An Investigation at The Intensity Use of Working Adults and Student Facebook Users, Their

AN INVESTIGATION AT THE INTENSITY USE OF WORKING ADULTS AND STUDENT FACEBOOK USERS, THEIR RELATED LONELINESS AND 1
ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY
An Investigation at the Intensity Use of Working Adults and Student Facebook Users, their related loneliness and Engagement with Different Facebook Features Accordingly
ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY Abstract
Internet is an integral part of people today. It influences many spheres of lives, including the emotional one. Influences on this sphere, and particularly on the feeling of loneliness is one of the most discussed issues since it is claimed that social networking enhances loneliness. However, there is evidence that such influence does not exist and usage of networking account helps people to develop social skills. In any case, social networking influences life of people, especially of those who because of some reason feel lonely. Paying attention to the fact that there are various levels of loneliness, and particularly little, average, and severe, it is possible to identify a range of actions which are tended to be performed by people with each level respectively. A range of studies which examine social, emotional condition and areas of brain which are responsible for feeling lonely, communication, social interaction and other actions and emotions which are associated with communication, explain the reasons of such differences (Dykstra, Fokkema, 2007).
ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY Introduction
Nowadays the Internet is a very important part of peoples life. It is essential for successful education, work, and also communication. With the process of globalization and development of innovative technologies people became attracted to social networking, such as Twitter or Facebook and started devoting more and more time to these networks. However, for some people usage of social networking is only means to become interacted, while for others, and these are the majority, social networking is the main way to have some connection with the society. Today social networking and particularly usage of Facebook provides people with all the necessary social interaction in terms of friendship, communication, leisure, and even relationships (Boomsma, D2005). On the basis of this fact social networks were blamed to contribute to loneliness of people spending more time online, they do not pay much attention to meeting people in real life, so they lose their friends and become even lonelier. At the same time it was noticed by the researchers that a range of other spheres of life and attitudes are affected by usage of social networking, such as attitudes towards self and other people. One of the researchers found that Facebook users have higher narcissism, exhibitionism and leadership levels than those who do not use Facebook. Probably, the reason is that the network became the place to speak about self, to share ones feelings, attitudes, likes and dislikes, posting and writing something frenetically in order to reach as much audience as possible. Thus, social networking started meaning more and more for people and for this it became blamed for making people lonely. However, regardless of the fact whether lonely people became such because of social networking or not, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that similarly to the way
Facebook contributed to various spheres of peoples lives, it contributed to the attitude modes of people and their behavior when they are online. According to the data provided by the American consulting firm Euromonitor, over 270 million people in the world, almost 4 per cent of the worlds population, lived alone in 2011, representing a growth of 27.6 per cent since 2006, and 77 per cent since 1996. Developing nations currently hold almost half of one-person homes, or 130.7 million people against 107.5 million in 2006, representing a growth of 21.6 per cent. It is also claimed that many of these people, not all, but the majority, are frequently connected to their Facebook accounts, creating a vision of being not alone (Murer, 2012). Moreover, since social networking influences peoples attitudes, their behavior is changed when they are online. This means that the more time people spend on their Facebook accounts, the more they tend to use different applications. It is hypothesized, that people who have high intensity of visiting the site tend to give more time to reading the news feeding and use scrolling, whole those who have the highest level of loneliness tend to spend more time viewing photos. Method A survey the method chosen for the current experiment. Results of the experiment are supported by the literature review of peer reviewed studies which deal with the issue of loneliness, social networking, and various aspects of peoples lives, such as emotions and social skills, in order to support the results of the tests. Participants Participants of the research are 360 users of Facebook. All of them are divided into the following age groups: Younger 18-27
ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY Design 1) IV : Gender (Male / female) Thirties 28-37 Fourties 38-47 Older 48-57 Sixties 58+
Occupation (Student/ work/ unemployed) DV FIS Score LSQ score 2) IV: Age (Younger/ thirties/forties/fifties/sixties) (SELECT ONLY
participants who WORK) Working Sector (Private/public/self employed) DV: FIS score LSQ score 3) IV: Age (Younger/ thirties/forties/fifties/sixties)
Marital Status: (Single / Married/ Divorced/ widowed/cohabitating) DV: FIS score LSQ Score 4) How are Facebook users related to the different features of facebook
Materials A range of scales were used in order to reach the aim of the research and identify whether the hypothesis is supported or it is not reliable. Reliability Test
FIS : when considering the 8 questions, Cronbach alpha drops to a staggering 0.464. This may be due to wrong interval composition between the choices. However, if Q7 or Q8 are deleted, the Cronbach alpha moves to 0.619 and 0.707 respectively. We decide to remove Q8 from the questionnaire as according to us this might not be in proper scaling interval and most importantly, 52.1% of participants reported being constantly log on to Facebook. In the open end questions, participants confirmed the fact that they are constantly logged on and whatever free time available, they are surfing on Facebook. This mean that the amount of time participants allocate to Facebook usage is not correctly defined and thus possible erroneous or Thus Q8 deleted from FISQ, Cronbachs = 0.707 means acceptable reliability Facebook Intensity Scale (FIS): Considering all the criteria (8) for evaluation of reliability of FIS, the value of Cronbachs alpha comes out to be 0.464. The reason behind this is that the selection involves wrong interval composition. On deletion of queries 7 and 8, the Cronbach alpha moves to 0.619 and 0.707 respectively. Therefore, query 8 is removed from the questionnaire because it might not be under proper scaling interval. 52.1% of the participants reported being constantly logged on to Facebook. With regard to open ended questions, the participants confirmed the fact that they are constantly logged on to Facebook and in whatever free time available, they surf Facebook. This implies that the amount of time allocated by the participants to the usage of Facebook is not properly defined and contributes towards possible errors in calculation. Thus, query 8 is deleted from FISQ, so Cronbach alpha becomes 0.707, which signifies acceptable reliability FIScore : Mean of 7 FISQ
ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY Lowest 0.1 1
1participant = 0.3 % Low 1.1 2
79 Participant = 22.0% Mean= 1.74 SD=0.247 Average 2.1 3
180 participants = 50.1% Mean=2.56 SD=0.28 High 3.1 4
88 participants =24.5% Mean=3.41 SD=0.28 Highest 4.1 - 5
11 participants= 3.1% Mean=4.34 SD=0.12 RUCLA Loneliness Scale Cronbach= 0.899 Good Reliability FAS Cronbach= 0.872 Good Reliability LScore: Loneliness Score (Sum of all the 20 R-UCLA Question, care some questions have been reversed namely LSQ1,5,6,9,10,15,16,19,20 see LSQ1R) Scoring Meaning:
ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY 20-39 Little loneliness 40-59 - Average Loneliness 60-80 Severe Loneliness
Procedure Analytic Strategy which includes SPSS and a range of stats are used in order to achieve a range of goals, for example Pearson correlation and Hierarchical linear regression. Results and Discussion In order to discuss the results of the tests, it is necessary to identify the issue of loneliness. The most common definition states that it is distress which is led to by discrepancies between social relationship and ideal relationship. This type of discrepancy is called cognitive and it makes clear that loneliness and the state of being alone are not the same issues; moreover, none of them guarantees being protected from the second one. It is more correct to state that the feeling of distressing which occurs as a consequence of perceiving some social relationship to be not as satisfaction able as it is expected or desired to be. Loneliness can be measured; it can be conceived and mentally represented. It influences thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of people. Moreover, it might have serious consequences of health of people and their well being (Boomsma, D2005). Graphs below demonstrate percentage of loneliness and change of the percentage on the basis of some factors which influence it directly. The first graph demonstrates the percentage of lonely people. The data was gathered in the years 2006 and 2008 and it is clearly seen the shift which occurred within two years.
As for the following graph, it demonstrates the percentage of lonely men and women in various age groups.
The current graph demonstrates that there is some connection between the feeling of loneliness and income of people. The graph does not provide division on males and females. However, it demonstrates the three levels of severity of loneliness sometimes, most of time always are equal to little, average, and severe accordingly.
ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY (Loneliness 2010. The social report.)
