Yuri Gagarin statue unveiled in London Figure of the Russian astronaut the first man to journey into outer

r space uncovered by his daughter Elena Gagarina Maev Kennedy The Guardian, Thursday 14 July 2011 18.20 BST The newly unveiled statue of uri Ga!arin, the first "an in s#a$e, is seen outside the head%uarters of the British &oun$il in $entral 'ondon. (hoto!ra#h) 'efteris (itara*is+,( The "an who fell to earth has $o"e to rest on the Mall in 'ondon. -alf a $entury after the .ussian uri Ga!arin /e$a"e the first hu"an to see our s"all /lue !lo/e fro" outer s#a$e, his dau!hter 0lena Ga!arina unveiled his statue on the s#ot where $heerin! $rowds !athered to !reet the hero on 14 July 1121. The statue shows Ga!arin standin! on the !lo/e in his s#a$esuit, and was $ast fro" the ori!inal "ould /y the artist ,natoly 3ovi*ov, for a statue $o""issioned in the s"all .ussian town of 'yu/ertsy where Ga!arin trained as a foundry wor*er. 4t has $o"e to 'ondon as a !ift fro" the .ussian S#a$e ,!en$y, .os$os"os, and stands o##osite the statue of another !reat e5#lorer, &a#tain &oo*, outside the British &oun$il6s offi$es where there is also an e5hi/ition of e5traordinary o/7e$ts and i"a!es whi$h have never left .ussia /efore, in$ludin! s#a$e food, a fli!ht seat for a do!, and Ga!arin6s anti8!ravity trainin! harness and seat. 94t is a !reat event, i"#ortant not only for "y fa"ily and "y $ountry, /ut for all the #eo#le : ;0 years a!o a new era /e!an,9 Ga!arina said. 4n his own a$$ount of the 108 "inutes in ,#ril 1121 when his <osto* 1 s#a$e $a#sule or/ited the earth in ,#ril 1121, Ga!arin re$alled his eventual safe return, #ara$hutin! down $lose to the $a#sule into a field near the villa!e of S"elov*a : the fa$t that they feared he would not survive landin! inside the $a#sule was $on$ealed at the ti"e. 9Ste##in! on to fir" !round a!ain, 4 saw a wo"an and a little !irl loo*in! $uriously at "e. 4 was still in "y oran!e s#a$esuit, and they were fri!htened. 946" a friend,9 4 shouted, ta*in! off "y hel"et. 9-ave you $o"e fro" outer s#a$e=9 the wo"an as*ed. 9,s a "atter of fa$t, 4 have.9 -e $a"e to 0n!land as #art of a triu"#hant world tour, and the handso"e, $har"in! $os"onaut was !reeted everywhere with the ra#ture now !iven only to #o# stars, foot/allers and newly "arried #rin$esses. -e never for!ot his visit, and the war"th of the $rowds who !reeted hi", Ga!arina said. 9-e *new fro" news#a#ers and literature they are very $losed /ut he felt when he $a"e to Great Britain that every/ody li*ed hi" very "u$h and they e5#ressed their 7oy so that he was astonished.9 The !overn"ent s$ra"/led to *ee# u# with the ra#ture of the $rowds) the three8day visit was e5tended twi$e so that Ga!arin $ould lun$h with the >ueen at Bu$*in!ha" (ala$e : #assin! the s#ot where the statue now stands, in a .olls .oy$e with the nu"/er #late G1 : and to "eet the #ri"e "inister, -arold Ma$"illan. 4n Man$hester hu!e $rowds waited for hours in the rain. Ga!arin as*ed for the to# of the $ar to /e o#ened, sayin! 94f all those #eo#le are !ettin! wet to wel$o"e "e, surely the least 4 $an do is !et wet, too.9 4n 'ondon, an ,"eri$an $orres#ondent re#orted with undis!uised sho$*, the $rowds were as lar!e and as enthusiasti$ as those a "onth earlier for (resident John ? Kennedy.

