Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FIELD MANAGEMENT OF
NAM POUI
AND
PHOU XANG HE
NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY
CONSERVATION AREAS
IUCN
THE WORLD CONSERVATION UNION
0
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A five-month consultancy on field management was carried out from January 21 to June 21,
1988 in two Lao PDR’s National Biodiversity Conservation Areas (NBCAs). The 1,912 km²
Nam Poui NBCA is located in northern Lao PDR, in Sayaburi Province, and the 1,060 km²
Phou Xang He NBCA is located in the south, in Savannakhet Province. Both these NBCAs
are currently funded by the Lao-Swedish Forestry Program’s Conservation Subprogram.
The primary objectives of this consultancy were to assist and train the staff and associated
conservation staff of both the NBCAs in developing and implementing effective systems for
the monitoring and protection of biodiversity resources, including proposing or refining
zoning systems in those NBCAs; and to make recommendations towards the development of
participatory management. The secondary objectives were to build the staff’s capacity in
implementing field management activities (surveying, patrolling, monitoring, and formal
reporting of information on wildlife, habitat and human); and to make suggestions for a
realistic long-term work and training program, particularly towards the integration of
protection needs with participatory management.
Field management activities in Nam Poui NBCA re-confirmed the importance of this NBCA
as a major water catchment area for the Mekong River and a reserve for the Asian elephants
(Elephas maximus), gaurs (Bos gaurus), tiger (Panthera tigris), leopard (Panthera pardus),
clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), Asian wild dog (Cuon alpinus), golden jackal (Canis
aureus), Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus), Asiatic black bear (Selenarctos
thibetanus), white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar), Phayre’s langur (Trachypithecus phayrei),
Silvered langur (Trachypithecus cristatus) and several other large mammals. In terms of
wildlife, it is probably one of the few areas in Lao PDR with a viable population of wild
elephants, estimated between 350 to 500 animals. Domestic elephants in Sayaburi province
currently totaled 696 individuals. Many of these domestic elephants are released into Nam
Poui NBCA for a few months a year and they have been observed to freely mingle with the
wild ones. There were several babies seen with the domestic females, which very likely
derived from the wild stock. Furthermore, Nam Poui NBCA has a large intact forest cover
with settlements outside the core area.
Activities in Phou Xang He NBCA yielded the presence of several wildlife species of global
importance and high diversity of wildlife, albeit possibly occurring at low densities. The
1
more important species recorded in Phou Xang He NBCA include the Asian elephant, gaur,
giant muntjak (Megamuntiacus muntjak), tiger, leopard, Asian wild dog, Malayan sun bear,
Asiatic black bear, black gibbon (Hylobates concolor), red-shanked Douc langur (Pygathrix
nemaeus), Francois’s langur (Trachypithecus cristatus), pygmy loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus)
and green peafowl (Pavo muticus). There also exist historical records of rhinoceros and Eld’s
deer (Cervus eldii) in the NBCA. The presence of Vu Quang Ox (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis)
and banteng were last reported about seven years ago, and might likely be extirpated from the
area. This, however, remains to be confirmed.
Most threats to both NBCAs are similar, albeit to varying degrees. They can be categorized
into forest clearance and fires mainly associated to shifting cultivation, wildlife and ‘mai
ketsina’ poaching, unsustainable harvest of fishes using explosives and poisons, and livestock
grazing. Threats to Nam Poui NBCA are particularly marked towards the northern part of the
NBCA and are directly related to serious immigration into the NBCA. Threats specific to
Nam Poui NBCA are the north-south security road and the proposed east-west road. Threats
specific to Phou Xang He NBCA are unsustainable extraction of ‘yaang’ oil and the presence
of unexploded ordnance.
Recommendations relevant to both NBCAs and specific to each are made in this report.
These include recommendations and suggestions on training and training needs; patrolling,
monitoring and law enforcement; wildlife/botanical surveys and research; zoning; equipment
care and needs; staff management; and participatory management and extension. Most
important among these recommendations is the need for the presence of both long-term and
short advisers to both NBCAs. At least three years of continuous support is needed, followed
by intermittent but regular support and evaluation visitations. The presence of advisers will
help ensure those activities and recommendations will be followed up. More importantly are
for the advisers to prepare the NBCA staff, through capacity building, to undertake protected
area management on their own. Thus, aiming to have qualified Lao nationals managing Lao
PDR’s protected areas and natural resources by the year 2005.
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
From its inception to its bounded form, the activities carried out under this field management
consultancy wouldn’t have been made possible without the interest and efforts of the
following persons:
Mr. Chanthaviphone Inthavong, Head of the Center for Protected Areas and Watershed
Management (CPAWM); Mr. Vene Vongphet, Deputy Head of CPAWM and Head of the
Conservation Subprogram of the Lao-Swedish Forestry Program (LSFP); Mr. Sansay
Souryyakone, Head of the CPAWM’s Protected Areas Unit; Mr. Khampete Chanthavong,
Mr. Geyo Golagot and Mr. Khamphay Louanglath, from the Protected Areas Unit. Many
thanks to my counterpart, Mr. Geyo Golagot, for assisting me in carrying out the various field
management activities.
Mr.Calle Mossberg. Senior Adviser to the LSFP; Mr. Jan Olaf Lundberg, ex-Regional
Director (north) of the LSFP; Ms. Berenice Muraille, Community Development Adviser for
LSFP’s Joint Forestry Management in Savannakhet; Mr. Lonethep, LSFP Coordinator for
Savannakhet; Mr. Ved, LSFP Coordinator for Sayaburi; and the staff of LSFP. Mr. Stuart
Chape, IUCN Country Representative for Lao PDR; and the staff of IUCN Lao PDR.
Mr. Sombath Yiaryhieu, the Governor of Sayaburi Province; Mr. Nyan Nyong Sipaseuth,
Head of the Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office (PAFO); Mr. Khammane, Head of the
Forestry Division of PAFO; the District Governors, Heads and staff of District Agricultural
and Forestry Offices of Muang Pieng; Muang Pak Lay; Muang Thong mixay (DAFO); Phan
Tho Khampane and Phan Tho Khamkeo of the Provincial Army; and Conservation Unit of
the Provincial Army; Mr. Sotsern and Mr. Bouavanh, Head and Deputy Head of Nam Poui
NBCA; and the staff of Nam Poui NBCA.
Mr. Sikaew, Head of Savannakhet PAFO; Mr. Khampanh and Mr. Phoum Bandit, Director
and Deputy Director of Xepone Forestry Training School; Heads and staff of DAFOs of
Muang Atsaphon, Muang Phin, Muang Phalanxai, Muang Xepone and Muang Villaburi; Mr.
Phoukong and Mr. Thipsavanh, Head and Deputy Head of Phou Xang HE NBCA, and staff
of the LSFP coordination office.
Many thanks also to all the villagers in Sayaburi and Savannakhet who assisted the field
management team in their work and for their warmth. My special thanks to Dr. Clive W.
Marsh, for giving me the opportunity to make my contribution towards conservation efforts
in Lao PDR, and for kindly commenting on this manuscript.
3
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................................3
CONTENTS...........................................................................................................................4
1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................7
1.1 BACKGROUND ...............................................................................................7
1.2 OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................8
1.3 ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS.........................................................................8
1.3.1 Nam Poui and Phou Xang He NBCAs ......................................................8
1.3.2 Nam Poui NBCA .......................................................................................8
1.3.3 Phou Xang He ............................................................................................9
Figure 1.1 National Biodiversity Conservation Areas in Lao PDR.........................10
2. STUDY AREAS ..............................................................................................................11
2.1 NAM POUI NBCA..........................................................................................11
2.1.1 Background ..............................................................................................11
2.1.2 Habitat Types ...........................................................................................11
2.1.3 Human Settlements ..................................................................................11
2.1.4 Access into the NBCA .............................................................................12
2.2 PHOU XANG HE NBCA................................................................................12
2.2.1 Background ..............................................................................................13
2.2.2 Habitat Types ...........................................................................................13
2.2.3 Human Settlements ..................................................................................13
2.1.4 Access into the NBCA .............................................................................13
Table 2.1 Staff and associated conservation staff of Nam Poui NBCA ..................14
Table 2.2 Population structure of some villages in and around Nam Poui NBCA..15
Table 2.3 Staff and associated conservation staff of Phou Xang He NBCA...........16
Figure 2.1 Nam Poui NBCA....................................................................................17
Figure 2.2 Phou Xang He NBCA ............................................................................18
3. METHODS ......................................................................................................................19
3.1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................19
3.2 TRAINING/CAPACITY BUILDING.............................................................19
3.2.1 Classroom Training..................................................................................20
3.2.1.1 Training Outline ......................................................................................20
3.2.1 Assessment of Performance.....................................................................21
3.3 FIELD MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES .........................................................21
3.3.1 Logistics Preparations and Allocation of Responsibilities ......................21
3.3.2 Village-based Interviews .........................................................................21
3.3.3 Daily Trip Preparations............................................................................22
3.3.4 Observations and Recording ....................................................................22
3.3.5 Daily Debriefing ......................................................................................23
3.3.6 Assessment of Performance.....................................................................23
Table 3.1 Topics of theory training..........................................................................24
4. NAM POUI NBCA..........................................................................................................25
4.1 TRAINING/CAPACITY-BUILDING ............................................................25
4.2 WILDLIFE.......................................................................................................25
4.2.1 Brief Account of Some Key Species .......................................................26
4.3 KEY WILDLIFE HABITATS.........................................................................27
4.4 HUMAN/HABITAT IMPACTS AND THREATS.........................................27
4.4.1 Forest Fires ..............................................................................................27
4
4.4.2 Forest Clearance.......................................................................................27
4.4.3 Immigration..............................................................................................28
4.4.4 ‘Mai Ketsina’ Poaching ...........................................................................28
4.4.5 Wildlife Poaching ....................................................................................28
4.4.6 Fish Bombing...........................................................................................28
4.4.7 Livestock Grazing....................................................................................29
4.4.8 North-South Security Road......................................................................29
4.4.9 Proposed East-West Road........................................................................29
4.5 Other Activities................................................................................................29
Table 4.1 Domestic elephants in Sayaburi Province (1996-97 data; source: Sayaburi
PAFO) ......................................................................................................................32
Table 4.2 Mineral licks in Nam Poui NBCA...........................................................33
Table 4.3 Monthly patrolling and monitoring schedule for Nam Poui NBCA........35
Figure 4.1 Locations of key species in Nam Poui NBCA .......................................36
Figure 4.2 Mineral licks of Nam Poui NBCA .........................................................37
Figure 4.3 Current organizational flowchart of Nam Poui NBCA ..........................38
Figure 4.4 Proposed organizational flowchart of Nam Poui NBCA .......................39
5. PHOU XANG HE NBCA................................................................................................40
5.1 TRAINING/CAPACITY-BUILDING ............................................................40
5.2 WILDLIFE.......................................................................................................41
5.2.1 Brief Account of Some Key Species .......................................................41
5.3 KEY WILDLIFE HABITATS.........................................................................43
5.4 HABITAT/HUMAN IMPACTS AND THREATS.........................................43
5.4.1 Forest Clearance.......................................................................................43
5.4.2 Forest Fires ..............................................................................................43
5.4.3 ‘Kaen Hearng’ Poaching..........................................................................43
5.4.4 Wildlife Poaching and Trade ...................................................................43
5.4.5 Overfishing ..............................................................................................44
5.4.6 Livestock Grazing....................................................................................44
5.4.7 ‘Yaang’ Oil Extraction.............................................................................44