In order to understand the results of the test deeper, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that despite the fact that loneliness, when defined by different researchers, has many common characteristics, it can be conceived in various ways. According to one loneliness theory, specific provision deficiencies of social relationship might contributed to specific types of feelings which are experienced by lonely people. For example, if a person is not involved into social network life enough, he or she might feel that he or she is socially lonely, that there is not aim in the persons life, that he or she is bored, etc. However, when dealing with the results of people who do not have spouses, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact the aspects of loneliness which are experienced them in a greater measure are feelings of desolation, anxiety, and insecurity. Recent studies demonstrate that such feelings are associated with many other aspects of peoples lives. For example, a marriage starts serving as broad integrative mechanisms which are aimed at diminishment of emotional and social loneliness, especially for females. According to another theory, loneliness comes from deficit of social skills. This theory is especially important for testing the hypothesis people who experience severe loneliness tend to participate less in social life, so they are not interested in current events, but they are more likely to view photos, coming back to the past in their memories. Viewing photos of their friends from some events, people tend to analyze each detail of the photo in order to get as much information from the picture as possible. This allows them to get to know more about the event and sometimes identify what had happened before the picture was taken or what is going to happen after the photo is made.
According to a recent research, loneliness is associated with more self focus, poorer partner attention skills, a lack of self disclosure to friends, especially among females, and less participation in organized groups, especially among males. The studies which have been mentioned above deal with the social aspect of the problem. As for those which examine the issue of personality, it shows that loneliness is associated with shyness, neuroticism, and depressive symptoms, as well as low self esteem, pessimism, low conscientiousness, and disagreeableness. Associations among these characteristics have sometimes led to conceptual confusion between loneliness and depressed affect, poor social support, introversion, and/or neuroticism. Research indicates, however, that loneliness, although related, is independent of these characteristics both conceptually and operationally (the measurement tools for each of these characteristics are relatively specific for the corresponding traits). Moreover, the effects of loneliness on physical health and physiology are generally not explained by the behavioral and personality characteristics with which loneliness are associated, indicating that loneliness may be a unique psychosocial risk factor whose affects are distinguishable from some combination fop or social support, depression, and personality traits. Trying to understand behavior of lonely people who constantly use Facebook and particularly some of its applications, it is essentially important to pay attention to their psychological conditions and feelings. It is important to notice that in many cases loneliness provokes aggression. However, aggression of this type is not necessarily a negative aspect of behavior of people.
Addressing an evolutionary conceptualization of loneliness, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that aggressive feelings which come from this type of state are adaptive they also serve as motivation to replace or repair some social connections (Van Buskirk, 1991). People are born free and independent, however, in order to survive and support normal living it is necessary to communicate. So, this means that social connection is the key to well being and health. However, such issues as health, genes, environment and level of socialization of parents play as efficient role when it comes to the level of loneliness of their children. At the same time it is necessary to remember that genes are not the only issues which promote loneliness or selection of activities online. A great importance is given to the issues of peoples sensitivity to the social pain of people, their rejection and isolation, as well as propensity to receive some nutritious issues from the environment in order to support their social role and social interaction (Boomsma, 2005). These help people to determine what context helps them to feel more comfortable and what particular activities, in this case usage of applications, are able to make feeling of loneliness more intensive or dampen it (Boomsma, 2005).). As it has been already mentioned above, psychological condition of people is very important to be taken into account in order to explain their behavior. According to an axiom of the human relationships study, all people are highly social animals. This means that all people including those who feel severe loneliness and Facebook is their only means of connection with the society, have some sense of social connectedness. It is vital for people and it can be compared to drink and food.
In order not to feel lonely, people need maintain balance of relationships and communication. Despite the fact this balance is individual for every human being, it is important at every level of life and thus, it is defined and influenced by a range of conditions and circumstances (Stokes, 1985). According to a recent study, mental representations of our connections with others are characterized by individual, relational and collective dimensions. These dimensions correspond to individual, relational, and collective selves posited by theories of the self. At the individual level, feelings of isolation and low self-worth are precluded when people feel comfortable with themselves, and their fit in a social world. At the relational level, feelings of interpersonal connectedness are fostered in close dyadic relationships (Weiss, 1973). At the collective level, feelings of group identification and cohesion satisfy a need for belonging. This three-dimensional representation of loneliness holds in young adults and across gender and racial, ethnic lines in middle age adults, suggesting universality to this representational structure of the social self. As it has been already mentioned above, Facebook and visiting the social networking might influence behavior of people. However, more strong influence is exercised by the state of loneliness lack of social interaction influences peoples decisions and as a consequence, their behaviors. These way trait-like characteristics, which come from the mixture of genetic bias and life circumstances and feelings of isolation, form the result. Since a person experiences trigging to loneliness, he or she tends to generate a form of thinking which is defensive a lonely social cognition. Cognition of this type changes the world view of the person. As a consequence, people who are lonely tend to be pessimistic, anxious, and have numerous fears, including fear of negative evaluation.
