. This effect has only been quantified1 for pumps of specific speed less than 1. If therefore n 1 and C < 0.9 , it is advisable to select a pump of lower specific speed, see Step 9, unless the pump supplier can provide guidance. If n 1 or C 0.9 , there is no difficulty. Proceed to Step 11.

Step 11

A particular shape of pump characteristic may be required to fulfil the system requirements, e.g. because there is more than one duty point to consider. By referring to Sketches 3.4 to 3.6 of Item No. 80030, the behaviour of the characteristic can be checked and, if it is found that a different specific speed is required, the guidance given in Step 8 or 9 may be used. Otherwise, proceed to Step 12.

Step 12

If a direct-drive induction motor pole speed has been selected, locate the appropriate size estimation chart from Figures 3a to 3j. Read off the value of the impeller diameter, D (in mm), and the water efficiency, (in per cent), according to H (in m) and Q (in m3/h or m3/s depending on the scale used). Alternatively, if other speeds have been chosen, the formulae quoted on the charts must be used to obtain size and efficiency estimates. If the duty point is not covered by the graphed area of the appropriate estimation chart, it is probable that the size or type of pump required is outside the standard range offered by most manufacturers. However, by experimenting with pumps in parallel (or double-suction pumps) or pumps in series (or multi-stage pumps) and by trying different speeds, a practical solution can usually be obtained.

Step 13

An estimate of the power required per stage per impeller inlet may be obtained from Q H g - 100 , P = ----------------- where = C . Note that here Q and H correspond to the actual flow rate and total head rise values respectively rather than the water equivalent values.

Step 14

An approximate indication of the size of the pump suction bore is given by Figure 4. A corresponding indication of the discharge bore is given by Figure 5. Note that the full flow rate through the pump should be used with Figures 4 and 5.


4.2 Mechanical Suitability

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For clean liquids that pose no special handling problems, it is likely that the type and size of pumps arrived at using the procedure of Section 4.1 will be available from manufacturers' standard ranges. If this is the case, Section 4.3 may be consulted directly for guidance with specification preparation. For other cases, the following check list should be used.

Check Fibres in suspension

Comment A specially-designed non-clogging pump is required for handling liquids containing stringy or fibrous material such as found in sewage. Such a pump should be provided with an impeller, either constructed to cut the fibres, or formed with only one or two vanes to allow the material to pass freely through the resulting large flow passages. The provision of an opening in the casing for cleaning should be considered when specifying such a pump and, if the pumped liquid is liable to give off gases, the provision of a venting facility in the casing should also be considered. The efficiency of fibre-handling pumps may be lower than predicted from the procedure in Section 4.1. The solids' handling capacity of a pump is measured in terms of maximum sphere size, this being the largest diameter sphere that can be passed through the pump. Solids' handling pumps are constructed more robustly than their clean liquid counterparts and the radial and mixed-flow types may be designed with partially-open impellers. They may exhibit lower efficiencies than predicted from the procedure in Section 4.1 and their efficiencies may be further reduced as wear increases the running clearances. Most pump manufacturers can supply pumps made from, or coated with, materials for use with moderately corrosive or abrasive liquids. However, because it may not be possible to trim the impellers of such pumps to meet a given condition of service (see Section 3.6 of Item No. 800304), some means of changing the pump speed, e.g. by changing the wheel diameters of a belt transmission, should be considered when preparing the specification. The availability of glandless pumps appears to be restricted to specific speeds, n , of less than approximately unity although there is no engineering reason for this restriction. Check that the pump components, particularly the shaft and impeller, are able to withstand the additional torque required.

Solids in suspension

Corrosive or abrasive liquids

Toxic or very high pressure liquids High density or high viscosity liquids


4.3 Specification

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When the type of pump or combination of pumps has been finally decided, a full specification must be given to those manufacturers invited to tender. The form at the back of this Item is suitable for such specifications. The form should first be partly filled in by the purchaser to convey sufficient information to the manufacturer to enable a satisfactory quotation to be given, e.g. the duty point, preference for horizontal or vertical orientation, etc. should be specified. Then the manufacturer can complete the form or suggest alternative designs. The example given in Section 5.3 clarifies the use of the form and the Glossary of Pump Terms, Item No. 810015 covers its terminology.

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5. EXAMPLE

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A pump is required to raise water at a constant temperature of 60 C from a sump to an open reservoir. Two alternative pump installations are proposed for meeting the design flow of 260 m3/h (0.0722 m3/s), see Sketch 5.1. In Installation A, at the design flow rate, the frictional loss is 0.05 m for the suction system (stations 2 to 3) and 59.95 m for the discharge system (stations 4 to 5). In Installation B, at the design flow rate, the loss due to friction in the suction system is 0.5 m (stations 2 to 3) and 59.5 m (stations 4 to 5) in the discharge system. The supply and receiving reservoirs have the same plan area and thus the levels remain at a difference of 10 m. Additional data are shown in Sketch 5.1. For a 50 Hz electricity supply, investigate the sizes and power requirements of both installations and prepare a specification data sheet for the preferred installation. Investigate the consequences of the frictional losses in the discharge system being overestimated by 12 m total head and discuss the possible courses of action. (This part of the example illustrates the dangers of over-design and the application of the pump similarity laws.)