5.4.8 UXOs .......................................................................................................44
Table 5.1 Mineral licks in Phou Xang He NBCA ...................................................45
Figure 5.1 Locations of key species in Phou Xang He NBCA................................47
Figure 5.2 Mineral licks of Phou Xang He NBCA..................................................48
6. DISCUSSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................49
6.1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................49
6.2 TRAINING/CAPACITY BUILDING.............................................................49
6.3 ZONING ..........................................................................................................49
6.4 RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................51
6.4.1 Nam Poui And Phou Xang He NBCAs ...................................................51
6.4.1.1 Training and Training Needs...................................................................51
6.4.1.2 Patrolling, Monitoring and Law Enforcement ........................................51
6.4.1.3 Surveys and Research..............................................................................52
6.4.1.4 Zonation ..................................................................................................52
6.4.1.5 Equipment Care and Needs .....................................................................53
6.4.1.6 General ....................................................................................................53
6.4.2 Nam Poui NBCA .........................................................................................54
6.4.2.1 Patrolling, Monitoring and Law Enforcement ........................................54
6.4.2.2 Wildlife Surveys and Research ...............................................................55
6.4.2.3 Internal Management...............................................................................55
5
6.4.2.4 Participatory Management and Extension...............................................55
6.4.2.3 General ....................................................................................................56
6.4.3 Phou Xang He NBCA..............................................................................57
6.4.3.1 Patrolling, Monitoring and Law Enforcement ........................................57
6.4.3.2 Wildlife Surveys and Research ...............................................................57
6.4.3.3 Internal Management...............................................................................57
6.4.3.4 Participatory Management and Extension...............................................58
6.4.3.4 General ....................................................................................................58
6.5 CONCLUSION................................................................................................59
Table 6.1 List of equipment required.......................................................................60
Figure 6.1 Management zones and hunting .............................................................61
Figure 6.2a Proposed management zones of Nam Poui NBCA ..............................62
Figure 6.2b Proposed management zones of Nam Poui NBCA ..............................63
Figure 6.2c Proposed management zones of Nam Poui NBCA ..............................64
Figure 6.3a Proposed management zones of Phou Xang He NBCA.......................65
Figure 6.3b Proposed management zones of Phou Xang He NBCA.......................66
Figure 6.3c Proposed management zones of Phou Xang He NBCA.......................67
Figure 6.3d Proposed management zones of Phou Xang He NBCA.......................68
Figure 6.3e Proposed management zones of Phou Xang He NBCA.......................69
APPENDIX I: Wildlife Data Recording Format .........................................................70
APPENDIX II: Human Impact Data Recording Format .............................................71
APPENDIX III: Trail Mapping Recording Format .....................................................72
APPENDIX IV: Sample Specimen Recording Format Maintained at Field Stations .73
APPENDIX V: Sample Scat Analysis Data Recording Format Maintained at Field
Stations.........................................................................................................................74
APPENDIX VI: Procedures for Making Casts of Tracks............................................75
APPENDIX VII: Ethics of Field Surveys and Patrols.................................................76
APPENDIX VIII: Locations and Preparation of Camps .............................................77
APPENDIX IX: List of Field Equipment ....................................................................78
APPENDIX X: Key Wildlife and Habitat Interview Data Recording Format ............79
APPENDIX XI: List of wild fauna recorded in and around Nam Poui NBCA (adapted
from Boonratana, 1997) ...............................................................................................80
APPENDIX XII: List of wild fauna recorded in and around Phou Xang He NBCA
(adapted from Duckworth et al, 1993).........................................................................84
APPENDIX XIII Comparative Overview of Nam Poui And Phou Xang He NBCAs 91
APPENDIX XIV: Schedule of Activities ....................................................................92
LITERATURE CITED ........................................................................................................95
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND1
There are three major components of protected area management: the effective management
of its wildlife, habitat and the people who uses it. There are two approaches towards
managing these components, field-based through monitoring and patrolling, and village-
based through extension work. Both approaches are complimentary to each other and
essential towards the long-term goals of any protected area, particularly within the Lao
context. Hence, this project was designed to provide continuing support towards the field
management of Nam Poui and Phou Xang He NBCAs2, located in northern and southern Lao
PDR respectively (figure 1.1).
The specific objectives and activities/outputs of this project closely follow the
recommendations of earlier work in the two NBCAs (Boonratana, 1997b; Evans &
Sengsavanh, 1997). The main intention, therefore, is to maintain some continuity in
developing traditional field-based skills of protected area management among the NBCA,
DAFO3 and village-level staff. Such training and leadership are likely to be significantly
more effective when provided systematically over a period of several years within each
NBCA rather than delivered in centralized ‘one-off’ training event, which may not be
adequately absorbed or acted on. Equally important, is the need to develop capacity among
CPAWM’s4 Protected Area Unit staff for carrying out ‘Evaluation and Support’ visits to
NBCAs elsewhere in the country. This is also a long-term process.
While emphasizing the need for continuity and consistency of approach between NBCAs,
field management activities will cover ‘fresh ground’ as compared to inputs of earlier work.
In particular, by contributing to the process of negotiating ‘Rules’ for NBCA participatory
management and the evaluation of the ‘Guardian Village’ and ‘Village Conservation
Volunteer’ concepts in relation to LSFP5. Thus, this ‘Field Management’ consultancy should
be viewed in conjunction with a similar project that will work and train directly on
‘Participatory Management’ through village extension work.
In Nam Poui NBCA, this project will follow up on an earlier wildlife survey and training
(Boonratana, 1997b). Remaining needs include the development of a closer working
relationship between Sayaburi PAFO6 and the Provincial Army, with a view to establishing a
regular system of joint patrols throughout the NBCA; and the training of newly appointed
NBCA Head, and staff of NBCA and DAFOs. Common ground will also be sought with the
proposed LSFP Village Planning Exercise in Ban Na Vene, in the northern part of the NBCA.
In Phou Xang He NBCA, existing information on wildlife is confined to the area between
Phou Hinho/Katon and the Phou Xang He escarpment. Evans and Sengsavanh (1997)
recommended a survey for large mammal distribution and mineral licks covering the whole
NBCA to be based mainly on village interviews supplemented by short expeditions into the
1
Background, objectives, activities and outputs are in accordance with the Terms of Reference for IUCN short-
term technical assistance to the Department of Forestry, prepared by Dr. Clive W. Marsh, IUCN/LSFP Senior
Conservation and Protected Areas Planning Adviser
2
NBCA = National Biodiversity Conservation Area.
3
DAFO = District Agricultural and Forestry Office.
4
CPAWM = Center for Protected Areas and Watershed Management
5
LSFP = Lao-Swedish Forestry Program.
6
PAFO = Provincial Agricultural and Forestry Office.
7
NBCA to confirm local information. Phou Xang He has been the focus of wide range of
LSFP activities that aim to develop capacity in Atsaphone, Phalanxai and Phin Districts.
Thus, particular attention is required to ensure integration with these activities.
Both the field management and participatory management projects are designed to contribute
to the ‘Protected Area Management Plans’ to be produced for each NBCA as a Subprogram
output at the end of the LSFP Phase IV, by the year 2000.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
1. To assist and train provincial and district staff in Nam Poui and Phou Xang He
NBCAs to develop and to implement effective systems for biodiversity resource
monitoring and protection, and to propose or refine zoning systems with particular
reference to larger mammals.
2. To contribute recommendations to the development of participatory management for
LSFP NBCAs, and particularly the negotiation with stakeholder communities of
‘Rules’ that will assure adequate protection of key biodiversity resources, while also
allowing some continued exploitation of NTFPs7 in Controlled Use Zones.
3. To train (or refresh training) NBCA, DAFO and selected village volunteers on basic
data collection protocols for resource monitoring. In addition, to assess the likely
value of data collected in this manner by village conservation volunteers and their
potential contribution to participatory management.
4. To make suggestions for a realistic long-term work and training program to carry
forward the processes initiated under this field management consultancy and
particularly the integration of protection needs with participatory management.
7
NTFP = Non-timber forest product
8
DoF = Department of Forestry.
8
1. Participate in a CPAWM ‘Evaluation and Support Visit’ with a view to assessing the
effectiveness of staff training in wildlife survey techniques carried out in 1997 and
follow-up actions taken in relation to recommendations of that study.
2. Undertake training activities, as necessary, particularly in view of the appointment of
a new Head and staff of the NBCA, the nomination of DAFO conservation staff in
Phieng and Thongmixay Districts, and the possibility of greater involvement both by
the military and village conservation volunteers.
3. Assess and promote continued cooperation in field survey and management activities
between NBCA staff and the local military contingent, particularly the establishment
of a ‘Special Conservation Unit’ within the Sayaburi Provincial Army.
4. Participate in one or more field surveys to areas not covered in 1997 (e.g. in the
southwest sector and areas adjacent to villages in Thongmixay District), with a view
to refining the preliminary zoning plan for the NBCA based on known wildlife
distribution. Assess the priority for participatory management initiatives among
villages in Thongmixay District compared to the northern sector of the NBCA around
Ban Na Vene.
5. By including village conservation volunteers in the field activities, assess their value
and training needs as a mechanism for resource monitoring, protection and
participatory management.
6. If time scheduling permits, participate with NBCA staff in the proposed Village
Planning Exercise scheduled for Ban Na Ven in March/April.
7. Act as a Resource Person at a Meeting-cum-Training Workshop for Heads of NBCAs,
scheduled for March 1998.
9
GPS = Global Positioning System.
9
Figure 1.1 National Biodiversity Conservation Areas in Lao PDR
10
2. STUDY AREAS
2.1.1 Background
Nam Poui NBCA (figure 2.1) is located in Sayaburi Province, northern Lao PDR between 18
°12’-18°59’N and 101°04’-101°30’E (Boonratana, 1997b). It covers three districts, Muang
Thongmixay to the southwest, Muang Pak Lay to the southeast, and Muang Phieng to the
north, and has an area of 1,912 km². There was a proposal to excise 762 km² at the northern
end of the NBCA, reducing it to 1,150 km² (Berkmuller et al., 1995). The proposed excised
area is mainly degraded forest and land affected by shifting cultivation. Boonratana (1997b),
however, recommended that this proposal be rejected on the grounds that the area still has
viable forest cover, key wildlife habitats, large mammals particularly elephants and gaurs,
and that any excision would further aggravate the rate and impacts of immigration into the
area.
The entire western boundary of the NBCA coincides with the borders of Lao PDR and
Thailand. Much of this international border is largely sealed due to the presence of landmines
all along the mountain ridge that divides the two countries. Currently, a collaborative exercise
between the armed forces of the Province and Thailand are clearing the mines and placing
border markers every 5 km along the ridge. Only those mines that are on the ridge trail are
being cleared and not those buried on the slopes (Lt. Boonsou, pers. comm.). Thus, the border
should remain almost entirely closed to cross-border incursions.
10
amsl – above mean sea level
11
River: Ban Na Sampan11, Ban Na Nguen12, Ban Na Vene13. Further north are Ban Nam Xong
14
along the Nam Xong River; and Ban Pak Xong15, where Nam Xong River joins Nam Poui
River. Ban Vang Pha Mon16 lies in the central region, just inside the eastern boundary of the
NBCA, and Ban Khen in the extreme southwest. The ethnic groups in the northern
settlements comprise mainly Lao Theung and Lao Soung, and some Lao Loum, whereas the
communities at Ban Vang Pha Mon and Ban Khen are Lao Loum. All these communities
practice paddy and shifting cultivation, and gather a wide range of forest products
(Boonratana, 1997b).
Besides villages, there are several military camps and outposts scattered throughout the
NBCA. Also, there is a nomadic group of primarily gatherers, known as ‘Tong Leung’
(Yellow Banana Leaf) or ‘Phi Tong Leung’ (Ghost of Yellow Banana Leaf), present within
the central part of the NBCA. They, however, prefer to be known as ‘Malabri’ meaning
‘forest people’ (Walee, 1977). Studies carried out in Thailand suggested that the ‘Malabri’
hilltribe there originated from Luang Prabang. They periodically visit some nearby permanent
settlements, to trade forest produce such as bees’ honey, rattan, mats, and edible shoots with
clothes, salt, rice, etc. In the extreme southwest, a new district of 16 Lao Loum villages,
Muang Thongmixay, forms an enclave within the NBCA (Boonratana, 1997b).
There is another track from the north at Ban Na Vene running southwards to Muang
Thongmixay (figure 2.1). This is the proposed ‘North-South Security Road’ for military
purposes. This road runs parallel to the NBCA’s western boundary, and alongside the Nam
Lop. Construction of this road is on going and its completion is expected by the year 2000.