These feelings are much rarer in people who believe that their social life is balanced. So, the groups of people who are lonely tend to act in a more anxious way, demonstrate more negative emotions in order to become self protected. Paradoxically, but such behavior leads to self defeating. Addressing the issue of viewing photos and news feed, it is natural that in order to protect themselves, people try to limit access of information for them it is much better to view photos of some past events and to get to know about something which has already happened, while sometimes news feed represents current events or tell about something which is going to happen (Amichai-Hamburger, Ben-Artzi, 2003). Moreover, viewing photographs does not bring as much information as reading news and this is an important aspect for the lonely people. Despite the fact that they are trying to draw more information from the pictures, as it has been already mentioned above, they tend to notice only that type of information which is acceptable for them, while news feed might contain something which might bring hurt. According to one of the studies, people who feel lonely tend to demonstrate negative behavior towards other members of their community. It is natural that the rest people start viewing them more negatively and as a consequence, they act in the appropriate way (Jones, 1981). An experiment was conducted to verify this hypothesis. A group of people was introduced to a person who was said to be lonely and not demonstrate advanced social skills. As a consequence the main part of the group did not tend to communicate with this person much. It was expected that such behavior would only enhance loneliness of the person under the experiment and it happened so. However, in a while it was noticed that the person was not
interested much in getting to know about events, but he tended to pay more attention to the photos which could be found online and in the social networking systems. It was concluded that viewing these photos the person created a kind of environment which was similar to the one which was desired to be experienced the person was safe since he was alone and at the same time he had an opportunity to participate in some events. It is notable that people who do not experience severe loneliness are involved in the same type of creation of artificial environment they view news feed to get to know what is happening, to think about the events and experience some emotions about them, at the same time they stay in safety. Moreover, entering their account and viewing more and more news, they feel to be socially more active. However, in both cases people do stay less communicative; they do not develop their social skills. It is natural that this fact cannot be hidden from the society, so these people become socially rejected. Thus, the chances that they would experience more severe loneliness become higher; at the same time people become more sensitive both to their surrounding, their emotions, attitudes, and acceptable in their social environment. Psychological and social aspects of loneliness and their influence on behavior of people are important to identify the reasons of influence peoples behavior. However, the main role in the process of determination is played by the processes which occur in the brain of people. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that even if people who are lonely and spend more time in social networks tend to pay more attention to social events, still they do not get better or more sophisticated skills of communication. People who are lonely are not as
accurate as not lonely people when it comes to decoding of their postural and facial expressions of thoughts or emotions. Since lonely people do not have any normal balance or correspondence between accuracy and attention, when they are shown different scenes, people or objects (positive or negative) those parts of the brain which are associated with taking perspectives and attention vary accordingly in order to respond each of the shown pictures of scenes. Research identifies that in comparison with not lonely people, those who are lonely demonstrate greater activation of the casual cortical part (it is consistent with more significant and greater efforts to pay attention to something negative); they also demonstrate lesser temporal parietal junction activation (since other persons perspective is paid less attention to). The research identifies that set of regions of the brain which is associated with reward systems (ventral striatum, etc.) is down regulated in people who are lonely (in comparison to those who are not lonely) when they were shown some positive social pictures. This means that lonely people receive less pleasure from some positive circumstances in comparison with people who are not lonely. Moreover, for lonely people it is not less enjoyable to become informed about some good event, news in general are not liked by them. One of the reasons is that lonely people tend to close in themselves, that is not only to stay conservative, but also to prevent any changes enter into their lives. Despite the fact that actually these changes are desirable, because of anxiety and fear extremely lonely people are afraid of these changes; they prefer viewing changes which occur in lives of these people and at the same time stay sure that the lack of interaction and absence of real life communication bring stability and safety into their lives.