Ga!arin6s visit see"ed a ti"e of o#ti"is" and 7oy, the thawin! at last of the $old war : /ut 3ato allies shar#ly $onde"ned the se"i8offi$ial wel$o"e !iven to Ga!arin, and within a "onth the new 4ron &urtain was risin!, the Berlin @all. -is $ele/rity !rounded hi", too #re$ious to Soviet #ro#a!anda to /e allowed into s#a$e a!ain. Ga!arina vividly re"e"/ers her handso"e, ha##y, #hysi$al8fitness8fanati$ father, /ut he was hardly ever there) 9-e was so /usy he was at ho"e #erha#s one evenin! a "onth.9 -e died 7ust seven years later when a Mi! fi!hter in whi$h he was trainin!, ho#in! to !et /a$* into the s#a$e #ro!ra""e, $rashed. esterday a s"all /ut #assionate $rowd !athered for the unveilin!, in$ludin! Britain6s first astronaut, -elen Shar"an, $hildren fro" the .ussian 4nternational Theatre S$hool, (rin$e Mi$hael of Kent who so eerily rese"/les his $ousins of the last of the .ussian i"#erial fa"ily : and 'ea Geor!iades, who $a"e wearin! her 'enin /ad!e three hours /efore the $ere"ony to /e sure of !ettin! a !ood #la$e. She was a teena!er in 1121, and re"e"/ers the i"#a$t of his visit) 9-e was "odest, $lever, $har"in! and handso"e : we 7ust thou!ht he was a hero.9 She would have li*ed to /e an astrono"er, she said wistfully, /ut her !ra""ar s$hool had never heard of su$h a $areer for a !irl and so she /e$a"e a tea$her who ins#ired her #u#ils to loo* to the stars for ho#e for the world. Russia To Continue sing !a"a#hstan$s %pace Center MAS&A@ BThe ,sso$iated (ressC D Brushin! off re#orts that .ussia "ay dit$h its s#a$e /ase in KaEa*hstan, .ussian (resident <ladi"ir (utin said ?riday that Mos$ow would $ontinue to lease the s#a$e $o"#le5. .ussia has a lease deal to use Bai*onur until 20;0 for an annual fee of F11; "illion. ,"id tensions over fees #ay"ents, a .ussian offi$ial said in ?e/ruary that .ussia "ay sus#end its lease for so"e fa$ilities at Bai*onur. Mar*in! the ;2nd anniversary of uri Ga!arin "a*in! the first "anned s#a$e fli!ht, (utin toured the $onstru$tion site of the <osto$hny laun$h #ad in the ?ar 0ast whi$h is desi!ned to ease .ussia6s relian$e on its e58Soviet nei!h/or. Affi$ials have #ut the total $ost of the <osto$hny #ro7e$t at a/out F10 /illion. (utin, however, insisted that .ussia would not leave the /ase in Bai*onur. ,lthou!h .ussia has several s"aller laun$h #ads it is only fro" the ste##es in KaEa*hstan6s Bai*onur that the .ussian s#a$e a!en$y laun$hes its "anned "ission. Ga!arin "ade the world6s first "anned s#a$e fli!ht fro" the Bai*onur laun$h #ad, whi$h servi$es "anned fli!hts to this day. The first laun$h fro" <osto$hny, whi$h is lo$ated in the s#arsely #o#ulated ,"ur re!ion, ;,;00 *ilo"eters BG,400 "ilesC east of Mos$ow, and 7ust a/out 100 *ilo"eters B20 "ilesC away fro" the /order with &hina, is e5#e$ted in 201; and the first "anned fli!ht in 2018. The !overn"ent would ear"ar* so"e 1.2 trillion ru/les BF;0 /illionC for the s#a$e industry throu!h 2020 to "a*e u# for the years of under8invest"ent, (utin said %uoted /y the 4tar8T,SS news a!en$y. To "ar* what6s $ele/rated in .ussia as the S#a$e Hay, (utin had a $hat via a video lin* with the si58"an $rew of the 4nternational S#a$e Station and assured that the new .ussian s#a$e $enter would /e o#en to I.S. and 0uro#ean s#a$e a!en$ies. (utin said in televised re"ar*s the site of the new $os"odro"e was $arefully $hosen and would allow $os"onauts land on water. The Sea of A*hots* on .ussia6s (a$ifi$ $oast is 200 *ilo"eters BGJ; "ilesC east.