11
Ban Na Sampan = predominantly Lao Theung (Khamou), and some Lao Soung (Hmong) and Lao Loum
12
Ban Na Nguen = Lao Soung (Hmong)
13
Ban Na Vene = Lao Theung (Khawait) and Lao Loum
14
Ban Nam Xong = Lao Theung (Phai)
15
Ban Pak Xong = Lao Theung (Phai and Khamou)
16
Ban Vang Pha Mon = also known as Ban Mai
17
Nam Lop is spelt as Nam Loy in the currently available maps. Nam Sani on the maps should read Nam Xon
and the river flowing south from Ban Mai is Nam Sani.
12
Savannakhet, the rest are in their respective districts. Activities observed so far are rather
disjointed owing to a lack of coordination between the NBCA and the DAFO staff.
2.2.1 Background
Covering an area of 1,060 km², between 16°42’-17°04’N and 105°19’-106°06’E, Phou Xang
He NBCA (figure 2.2) is located in Savannakhet Province, southern Lao PDR. The NBCA
covers five districts, Muang Atsaphone to the west, Muang Phalanxai and Muang Phin to the
south, Muang Xepone to the east and Muang Villaburi to the north.
18
also known as Ban Katep Noy
19
also known as Ban Khame
20
also known as Ban Khame Noy
21
also known as Ban Thamkouan
13
Table 2.1 Staff and associated conservation staff of Nam Poui NBCA
:
Associated conservation Educational Agency
staff Qualification
Mr. Somsaay#* Mid-level Forestry DAFO, M. Phieng
Mr. Bounthalong* Mid-level Forestry DAFO, M. Paklay
Mr. Outhin#* Mid-level Forestry DAFO, M. Thongmixay
Mr. Sing Saengphet#* Mid-level Forestry Ban Na Ven Rural Development Project
Capt. Sila#* - Sayaburi Provincial Army
Lt. Boonsou#* - Sayaburi Provincial Army
Sgt. Khampane#* - Sayaburi Provincial Army
Sgt. Nguensong# - Sayaburi Provincial Army
Sgt. Khamkeo* - Sayaburi Provincial Army
# Participated in 1997’s large mammal survey
* Participated in 1998’s field management activities
14
Table 2.2 Population structure of some villages in and around Nam Poui NBCA
15
Table 2.3 Staff and associated conservation staff of Phou Xang He NBCA
16
Figure 2.1 Nam Poui NBCA
17
Figure 2.2 Phou Xang He NBCA
18
3. METHODS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
To implement field management activities and to formulate an effective management plan for
a protected area, it is essential to obtain information on:
1. The presence, distribution and abundance of the wildlife present in the area.
2. The habitat types and key wildlife habitats found in the area.
3. The threats to the wildlife and habitat in the protected area.
4. The statuses of people living in and around the protected area, and how they use the
area, including their impacts on wildlife and the habitats.
Once information on these topics has been obtained, this will assist the protected area staff to
effectively plan and/or develop:
Activities related to the field management of Nam Poui and Phou Xang He NBCAs were
carried out in five months inclusive. A timetable of activities carried out is shown in appendix
XIV.
1. Field surveys for large mammals and key wildlife habitats, including village-based
interviews.
2. Observing and assessing human and habitat impacts.
3. Planning areas and routes for human/habitat impact patrolling and biodiversity
resource monitoring.
4. Identifying areas to be included in the Total Protection Zones or to be excluded into
the Controlled Use Zones.
The above training activities can be summarized into data collection, data compilation, and
data analysis. Besides these, training topics also include basics of conservation, map reading
and compass use, note taking and recording techniques, report-writing, camping and field
equipment (table 3.1). The training was so designed to assist the field staff in planning their
field trips efficiently, to make accurate observations and record these accurately, and to
clearly report their findings in a simple but detailed format.
19
Capacity building was not limited only to the NBCA staff, but extended to include other
agencies with interests and involvement in the NBCAs, such as staff of CPAWM, DAFOs,
Army, and village conservation volunteers.
20
species and cross-refer to field guides. Lessons on identifying and recognizing
wildlife based on indirect evidence (tracks, scats, etc.) were emphasized. It is
relatively difficult to sight wildlife in dense forests, hence data are mostly gathered
from signs. There was also a brief discussion on the ethics of fieldwork (appendix
VII).
5. Camping and Field Equipment: Preparation and location of campsites (appendix
VIII), essential field equipment (appendix IX), and suggested food items for the field
were discussed in detail. Much field time would otherwise be wasted if there were no
proper planning and adequate preparation prior to field surveys.
6. Data Analysis and Reporting: After each field trip, data collected were compiled and a
simple report for each trip/location was prepared. The report comprised a table of
wildlife recorded, a table for human activities recorded, map/maps for important
sighting of wildlife, routes traveled, human activities, mineral licks, etc., and a written
summary highlighting significant finds. This report-writing format was to be
maintained for future surveys and patrols. This format is currently being used by the
field staff at Dong Hua Sao and Phou Xiang Thong NBCAs in southern Lao PDR
(Boonratana, 1988). Similarly, scat samples collected were analyzed at the stations
after every field trip and entered in the scat recording book (appendix IV). A separate
recording format (appendix III) was maintained for other specimens collected.
7. Patrolling, Monitoring and Law Enforcement: Repeated surveys for an area was
emphasized to the trainees. Once initial data is collected, there should be a program of
continuous collection of data to see changes, if any, in terms of wildlife presence and
relative abundance, habitat changes and human activity. Monitoring is an important
component for making management decisions. A discussion was held on the criteria
to assist the trainees in identifying key species
21
regarding wildlife was not limited only to those listed in the questionnaire but included other
large and interesting wildlife. The list, however, serves to guide the interviewer of the key
wildlife species present in Lao PDR.
In addition, villagers were asked about the presence of mineral licks, caves, etc., known to
them. The general direction and distance (in kilometers or hiking time) of the key wildlife
species, mineral licks, etc., were also recorded. These interviews besides providing
information on wildlife and habitats also allowed the field management team to plan their
activities. The consultant, to demonstrate to the trainees the proper method when conducting
interviews, conducted interviews at the first few villages. The trainees then conducted latter
village interviews with occasional assistance from the consultant.
Survey routes were pre-determined from 1:100,000 topographic maps and/or based on
villagers’ information. Routes normally took the shape of irregular loops, originating and
terminating at campsites. This allowed greater coverage of an area. Simpler routes, going
along streams and returning the same way were given to trainees that had no prior experience
with forest work. Two hired villagers usually stayed back at camp and were given the tasks of
maintaining camps, preparing food, gathering firewood, etc.
Speed of travel when carrying out patrols was maintained between 40 to 60 minutes for every
kilometer, with regular pauses of at least a minute, to observe the general surroundings. This
was to avoid missing cryptic animals or animal signs. Thus, up to an average of eight
kilometers per day was covered on each route by each team. Surveys usually began between
0700 to 0730 h and teams returned to camp between 1500 to 1630h.
Type of evidence was recorded, along with date, time, species, and location (appendix I).
Evidence such as tracks and scats were aged, described, sketched and measured. Scats were
collected and were later analyzed by the trainees. Locations of important sightings were
determined using maps and compass, and where feasible, a Global Positioning System (GPS)
unit was used. Important sightings included the presence of mineral licks, unmapped ponds or
wetlands, and human activities. Observations on human impacts were also recorded onto data
recording sheets (appendix II) and maps.
22
3.3.5 Daily Debriefing
In the field, debriefing was conducted every night after meals were eaten. This was to review
the day’s findings and plan surveys for the next day. Survey teams would report the results of
surveys, highlighting the main findings. Team/sub-team members would alternate on a daily
basis in reporting their findings, to encourage participation by all. Comments and suggestions
were offered to improve their field performance and skills.
23
Table 3.1 Topics of theory training
24
4. NAM POUI NBCA
4.1 TRAINING/CAPACITY-BUILDING
Most of the NBCA and associated conservation staff who participated in this year’s field
management activities, had attended a similar training course carried out last year
(Boonratana, 1997b), hence most of the lessons taught were revisions. The ‘old’ trainees
assisted the newer ones through the course and exercises.
New skills that were imparted to the trainees included report writing and the use of data
recording sheets for wildlife surveys, human/habitat impacts, wildlife interviews and trail
mapping. The basics of conservation and the preparation of master maps were further
emphasized. Some of the trainees of previous year were slightly ‘rusty’ with map reading and
compass use, but this was quickly overcome with revisions and practice. Handouts were also
distributed to the trainees. These included handouts on landform and drainage features, and
wildlife tracks and scats.
Training and capacity building of the Head and his deputy could not be achieved. They were
involved in CPAWM’s Evaluation and Support Visit, and the Heads of NBCAs meeting held
at Nam Poui NBCA, therefore unable to participate in the field management activities.
Hence, they are still not clear in their understanding of the field management aspect of
protected areas. Also, most unfortunate and unacceptable was that many of the NBCA staff
including the Head have not read Boonratana’s (1997b) report. The report would have
assisted the management team with their workplans, not to mention that much of current
impacts observed could have been prevented if some of the recommendations made in that
report were followed up.
In the field, it was very interesting to note that teamwork and cooperation between the NBCA
and associated conservation staff was very good, in spite of not working together since the
1997 exercise. It was also surprising to observe two trainees who were quite ‘weak’ (skills-
wise) during the 1997 exercise becoming quite adept at fieldwork.
Both classroom training and on-the-job training at Nam Poui NBCA were successfully
accomplished most likely due to following reasons:
1. Interest in protected area and conservation work was strong, stemming from the
trainees’ commitment and thirst to acquire more knowledge and skills.
2. In spite of some superstitious beliefs, the staff was quite comfortable carrying out
field activities in small groups without guides.
3. All the trainees are quite used to hard work.
4. Self-discipline was quite high among the participants. This was further reinforced by
presence of the Provincial Army’s ‘Special Conservation Unit’.
5. Most of the trainees did not smoke and were generally noiseless during surveys and at
camps, which significantly contributed to sighting of several wildlife species.
6. Alcohol consumption was not a habit with the participants, and was generally
restricted to parties and special occasions.
7. There was equal respect and strong trust among the participants.
4.2 WILDLIFE
Nam Poui NBCA is located west of the Mekong River, hence the fauna is similar to those
found in Thailand, with significance difference from Phou Xang He NBCA, particularly with
25
ungulates and primates. Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes recorded in and
around Nam Poui NBCA during a large mammal survey carried out last year (Boonratana,
1997b) and during the present consultancy is listed in appendix XI. This list, however, is still
far from exhaustive, as no trapping was carried out for small mammals. Altogether, there are
50 mammals recorded, of which silvered langur is a new record and banteng and stump-tailed
macaque are provisional records for Nam Poui NBCA. Locations of evidence of some key
species are shown in figure 4.1. Seventy bird species are currently confirmed from the area
including six new records and one provisional. This figure is most likely not more than a
third of the actual number of birds present in Nam Poui NBCA, as none of the participants
from last year’s and this year’s exercise are experienced at bird identification. Furthermore,
there still remains a large proportion of Nam Poui NBCA that could not be surveyed due
forest fires, time constraints, and the nature of the present consultancy.
22
An elephant was observed at Ban Nakhagnang feeding on domestic bananas in January–end. The NBCA staff,
although located about a kilometer away from this village was not aware of this, until being informed by the
consultant about two months later. Albeit staff visited the village on a regular basis, no villagers bothered to
inform the staff. This implies that the staff presents themselves as having no interest in wildlife matters, possibly
because all their efforts are focussed towards extension.
26
Thongmixay district in mid January this year and Poung Khem, by Nam Ngin. Three
villagers from Ban Dan were penalized by the DAFO for the incident.
3. Tiger: A set of fresh tracks and several scrapes were observed on the trail from Vang
Pha Daang to Poung Kok (at Ban Vang Pha Mon). Tiger tracks were also reported
close to Ban Vang Pha Mon in September 1997. Tracks were also reported at Nam
Xing (southwest NBCA) in October 1997.