Time is an important factor to be taken into account when it comes to construction of negative realities in lonely people. A research involved measurement of integration of lonely people and particularly measurement of various points which could be noticed at a recorded video. It was noticed that the more time people who are lonely spend in some social environment which is full of people, the more negative development they develop towards it. This means that greater amount of communication and as a consequence, greater flow of information develops more negative social cognition. In the cases when loneliness is viewed on a continuum which ranges from little degree to severe loneliness, it is possible to claim that behavioral and cognitive characteristics differ when it comes to commensuration with the loneliness degree. However, people who experience little feeling of loneliness can be characterized by unique profile which is adaptable and which is not always the opposite to the profile of people who are severely lonely. The research demonstrates that 20 per cent of the participants experience little loneliness, 20 per cent experience average loneliness, and 60 per cent of the participants experience severe loneliness. Approximately four or five personality dimensions differ from people with little and severe loneliness. The dimensions were being agreeable, more outgoing, non neurotic, and conscientious; such issues as positive mood, social skills, higher optimism, better self esteem, support of the society, lower anxiety, lower anger, shyness, less fear of negative consequences of evaluation, negativity, etc. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that people who have average or high loneliness demonstrated indistinguishable results on these scales (Peplau, 1982; Pinquart, Sorensen, 2003).
However, the results do not prove that people who have little loneliness have characteristics which make them immune to feeling lonely. Rather the results mean that when these people feel that they are socially connected, dispositions and states constellation are expressed by them in order to enrich their lives both qualitatively and quantitatively in relation to people who have severe or average feeling of loneliness. This means that for every person it is very important to be socially connected. Such interpretation of the results of the tests can be supported by information from a study which reveals young adults to feel lonely and alter connected in terms of social communication (as well as vice versa) by recalling a time when they did not feel like belonging to the society or as if they were rejected by it, as well as when they felt that they were an essential part of their community. The study reports that measures of affect, social factors, and even personality traits mirrored and tracked the acute changes in loneliness introduced by the hypnotic manipulation. Participants introduced to feel socially connected, compared to lonely, reported significantly less negative mood, higher self esteem and optimism, better social skills, social support and sociability, greater extraversion and agreeableness, and less shyness, anxiety, anger, fear of negative evaluation and neuroticism. It is suggested by the study that the feeling of loneliness has some central trait features. However, central in the sense that it is able to influence the way people construed themselves and other people, as well as by extension and the way other individuals view and act themselves when communicating with these people.
Thus, despite the fact that social circumstances which objective (such as ostracism) are very likely to change the feeling of loneliness, those factors which are subjective tend to keep people in the state of being lonely or socially connected (Mahon, 2006). As a consequence, when people who are lonely in a greater measure think about behaving and acting toward other people in a way which only supports their isolated existence, those who are less lonely hold a view of others which is more favorable and which tends to contribute to their state of being treated in a more positive way (Peplau, Perlman, 1982; Pinquart, Sorensen, 2003). Since people who are very lonely demonstrate behaviors which make them even lonelier, it is necessary to examine the main approaches which are taken in order to limit influence of the society. First of all, many people who are lonely spend a lot of time in social networks because they protect themselves from the society; they are embarrassed by the fact that they are lonely or have no private life. However, such activity as viewing friends photographs makes them feel that they still are the part of the community and this feeling of connection, as it has been already mentioned above, is an essential element of being of every person. Secondly, it is important to pay attention to the fact that severely lonely people are very likely to use a range of other applications in order to distract themselves from their loneliness. Choosing the applications, people tend to create their own set of conditions to accept and to pay their attention to - this set of conditions is limited by the applications which do not bring much new information that might be hurtful (Amichai-Hamburger, Ben-Artzi, 2003).
