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ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
Maps (1 : 50,000 Series L7017) were used to locate the areas visited; relative
abundance and distribution were estimated from sightings, calls, tracks, feces, and
other indicative signs in the different habitats. Where the terrain was unfamiliar and
hostile, local guides were used. Trails were trekked extensively in search of animal
signs. interviews with reliable hunters, villagas, and park workers were conducted
for info~mationon the presence, relative abundance, poaching of wildlife; and the
Center for Wildlife Research, Dcpl. of Bioliology, R d l y of Scim% ,Mahido1University, Rema VI Road,
Bangkok laZ00, fballand.
Table 1. L
is
t of National Parks visited with dates, during winter of 1987- 88.
(ha)
1 Phangnga Bay, Phangnga Province ma 40,000 Nov. 17-21
(8' M' -8" 25' N/98" 25' -98O 40' E)
4 Hat Noppharar Thara- Mu KO Phi Phi, Krabi ma/bf 38,996 Dec. 09- 12
Prouincep 39' -8" 08' N/98"44' -98' 56 ' E)
Key to Table :
-
For. Dorsinaru Form Type
ma - Mangrove
me - MoimEvergreen
bf - Beach Fomt
extent of encroachment in the park. No trapping was carried out; thus, small
mammals which do not leave specific signs or which h e difficult io observe were not
adequately surveyed. Bats were also not survqred. Table 1 lists all arcas visited and
dates.
RESULTS
During the survey of the 9 national parks, it was observed (Table 2) that rhe
park that bad the highest number of species seen/reported was Khao Luang National
Park (46 species); followed by Khao Lampi-Ha Thai Muang National Park (42
species), Khao Sok and Khao Phanom Bencha National Parks (both parks having 38
species), Phangnga Bay National Park (26 species), Laem Son National Park (23
species), Hat Chao Mai National Park (22 species), Hat Noppharat Thara-Mu KO
Phi Phi National Park (19 species), and Mu KOPbetra National Park (12 speoies).
The mammals that were seenhported in all the parks surveyed are Cynocep-
halus variegatus, PIesbytis obscum, Presbytis cristafa, Sw scrofa, and Tragulus
javanicus. Species that were seenheported in most of the parks include Tupaia glis,
Nycticebus coucaag. Macaca nemestrina, Macaca arctoides. Manis javanica, Ratyfa
bicolw. Rattars rams, and Hystrix br~chyuru.It was also noted that highest diversity
and highest relative abundance of species were in parks where the dominant forest
type is moist evergreen.
The major threat to primates in all these parks is habitat loss, and the gibbons
were usually the most seriously threatened. Besides that, female gibbons are
sometimes killed for their infants, to be sold as pets. Infant pig-tailed macaques are
acquired in the same manner for the purpose of harvesting coconuts. Pig-tailed
macaques are trained to harvest coconuts wfiie infants and these trained macaques
fetch a high market price. Some specis of primates as the dusk) leaf monkeys,
silvered leaf monkeys, and long-tailed macaques are sometimes hunted as source of
protein. Most seriously affecred are the little-known stump-tailed macaques which
are killed when they become agricultural pests. Stump-tailed macaques practise
cropraiding during the rice harvest season, from December to February. However,
the main animals that are poacbed in parks are k l d pigs, barking deer, -bar deer.
and Lesser mousedeer, which ;ue either used for local consumption or sold to
restaurants specialisiig in game animals, along with certain species of bxds, reptiles
and amphibians.
CommentP on Parka
limestone fringed with mangroves. The Westrial part is wholly mangroves but
adjoins the Lowlandevergreen forest af Suan Pa NBKok (a protected area). There are
fishing villages on the islands visited. At Wac Tham Suwan Khuha, a non-protected
area, there were a good number of M a m a fdcularis; these macaques are
sometimes shot as a source of prorein by the Thai Buddhist villagers living in the
vicinity.
Phangnga Bay National Park is a very well visited place. However, wildlife at this
park is not disturbed by the touristic activities. But presently it is not possible to keep
a constant check on the illegal squatters and loggers with the siagle'boat that the park
has.
la lb 2 3a 3b 4 5 6 7a 7b 8 9
Echlnoso~er
gymnurus
Hylomys
sui(1us
Crocrduro
fulignoso
Suncus
murinus
Tu@a
gilk
Cynoce~holw
vorregmus
Nyctfcebus
ClJUCQn8
MQcOM
nemestrino
Macaca
ornoides
Macem
foscioul~r&
RcsByliS
meI010ph~s
PrrsbyIis
ohrrum
prRbylb
GrLsrmLI
ffpfobmes
lor
Cuon
4Ipl~(s
Ursw
rhdbefanus
HeIar<m
nwlo~nus
Mvsreln
nudipes
MolTer
pavigula
Table 2 (wntinucd).
National Park
SWa .la ib 2 3a 3b 4 d 6 ?a 7b 8 9
v-l w2
Table 2 (continued).