4. Asian wild dog: On the morning of March 9, 1998, the M. Pak Lay DAFO land
allocation team (including one NBCA staff) reported observing five Asian wild dogs
chasing a barking deer on the track close to Vang Pha Daang.
5. Asiatic black bear: One fresh and clear track was observed at Poung Nyaang,
northwest of Ban Naxeng.
6. Malayan sun bear: A set of fresh tracks was observed close to Vang Pha Daang, 6 km
west of Ban Vang Pha Mon.
7. Silvered leaf monkey: 22 individuals were briefly observed on the trail from Vang
Pha Daang to Poung Kok. Of these 22, there were at least six adult females with four
clinging infants, and seven juveniles.
27
4.4.3 Immigration
This apparently is a major factor causing a very significant increase in most of the impacts
and threats mentioned here. Immigration is very marked towards northern Nam Poui NBCA,
around the Ban Na Vene, Ban Na Sampan and Ban Na Nguen village complex. (section
2.1.3). With this current rate of immigration, there is undoubtedly a serious demand for
cultivation land, hence more clearing of forested areas. Following which, there would
certainly be a ‘chain-reaction’ of impacts on wildlife and their habitats. A recent land use
planning exercise was carried out in the Ban Na Vene Rural Development Project Zone to
provide continued assistance to the Provincial authorities in resolving forest-land use
problems which have developed since the Rural Development Project was established in
1991 (Jones, 1998).
23
Anonymous works for a ‘mai ketsina’ dealer based in Vientiane.
28
4.4.7 Livestock Grazing
Livestock, particularly cattle and buffaloes frequently graze in the forested areas, mainly in
the northern and southern end of the NBCA. This has serious implications towards the health
of wild animals in the NBCA, especially those using the mineral licks Bor Lay Chan I and
Bor Lay Chan II (Boonratana, 1997b). Any diseased livestock could easily start an epidemic
that could wipe out the wildlife population. (Note: Villagers of Ban Na Sampan reported that
they found several wild pigs dead in the forest south of Nong Xae in January and February
1997).
1. It will further fragment the NBCA, causing serious edge effects to the habitat.
2. It will very likely interrupt wildlife movement, possibly creating sub-populations.
Two globally threatened large mammals, namely elephant and gaur occur in the areas
southwest to northwest of Ban Na Sampan.
3. An important mineral lick, ‘Poung Phoy’, regularly used by elephants and gaurs, is
approximately 2 km north of the proposed road. It is uncertain what the impacts will
be, but whatever they are, they are not beneficial to the wildlife.
4. It will allow easy access into the NBCA, therefore very likely increasing the pressure
onto the NBCA, such as immigration, ‘mai ketsina’ and wildlife poaching.
Furthermore, it will allow an easier and faster outlet for the ‘mai ketsina’ and wildlife
trade.
5. It might have security-related implications. Currently, that area is controlled by the
Sayaburi Provincial Army, and considered one of the strategic areas in terms of
national defense. Hence, having easy access into the country in this case will not
necessarily be beneficial to Lao PDR.
29
2. Staff management: The current organizational flowchart (figure 4.3) at the
headquarters is confusing and misleading. Confusing because the same names (same
persons) appear several times in the flowchart, and misleading because there are
several individuals who are not NBCA staff, but DAFO and RDP staff. Furthermore,
the flowchart implies that there was regular contribution to the NBCA management,
whereas in reality there was not. It was only during the field management consultancy
that a patrolling/monitoring system was established, in an attempt to coordinate the
stakeholder agencies. Hence, a new organizational flowchart was proposed, including
assigning specific duties to the staff (figure 4.4). Regulations regarding vehicle use
acceptable to all staff members was also introduced. This was to prevent abuse of
vehicles and fuel.
3. Patrolling and Monitoring Schedule: A monthly schedule (table 4.3) was prepared to
assist the patrolling and monitoring team to carry out their activities. Twenty-four
options were provided. These options are to be randomly selected at the end of every
month. In this manner, there would be at least three weeks a month of regular
patrolling and monitoring activity. A random schedule is important in preventing
potential poachers from knowing the patrolling and monitoring team’s routine. Only
two NBCA staff would be involved each time (c. 7 days per field trip). They would
then be supported by the NBCA’s associated conservation staff. The associated
conservation staff accompanying these trips would depend on the area to be patrolled
and monitored. Thus, each month an NBCA patrolling and monitoring staff would be
involved in at least one field trip, up to a maximum of two field trips.
4. Cleanliness: A few pits were prepared around the headquarters, where litter can be
thrown and burnt. Rubbish bins for the NBCA’s buildings were also purchased.
5. Signboards: Signboards were erected at strategic positions along the NBCA’s
boundary, where major tracks lead into the NBCA.
6. Heads of NBCAs meeting: Acted as a ‘Resource Person’ for the 3rd Heads of NBCAs
meeting held at Nam Poui NBCA from March 19-23, 1998. Activities included
organizing the staff in making preparations for the meeting and field trips for the
Heads.
7. M.O.U.: A memorandum of understanding between the Provincial Army and the
NBCA was jointly prepared by Mr. Sotsern (Head of NBCA), Capt Sila (Head of
military conservation unit), Mr. Geyo (CPAWM) and the consultant. This M.O.U.,
endorsed by the Provincial Army and PAFO was intended to formalize joint
conservation efforts between the Provincial Army and the NBCA, therefore hoping
that cooperation between the NBCA and Provincial will be more effective.
8. Wrap-up seminar: A provincial-level seminar on ‘Management Activities and
Planning for Nam Poui NBCA’ was organized at Sayaburi on May 28 and 29. Mr.
Sombath Yiaryheu, the Provincial Governor, chaired the seminar. Among the
participants were representatives from the various government departments in the
province (including the Provincial Army); M. Thongmixay, M. Pak Lay and M.
Phieng DAFOs and District Governors’ Offices; CARE and UNDP; and LSFP
advisers. There were presentations made by the Head of Nam Poui NBCA, the Field
Management consultant, the Land Allocation team, the Head of the Provincial Army
Conservation Unit, and the three District Governors or their deputies. Resulting from
this seminar, a statement was issued by the Provincial Governor.
9. Tong Leung: Finally met up with a ‘Tong Leung’ family comprising a woman and her
two sons, on March 19, 1998. They were apparently from the Nam Phoun area, and
on their way to Ban Na Vene to exchange some forest produce (mats and rattan) for
clothes, etc. Some clothes and food were provided to them by the patrolling and
30
monitoring team, establishing rapport for future work in their area. An expedition to
the ‘Tong Leung’ area last year had to be cancelled due to a ‘security’ problem
(Boonratana, 1997b).
31
Table 4.1 Domestic elephants in Sayaburi Province (1996-97 data; source: Sayaburi
PAFO)
32
Table 4.2 Mineral licks in Nam Poui NBCA
33
Bor
Poung Wang Pa 18°27.5’N/101°11.5’E Lesser mousedeer, Domestic buffalo
Kouay
Poung Long Peung 18°28.8’N/101°12.6’E Elephant, Sambar deer, Barking deer
Poung Nam Ngin c. 14 km north of Ban
Gnai
Poung Keng c. 14 km north of Ban
Kouang Gnai
Poung Wang Ai c. 14 km north of Ban
Khoon Gnai
Poung Wang Khum c. 14 km north of Ban
Man Gnai
Poung Noy (Nam c. 14 km north of Ban
Xing) Gnai
*Affected by agriculture and/or livestock
Note: Coordinates not given for licks not visited, or when uncertain
34
Table 4.3 Monthly patrolling and monitoring schedule for Nam Poui NBCA
35
Figure 4.1 Locations of key species in Nam Poui NBCA
36
Figure 4.2 Mineral licks of Nam Poui NBCA
37
Figure 4.3 Current organizational flowchart of Nam Poui NBCA
HEAD
Mr. Sotsern Sainyalak
DEPUTY
Mr. Bouavanh Thithawong
DIVISION 1 DIVISION 2
M. THONGMIXAY & M. PAK LAY M. PHIENG & B. NA VENE
Mr. Lake Vilaisak Mr. Singkaew Phongthai
Mr. Outhin Mr. Sing Saengphet
Mr. Vankham Mr. Phong Latsabut
Mr. Sivay Mr. Somsaay
Mr. Bounthalong Mr. Khamson
38
Figure 4.4 Proposed organizational flowchart of Nam Poui NBCA
HEAD
Mr. Sotsern Sainyalak
DEPUTY
Mr. Bouavanh
39
5. PHOU XANG HE NBCA
5.1 TRAINING/CAPACITY-BUILDING
Prior to this consultancy, almost no trainees truly understood the objectives and concepts of
protected area, protected area management and conservation of natural resources. Map and
compass ability varied among the trainees. Although several had attended a training course
conducted by Evans and Sengsavanh (1997), they all had apparently ‘forgotten’ their skills.
This was most likely because:
1. There was no practical application under field conditions (on-the-job training) of the
skills learnt.
2. None of the staff ever carried out any fieldwork before and after Evan and
Sengsavanh’s training program.
3. Interest in protected area work was generally lacking.
4. There was no motivation from their superiors.
Similarly, none were adept at recording information, making wildlife observations, analyzing
data and writing reports. Furthermore, all except one (ex-hunter) had ever camped out the
forest.
Hence, basics of conservation were emphasized throughout this consultancy, beginning with
discussions at the start of the training and regularly discussing them during daily debriefings
in the field; thereby reinforcing their understanding based on actual field experience. All the
trainees who attended Evan and Sengsavanh’s training were quick to recollect their
‘forgotten’ skills at map reading and compass use. Thus, the better trainees were placed
besides the weaker ones to provide more practice for the former and provide better attention
to the latter. Lessons in map and compass were continued until the trainees were ready to
move on to different topics. Exercises on orienteering greatly helped the trainees in
improving the compass skills. Handouts on landform and drainage features were also
distributed to the trainees.
However, under field conditions, trainees lost all their ability at map and compass skills. This
was highly likely due to the trainees’ inability to apply lessons learnt in the classroom to
actual situations. Furthermore, even with guidance, the trainees could not really practice their
skills because they would not leave camps unless accompanied by an armed member of the
Village Security Force. This stemmed from their general fear of the forest – UXOs,
Vietnamese ‘kaen hearng’ poachers, wild dangerous animals and evil spirits. The presence of
UXOs and poachers were, however, valid reasons. With the presence of a local guide, the
trainees would inadvertently not apply and practice their mapping and compass skills, but
relied on the guide to navigate through the forest. To overcome this, trainees were given
simple routes to survey – walking along streams and rivers and returning the same way. It
was during the last field trip that trainees went out in sub-teams of two and three. Spending
several weeks in the forest without any untoward incident helped them overcome some of
their fear.
Trail mapping exercises were carried out in the field along well-used human trails to further
reinforce their skills, at the same time providing valuable management input. Distances were
measured by ‘stepping’. Prior to this, the trainees were asked to count their paces along a
measured distance under field conditions. When it was clear that most trainees could not
count their paces correctly, ‘stepping’ was instead introduced. That is instead of counting a
‘double-step’ (a pace), the trainees would count each step they took. This was easier for the
40
trainees to comprehend and carry out, most likely because the counting was synchronous with
each step.
Skills at correct recording of information and wildlife observation could only be achieved
under constant guidance, by having the consultant accompanying the survey teams daily.
Daily debriefings further reinforce their recording skills. However, in spite of constant
reminders, most trainees restricted their observations and note taking while carrying out
surveys, and would ignore opportunities for observation while in camps (e.g. wildlife sighting
and calls).
Most of the observations made on wildlife were based on their signs. This was partly because
animals were generally scarce in the Phou Xang He NBCA, but mainly because trainees were
very noisy and loud in the forest, and could not restrain themselves from smoking while
carrying out surveys. To assist the trainees at identification of wildlife and their signs,
handouts on wildlife tracks and scats, and tortoise/terrapin, and primates in Lao were
distributed.