Leonhard Euler& longitude 'inner Today6s Goo!le doodle $ele/rates 'eonhard 0uler who, a"on! his other a$hieve"ents, re$eived a reward 'eonhard 0uler, the influential Swiss "athe"ati$ian, has had the G02th anniversary of his /irth honoured /y a Goo!le doodle. (hoto!ra#h) Goo!le. (hoto!ra#h) Kunst"useu" Basel+@i*i"edia &o""ons 4 was deli!hted to s#ot today6s Goo!le doodle, $ele/ratin! the Swiss "athe"ati$ian, 'eonhard 0uler. The Guardian6s /rief #ie$e today states that) 0uler was ar!ua/ly the "ost i"#ortant "athe"ati$ian of the 18th $entury and one of the !reatest of all ti"e. -e introdu$ed "ost "odern "athe"ati$al ter"inolo!y and notation and was also renowned for his wor* in "e$hani$s, fluid dyna"i$s, o#ti$s, and astrono"y. @hat is not noted, /ut is well8*nown to those of us wor*in! on the history of the Board of 'on!itude #ro7e$t, is that 0uler is one of those who re$eived a finan$ial reward fro" the Board in 1J2;. 4n the after"ath of a sea trial of three #ossi/le a##roa$hes to solvin! the #ro/le" of findin! lon!itude at sea, two e"er!ed as worthy of further invest"ent. Ane was John -arrison6s sea wat$h, for whi$h the "a*er re$eived KJ;00 in A$to/er 1J2;. ,ny further reward would de#end on his showin! that this was a "a$hine that $ould /e re#li$ated. Ba$* in May 1J2;, however, the Board also wor*ed out how to reward and su##ort the lunar distan$e "ethod. This, "u$h "ore o/viously than -arrison6s wor*, was a "ethod #rodu$ed throu!h the wor* of "any individuals, several already de$eased. -owever, as well as settin! u# the future #u/li$ation of di!ested astrono"i$al data in the for" of the 3auti$al ,l"ana$, they o#ted to fla! u# so"e *ey $ontri/utions. To/ias Mayer6s widow, Maria was #aid KG000 as a #osthu"ous reward to her hus/and 9for his havin! $onstru$ted a Set of 'unar Ta/les9 and to her for "a*in! the" #ro#erty of the &o""issioners. &atherine (ri$e, 0d"ond -alley6s dau!hter, was #aid K100 for handin! over several of -alley6s "anus$ri#ts, whi$h the &o""issioners /elieved 9"ay lead to dis$overies useful to navi!ation9. Still livin!, however, was 'eonhard 0uler, who re$eived KG00 9for Theoru"s furnished /y hi" to assist (rofessor Mayer in the &onstru$tion of 'unar ta/les9. 0uler6s i"#ortant "athe"ati$al wor* had very #ra$ti$al a##li$ations, of whi$h he and the Board were well aware. 4t was this wor*, /uildin! on that of Johann Bernoulli and Gottfried 'ei/niE that allowed Mayer to do what had always eluded 4saa$ 3ewton) #rodu$e a usa/le theory of the "oon. Letter from (merica) a memo to chief scientific adviser %ir *ar# +alport 4n the seventh of our series on s$ientifi$ advi$e, .o!er (iel*e Jr identifies a few lessons for the IK6s new $hief s$ientifi$ adviser fro" the e5#erien$e of his $ounter#arts in the @hite -ouse

(resident Bara$* A/a"a with the $urrent @hite -ouse s$ien$e adviser, John -oldren. (hoto!ra#h) @hite -ouse+(ete SouEa &on!ratulations Hr @al#ort on your a##oint"ent as the IK !overn"ent6s $hief s$ientifi$ adviser. ou 7oin a sele$t !rou#. Sin$e the #osition of $hief s$ien$e adviser was esta/lished in the IS in 11;J and in the IK in 1124, fewer than G0 "en Byes, all "enC have o$$u#ied the #osition. Today a$ross 0uro#e, only 4reland, the &Ee$h .e#u/li$ and the 0uro#ean &o""ission have for"al e%uivalents, whi$h also e5ist in ,ustralia, 3ew Lealand, and soon #erha#s in Ja#an and at the Inited 3ations. 4n the Inited States, the s$ien$e adviser is an assistant to the #resident with the for"al title of Hire$tor of the Affi$e of S$ien$e and Te$hnolo!y (oli$y. ,ll IS s$ien$e advisers Be5$e#t nota/ly the first, Ja"es Killian, who had a /a$*!round in #u/li$ ad"inistrationC have /een trained in so"e area of #hysi$s, refle$tin! the $old war ori!ins of the #osition. Sin$e 200;, the &entre for S$ien$e and Te$hnolo!y (oli$y .esear$h at the Iniversity of &olorado has /rou!ht to our $a"#us #residential s$ien$e advisers, s#annin! the ad"inistrations of John ? Kennedy to Bara$* A/a"a. 'et "e distil what 4 $onsider to /e a few of the "ost relevant insi!hts fro" their e5#erien$es. %cience advisers are not superheroes The IS s$ien$e adviser $arries the wei!ht of a "ytholo!y of e5traordinary a$$ess to the #resident. The reality is "ore #rosai$. The #osition was $reated as #art of (resident 0isenhower6s res#onse to theSoviet laun$h of S#utni*, with the a##oint"ent of Ja"es Killian. Ane historian of the #eriod $o""ented that (resident 0isenhower, 9saw "ore s$ientists in the two wee*s followin! S#utni* than he had seen in the year /efore9. 0isenhower $ontri/uted to the $reation of a "ytholo!y when he said that Killian 9would en7oy wide latitude in a$tion and !uaranteed a$$ess to infor"ation in every $orner of !overn"ent9. But a$tions $an s#ea* louder than words. 0isenhower rushed Killian6s swearin! in $ere"ony to de#art for a !olf va$ation in ,u!usta, Geor!ia. -e also left offi$e with a warnin! that 9#u/li$ #oli$y $ould itself /e$o"e the $a#tive of a s$ientifi$8te$hnolo!i$al elite9. The idea that s$ien$e advisers $an $arry the authority of s$ien$e as a $ounter/alan$e to the "essiness of #oliti$s runs dee# in the e5#e$tations of "any for the #osition. Su$h e5#e$tations $o"e fro" #oliti$ians Bfor e5a"#le, in the re$ent IK -ouse of 'ords re#ort on $hief s$ientifi$ advisersC as well as fro" the s$ien$e $o""unity Bfor e5a"#le, in the /oo* The Gee* ManifestoC.