Sketch 5.1 Alternative installations* 5.1 Fully-Submerged Pump (Installation A) Following through the procedure in Section 4.1.1, a single-stage, single-inlet pump will initially be proposed. The flow rate and head rise requirement of the system thus remain unfactored. The values of the necessary variables are as follows.
*

A more practical pump datum may be the inlet bellmouth since, at a preliminary investigation stage such as this, the exact position of the impeller inlet eye may not be known. However the difference is small and errs on the safe side for the NPSHa calculation.

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Liquid Properties p v = 0.1922 10 Pa at 60 C from Item No. 680102, is not required as the liquid is water, = 983.15 kg/m3 at 60 C from Item No. 680102.
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System Properties Section 6 of Item No. 800304 illustrates a method for calculating H i , the total head at the pump inlet referred to the pump datum elevation. Taking the minimum sump water level as the system datum, i.e. H i = 0 , the total head, H3 , at the pump inlet referred to the system datum is given by H3 = H 1 ( H1 H 2 ) ( H2 H 3 ) , c.f. Equation (6.10) of Item No. 80030, where H 1 H 2 = 0 since the total lead loss in the sump is negligible and H 2 H 3 = 0.05 m, which is the frictional loss in the suction system. Thus, H 3 = 0 0 0.05 = 0.05 m.

The value of H i is then given by H i = H 3 z , c.f. Equation (6.9) of Item No. 80030, where z , the head adjustment allowing for the difference in elevation between the system datum and the pump datum, is equal to 3 m. Thus, Hi = 0.05 + 3 = 2.95 m.

Again, using Section 6 of Item No.80030 as a guide, the pump total head rise, H , follows from rearranging the equation H 1 ( H 1 H 2 ) ( H 2 H 3 ) + H ( H 4 H 5 ) H 5 = 0 , c.f. Equation (6.4) of Item No. 80030, i.e., H = H 5 H 1 + ( H 1 H 2 ) + ( H 2 H 3 ) + ( H 4 H 5 ) , c.f. Equation (6.5) of Item No. 80030. In this example, since H 1 = 0 , H 5 = 10 m, ( H 1 H 2 ) = 0 , ( H2 H 3 ) = 0.05 and ( H 4 H 5 ) = 59.95 m, H = 10 0 + 0 + 0.05 + 59.95 = 70 m.

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The design flow rate is Q = 0.0722 m3/s. Step 1 NPSHa i = Hi +( p a p v ) ( g ) ,

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where pa , the atmospheric pressure, may be taken as 1.013 10 Pa. Thus, NPSHai = 2.95 + ( 1.013 105 0.1992 105 ) ( 983.15 9.81 ) = 11.4 m.

Step 2

The liquid is water so Q = 0.0722 m3/s, H = 70 m and C = 1 . Jump to Step 4.

Step 4

Taking S = 2.8 rad and NPSHr = NPSHa i 0.5 m, max = 2.8 ( 9.81 10.9 ) 0.0722 = 346.5 rad/s or Nmax = 3 309 rev/min. The highest speed available for a 50 Hz supply that is below max is the 2 pole speed of 305 rad/s (2900 rev/min).

Step 5

Step 6

The specific speed for the duty is given by n = 305 0.0722 ( 9.81 70 ) = 0.61 rad. This is within the range for which high efficiency pumps are available so there is no reason to change n .

Step 7

Jump to Step 10 because the specific speed falls within the range for standard pumps.

Step 10

Proceed to Step 11 as there is no need to consider viscosity effects.

Step 11

No particular shape of pump characteristic is preferred. Figure 3a is the size estimation chart appropriate to = 305 rad/s ( N = 2900 rev/min). From this with H = 70 m and Q = 0.0722 m3/s, the estimated impeller diameter is 260 mm and the estimated efficiency is 81 per cent. 0.0722 70 983.15 9.81 3 - 100 = 60 10 W. P = ----------------------------------------------------------------81

Step 12

Step 13

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Step 14

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From Figure 4, a typical diameter for the suction bore would be 150 mm and, from Figure 5, a corresponding discharge bore would be 125 mm.

5.2

Above Ground Mounted Pump (Installation B) Following through the procedure in Section 4.1.1, a single-stage, single-inlet pump will again initially be proposed. The flow rate and head requirements of the system thus remain unfactored. The values of the necessary variables are as follows. Liquid Properties pv = 0.1992 10 Pa at 60 C from Item No. 680102, is not required, = 983.15 kg/m3 at 60 C from Item No. 680102. System Properties Following the method used in Section 5.1, H3 = H1 ( H 1 H2 ) ( H 2 H3 ) , i.e., H3 = 0 0.5 = 0.5 m and, with H i = H 3 z , then H i = 0.5 3.5 = 4 m. H = H5 H 1 + ( H 1 H2 ) + ( H 2 H3 ) + ( H 4 H5 ) , i.e., H = 10 0 + 0 + 0.5 + 59.5 = 70 m. Q = 0.0722 m3/s. Step 1 From NPSHai = H i +( pa pv ) ( g ) , NPSHai = 4 + ( 1.013 10 0.1992 10 ) ( 983.15 9.81 ) = 4.4 m.
5 5 5

Step 2

Q = 0.0722 m3/s, H = 70 m and C = 1 . Jump to Step 4.

Step 4

Taking S = 2.8 rad and NPSHr = NPSHa i 0.5 m,

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max = 2.8 ( 9.81 3.9 ) 0.0722 = 160 rad/s or N max = 1530 rev/min

Step 5

The highest speed available for a 50 Hz supply that is below max is the 4 pole speed of 152 rad/s (1450 rev/min).