To familiarize the trainees and to give them the much-needed practice, each sub-team had to
analyze their data and submit their reports after every trip. Guidance was offered and several
corrections were made before the reports were finally accepted. Most of the trainees worked
hard at the report write-up as it gave them a sense of pride seeing their names to the reports,
and knowing that the reports were products of their efforts.
Membership and leaders for teams and sub-teams changed after every trip, to promote
teamwork and leadership among the trainees. Teamwork was not often achieved, as some
trainees would always stay apart when based at villages. Some would consume alcohol
excessively, therefore neither able to participate in discussions (either busy drinking or
asleep) nor perform well when doing surveys the following day. Also, in spite of constant
guidance, logistics preparation was very weak. Food and other supplies would always run
short on most trips.
5.2 WILDLIFE
Wildlife recorded during this consultancy and that from previous survey (Duckworth et al
1993) are listed in appendix XII. Altogether, there are 49 mammal species recorded in Phou
Xang He NBCA, of which nine are provisional. Eighteen species are new records. Locations
of evidence of key mammal species are shown in figure 5.1. There are at least 206 bird
species in Phou Xang He NBCA of which 204 species were previously recorded by
Duckworth et al (1993).
41
and about 2.5 cm high. It was reportedly shot more than 60 years ago at the foothills
of the Phou Xang He escarpment, extreme west part of the NBCA. The species could
not be determined, and the species is possibly extirpated.
3. Gaur: A set of horns was observed at Ban Nahang Noy. Tracks observed in the forest
could be identified with certainty because domestic and feral buffaloes are found in
all areas surveyed.
4. Banteng: Horns of banteng was similarly observed at Ban Nahang Noy. This species
could possibly be extirpated. This species was last reported seen about seven years
ago.
5. Vu Quang ox: An ex-hunter from Ban Pongsavang described seeing this animal about
seven years ago at a Poung Daan in the Xe Kang area, northwest of the village. There
have been no sighting reports since then. Villagers in this area generally referred to
this animal as ‘Kouang See’ or ‘Kouang Khao See’ meaning ‘deer with straight-
pointing horns’.
6. Eld’s deer: Antlers of Eld’s deer was observed at Ban Nahang Noy. Villagers reported
that this species was common throughout the lowlands more than 20 years ago. This
species is probably extirpated.
7. Giant muntjak: One set of fresh tracks was observed at Poung Thamtaseenya at the
extreme west of Phou Xang He NBCA, and trophies were observed in almost all the
villages visited. Its presence was reported ranging throughout the NBCA. Villagers of
Ban Na Paka and Ban Nonsamlan reports frequent sighting of this animal close to
their villages.
8. Serow: Fresh and old tracks were observed on the escarpment west of Ban Naphilang
leading to and away from the only year-long source of water on the escarpment.
Interviews suggest that this species is found throughout the Phou Xang He
escarpment, and the Phou Hinho/Katon hills.
9. Tiger: One fresh track was observed in Phou Xang He range west of Ban Kengnyao24.
One animal was reportedly observed in the Phou Hinho/Katon forest block by
villagers of Ban Dongngang on May 8, 1998.
10. Asian wild dog: One animal was observed by a survey team chasing a barking deer
across a rocky flat, east of Ban Katep. This species apparently is widely distributed
throughout the NBCA, commonly reported around the rocky flats. There are several
reports by villagers throughout the NBCA of buffalo predation by the Asian wild dog.
Scats of this species were usually encountered in the middle of trails. Old and recent
scats (about 3-4 scat piles per location) were usually within a meter of each other.
Scats, when analyzed, yielded hairs and some bones of sambar deer, muntjak, and
rodents.
11. Bear spp.: Bear claw marks, both old and recent, were quite common on the hills of
Na Pha Daan, west of Ban Naphilang. The species, however, could not be ascertained,
although there are reports of both species in the area.
12. Black gibbon: Vocalizations heard from base camp suggested the presence of two
gibbon groups in the Ban Nalay area.
13. Golden-cheeked gibbon: Possibly present based on descriptions reported by villagers.
Remains to be confirmed.
14. Francois’s langur: One group of three animals was sighted in the Phou Hinho/Katon
block. Some animals regularly sleep at two caves/crevices at Na Pha Daan, west of
Ban Naphilang. Fresh and old droppings and urine were observed on the trail just
below the sleeping sites.
24
Also known as Ban Thamkouan
42
15. Red-shanked Douc Langur: A group of about seven Douc langurs was briefly
observed along Xe Xam Soy, west of the camp
16. Green peafowl: Villagers of Ban Namouang report that green peafowl are still found
at the rocky flats of Daan Pha Pheung and Daan Phae Hot, northeast of the village.
The patrolling/monitoring team found some feathers at Daan Houay Lang Daan, near
the two mentioned rocky flats.
43
There is a major wildlife trade from Savannakhet into Vietnam through Xepone. Some
species, such as pangolin are purchased by Vietnamese traders to supply the Chinese market.
5.4.5 Overfishing
There is widespread use of bombs and poisons to harvest fishes throughout the NBCA.
Bombs being used to harvest fishes are made from the UXOs25 that are still abundant
throughout much of the NBCA. Water pools are also completely drained by scooping out the
water and catching every living thing in sight, fishes, frogs, prawns, etc. This unsustainable
harvest of fishes will undoubtedly deplete an important food resource, which in the long-term
will affect all villagers that depend on fishes for their source of protein. This will inevitably
lead to a further increase in pressure on wildlife.
5.4.8 UXOs
Much of Phou Xang He NBCA, particularly in Muang Phalanxai, Muang Villaburi and
Muang Xepone are riddled with various types of unexploded ordnance. These UXOs pose a
threat to both human and wildlife. Furthermore, they are commonly used to bomb fishes.
UXO Lao is currently clearing the affected districts of UXOs but in the forest it probably will
remain a threat for a long time to come.
25
UXO = unexploded ordnance
44
Table 5.1 Mineral licks in Phou Xang He NBCA
45
Naphilang/Pongsavang
Poung Houay Nabor c. 4 km east of Ban
Naphilang/Pongsavang
Poung Daeng Northeast (?)of Ban
Naphilang/Pongsavang
Poung Houay Tamon c. 3 km west of Ban
Naphilang/Pongsavang
Poung Houay Phang c. 10 km northwest of Ban
Naphilang/Pongsavang
Poung Houay c. 10 km northwest of Ban
Thampadaek Naphilang/Pongsavang
Poung Daan c. 16 km northwest of Ban
Naphilang/Pongsavang
Poung Dong Noy c. 2 km northwest of Ban Domestic buffaloes
Khouay* Katep
Poung Wang Nong* c. 2 km south of Ban Katep Barking deer
Poung Dong Aeng* c. 3 km southwest of Ban Barking deer, Domestic buffalo
Katep
Poung Khok Nyaa c. 4 km south of Ban Katep Domestic buffalo; Barking deer
Poung Pa Lai Ban Nakhaphoung
Poung Heen Boua Ban Nakhaphoung
Poung Houay Achon Ban Nakhaphoung
Poung Khok Wang Ban Nakhaphoung
Juea
Poung Na Phan Phom Ban Nonesamlan
Poung Khame northeast of Ban
Yai/Noi Nakhaphoung
Poung Houay east of Ban Nakhaphoung
Meauy/Houay Pattoo
Poung Xe Kang Ban Namouang
Poung Wang Dear Ban Namouang
Lek
Poung Na Beark Ban Namouang
Poung Houay Bay Ban Namouang
*Affected by agriculture and/or livestock
Note: Coordinates not given for licks not visited, or when uncertain
46
Figure 5.1 Locations of key species in Phou Xang He NBCA
47
Figure 5.2 Mineral licks of Phou Xang He NBCA
48
6. DISCUSSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The primary aims of this consultancy were to initiate and implement activities related the
field management of Nam Poui and Phou Xang He NBCAs. Capacity building of the NBCAs
staff and their associated conservation staff was essential towards achieving these goals, and
for them to carry forward these processes. Results of these activities, comments and some
discussions for Nam Poui NBCA and Phou Xang He NBCA were presented in chapters four
and five respectively. Here, in this chapter, comments and discussions are made on aspects of
capacity building, zoning, and hunting within NBCAs. Finally, recommendations applicable
to both NBCAs and specific to each are offered, with sincere hope that they will assist the
NBCAs’ staff in effectively managing their protected areas.
A question that is always asked is that why in spite of several training programs, staff is still
capable neither of the skills nor of carrying out activities. Here, an attempt is made to analyze
the situation observed in Nam Poui and Phou Xang He NBCAs. Staff of both NBCAs had
earlier received basic training in field techniques in 1997 (Boonratana, 1997b; Evans &
Sengsavanh, 1997). In both NBCAs, the main reason apparently was that the staff (including
the associated conservation staff) was never mobilized after last season’s training. In spite of
that, it was observed that the Nam Poui NBCA staff retained much of the skills acquired. This
was very likely because the skills acquired in the classroom were immediately reinforced by
actual application of those skills under field conditions.
On the other hand, the classroom training for the Phou Xang He NBCA staff was not
followed by actual application of those skills under field conditions, hence staff did not know
how to apply those skills. There were also too frequent changes in staff. A similar
observation was made by Evans and Sengsavanh (1997). Furthermore, both NBCAs lacked
basic field equipment until very recently. Even then, the equipment was neither practical nor
feasible for protected area work in tropical rainforests.
6.3 ZONING
Article 9 of the Forestry Law (1996) states that zones within a protected area are intended to
accommodate different management priorities while maintaining primary objectives
appropriate to each category. There are two main categories of zones, ‘Totally Protected
49
Zone’ and ‘Controlled Use Zone’. Access and exploitation in the former is restricted and not
normally permitted. In the latter, certain exploitation and agricultural activity may be
permitted if sustainable, but subject to regulation by the protected area authorities.
Many of the commonly hunted species and the small mammals are also food to predators.
Removing prey species can cause the predator population to decline, adapting to their food-
stress environment. It can also further aggravate human-wildlife conflict when predators turn
to livestock as alternate source of food. Furthermore, several wildlife species are seed-
dispersers, therefore, removal of these species will undoubtedly affect the flora.
Looking at a broader picture of zoning and protected areas (figure 6.1), we see that the
current situation in possibly all NBCAs in Lao PDR are as in figure 6.1a, where there are no
zoning, no patrols and no monitoring. Hence, massive pressures on the protected area. Even
with zoning, if there’s no patrols and monitoring, the situation will remain such. Ultimately,
the protected areas will lose their objectives as wildlife resources become depleted, which in
turn will have deleterious long-term impact on the habitats.
In figure 6.1b proper zones have been established, and patrols and monitoring are regularly
carried out, but hunting in Controlled Use Zone is permitted. In this scenario, impacts will
nevertheless be observed in the Total Protection Zone, as there is no restriction to animal
movement between the two zones. Thus, we are effectively protecting a small portion of the
Total Protection Zone, which in all likelihood may not be viable in the long term.
If hunting is not permitted in the NBCA (figure 6.1c), that is in both Total Protection and
Controlled Use Zones, then we effectively are protecting the Total Protection Zone, as
impacts will nevertheless be felt in the Controlled Use Zone. This, however, requires regular
patrols and monitoring.
Ideally, to protect the NBCA as a whole, there ought to be a ‘legal’ Buffer Zone around the
NBCA, where hunting is similarly not permitted (figure 6.1d). This is most likely impossible
to achieve, viewing the current economic situation and dependency on wild meat of many
settlements in and around protected areas. Although there exists several forested areas around
many of Lao PDR’s NBCAs, they could only serve as buffer zones from the management
point view, that is serving to reduce some of the impacts on the NBCA.
Thus, we must try to achieve some semblance to figure 6.1c, where we are effectively
protecting a ‘core’ portion of the protected area, the Total Protection Zone. In this manner, a
‘reserve bank’ of natural resources is maintained.
50
6.4 RECOMMENDATIONS
Most of the recommendations made for Nam Poui NBCA are adapted from Boonratana
(1997) as they are still relevant, and have not been followed up. Some, however, have been
re-worded to suit current needs.