Despite the fact that severely lonely people tend to hide from the society, still they have desire to communicate. This fact is obvious because first of all, communication is one of the basic elements of the normal living, which are aimed at the process of balancing physical and psychological aspects of life. And secondly, because of the fact that people become lonely because their social role does not meet their desires or expectations; what is important about this is that they do have desire to communicate (Mistakes lonely people often make). However, becoming lonely is not about personal attitudes, desires, and possibility or impossibility to meet some expectations, but, as it has been already mentioned above, numerous factors influence the condition and social support is one of them. It is important to pay attention to the fact that there exists a unique relationship between poor orientation in the networking system and loneliness and this relationship is dealing with the importance of individual differences in terms of ability and willingness to use social networks to gain some support. Despite the fact that some people usually do not receive enough social support form Facebook, some seem to use the network exactly in the periods when they need social support more. Thus supports the hypotheses that characteristics of personality are very important predictors of feeling of loneliness, especially when affinitive situations in the model include attributions and strategies. However, in many cases contribution of the factors is reduced and it is necessary to note that loneliness extraversion effect might become diminished by more than 50 per cent (Nurmi, Toivonen, Salmela-Aro, 1997).
As a rule, extraversion is associated with a great need of stimulus because the cortical arousal level of low. This means that behaviors increase the social contracts extent and as a consequence, lower possibility of experiencing feeling of loneliness. The research demonstrates that students experience some relationship between loneliness and extraversion which can be found to be mediated by some variables of social networking. This indicates that people who are extraverts are not so lonely because their networks are large. At the same time attributions and strategies are likely to impact negatively on the social networking life which explains why the factors inclusion reduces the extraversion effect. Neuroticism turns out to be one of the strongest factors which indicate loneliness in the expanded model because the model itself identifies the fact that neuroticism is an important feature of the feeling of loneliness among students (Hecht, Baum, 1984). Self perceived likeability and self esteem are important factors which are associated with loneliness in males. An analysis of data was performed separately for males and females and it was indicated that self esteem is the issues which might predict the feeling of loneliness in males only. However, the loneliness and self esteem association is not significantly influenced by gender. Similarly the experiment did not show any gender differences which might emerge because of the five predictors of variables of the feeling of loneliness. This finding is notable because it is innovative and it was performed at a more effective level of analysis and samples representativeness (Amichai-Hamburger, Ben-Artzi, 2003).
Dealing with the issue of amount of people who are lonely, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that there are no demographic variables which would predict the outcomes of the full model. Moreover, social desirability influences the experiment only to some extent, indicating that there is little correlation between a range of investigated psychosocial variables and social desirability (Amichai-Hamburger, Ben-Artzi, 2003). Reasons of loneliness can be different. However, its connection to genetics cannot be overestimating and it is the main contributing factor. As for the rest one, these are situational variables, such as diverse, moving to some other location, some trauma, or physical isolation. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that in some cases loneliness is the sign of some psychological disorder, depression for example. The most frequently it is observed in people who are not self confident enough and believe that they are not worth attention of other people or their regard. Such attitude towards self might lead to chronic loneliness, isolation and some serious mental or physical disease. Loneliness is able to cause numerous negative effects on health. The risks which are the most frequently associated with loneliness are: Stroke; Cardiovascular disease; Depression; Suicide; Decreased ability to learn; Decreased memory Higher level of stress;
ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY Behavior of antisocial type; Inability to make decision effectively; Drug abuse; Alcohol abuse; Altered function of the brain, etc.
Immunity is also impacted by stress which is caused by feeling of loneliness. However, the issues mentioned above are not the only contributions of loneliness. Such aspects of peoples lives as diet, healthy lifestyle, sleep, fatigue and many others are influenced by the sense of loneliness. There are a range of measures which are advised to be taken in order to fight loneliness. However, these are not frequently effective because in some cases only specialists help might bring some changes. Still, if it is noticed that somebody spends too much time in social networks, and even more at the same time demonstrates antisocial behavior and other actions of a lonely person, he or she should be helped to recognize that something should be done in order to shift from the virtual world of friends into the real one. Some more steps which might help people with little loneliness level to fight it are: Recognition of the fact that the person is lonely and something should be changed in order to prevent this person from being addicted to social environment which is created by himself or herself with the help of social networking; Understanding of impact of social networking on the feeling of loneliness, and it influence on life, physical and mental health; Changing activities in order to become more enjoyed by ones life;
Focusing on the development of relationship of high quality with people in the real world; on this step it is important to choose people who have the same interests, point of view, values, traditions, etc. in order not to become disappointed and not come back to usual social networking messaging system (Loneliness. Causes, Effects and Treatments for Loneliness.). Limitations and recommendations The study involves 360 participants and most of them come from Mauritius, and this means that it might not reliable for many other countries in terms of population tendencies. Despite the fact that the study analyses numerous aspects of life which influence the issue studied, it uses data of the tests only of those people who work and pays little attention to the students, adolescents, and children. Future direction Future research might address the issue of relationship between social support which is obtained by lonely people through social networking, their ability to use these support resources, and the relationship between the sources and the loneliness itself. Implications It was found out by earlier researches that people who are lonely tend to attribute their loneliness to characteristics of personal type and these are hardly changeable in comparison with situational ones. It is shown by the current study that loneliness and lack of usage of social support resources influences behavior of people. The first signs that a person enhances his or her loneliness occur when people start following particular model of behavior, in this particular case starting paying more and more attention to viewing photos and receiving less information about the society and the world.