Step 6

The specific speed for the duty is given by n = 152 0.0722 ( 9.81 70 ) = 0.30 rad. This is below the range in which high efficiency pumps can be obtained but as there is no special efficiency optimisation requirement, the procedure is continued to Step 7.

Step 7

Jump to Step 10 because the specific speed falls within the range for standard pumps.

Step 10

Proceed to Step 11 as there is no need to consider viscosity effects.

Step 11

No particular shape of pump characteristic is preferred.

Step 12

Figure 3b is the size estimation chart appropriate to = 152 rad/s ( N = 1450 rev/min). From this, with H = 70 m and Q = 0.0722 m3/s, the suggested impeller diameter is > 450 mm and is likely to be larger than those available from most manufacturers' standard ranges because the duty point is not covered by the graphed area of the chart. However, a two-stage pump with each stage producing 35 m total head rise is a possible alternative*. To estimate the size and power requirements of such a pump, the procedure is repeated from Step 6 onwards taking Q = 0.0722 m3/s as before but H = 35 m.

Although the use of a two-stage pump is the most satisfactory alternative for the conditions of this example, the use of a double-suction radial or mixed-flow pump should also be generally considered where higher motor speeds are available. For a given value of S , the use of a double-suction pump increases N max by a factor of 2 which in many cases will allow a higher motor pole speed and thus a smaller impeller diameter to be selected.

Step 6

n = 152 0.0722 ( 9.81 35 ) = 0.51 rad.

Step 7

Jump to Step 10.

Step 10

Proceed to Step 11.

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Step 11 Proceed to Step 12.

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Step 12

From Figure 3b again, but this time with Q = 0.0722 m3/s and H = 35 m, the estimated impeller diameter is 360 mm and the estimated efficiency is 80 per cent. 0.0722 35 983.15 9.81 3 3 - 100 = 30.5 10 W per stage or 61 10 W for the P = ----------------------------------------------------------------80 pump.

Step 13

Step 14

From Figure 4, a typical diameter for the suction bore would be 200 mm and, from Figure 5, a corresponding discharge bore would be 150 mm.

5.3

Discussion Although either installation is able to deliver the duty flow rate, Installation A is preferable not only because it requires a more simple single-stage pump than Installation B but primarily because of the priming difficulties that would accompany Installation B. Installation B, however, has the advantage of easier access for maintenance. As indicated in Section 4.3, the detail to which the pump can be specified may vary according to whether the purchaser has a preference for (and adequate knowledge of) certain features or whether he or she wishes to accept the recommendations of the pump manufacturer. Certain data, however, are essential as indicated by the letter P in the annotated columns of the following data sheet which has been filled in with entries appropriate to the example. The lines in the form are annotated according to the following legend:

P P/V O OV V

entry from purchaser expected. according to responsibility, e.g. for supplying driving unit, entry is expected from either purchaser or vendor. entry from purchaser optional. entry from purchaser optional. If left blank, entry from vendor is expected. entry from vendor expected.

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Sketch 5.2 Critical installation dimensions 5.4 5.4.1 Effects of Overestimated Discharge System Total Head Loss Equilibrium flow rate In order to investigate the effects of the estimated system loss being in error, it is first necessary to find the flow rate at which the pump and actual system are in equilibrium. As explained in Section 7.1 of Item No. 800304, this may be found by plotting the system total head requirement characteristic on the same graph as the pump total head rise characteristic and noting the flow rate at which the two curves intersect. For plotting the system total head requirement characteristic, it is sufficiently accurate to assume that the frictional component of the total head requirement is directly proportional to the flow rate squared. This approach has been used for constructing the system curve illustrated in Sketch 5.3. The pump total head rise characteristic may in this example be taken at constant speed for, although the power required is different from the design value, the electric motor driving unit will maintain the speed close to the nominal 2-pole speed of 2900 rev/min. The constant speed pump total head rise characteristic for 2900 rev/min should preferably be obtained from the manufacturer but, in the absence of such information, may be estimated using Sketch 3.4 of Item No. 80030. In this example, manufacturer's data have been used to construct the pump curve illustrated in Sketch 5.3. Sketch 5.3 shows that the actual system characteristic is in equilibrium with the pump at a flow rate, Q , of 0.0774 m3/s with a total head rise, H , of 65 m. The increase in flow rate above the required value of 0.0722 m3/s is thus fairly small.

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Sketch 5.3 Change of operating point resulting from overestimated system losses 5.4.2 Pump and system properties at equilibrium flow rate The power required, efficiency and NPSHr may now be obtained from the manufacturer's curves or estimated using Sketches 3.5, 3.6 and 3.11 respectively in Section 3 of Item No. 800304 with Q Q bep = 0.0774 0.0722 = 1.07 . Preferably, the manufacturer's data should be used from which: P = 60.6 10 W, = 80 per cent, NPSHr = 11.4 m. For the system running at Q = 0.0774 m3/s, NPSHai may be estimated assuming that the frictional component of total head loss in the suction system is directly proportional to the flow rate squared. At Q = 0.0772 m3/s, this frictional component was 0.05 m, so at Q = 0.0774 m3/s it is 0.05 ( 0.0774 0.0722 ) = 0.0575 m. Thus the corresponding value for NPSHai is given by ( NPSHai )
Q = 0.0774 2 3

= ( NPSHa i )

Q = 0.0722

( 0.0575 0.05 )

= 11.4 0.0075 = 11.39 m. This value for NPSHa i , although only slightly lower than that at the required flow rate, is less than the new value for NPSHr . Therefore, if the pump is to run continuously under such conditions, cavitation may

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5.4.3 Courses of action

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cause considerable damage. Note that although NPSHa i and NPSHr are not very different, a margin of at least 0.5 m is normally advised, see Section 3.4.2 of Item No. 800304.