51
1. Anti-poaching patrolling activities should be carried out regularly but randomly so as
not to allow poachers to become familiar with the patrolling schedule. Foot patrols
should be carried out along the smaller rivers and streams, where poachers’ camps are
usually located. Focus of anti-poaching patrolling activities should be on the mineral
licks.
2. Surveys and patrols should be carried out in all areas to provide an overall
assessment, but focus should be in areas with key wildlife species and habitats, and
major human impact.
3. Unauthorized persons should not be allowed to carry firearms in the NBCA, and
legitimate residents living in the NBCA must surrender their firearms, therefore
reducing the level of hunting. In Nam Poui NBCA, this will also assist the military in
performing their security-related duties.
4. Propose to make both Savannakhet and Sayaburi Provinces ‘gun-free’ provinces by
the year 2000, i.e. with exceptions to authorized persons and personnel.
5. Monitoring for forest fires should be the focus of the patrolling and monitoring unit
during the dry season. This can be carried out by making visitations to the cultivated
lands within and around the NBCA. The villagers and all departments at both the
district and provincial-level should be committed towards preventing another fire
outbreak as experienced this year in Sayaburi Province.
6. Incentives or rewards in monetary form or recognition or both should be awarded to
staff or individuals that contribute towards the NBCA’s conservation and protection
efforts (e.g. a percentage of the fines or merit certificates).
6.4.1.4 Zonation
1. Mineral licks must be made off-limits to all except those with proper authorization.
All trails leading to the mineral licks should have ‘Restricted Area’ signboards at least
1 km away from the mineral lick. These signboards will effectively stop anyone
caught within the off-limits area from claiming ignorance.
2. Create zones within the NBCA. A proposed zoning of Nam Poui and Phou Xang He
NBCAs are shown in figures 6.2 and 6.3. The current terminology of the Controlled
Use Zone should be redefined to exclude logging and wildlife hunting. The proposed
zonings shown in figures 6.2 (6.2a-6.2c) and 6.3 (6.3a-6.3e) follows as best as
possible the landform and drainage features, to be recognizable to both the staff and
villagers using the NBCA. At the same time, information on important wildlife, intact
habitats and mineral licks were incorporated when proposing these zones. However,
these zones should be further refined with additional data on wildlife and habitats.
3. There must be some agreed-upon commitments by the district governors and village
headmen with regard to the NBCA’s boundary and zones. Systematic process of
discussion and negotiation is needed to develop an effective and accepted set of
‘rules’ for the Controlled Use Zones and the boundary with core zones.
4. Forested areas and ‘village conservation forests’ adjacent to the NBCAs should be
maintained as buffer zones, while allowing sustainable use by the villagers. For
52
example, large mammals recorded in the forested area east of Nam Poui NBCA
towards Ban Nakhagnang included elephant, tiger, sambar deer, barking deer, lesser
mousedeer, wild pig, and civet spp.
5. Domestic animals should not be allowed into the Total Protection Zone of the NBCA.
Domestic animals kept at military outposts as an alternate source of protein should be
kept within those outposts. All domestic animals in the Controlled Use Zone and
around the NBCA should be inoculated against potentially dangerous diseases. Areas
for grazing within the Controlled Use Zones should be clearly demarcated.
6.4.1.6 General
1. The master copy of the maps of Nam Poui and Phou Xang He NBCAs maintained at
the respective NBCAs should be frequently updated. This includes updating the
location of major trails, important wildlife sightings, mineral licks, etc.
2. Data collected should be analyzed and the report written up immediately after every
field trip to avoid unnecessary delays in report submission and while the impression is
still ‘fresh’. Separate reports should be written for every field trip. Reports should
comprise a table for wildlife observed, a table for human impact, a map or maps for
routes taken, and locations of significant finds (key wildlife species, critical wildlife
habitat, and sites of major human impact).
3. The data recording sheets and reporting format currently in used in Nam Poui, Phou
Xang He, Dong Hua Sao and Phou Xiang Thong NBCAs (Boonratana, 1988) should
be recommended for use to other NBCAs in Lao PDR. Standardized recording and
reporting format will greatly assist CPAWM in entering the information gathered into
a national database system. This is a major step towards preparing a nation-wide
species and habitats management action plans. A standardized recording and reporting
format can be discussed at the next Heads of NBCAs’ meeting, with the Heads of the
Patrolling and Monitoring Units taking the lead in the discussion. Improvements can
be made for ease of use.
4. Monthly rainfall and temperature data should be maintained at the respective field
stations. These data can be requested from the weather stations nearest to the NBCAs.
Preferably, however, is to provide rain gauges to the NBCAs. Climatic data is
essential towards the preparation of a management plan for the NBCAs.
53
5. A list of key wildlife species as they are known by the different ethnic groups living
in and around the NBCAs should be prepared). This will assist the staff in gathering
wildlife data from villagers through interviews.
6. A conservation education and public awareness program should be carried out at
every village in and around the NBCA by the NBCA and/or associated conservation
staff. The staff could receive their initial training at the proposed three-week
classroom training at Xepone Forestry Training School (section 6.5.1.1).
7. Focus village development and support programs in those villages within and
immediately adjacent to the NBCAs.
8. There should be at least two CPAWM support and evaluation visits per year to each
NBCA. Visits should include field trips accompanying both extension and
patrolling/monitoring units.
9. Staff of government departments and non-governmental organizations, particularly
those working in and around protected areas, should refrain from consuming wild
meat. This will seriously affect law enforcement activities carried out by the
patrolling and monitoring staff. Furthermore, this will make the public lose respect in
the system.
10. NBCA vehicles should be insured and drivers should have valid licenses.
54
or village security force), with occasional support from the NBCA and associated
conservation staff. Staffing should be rotated on a weekly basis. Similar costs are
expected for maintaining this guard post
5. Roadblocks and checkpoints within the NBCA should also be carried out along the
road between Muang Thongmixay and Muang Pak Lay. Roadblocks and checks
should be carried out regularly but randomly, in terms of both frequency and
locations.
6. Overnight stays or camping, or entry at night should not be allowed in the proposed
Total Protection Zones, unless with authorization. This will likely assist in curbing
activities that will have negative impacts on wildlife and habitat.
7. Domestic elephants involved in illegal logging activities in the NBCA should be
confiscated, and their owners penalized. These confiscated elephants should be
marked and released to the wild, and should never be recaptured. Radio-collars could
possibly be attached to the released animals. This would provide useful information
on habitat utilization and patterns of movement.
55
important tourism destination in Sayaburi Province. This form of cultural tourism
could also be tied in with nature tourism. Although Nam Poui does not have any
outstanding landscapes, it has domesticated elephants to provide day-trip rides to
tourists. Simple resthouses can be built to provide accommodation to tourists. Hence,
tourism if organized and managed well could provide substantial income, possibly
reducing pressure on the forests. However, a sound management plan for the NBCA
must first be prepared before the ‘tourism’ idea is brought in.
6.4.2.3 General
1. Reject the proposal to excise the northern part of the NBCA (Berkmuller et al., 1995).
Although much of this area is degraded and converted to agriculture, there is still
good forest cover towards the western part of the proposed excision area. Elephants
and gaurs are also reported towards the north and northwest of this area. There are
two confirmed mineral licks in this western portion, which are being frequently used
by large mammals, particularly elephants and gaurs. They are also the focus of
elephant poachers. Most importantly, any excision of the NBCA will further increase
immigration into the area and subsequently further incursion into the NBCA.
2. Reject the proposal to construct the east-west road that will run along the current Ban
Nampouy – Ban Na Sampan road into Nan Province of Thailand. A better alternative
would be to improve the currently existing road from Sayaburi provincial capital to
Muang Kenthao, bordering Uttaradit Province in Thailand. Although transportation
costs will undoubtedly be more than the proposed east-west road, it will have other
socioeconomic benefits. There are several villages and townships along that route that
will evidently benefit from the improved road, directly from the trade between the two
countries, and indirectly by having better access to medical attention, food supplies,
local trade, etc.
3. Put in place effective controls on immigration into the NBCA. Furthermore, an
exercise to determine legitimacy of residents in the NBCA must similarly be
immediately carried out.
4. Seek cooperation from the appropriate agencies in Thailand in preventing incursion
along the extreme northwestern border of the NBCA. Although landmines along the
mountain ridge that divides the two countries have been removed, the western
boundary of the NBCA is currently still largely sealed by the landmines on the slopes.
In addition, cooperation is needed from Thailand to assist in curbing the illegal trade
in wildlife and other forest products from Sayaburi Province into Thailand.
5. There is an urgent need to carry out an aerial inspection and aerial photography to
map current habitat condition and agricultural encroachment.
6. Provide a long-term adviser to the NBCA, whose tasks include assisting the
preparation of a sound management plan; coordination of the various agencies
involved with the NBCA; coordination of programs on research, training and
management; conducting negotiations with communities in and around the NBCA;
and promotion of rural development projects in exchange for recognition and
compliance with rules, boundaries and zones. The long-term adviser’s Terms of
Reference could be extended to include providing input and coordinating conservation
efforts at the provincial level.
7. Provide short-term adviser input of approximately three months a year on extension
work to villages in and immediately adjacent to the NBCA.
56
6.4.3.1 Patrolling, Monitoring and Law Enforcement
1. Curb the wildlife trade commonly observed in Savannakhet, particularly in Muang
Phin and Muang Phalanxai. The respective DAFOs should take stern action against
offenders.
2. Staff should be sent to other NBCAs to gain better experience at patrolling and
monitoring (e.g. Dong Hua Sao and Phou Xiang Thong NBCAs), and law
enforcement (e.g. Nam Poui NBCA). Staff can be sent on a rotational basis for a
period of two months at a time.
3. There should be a Four-wheel Drive vehicle with an experienced driver available to
the Heads of the Patrolling and Monitoring Unit and the Participatory Management
Unit for them to complement their activities. This vehicle should also be available to
the other LSFP subprograms when not used by the patrolling/monitoring unit.
4. There should be close coordination between the Resource Monitoring and Protection
Unit and the Participatory Planning and Management team, so that problems
identified in the forest are taken up in discussion with village authorities, so as to
make a working reality of village responsibilities for their sector of the NBCA.
5. It is essential that the Participatory Planning and Management team conducts regular
meetings and makes joint visits to the villages. Also, the team ought to follow up in
villages if for example, enforcement action has stopped.
57
‘corridor’ area is an asset towards participatory management of the NBCA within
those village boundaries.
6.4.3.4 General
1. There is an urgent need to carry out an aerial inspection and aerial photography in the
‘corridor’ area to map current habitat condition and agricultural encroachment.
2. There must be a strong commitment from DAFOs of the five districts towards
conservation efforts in Phou Xang He NBCA. Conservation of Phou Xang He NBCA
is currently not a priority with the DAFO Heads.
3. Provide a long-term adviser to the NBCA, whose tasks include developing a sound
participatory approach towards management of the NBCA, conducting negotiations
with communities in and around the NBCA; and promotion of rural development
projects in exchange for recognition and compliance with rules, boundaries and zones.
4. Provide a short-term adviser input of approximately three months a year to support
and reinforce the patrolling and monitoring unit with its activities and to lead wildlife
surveys.
58
6.5 CONCLUSION
The management needs of the NBCAs in Lao PDR are unique in the sense that they also have
to satisfy the needs of the peoples using the protected areas. This is no simple task to achieve,
considering that settlements commonly found in and around the protected areas are socio-
economically backwards. It is the desire of the Government of Lao PDR to uplift the quality
of life of her citizens.
Extension work currently being carried out and many planned hopes to achieve this.
Extension work in those settlements affected by the protected area is often seen as a major
solution towards reducing the pressures on the protected areas. Compliance of ‘village rules’
and protected area regulations must however, be adhered to in exchange for assistance.