Hes#ite su$h e5#e$tations, the s$ien$e adviser is an adviser 7ust li*e any other in !overn"ent, with a li"ited #ortfolio of res#onsi/ilities and e5#e$tations for a$$ounta/ility. S$ien$e advisers are not su#erheroes with s#e$ial a$$ess and su#ra8#oliti$al authority. Ma*in! effe$tive use of the #osition within !overn"ent re%uires the s$ientifi$ $o""unity to realisti$ally $ali/rate their e5#e$tations for the role. ,%cience advice, is a misnomer These days, s$ien$e advi$e and s$ien$e $o""uni$ation are all the ra!e. Infortunately, su$h dis$ussions often fall #rey to the so8$alled 9defi$it "odel9 of the relationshi# /etween s$ien$e and de$ision "a*in!. 4n its "ost /asi$ for", the defi$it "odel re$o""ends the followin! lo!i$ to a would8/e s$ien$e $o""uni$ator) on$e you $o"e to understand the fa$ts as 4 understand the", then you will $o"e to share "y #oli$y #referen$es, if not "y values. Inder su$h a "odel of intera$tion the e"#hasis is on sharin! Bor "ore $o""only, ar!uin! a/outC s$ientifi$ fa$ts or understandin! outside of any #oliti$al $onte5t. @e have learned, re#eatedly and so"eti"es at a hi!h #ri$e, that efforts to se#arate s$ien$e and #oliti$s in su$h a "anner "ay di"inish the role of eviden$e in #oli$y"a*in!, and $an $ontri/ute to the #atholo!i$al #oliti$isation of s$ien$e. ?ortunately, "any in thes$ien$e #oli$y $o""unity, /oth a$ade"i$s and #ra$titioners, now re$o!nise the #itfalls of the defi$it "odel and have "oved /eyond it. The a$tual Bas o##osed to "ytholo!isedC history of the IS s$ien$e adviser #osition hel#s to #la$e the role in a "ore realisti$ #ers#e$tive. 4f the s$ien$e adviser isn6t a$tually advisin! on s$ien$e what is he doin!= The s$ien$e adviser is #art of !overn"ent, and in the IS is a #residential a##ointee, and as su$h is a #oliti$al adviser. 4t 7ust ha##ens that the #ortfolio of res#onsi/ilities of the s$ien$e adviser in$ludes "atters of #oli$y for s$ien$e, in$ludin! !overn"ent8wide .MH /ud!ets, and s$ien$e for #oli$y, on to#i$s as varied as food safety and terroris". -olitical advice from a science adviser can ta#e multiple forms The s$ien$e adviser is not uni%ue in !overn"ent in havin! s#e$ialised e5#ertise or #ost8se$ondary edu$ation. ,l"ost /y definition, !overnin! in the 21st $entury re%uires so#histi$ated e5#ertise. 0ner!y, food, $onfli$t, e$ono"i$s, $ri"e, edu$ation, environ"ent, terroris" : the list of $o"#le5 issues dealt with /y !overn"ents that re%uire the in#ut and advi$e of e5#erts *nows no /ounds. 4n one sense, the #hrase 9s$ien$e advi$e9 "ay already /e redundant. 4n 2004, the IS Govern"ental ,$$ounta/ility Affi$e found that a$ross !overn"ent there were 148 advisory $o""ittees with 22,41J "e"/ers. (resident A/a"a fa"ously sta$*ed his first ter" &a/inet with a s$ien$e 9drea" tea"9, #ro"#tin! the head of the ,"eri$an ,sso$iation for the ,dvan$e"ent of S$ien$e to $o""ent, 9@e have never had %uite this array of s$ientists in federal !overn"ent leadershi# #ositions.9 The rise of e5#ertise in !overn"ent "eans that the role of the s$ien$e adviser has /een $onstrained to a few areas, si"#ly /e$ause !overn"ents are $ho$* full of e5#erts, a!en$ies and advisory "e$hanis"s. These s#e$ialised roles uni%ue to the #osition of s$ien$e adviser now in$lude) Budget champion. The s$ien$e adviser is a $oordinator, and at ti"es, a $ha"#ion for resear$h fundin! a$ross the federal !overn"ent. Issue expert. The s$ien$e adviser has a uni%ue a/ility to asse"/le e5#ertise to address s#e$ialised or $ross8$uttin! #oli$y issues.