The findings indicate the reasons which might enhance loneliness and well as actions which make it more severe in people. This data could be used in order to identify people who have little, average, or severe loneliness in order to address their problem in the future and give them an opportunity to avoid serious problem with their physical and mental health. Conclusion The current study is aimed at investigation of the problem of loneliness and its connection with social networking and engagement with different Facebook features. According to the initial hypothesis, people who are severely lonely all the time are engaged into viewing photos in Facebook, while those who enter their accounts very often tend to read news feed. The hypothesis was supported by the tests and literature review of already existing researches, which view the phenomenon of loneliness from different perspectives, explaining how various aspects of the condition influence behavior of people and make them behave one way or another.
ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY References Amichai-Hamburger, Y, Ben-Artzi, E. (2003). Loneliness and Internet Use. Computers in Human Behavior, 19, 71-80
Boomsma, D. et al. (2005). Genetic and environmental contributions to loneliness in adults: the Netherlands Twin Register Study. Behavior Genetics, 35, 745-752 Dykstra, P. Fokkema, T. (2007). Social and emotional loneliness among divorced and married me and women: Comparing the deficit and cognitive perspectives. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29, 1-12. Hecht, D., Baum, S. (1984). Loneliness and attachment patterns in young adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 193-197 Jones, W. (1981). Loneliness and social contact. Journal of Social Psychology, 113, 295-296 Loneliness 2010. The social report. Retrieved from http://socialreport.msd.govt.nz/socialconnectedness/loneliness.html Loneliness. Causes, Effects and Treatments for Loneliness. http://psychology.about.com/od/psychotherapy/a/loneliness.htm Mahon, N. et al. (2006). A meta-analytic study of predictors for loneliness during adolescence. Nursing Research, 55, 308-315. Mistakes lonely people often make. Retrieved from http://www.succeedsocially.com/lonely Murer, R. (2012). Loneliness and Social Networks. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/rdmurer/loneliness-and-social-networks Nurmi, J., Toivonen, S., Salmela-Aro, K. (1997). Social strategies and loneliness. Journal of Social Psychology, 137, 764-777 Peplau, L. (1982). Loneliness and self evaluation. New York: Wiley Peplau, L., Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY Pinquart, M., Sorensen, S. (2003). Risk factor for loneliness in adulthood and old age A Meta analysis. Hauppage, New York: Nova Science Publishers Stokes, J. (1985). The relation of social network and individual difference variables to loneliness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 981-990
Van Buskirk, A. (1991). The relationship between coping style and loneliness in adolescents: can sad passivity be adaptive? Journal of Genetic Psychology, 152, 145-157 Weiss, R. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

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AN INVESTIGATION AT THE INTENSITY USE OF WORKING ADULTS AND STUDENT FACEBOOK USERS, THEIR RELATED LONELINESS AND 1

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY Abstract

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY Introduction

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY Lowest 0.1 1

1participant = 0.3 % Low 1.1 2

79 Participant = 22.0% Mean= 1.74 SD=0.247 Average 2.1 3

180 participants = 50.1% Mean=2.56 SD=0.28 High 3.1 4

88 participants =24.5% Mean=3.41 SD=0.28 Highest 4.1 - 5

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY

ENGAGEMETN WITH DIFFERENT FACEBOOK FEATURES ACCORDINGLY

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