Otherwise, human impacts will still be seen, as there will always be a ‘want’. Hence,
traditional field management of a protected area through regular patrols, monitoring and law
enforcement is very much needed. This may not necessarily be carried out by the NBCA staff
alone, but could and should be jointly carried with all the stakeholder communities. Hence, a
participatory approach towards managing the protected area with the NBCA management
team taking the lead. Extension work is a long and slow process, and will not resolve the
immediate threats faced by the NBCAs. Thus, the need for regular patrols and monitoring
should not be under-emphasized. At the same time, efforts at extension work should be
continued. Only then can we hope to achieve the protected areas’ objectives. Finally, all the
efforts, funds and time spent on building the capacities of the staff will be wasted if there are
no follow-ups and implementation of those activities.
59
Table 6.1 List of equipment required
NOTE: It is very important that field equipment be selected by a qualified field person. The
equipment currently available at the NBCAs are not practical and feasible for NBCA-related
work.
60
Figure 6.1 Management zones and hunting
a)No Patrols, No Monitoring & No Zoning b)Patrols, Monitoring & Zoning; Hunting in CUZ Allowed
CUZ
TPZ
BZ
CUZ CUZ
TPZ
TPZ
c)Patrols, Monitoring, & Zoning;No Hunting in NBCA Allowed d)Patrols, Monitoring, & Zoning; No Hunting in NBCA & BZ Allowed
61
Figure 6.2a Proposed management zones of Nam Poui NBCA
62
Figure 6.2b Proposed management zones of Nam Poui NBCA
63
Figure 6.2c Proposed management zones of Nam Poui NBCA
64
Figure 6.3a Proposed management zones of Phou Xang He NBCA.
65
Figure 6.3b Proposed management zones of Phou Xang He NBCA.
66
Figure 6.3c Proposed management zones of Phou Xang He NBCA.
67
Figure 6.3d Proposed management zones of Phou Xang He NBCA.
68
Figure 6.3e Proposed management zones of Phou Xang He NBCA.
69
APPENDIX I: Wildlife Data Recording Format
Location:...........................………………………………… Date:……………….
Time Start:………… Time End:....…......... Distance Covered:................................
Personnel:...............................................................……….………………………
Evidence: 7. Feeding Signs
1. Sighting 8. Other:
2. Tracks Wallows
3. Vocalization Bathing Pools
4. Scat/Dung Mud Smears
5. Nests Antler/Horn marks
6. Scrapes/Claw Marks 9. Reliable Report
Time Species Location Evidence Remarks
70
APPENDIX II: Human Impact Data Recording Format
Location:...........................………………………………… Date:……………….
Time Start:………… Time End:....…......... Distance Covered:.................................
Personnel:...............................................................……….………………………
A: Hunting Activities B: Non-Hunting Activities
1. Traps/Snares 1. Forest clearance
2. Guns/Crossbows 2. Timber-cutting
3. Fishing gear 3. Huts
4. Hunting dogs 4. NTFP collection
5. Camps 5. Livestock grazing
6. Wildlife 6. House construction
7. Other 7. Other
Time Activity Location* Active/Non-active Remarks**
71
APPENDIX III: Trail Mapping Recording Format
Location:………………………………………… District:…………………………
NBCA:………………………………...... Date:…………………….. Page No:.…..
Personnel:……………………………………………………………………………
Bearing Distance (m) Remarks*
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
*To include distinctive landform or drainage features
72
APPENDIX IV: Sample Specimen Recording Format Maintained at Field Stations
73
APPENDIX V: Sample Scat Analysis Data Recording Format Maintained at Field
Stations
74
APPENDIX VI: Procedures for Making Casts of Tracks
Equipment needed:-
1. Plaster of Paris
2. Bowl or mug
3. Stirrer (any thin stick or bamboo measuring about 20 cm long)
4. Water
5. Old newspapers
Procedure:-
1. Clear track of fallen leaves, twigs or stones.
2. Repair track, if necessary, by slowly pressing index finger to the loose soil in and around
the track.
3. Place four sticks around the track, to neatly contain the plaster. Sticks should measure at
least 1 cm in diameter, to maintain a cast thick enough that it won’t easily break.
4. Add water to a bowl containing some Plaster of Paris, while simultaneously stirring the
mixture. The mixture should be of correct viscosity. Note: if the mixture is too thick, it
will harden too quickly and not enter the crevices, therefore losing much of the details; if
the mixture is too thin, it will take too long to harden.
5. Slowly pour the mixture along the stirrer into the track, starting with the deeper recesses
first.
6. Pour the mixture until it overflows the track. (Make more plaster of Paris mixture if
insufficient).
7. Scratch a code onto the plaster cast before it finally hardens.
8. Once harden, wrap the cast in several layers of newspaper to prevent it from breaking
during transportation back to the field station.
9. At the field station, clean the soil off the cast by using a toothbrush.
10. Once cleaned, the track-cast should be lacquered, labeled and recorded into the specimen
record book (appendix II) maintained at the field station.
75
APPENDIX VII: Ethics of Field Surveys and Patrols
The following ethics are strongly recommended to improve chances at wildlife sighting:
1. A patrol team should comprise of not more than three persons per survey route. Fewer
persons mean less noise produced.
2. Cigarette smoking should be totally avoided when conducting survey patrols, and be
allowed only at camps. In dense primary forest, the smell of cigarette smoke can linger
for up to three days, and be detected up to a radius of 500 meters.
3. Team members should maintain a distance of at least two meters from each other, and
travel at a speed of a kilometer to an hour (or at least not less than a kilometer-and-a-half
to an hour). Frequent pauses of at least a minute should be made every 25-30 m to
observe the general surroundings for cryptic animals and/or wildlife signs.
4. Clothing and daypack should be dull-colored and inconspicuous.
5. Radios at camp should be just audible to the immediate listener and not too loud as to
scare away animals or ‘drown’ wildlife vocalizations that could otherwise be heard.
6. Establish camps at least 800 m away from key wildlife habitats such as mineral licks,
lakes, etc.
76
APPENDIX VIII: Locations and Preparation of Camps
77
APPENDIX IX: List of Field Equipment
78
APPENDIX X: Key Wildlife and Habitat Interview Data Recording Format
79
APPENDIX XI: List of wild fauna recorded in and around Nam Poui NBCA (adapted
from Boonratana, 1997)
26
Species’ names follow IUCN, 1996
27
Ex=extinct; E=Endangered; V=Vulnerable; R=Rare; I=Indeterminate; K=Insufficiently known
28
I=valuable and nearly extinct species; hunting banned except with approval from the Council of Ministers.
II=rare species threatened with extinction if hunting not controllead; hunting permitted during non-breeding
season, and only for food and not for sale or exchange.
80
Leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis II
Golden cat Catopuma temmincki I II
Clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa V II
Leopard Panthera pardus I
Tiger Panthera tigris E I
Asian elephant Elephas maximus E I
Wild pig Sus scrofa
Lesser mousedeer Tragulus javanicus II
Barking deer Muntiacus muntjak II
Sambar deer Cervus unicolor II
Gaur Bos gaurus V I
Banteng ** Bos javanicus V I
Serow Capricornis sumatrensis I I
*recorded during current consultancy **provisional
29
Taxonomy follows Lekagul & Round, 1991.
81
Indian roller Coracias benghalensis
Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis
Brown hornbill Ptilolaemus tickelli
Oriental pied hornbill Anthracoceros albirostris II
Great hornbill Buceros bicornis II
Great barbet Megalaima virens II
Moustached barbet Megalaima incognita
Coppersmith barbet Megalaima haemacephala
Lesser yellownape Picus chlorolophus II
Rufous woodpecker Celeus brachyurus
Asian palm swift Cypsiurus balasiensis
Richard’s pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae
Grey wagtail Motacilla alba
Yellow wagtail Motacilla flava
Scarlet minivet Pericrocotus flammeus
Black-headed bulbul* Pycnonotus atriceps
Black-crested bulbul Pycnonotus melanicterus
Red-whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus
Flavescent bulbul Pycnonotus flavescens
Puff-throated bulbul Criniger pallidus
Black drongo Dicrurus macrocercus II
Bronzed drongo Dicrurus aeneus II
Lesser racket-tailed drongo Dicrurus remifer II
Hair-crested drongo Dicrurus hottentottus
Greater racket-tailed drongo Dicrurus paradiseus II
Black-naped oriole Oriolus chinensis
Maroon oriole Oriolus traillii
Sultan tit Melanochlora sultanea
Velvet-fronted nuthatch Sitta frontalis
White-crested laughing thrush Garrulax strepitans
Common tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius
Oriental magpie-robin Copsychus saularis
White-rumped shama Copsychus malabaricus
Slaty-backed forktail Enicurus schistaceus
White-crowned forktail Enicurus leschenaulti
Pied bushchat Saxicola caprata
White-throated fantail Rhipidura albicollis
Asian paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi
Ashy wood-swallow Artamus fuscus
Hill myna Gracula religiosa
*recorded during current consultancy **provisional
82
Water monitor Varanus salvator II
Reticulated python Morelia reticulatus I
Banded krait Bungarus fasciatus
King cobra Ophiophagus hannah I
Iridescent earth snake Xenopeltis unicolor
White-lipped pit viper Trimeresurus albolabris
albolabris
Yellow tortoise Testudo elongata II
Red-cheeked soft-shelled turtle* Dogania subplana
Common Siamese soft-shelled Trionyx cartilageneus II
turtle
*recorded during current consultancy
83
APPENDIX XII: List of wild fauna recorded in and around Phou Xang He NBCA
(adapted from Duckworth et al, 1993)
84
Indian giant flying squirrel Petaurista phillipensis II
Red-cheeked squirrel Dremomys rufigenis
Variable squirrel* Callosciurus finlaysonii
Belly-banded squirrel* Callosciurus erythraeus
Cambodian striped tree squirrel Tamiops rodolphi
Northern treeshrew Tupaia belangeri
* recorded/confirmed during present consultancy ** provisional *** historical evidence
85
Drongo cuckoo Surniculus lugubris
Greater coucal Centropus sinensis
Lesser coucal Centropus bengalensis
Common koel Eudynamys scolopacea II
Green-billed malkoha Phaenicophaeus tristis
Collared scops-owl Otus lempiji
Collared owlet Glaucidium brodiei II
Asian barred owlet Glaucudium cuculoides II
Spotted owlet Athene brama
Brown hawk-owl Ninox scutulata
Frogmouth spp.