National Park
Species l a l b Z 3 a 3 b 4 5 6 7 a 7 b S 9
-
NeoJelis w2
nebulosa
Panrheru w3 h2 w3
purdtls
Panrheru W3 hZ w3 w3
ligris
Elephas WZ w3
rr~aximrrs
Tapirlcr t-1 1-2 1-3 1-8
indictrs
Sus (vs v-2 1-11 1-3 pd 1-1 v-1 w4 v-I 15.
rrof"
Trugulus hf, h3 w3 w4
nupn
Trugulr~s WS 1
3 t-l hS 1-3 1-1 wS 1-1 wd w4 1-3 w4
juvmicus
Munriuctrs 1-1 1-1 h3 1-5 1-3
munljuk
Cervtts w3 1-3 w3
unirwlor
Bos " U
jvvenielrs
Bos WJ 13
guurus
Cupricornis u4 <-I w3 r-2 i-2 u3
su~na~ruet~sir
Manis v3 ws u4 w3 w* U3 *I
iuvunica
RaruJa wS r-2 w3 "-2 r\3vcIA/rr4 v+2 w3
bicolor
Rnr* v-l W4 w-3 w3
@?inis
Ci111osciurus
ll4101W
Ca/Iosciurus
flavimanus
Callu~eiurus
cnniteps
Co/~ciunts
prevarri
SURVEY OF MAMMNS IN SOUTH THAILAND PARKS
Table 2 (continued).
National Park
Spff~es la lb 2 3a 3b 4 5 6 7a 7b 8 9
ramiops w3 w4 w3
macclell~ndl
Dranomys w2 v-1
ruJigeRis
Pelaurisru
cleguns
F'eiuurislu
pe1auris1u
Hy.dperes
Iepidus
Peiinwnys
WIDSUS
Rhlzomys
su~narnzends
Chiropodofnys
glr~rdes
Bundrcoiu
lndrm
Mus
mrolr
Mus w4
mstuneus
Ikrylmys w2
bowi
MUXOI~.V# V-l
whiiehehwdi
Mex01nys u4
surrer
Nivivmfer w2
cremnrivenier
Railrts w6 w5 w4 w5 wfr v-l WA m4
Pallus
Hystrm w4 W4 Uir (*4 w4 1-1 W3
bmchyuru
Aikeruru~ w2 ud 16 w3 f.5 w3
mawourus
Tabk 2 (Continued).
Key lo Tabk :
-
2 Khao Lampi Hal Thai Mu- Nalbnal Pwk
3a Lacm S P hationel
~ Park (rar&rid)
h- reported by hunters
u- regon& by villasefs
v- slghled
a- heard
I- trackr
f- fern
s- sefapeslothcr indrcalive signs
*- probsbiyprcsent
A/ wsdbly pmenc
Figurn $dollowing hyphen (-)refer to approximate n u m b of individuals
Figures without hyphen (4 lefcr 10 abuadartee level :
I -vagrant
2 - stam undumnined
3 - rare
4 - uncommon
5 - common
-
6 abundant
-
4. Hat Nopphawt T h m Mu KO Phi Phi NatSorral Park
Forest rypes in this park are moist orergrm, mangrove and swamp forest.
Only the mainlaad waa surveyed. Poaching for Sus scr~faand ~ q g u l t y jsmmimrs
occurs in the park. Live-traps are laid out for Traguhisjm~nicwsat off-route places.
I found a live-trap set at Jlhao Hang Nak, and also saw the remains of a kenfly
eonsumad RrrguhLF javanieus in one of bhe homes at the fwfhills. L was informed
that mcentiy two hrmters had shat down taro M a e m mroides when they faiIed to get
any SwseraJiu. Villagers would be pleasedif they were rid off these macaques, as they
are considered agricultwalpests. Illegal felling of tras within fhe pwk boundary has
been greafly reduced but deforestation outside the park Ls ocounhg 81 aa alarming
rate m a w the forested into 'islands'. Rubber are sometimes planted in
these forested areas.
SURVEY OF MIMWUSINSOUTH THAlUND PAR&S
DISCUSSION
consumed locang or sold to restaurants. Sometimes these animals are Wed for their
hides or skins; or when live-trapped, are k@/sold as pets. in tho* parks where
stump-tailed macaques occur, they itre always killed because they raid crops during
the rice haryest.
In all the parks I visited, the park officials appear to work hard and try their
best to eradicate poaching, encroachment and tree-felling, but they aie not
compIeteIy succwful because of a lack of manpower, modan &awls and good feleoom-
munications equipment. A basic c a m of poaching is the poverty of the vWagers
living close to the national parks. Most of these vilIagers rely on agriculture for their
livelihood and try to extend their cultivated lands into the park areas i n order to
increase their income. Poaching by these villagers is mainly to try to supplement their
diet. However, when the poachers are town dwellers, or when tree-fellleg is done by
organised groups, the lack of modem fueanns d i i o u r t~he park wardens from
wishing to have any encounters with them. More empbagis should also probably he
placed by the park officials on public relations and extension work with the viUagers
living near the parks to help solve the poachmg problem.
Out of the total of 157 species ~fnon-voht land mammals from the 26
families found in Thailand (HONAWet al., 1982), the investigator managed to find
evidence for 77 species. Of the 9 national parks surveyed, there is a strong need to put
maximpm conservation efforts into Khao Phanom Bencha National Pafk, Khap
Luang National Park and Khao Lampi - Hat Thai Muang Natioaal Park, which still
have exeellent forest habitat and the largest number of spedes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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