Options Czar. The s$ien$e adviser "ay also serve as what 4 have $alled an 9honest /ro*er of #oli$y o#tions9, hel#in! the #resident or #ri"e "inister to understand the s$o#e of availa/le $hoi$e on a #arti$ular to#i$. Institution builder. , fourth role is to oversee the institutionalisation of s$ientifi$ advi$e a$ross !overn"ent. The #rovision of useful advi$e re%uires a $o""it"ent fro" #oli$y"a*ers to the use of eviden$e, /ut also to the $reation and "aintenan$e of stron! institutions. The s$ien$e adviser has a $ru$ial role to ensure institutional inte!rity /y #rovidin! advi$e on advi$e. -olitics is more difficult than physics @hen ,l/ert 0instein was as*ed why it was that we $ould dis$over how to s#lit the ato" /ut had diffi$ulty in overseein! ato"i$ te$hnolo!y, he fa"ously re#lied, 9That is si"#le "y friend) /e$ause #oliti$s is "ore diffi$ult than #hysi$s.9 4 was re"inded of this #hrase when we interviewed 0d Havid, (resident 3i5on6s s$ien$e adviser. -e e5#lained that in 11J2, 3i5on6s @hite -ouse was $onsiderin! $an$ellin! the ,#ollo 1J "ission to the "oon. Havid e5#lained to us that 3asa at first resisted the s$hedule $han!e, $lai"in! that they would have diffi$ulty *ee#in! their staff in #ea* for" durin! the delay. Based on the #resident6s unyieldin! #oliti$al a!enda, Havid !ave the" a $hoi$e that they $ould not refuse) laun$h in He$e"/er, or not at all. 3asa %ui$*ly saw the "erits of his #ers#e$tive and ada#ted its "ission #lannin!. 0instein was ri!ht) #oliti$s is "ore diffi$ult than #hysi$s. Se$urin! effe$tive s$ien$e advi$e de#ends u#on $reatin! effe$tive institutions with $lear "andates that inte!rate e5#ertise into de$ision "a*in!. He"o$ra$y is /est served /y re$o!nisin! that advisers advise and de$ision "a*ers de$ide. -arting thoughts @ritin! in 112G, the #hiloso#her Ste#hen Toul"in warned that, 9Inless de$isions a/out s$ien$e #oli$y are to /e left to /e "ade /y e"inen$es !rises, we shall need a $orres#ondin! /ody of inde#endent infor"ed o#inions a/out the natural history of s$ien$e N resear$h on the intelle$tual foundation of s$ientifi$ #oli$y.9 The !ood news for s$ien$e advisers in the 21st $entury is that there e5ists a ri$h and !rowin! field of resear$h on #ra$ti$al %uestions that lie at the interse$tion of e5#ertise and de$ision "a*in!. The IK has "ore than its fair share of this e5#ertise, whi$h 4 en$oura!e you to ta*e full advanta!e of durin! your tenure. These e5#erts $an #rovide you with "u$h useful advi$e on advi$e. Just as there are $alls for #oli$y"a*in! a$ross !overn"ent to /e "ore eviden$e8/ased, so too should s$ien$e and te$hnolo!y #oli$y. Good lu$*O Roger Pielke Jr. is professor of environmental studies in the Center for cience and !echnolog" Polic" Research at the #niversit" of Colorado and author of !he $onest Broker% &aking ense of cience In Polic" and Politics. $e is on !'itter (RogerPielkeJr. !his is an extract from his contribution to !he )uture of cientific *dvice in +hitehall, 'hich 'ill be free to do'nload here from -. *pril /0-1.