Given that it is not possible to increase NPSHai , one of three courses of action may be taken. (1) Throttle the pump discharge (e.g. by installing an orifice plate) to restore the system characteristic to the original estimate. Reduce the speed of the pump (e.g. by installing a belt transmission) to lower the pump total head rise curve so that it intersects with the actual system curve at the required flow rate of Q = 0.0722 m3/s. Reduce the diameter of the impeller. Pump discharge throttling This is the simplest solution but it results in the pump absorbing more power than is necessary. In order to restore the system total head loss of 58 m at a flow rate of 0.0722 m3/s back to the estimated value of 70 m, an orifice plate is required to cause a total head loss of 12 m. Item No. 810393 provides pressure loss data on several orifice geometries and enables the correct size of orifice to be calculated. Note that orifice plates should be installed on the discharge side of pumps to avoid reductions in NPSHai . (2) Speed reduction Reducing the speed lowers the pump total head rise characteristic according to the similarity laws given in Section 3.5 of Item No. 800304. Provided the actual system curve intersects the modified pump characteristic no further away from the best efficiency point than the original pump characteristic, no pumping efficiency need be lost and a saving in power will result from the reduction in the system total head rise requirement. Although the speed reduction calculation is, for generality, an iterative process, an adequate approximation to the required speed can, in many cases, be achieved within the first step of the iteration.

(2)

(3) (1)

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Sketch 5.4 Shift of operating point due to change of speed The object of the calculation is to find the speed that causes the pump characteristic to pass through the required operating point, see Sketch 5.4. Because the system characteristic does not follow a speed transformation path (square law), the required operating point is at a different position (on transformation path B) on the pump characteristic from that of the actual operating point (on transformation path A). It is this feature that prevents the similarity laws from relating the required speed directly to the actual and required operating points. The calculation is therefore formulated as follows. For the purpose of starting the iterative calculation, a new speed must be postulated and tested. Because path A does not intersect with the required operating point, an average of the two speeds corresponding to (1) the required head change down path A and (2) the required flow rate change down path A is taken for the initial estimate.

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Sketch 5.5 Effect of speed reduction Because each speed calculation follows a speed transformation path, i.e. moves to the same relative position on the pump characteristics, the similarity laws are applicable. Thus Equations (3.11) and (3.12) of Item No. 800304 may be used and rearranged to estimate the speeds required (1) to produce the desired total head rise, H , of 58 m and (2) to produce the required flow rate, Q , of 0.0722 m3/s. Thus, from Equation (3.11) of Item No. 800304, H2 58 - = 2900 ----= = 2739 rev/min, N 2 N 1 -------- 65 H1 whereas, from Equation (3.12) of Item No. 80030, N2 = N1 Q 2 Q1 = 2900 0.0722 0.0774 = 2705 rev/min. Averaging these speeds gives N 2 = 2722 rev/min. The next stage is to plot the pump characteristic corresponding to this new speed to see if it intersects with the system characteristic acceptably close to the required flow rate of 0.0722 m3/s. Equations (3.11) and (3.12) of Item No. 800304 are used to transform points A and bep on curve 1 to their same relative positions on curve 2 (for N = 2722 rev/min) so that a portion of curve 2 may be constructed. Thus, N 2 2722 2 - = 65 ----------- = 57.27 m, H 2 A = H1 A ---- 2900 N 1 Q 2 A = Q 1 A N2 N 1 = 0.0774 2722 2900 = 0.07265 m3/s,
2

22


N 2 2722 2 - = 70 ----------- = 61.67 m and H 2 bep = H 1 bep ---- 2900 N 1 Q 2 bep = Q 1 bep N2 N 1 = 0.0722 2722 2900 = 0.06777 m3/s.
2

80031

By joining points 2 bep and 2 A together, a portion of the pump characteristic corresponding to N 2 = 2722 rev/min is formed. It can be seen from Sketch 5.5 that this intersects with the system characteristic, i.e. to form a new operating point, 2B, at Q = 0.0718 m3/s which is acceptably close to the required flow of 0.0722 m3/s. Note that if this error were not acceptable, and in some circumstances it may be much larger, the calculation could be repeated by basing the new speed on the average of those required to correct the lesser error in total head rise and the lesser error in flow rate. Having found the required speed, a check must be made on the power required and NPSHr using the manufacturer's data that are available for N = 2900 rev/min only (or Sketches 3.5 and 3.11 of Item No. 80030 if such data are not available). At the new operating point, Q2 B Q 2 bep = 0.0718 0.06777 = 1.059 . Then, using this ratio to find the equivalent flow rate, Q1 B , for N = 2900 rev/min, Q 1 B = Q1 bep Q 2B Q 2bep = 0.0722 1.059 = 0.07646 m3/s. With this equivalent flow rate, the values for power and NPSHr corresponding to point 1B may also be found from the manufacturer's data, i.e. P 1 B = 60.6 10 W and NPSHr 1B = 11.2 m. These values, although applicable to N = 2900 rev/min, lie on the same part of the characteristic curve (i.e. speed transformation path B) as the required operating point, 2B. They may therefore be directly transformed into values applicable to N 2 = 2722 rev/min using the similarity laws given in Section 3.5 of Item No. 80030 as follows. 2722 3 - = 50.1 103 W, P2 B = P1 B ---------- 2900 2722 - = 9.87 m. NPSHr2 B = NPSHr1B ---------- 2900 Note that NPSHai is unchanged and thus remains at 11.4 m, leaving a margin of 1.53 m between NPSHa i and NPSHr2 B . A power saving of P 1A P 2 B = 10.5 103 W results. The required speed of 2722 rev/min does not correspond to the pole speed of an electric motor but it can nevertheless be achieved economically through a belt transmission for which most pump manufacturers are able to quote.
2 3