Great-eared nightjar Eurostopodus macrotis
Large-tailed nightjar Caprimulgus macrurus
White-vented needletail Hirundapus cochinchinensis
Brown needletail Hirundapus giganteus
Pacific swift Apus pacificus
Asian palm swift Cypsiurus balasiensis
Orange-breasted trogon Harpactes oreskios
Red-headed trogon Harpactes erythrocephalus
Common kingfisher Alcedo atthis
Blue-eared kingfisher Alcedo meninting
Oriental dwarf kingfisher Ceyx erithacus
Banded kingfisher Lacedo pulchella
Stork-billed kingfisher Halcyon capensis
Ruddy kingfisher Halcyon coromanda
White-throated kingfisher Halcyon smyrensis
Black-capped kingfisher Halcyon pileata
Chestnut-headed bee-eater Merops leschenaulti
Blue- bearded bee-eater Nyctyornis athertoni
Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis
Indian roller Coracias benghalensis
Brown hornbill Ptilolaemus tickelli
Wreathed hornbill Rhyticeros undulatus
Oriental pied hornbill Anthracoceros albirostris II
Red-vented barbet Megalaima lagrandieri
Lineated barbet Megalaima lineata
Green-eared barbet Megalaima faiostricta
Moustached barbet Megalaima incognita
Blue-eared barbet Megalaima australis
Coppersmith barbet Megalaima haemacephala
White-browed piculet Sasia ochracea
Rufous woodpecker Celeus brachyurus
Laced woodpecker Picus vittatus II
Grey-headed woodpecker Picus canus II
Red-collared woodpecker Picus rabieri I II
Black-headed woodpecker Picus erythropygius II
Greater yellownape Picus flavinucha II
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Lesser yellownape Picus chlorolophus II
Common flameback Dinopium javanense
Pale-headed woodpecker Gecinulus grantia
Black-and-buff woodpecker Meiglyptes jugularis
Heart-spotted woodpecker Hemicircus concretus
Bay woodpecker Blythipicus pyrrhotis
Greater flameback Chrysocolaptes lucidus
Dusky broadbill Corydon sumatranus
Banded broadbill Eurylaimus javanicus
Silver-breasted broadbill Serlophus lunatus
Long-tailed broadbill Psarisomus dalhousiae
Bar-bellied pitta Pitta ellioti R
Olive-backed pitta
Richard’s pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae
Grey wagtail Motacilla cinerea
Yellow wagtail Motacilla flava
Forest wagtail Dendronanthus indicus
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica
Red-rumped swallow Hirundo daurica
Bar-winged flycatcher-shrike Hemipus picatus
Large wood-shrike Tephrodornis pondicerianus
Large cuckoo-shrike Coracina macei
Black-winged cuckooshrike Coracina melaschista
Ashy minivet Pericrocotus divaricatus
Scarlet minvet Pericrocotus flammeus
Great iora Aegithina viridissima
Common iora Aegithina tiphia
Golden-fronted leafbird Golden-fronted leafbird
Blue-winged leafbird Chloropsis cochinchinensis
Black-headed bulbul Pycnonotus atriceps
Black-crested bulbul Pycnonotus melanicterus
Stripe-throated bulbul Pycnonotus finlaysoni
Streak-eared bulbul Pycnonotus blanfordi
Puff-throated bulbul Criniger pallidus
Grey-eyed bulbul Hypsipetes propinquus
Red-whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus
Black drongo Dicrurus macrocercus II
Ashy drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus II
Crow-billed drongo Dicrurus annectans II
Bronzed drongo Dicrurus annectans II
Lesser racket-tailed drongo Dicrurus remifer
Greater racket-tailed drongo Dicrurus paradiseus II
Hair-crested drongo Dicrurus hottentottus
Black-naped oriole Oriolus chinensis
Black-hooded oriole Oriolus xanthornus
Asian fairy bluebird Irena puella
Eurasian jay Garrulus glandarius
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Green magpie Cissa chinensis
Blue magpie Urocissa erythhrorhyncha
Racquet-tailed treepie Crypsirina temia
Ratchet-tailed treepie Temnurus temnurus
Chestnut-bellied nuthatch Sitta castanea
Velvet-fronted nuthatch Sitta frontalis
Puff-throated babbler Pellorneumcapistratum
Buff-breasted babbler Trichastoma tickelli
Abbott’s babbler Trichastoma abbotti
Scaly-crowned babbler Malacopteron magnum
Large scimitar-babbler Pomatorhinus hypoleucos
Grey-throated babbler Stachyris nigriceps
Grey-faced tit-babbler Macronous kelleyi
Striped tit-babbler Macronous gularis
Chestnut-capped babbler Timalia pileata
White-crested laughingthrush Garrulax leucolophus
Lesser-necklaced laughingthrush Garrulax monileger
Rufous-throated fulvetta Alcippe rufogularis
Mountain fulvetta Alcippe poioicephala
White-bellied yuhina Yuhina zantholeuca
Siberian blue robin Luscinia cyane
Oriental magpie-robin Copyschus saularis
White-rumped shama Copyschus malabaricus
White-crowned forktail Enicurus leschenaulti
Stonechat Saxicola torquata
Blue rock-thrush Monticola solitarius
Blue whistling-thrush Myiophoneus caeruleus
Scaly thrush Zoothera dauma
Dark-sided thrush Zoothera marginata
Siberian thrush Zoothera sibrica
Golden-spectacled warbler Seicercus burkii
Yellow-bellied warbler Abroscopus superciliaris
Dusky warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus
Radde’s warbler Phylloscopus schwarzi
Inornate warbler Phylloscopus inornatus
Greenish warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides
Pale-legged leaf-warbler Phylloscopus tenellipes
Blyth’s leaf-warbler Phylloscopus reguloides
Thick-billed warbler Acrocephalus aedon
Lanceolated warbler Locustella lanceolata
Common tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius
Dark-necked tailorbird Orhotomus atrogularis
Rufescent prinia Prinia rufescens
Stub-tailed bush-warbler Cettia squameiceps
Asian brown flycatcher Muscicapa dauurica
Dark-sided flycatcher Muscicapa sibrica
Red-throated flycatcher Ficedula parva
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Blue-and-white flycatcher Cyanoptila cyanomelana
Hainan blue flycatcher Cyornis hainana
Blue-throated flycatcher Cyornis rubeculoides
Tickell’s blue flycatcher Cyornis tickelliae
Grey-headed flycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis
Black-naped monarch Hypothymis azurea
Asian paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi
Brown-shrike Lanius cristatus
Black-collared starling Sturnus nigricollis
Common myna Acridotheres tristis II
White-vented myna Acridotheres javanicus
Crested myna Acridotheres cristatellus
Golden-crested myna Ampeliceps coronatus II
Hill myna Gracula religiosa II
Ruby-cheeked sunbird Anthreptes singalensis
Purple-naped sunbird Hypogramma hypogrammicum
Purple sunbird Nectarina asiatica
Olive-backed sunbird Nectarina jugularis
Crimson sunbird Aethopyga siparaja
Little spiderhunter Arachnothera longirostra
Streaked spiderhunter Arachnothera magna
Thick-billed flowerpecker Dicaeum agile
Plain flowerpecker Dicaeum concolor
Scarlet backed flowerpecker Dicaeum cruentatum
Flowerpecker spp.
Eurasian tree sparrow Passer montanus
White-rumped munia Lonchura striata
* recorded/confirmed during present consultancy
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Pla kampheum
Pou daeng
Pou heen
Pou naa
Koung
90
APPENDIX XIII Comparative Overview of Nam Poui And Phou Xang He NBCAs
91
APPENDIX XIV: Schedule of Activities
Dates Activities
21-25/1/98 Start consultancy. Had series of meetings with Chris Flint
(participatory management consultant), Khampete & Geyo
(counterparts), Clive Marsh (Senior Conservation and Protected
Areas Planning Adviser), Vene Vongphet (LSFP Conservation
Subprogram Adviser), Xansay (Head of Protected Areas Unit).
Preparations –maps, travel documents, etc.
26/1/98 Proceed to Savannakhet by road with counterpart Geyo and driver
Ian.
27/1/98 Preliminary meeting and introductions at Savannakhet LSFP
coordination office, and at PAFO to inform plans and objectives.
Similar meeting held with FOMACOP.
28/1/98 Proceed to Xepone Forestry Training School to make arrangements
for training. Vehicle breakdown (for rest of trip)
29/1/98 Proceed to Ban Nalay to understand land allocation exercise.
30/1/98 Investigated a mineral lick where an elephant was reportedly
present.
31/1/98 AM Observed LA team map main trails out of village. PM Proceed
to Xepone Forestry Training School to start classroom training for
NBCA and DAFO staff.
1/2/98 Trainees arrive. General introductions.
2-5/2/98 Training in field management activities
6-12/2/98 Field trip to Xe Xam Soy, 12 km NE of Ban Nalay.
13-17/2/98 Proceed to Atsaphon. Teams’ report write-up. (a few participants
down with malaria, consultant down with kidney infection).
Debriefing at DAFO Atsaphon.
18-22/2/98 Seek medical attention in Savannakhet. Assist NBCA staff with
master maps of mineral licks and trails. Prepare data recording
sheets in Lao.
23/2 –1/3/98 Proceed to Vientiane. Made preparations for Nam Poui trip. Trip
delayed due delays DSA release for counterpart.
2/3/98 Proceed with Geyo to Sayaburi via Luang Prabang. Accompanied
by Xansay and Boutsady, CPAWM’s Evaluation & Support team
for Nam Poui.
3/3/98 Meetings with PAFO and PFO heads. Later meetings with
Pronvincial Army Commanders to revive Provincial Army
Conservation Unit.
4/3/98 Proceed to Nam Poui NBCA. Joined by 3 of the Military
Conservation Unit. Stopover at Ban Na Vene to pick up RDP staff
5-8/3/98 Training revision for participants
9-10/3/98 Field trip to Ban Mai, survey bioresources
11-12/3/98 Field trip to Ban Naxeng, survey bioresources
13/3/98 Return to Nam Poui HQ . Stopover at Ban Houay Nam Khoun-
village interview. Stopover at Pak Lay DAFO – information
collection on village boundaries.
14-15/3/98 Teams write reports.
92
16-17/3/98 Ban Na Vene field trip – village interviews, monitoring & law
enforcement
18-23/3/98 Resource person to 3rd Heads of NBCAs meeting in Nam Poui.
Zimbo lead team to Ban Na Vene. Geyo lead team to Ban Mai.
24/3/98 Assist NBCA staff reorganizing their duties and responsibilities.
25-27/3/98 Field trip to Bor Lay Chan. Meeting with DAFO Muang Thong &
Military to inform of plans.
26/3/98 Sotsern, Geyo, Sila & Zimbo prepare MOU at NBCA HQ(team
patrolling/monitoring at Bor Lay Chan)
27/3/98 Proceed to Muang Thong. Pick team up at Bor Lay Chan
28/3-4/4/98 Field trip to Ban Khen. Village interviews & Bioresource survey.
Trip accompanied by NBCA extension team. (Sotsern & Ms.
Sompetch). Several team members affected by forest fire lungs and
eyes infection.
5-7/4/98 Teams report write-up.
7/4/98 Debriefing at NBCA HQ. Depart for Sayaburi.
8/4/98 Debriefing at Sayaburi PAFO. Made plans for provincial-level
seminar in May-end.
9-11/4/98 Proceed to Vientiane. Initial write-up.
12-19/4/98 Lao Pee Mai holidays.
20-26/4/98 Preparations for Phou Xang He trip. Trip again delayed due to no
release of DSA to counterpart. Joined by Khamphay Louanglath. A
just–returned LSFP funded India graduate.
27/4/98 Proceed to Savannakhet with Geyo, Khamphay and driver
Khamwaan.
28/4/98 Briefing at LSFP co-ordination office.
29/4-2/598 Ban Nangon field trip. Bioresources surveys & village interviews.
2-4/5/98 Ban Tonpheung & Ban Na Paka field trip. Bioresources surveys &
village interviews.
4-5/5/98 Ban Songhong field trip. Village interviews.
5-6/5/98 Ban Kengnyao field trip. Bioresources surveys & village
interviews.
7/5/98 Proceed to Villaburi, overnight Xepone. Law enforcement and
poster/calendar distribution along the way.
8-10/5/98 Continue trip to Villaburi. Stopover at Ban Vangmou. Village
interviews. Ban Naphilang & Ban Phongsavang field trip.
Bioresources surveys & village interviews.
10-12/5/98 Ban Katep & Ban Nakhaphoung field trip. Bioresources surveys &
village interviews.
13-15/5/98 Ban Khame field trip. Bioresources surveys & village interviews.
16-18/5/98 Ban Namouang field trip. Bioresources surveys & village
interviews.
19-21/5/98 Teams report write-up in Savannakhet.
22/5/98 Wrap-up seminar at PAFO. Presentations by Phoukong,
Thipsavan, Khoulavong & Zimbo. Discussions over issues.
23/5/98 1998/99 NBCA budget discussion. Depart for Vientiane.
24-26/5/98 Prepare final report.
27/5/98 Proceed to Sayaburi for wrap-up seminar.
93
28-29/5/98 Seminar on Management activities and development in Nam Poui
chaired by Provincial Governor.
30/5/98 Return to Vientiane via Luang Prabang.
31/5-20/6/98 Report write-up.
17/5/98 Final presentation at DoF.
21/5/98 Contract terminates. Depart Vientiane.
94
LITERATURE CITED
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Boonratana, R. 1997b. Field training in wildlife conservation research techniques and large
mammal survey at Nam Phui National Biodiversity Conservation Area, Lao PDR.
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Boonratana, R. 1988. Wildlife survey training at Dong Hua Sao and Phou Xiang Thong
National Biodiversity Conservation Areas. IUCN/BCP, Vientiane/Pakse.
Corbet, G.B. and J.E. Hill. 1992. The Mammals of the IndoMalayan Region: A Syetematic
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