23


(3) Impeller size reduction

80031
Section 3.6 of Item No. 80030 provides information on impeller trimming which, for the requirements given in this example, is likely to be a practical measure. It will nevertheless be necessary to seek the advice of the pump manufacturer before undertaking to trim the impeller because the performance of an impeller can be very sensitive to details of geometry. The power saving following impeller trimming is likely to be close to that resulting from changing the speed to suit the system characteristic, i.e. approximately 10 103 W.

5.4.4

Best course of action The following factors should be considered: power savings resulting from modification, cost and ease of modification, ability of modified system or pump to adapt to changing conditions. Power savings No saving of power results from installing an orifice whereas a saving of 10 kW can be expected from reducing the speed or trimming the impeller. For a pump running continuously, this can amount to a substantial saving over a period of years. Cost and ease of modifications The installation of a belt transmission or the trimming of the impeller will cause the pump to be out of service for a considerably longer period than the installation of an orifice. The cost of an orifice plate is minimal in relation to the alternative modifications. Adaptability If the system or pump characteristic changes, the orifice plate can be changed to suit. Similarly, the wheel sizes on the belt transmission may also be changed to vary the speed to suit. Once the impeller has been trimmed, however, only decreases in the system total head requirement can be accommodated.

24


6. 6.1 REFERENCES AND SOURCES OF DATA References

80031
The references given are recommended sources of information supplementary to that in this Item (listed in chronological order)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

ESDU ESDU ESDU ESDU ESDU

Standards for centrifugal, rotary and reciprocating pumps, 13th edn, Hydraulic Inst., Cleveland, Ohio, 1975. Physical data, chemical engineering sub-series, Vols 1, 3 and 5. Engineering Sciences Data Unit, 1980. Fluid mechanics, internal flow sub-series. Vols 1-4. Engineering Sciences Data Unit, 1980. Radial, mixed and axial-flow pumps. Introduction. Item No. 80030, Engineering Sciences Data Unit, 1980. Radial, mixed and axial-flow pumps. Glossary of terms. Item No. 81001, Engineering Sciences Data Unit, 1981. Radial, mixed and axial-flow pumps. Conversion factors. Item No. 81002, Engineering Sciences Data Unit, 1981.

6.2

Sources of Data The following establishments and manufacturers supplied data or other information employed in the production of this Item (listed in alphabetical order).

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

DURCO GEC GIRDLESTONE HAYWARD TYLER PEERLESS SALMSON SCANPUMP SPP STORK WEIR

Durion Co. Inc. Pump Division, Dayton, Ohio 45401, USA. GEC Mechanical Handling Ltd, Erith, England. Girdlestone Pumps Ltd, Woodbridge, Suffolk, England. Hayward Tyler Ltd, Luton, England. Peerless Pump, Montebello, California 90640, USA. Socit Electro-Hydraulique, 92213 St Cloud, Cedex, France. Scanpump AB, Mlndal, Sweden. Sigmund Pulsometer Pumps Ltd, Reading, England. J. & S.-Stork Pumps Ltd, Horley, Surrey, England. Weir Pumps Ltd, Glasgow, Scotland.

WORTHINGTON-SIMPSON Worthington-Simpson Ltd, Newark, England.

25

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26


Flow rate per impeller inlet, Q (m /h) 103
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 80 100 150 200 300 400 4 8 10
1

80031
3 2 5 8 10
2

8 10

8 10

vmax (cSt)
600 800 1000 1500 2000 3000 4000 6000

102
8 7 6 5 4 3

60

6 -3 10

Head rise per stage, H (m)

40

-3 10

101
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

30

-3 10 2

20

-3 10

10 10
8 7 6 5

-3 10

1.5

1.5

-4 10

4 3

-5 10

-5 10

-4 10

-5 10

-4 10

-4 10

-4 10

-5 10

-4 10

-5 10

-3 10

-4 10

vmax (m2/s)
2

10-1 10-3

4 5 6 7 8 10-2

4 5 6 7 8 10-1

10 4 5 6 7 8 10

4 5 6 7 8 101

Flow rate per impeller inlet, Q (m3/s)

FIGURE 1 MAXIMUM KINEMATIC VISCOSITY, max

27


1 CH 0.9
0.8 0.7

80031

1 CQ
0.9 0.8 0.7

1
0.9 0.8

0.7 0.6

Curves derived from Reference 1

0.5

1
8 7 6 5 4 3

NOTE. Obtain max from Figure 1, calculate / max for the pumped liquid and read off values for CH, CQ and C from this Figure by following the arrows.

/ max

0.1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

0.01 103

5 6 7 8

104

5 6 7 8

105

5 6 7 8

106

(Q)(Hg)/

FIGURE 2 CORRECTION FACTORS CH , CQ , C FOR VISCOUS LIQUIDS

28


Water equivalent flow rate per impeller inlet, (m3/h) 103
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 4 8 10
1

80031
2 4 6 8 10
2

8 10

104

2900 rev/min

Impeller diameter D (mm) 300 250 200 175

350

400

450 87.5

102
8 7 6 5 4

85

3 150 Water equivalent 2 head rise 30 per stage, 40 H 50 (m) 101 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

82.5 125 80 60 65 70 72.5 75 77.5 Water equivalent efficiency, ' (per cent)

Derivation
1

100
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

D = d ' n' (H ' g) 2 (m) where d '

 = 96 - {23.26 Q
-0.43

2.7 . 182 + 0.26 n ' n '

-0.4

n

-1.36

+ 43.16 Q

n} per cent.

Validity Equation for D valid for 0.15  n'  2, Equation for ' valid for 0.15  n'  6 with Q'min  Q'  Q'max where Q'min is the greater of 1 10-3 m3/s or 0.02 n2 m3/s and Q'max = 0.83 n2 m3/s
3 4 5 6 7 8 10-1

10-1 10-3

4 5 6 7 8 10-2

4 5 6 7 8 100

4 5 6 7 8 101

Water equivalent flow rate per impeller inlet, Q (m3/s)

FIGURE 3a SIZE AND EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION CHART FOR N = 2900 rev/min (50 Hz) 29


Water equivalent flow rate per impeller inlet, (m3/h) 103
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 4 8

80031
101
2 5 8

102

103

104

1450 rev/min

Impeller diameter D (mm)

102
8 7 6 5 4 3

450 400 350 300 250 200 175 30 40 50 60 65 70 72.5 75 77.5 150 80 Water equivalent efficiency, ' (per cent) 82.5 85 87.5

Water equivalent 2 head rise per stage, H' (m) 101

8 7 6 5 4 3 2

Derivation

100
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

D = d ' n' ( H ' g) (m) where d '

 = 96 - {23.26 Q
-0.43

1 2

2.7 . 182 + 0.26 n' n'

-0.4

n

-1.36

+ 43.16 Q

n} per cent.

Validity Equation for D valid for 0.15  n'  2, Equation for ' valid for 0.15  n'  6 with Q'min  Q'  Q'max where Q'min is the greater of 1 10-3 m3/s or 0.02 n2 m3/s and Q'max = 0.83 n2 m3/s
3 4 5 6 7 8 10-1 2

10-1 10-3

4 5 6 7 8 10-2

4 5 6 7 8 100

4 5 6 7 8 101

Water equivalent flow rate per impeller inlet, Q' (m3/s)

FIGURE 3b SIZE AND EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION CHART FOR N = 1450 rev/min (50 Hz) 30


Water equivalent flow rate per impeller inlet, (m3/h)
4 8

80031
10
2 5 8

102

103

104

103
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

960 rev/min

102
8 7 6 5 4

Water equivalent 2 head rise per stage, H' (m) 101

8 7 6 5 4 3 2

Impeller diameter D (mm) 350 300 250 200 30 40 50 60 65 175

450 400

87.5

85

82.5 Water equivalent efficiency, ' (per cent)

80 70 72.5 75 77.5

Derivation
1

100
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

D = d ' n' ( H ' g) (m) where d '

2

2.7 . 182 + 0.26 n ' n '

-1.36 -0.43 + 43.16 Q-0.4n} per cent. n  = 96 - {23.26 Q

Validity Equation for D valid for 0.15  n'  2, Equation for ' valid for 0.15  n'  6 with Q'min  Q'  Q'max where Q'min is the greater of 1 10-3 m3/s or 0.02 n2 m3/s and Q'max = 0.83 n2 m3/s

10-1 10-3

4 5 6 7 8 10-2

4 5 6 7 8 10-1

4 5 6 7 8 100

4 5 6 7 8 101

Water equivalent flow rate per impeller inlet, Q' (m3/s)

FIGURE 3c SIZE AND EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION CHART FOR N = 960 rev/min (50 Hz) 31


Water equivalent flow rate per impeller inlet, (m3/h) 103
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 4 8

80031
10
2 5 8 10 2 2 5 8

103

104

720 rev/min
1

Derivation

D = d ' n' ( H ' g) 2 (m) where d '

2.7 1.82 + 0.26 n' n '

-1.36 -0.43 + 43.16 Q-0.4n} per cent. n  = 96 - {23.26 Q

Validity 102
8 7 6 5 4

Equation for D valid for 0.15  n'  2, Equation for ' valid for 0.15  n'  6 with Q'min  Q'  Q'max and Q'max = 0.83 n2 m3/s where Q'min is the greater of 1 10-3 m3/s or 0.02 n2 m3/s

Water equivalent 2 Impeller head rise diameter per stage, D (mm) H' (m) 101
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

450 400 350 85

300 250 82.5 30 40 50 60 65 70 72.5 75 77.5 200

80

100
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

Water equivalent efficiency, ' (per cent)

10-1 10-3

4 5 6 7 8 10-2

4 5 6 7 8 10-1

4 5 6 7 8 100

4 5 6 7 8 101

Water equivalent flow rate per impeller inlet, Q' (m3/s)

FIGURE 3d SIZE AND EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION CHART FOR N = 720 rev/min (50 Hz) 32


Water equivalent flow rate per impeller inlet, (m3 /h) 10 3
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
1 2

80031
4 8

10 1

8 10

10 3

10 4

Derivation

D = d ' n' ( H ' g ) (m) where d '

2.7 1.82 + 0.26 n' n '

 -1.36 -0.43 + 43.16 Q -0.4 n  } per cent. n  = 96 - {23.26 Q 

Validity 570 rev/min 10 2

8 7 6 5 4 3

Equation for D valid for 0.15  n '  2, Equation for ' valid for 0.15  n '  6 with Q 'min  Q '  Q 'max where Q 'min is the greater of 1 10 -3 m3 /s or 0.02 n  2 m3/s and Q 'max = 0.83 n 
2

m3/s

Water equivalent 2 head rise per stage, H' (m) 10 1

8 7 6 5 4 3 2

Impeller diameter D (mm) 400 350 30 300 250 200 40 50 60 65

450 85

82.5

80 70 72.5 75 77.5 Water equivalent efficiency, ' (per cent)

10 0
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

10 -1 10 -3

4 5 6 7 8 10 -2

4 5 6 7 8 10 -1

4 5 6 78

10 0

4 5 6 78

10 1

Water equivalent flow rate per impeller inlet, Q ' (m3 /s)

FIGURE 3e SIZE AND EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION CHART FOR N = 570 rev/min (50 Hz)

33


Water equivalent flow rate per impeller inlet, (m3/h) 103
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 4 8

80031
101
2 4 6 8

102

103

8 10

3500 rev/min

Impeller diameter D (mm) 250

350 300

400

450 87.5

102
8 7 6 5 4 3

200 175 150 82.5 125 80 60 65 70 72.5 77.5

85

Water 30 equivalent 2 head rise 40 per stage, 50 H' (m) 101

8 7 6 5 4 3 2

75

Water equivalent efficiency, ' (per cent)

Derivation

100
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

D = d ' n' (H ' g) 2 (m) where d '

2.7 . 182 + 0.26 n ' n '

 = 96 - {23.26 Q-0.43 n-1.36 + 43.16 Q-0.4n} per cent. Validity Equation for D valid for 0.15  n'  2, Equation for ' valid for 0.15  n'  6 with Q'min  Q'  Q'max where Q'min is the greater of 1 10-3 m3/s or 0.02 n2 m3/s and Q'max = 0.83 n m /s
2 3

10-1 10-3

4 5 6 7 8 10-2

4 5 6 7 8 10-1

4 5 6 7 8 100 3

4 5 6 7 8 101

Water equivalent flow rate per impeller inlet, Q' (m /s)

FIGURE 3f SIZE AND EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION CHART FOR N = 3500 rev/min (60 Hz) 34


Water equivalent flow rate per impeller inlet, (m /h) 103
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 4 8 3

80031
101
2 4 6 8 10
2

103

8 10

1750 rev/min

102
8 7 6 5 4 3

450 Impeller diameter D (mm) 250 400 350 300 85 87.5

Water equivalent 200 2 head rise per stage, 175 H' (m) 101 30
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

82.5 150 80 60 65 Water equivalent efficiency, ' (per cent) 70 72.5 75 77.5

40

50

Derivation

100
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

D = d ' n' ( H ' g ) (m) where d '

1 2

2.7 . 182 + 0.26 n' n'

 = 96 - {23.26 Q-0.43 n-1.36 + 43.16 Q-0.4n} per cent. Validity Equation for D valid for 0.15  n'  2, Equation for ' valid for 0.15  n'  6 with Q'min  Q'  Q'max where Q'min is the greater of 1 10 m /s or 0.02 n m3/s and Q'max = 0.83 n m /s
2 3 -3 3 2

10-1 10-3

4 5 6 7 8 10-2

4 5 6 7 8 10-1

4 5 6 7 8 100 3

4 5 6 7 8 101

Water equivalent flow rate per impeller inlet, Q' (m /s)

FIGURE 3g SIZE AND EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION CHART FOR N = 1750 rev/min (60 Hz) 35


Water equivalent flow rate per impeller inlet, (m3 /h) 103
8 7 6 5 4 3 4 8

80031
101
2 4 6 8 10
2

103

104

1160 rev/min
2

102
8 7 6 5 4

Water equivalent 2 head rise per stage, H' (m) 101

8 7 6 5 4 3 2

Impeller diameter D (mm) 350 300 250 30 200 175

450 400 87.5

85

82.5

80 40 50 60 65 70 72.5 75 77.5

Water equivalent efficiency, ' (per cent)

Derivation
1

100
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

D = d ' n' ( H ' g) 2 (m) where d '

2.7 1.82 + 0.26 n' n'

-1.36 -0.43 + 43.16 Q-0.4 n} per cent. n  = 96 - {23.26 Q

Validity Equation for D valid for 0.15  n'  2, Equation for ' valid for 0.15  n'  6 with Q'min  Q'  Q'max where Q'min is the greater of 1 10-3 m3 /s or 0.02 n2 m3 /s and Q'max = 0.83 n2 m3 /s

10-1 10-3

4 5 6 7 8 10-2

4 5 6 7 8 10-1

4 5 6 7 8 100

4 5 6 7 8 101

Water equivalent flow rate per impeller inlet, Q' (m3/s)

FIGURE 3h SIZE AND EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION CHART FOR N = 1160 rev/min (60 Hz) 36


Water equivalent flow rate per impeller inlet, (m3 /h) 10 3
8 7 6 5
1

80031
4 8

10 1

8 10

10 3

10 4

Derivation

4 3 2

D = d ' n' ( H ' g ) (m) where d '

2

2.7 1.82 + 0.26 n' n'

 = 96 - {23.26 Q -0.43 n  -1.36 + 43.16 Q -0.4 n  } per cent. Validity 870 rev/min 10 2
8 7 6 5 4

Equation for D valid for 0.15  n '  2, Equation for ' valid for 0.15  n '  6 with Q 'min  Q '  Q 'max where Q 'min is the greater of 1 10 -3 m 3 /s or 0.02 n  2 m 3 /s and Q 'max = 0.83 n  2 m 3 /s

Water equivalent 2 head rise per stage, H' (m) 10 1

8 7 6 5 4 3 2

Impeller diameter D (mm) 400 350 300 250

450

85

82.5 200 30 40 50 175 60 65 70 72.5 75 77.5 Water equivalent efficiency, ' (per cent) 80

10 0
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

10 -1 10 -3

4 5 6 7 8 10 -2

4 5 6 7 8 10 -1

4 5 6 78

10 0

4 5 6 78

10 1

Water equivalent flow rate per impeller inlet, Q ' (m 3 /s)

FIGURE 3i SIZE AND EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION CHART FOR N = 870 rev/min (60 Hz) 37


Water equivalent flow rate per impeller inlet, (m /h) 103
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 4 8 3

80031
101
2 4 6 8 10
2

103

8 10

Derivation 690 rev/min

D = d ' n' (H ' g) 2 (m) where d '

2.7 . 182 + 0.26 n ' n '

 = 96 - {23.26 Q-0.43 n-1.36 + 43.16 Q-0.4n} per cent. Validity Equation for D valid for 0.15  n'  2,

102
8 7 6 5 4 3

Equation for ' valid for 0.15  n'  6 with Q'min  Q'  Q'max where Q'min is the greater of 1 10 m /s or 0.02 n m3/s and Q'max = 0.83 n m /s
2 3 -3 3 2

Water equivalent 2 head rise Impeller per stage, diameter H' D (mm) (m) 101
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

450 400 350 85

300 250 30 40 50 60 65 70 72.5 75 77.5 Water equivalent efficiency, ' (per cent) 200 80 82

100
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

10-1 10-3

4 5 6 7 8 10-2

4 5 6 7 8 10-1

4 5 6 7 8 100 3

4 5 6 7 8 101

Water equivalent flow rate per impeller inlet, Q' (m /s)

FIGURE 3j SIZE AND EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION CHART FOR N = 690 rev/min (60 Hz) 38

10 3
8 7 6 5 4 3

Standard size to BS 5257 (ISO 2858) for horizontal end-suction centrifugal pumps See Section 5, Item No 80030

Lar

tl ges

i ke

ly

m d ia

e te

Di (mm) 10 2
8 7 6 5 4 3

Sm

al

lik l e st

e ly

m d ia

e te

39

10 1 10 -3

7 8

10 -2

3 3

7 8

10 -1

7 8

10 0

80031

Q 2900/N (m /s) / ( rev/min )

FIGURE 4 APPROXIMATE CORRELATION OF SUCTION BORE DIAMETERS

103
8 7 6 5 4 3

Standard size to BS 5257 (ISO 2858) for horizontal end-suction centrifugal pumps See Section 5, Item No 80030

rg La

est

el lik

yd

e ia m

te r

D0 (mm) 102
8 7 6 5 4 3

H  32 (N/2900)2 m(rev/min)2

Sm

all

li est

kel

m dia

ete

40

2 2 H > 32 (N/2900) m(rev/min)

2

101 10-3

80031

6 7 8

10-2

6 7 8

10-1

6 7 8

100

Q 2900/N (m3/s) / (rev/min )

FIGURE 5 APPROXIMATE CORRELATION OF DISCHARGE BORE DIAMETERS


THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS DATA ITEM

80031
The work of the permanent professional staff of the Engineering Sciences Data Unit on this particular Item was monitored and guided by the following Working Party: Mr D. Burgoyne Mr T. Cuerel Mr D.J. Luget Mr D.S. Miller Mr P.H. Nuttall Dr I. Pearsall Dr D. Pollard Mr D.W. Standish J&S-Stork Pumps Ltd B.P. Trading Ltd Kellogg International Corporation British Hydromechanics Research Association Sigmund Pulsometer Pumps Ltd National Engineering Laboratory GEC Power Engineering Ltd, Whetstone Girdlestone Pumps Ltd,

on behalf of the Internal Flow Panel which has the following constitution: Chairman Mr N.G. Worley Members Mr J. Campbell Dr D. Chisholm Dr D.J. Cockrell Dr R.B. Dean Mr D.H. Freeston* Dr G. Hobson Prof. J.L. Livesey Mr D.S. Miller Mr B. Payne Dr D. Pollard Mr J.A. Ward

Babcock Power Ltd

Ove Arup Partnership National Engineering Laboratory Leicester University Atkins Research and Development Auckland University, New Zealand GEC Turbine Generators Ltd, Rugby Salford University British Hydromechanics Research Association Kellogg International Corporation GEC Power Engineering Ltd, Whetstone Atomic Energy Technology Unit.

The Internal Flow Panel has benefited from the participation of members from several engineering disciplines. In particular, Dr G. Hobson has been appointed to represent the interests of mechanical engineering as the nominee of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and Mr B. Payne has been appointed to represent the interests of chemical engineering as the nominee of the Institution of Chemical Engineers. The work on this Item was carried out in the Internal Flow and Physical Properties Group of the Engineering Sciences Data Unit. The member of staff who undertook the technical work involved in the initial assessment of the available information and the construction and subsequent development of the Item was Mr C.J.T. Clarke Group Head, Internal Flow and Physical Properties.

Corresponding Member

41