AP Physics Multiple Choice Practice Modern Physics

SECTION A Quantum Physics and Atom Models

1. i!ht o" a sin!le "re#uency "alls on a photoelectric material $ut no electrons are emitted. Electrons may $e emitted i" the A% "re#uency o" li!ht is decreased &% intensity o" li!ht is increased '% "re#uency o" li!ht is increased E% (elocity o" li!ht is increased C% intensity o" li!ht is decreased

). *hich o" the "ollo+in! types o" electroma!netic radiation has the least ener!y per photon A% !amma '% in"rared C% radio &% (isi$le E% ,-.ays /. An atomic particle o" mass m mo(in! at speed ( is "ound to ha(e +a(elen!th 0. *hat is the +a(elen!th o" a second particle +ith a speed /( and the same mass A% 1123% 0 '% 112/% 0 C% 0 &% / 0 E% 3 0 4. A student per"orms the photoelectric e""ect e5periment and o$tains the data depicted in the accompanyin! !raph o" E6m 1ma5 6inetic ener!y% o" photoelectrons (s the "re#uency o" the photons. *hat is the appro5imate +or6 "unction o" this material7

A% 1.8 e9 '% ).: e9 C% ).; e9 &% 4.: e9 E% <.: e9 8. Accordin! to the 'ohr theory o" the hydro!en atom= electrons startin! in the 4th ener!y le(el and e(entually endin! up in the !round state= could produce a total o" ho+ many lines in the hydro!en spectra7 A% ; '% < C% 8 &% 4 E% / <. In .uther"ords "amous !old "oil scatterin! e5periment= he "ound that most alpha particles +ould pass throu!h the "oil unde"lected. *hich o" the "ollo+in! nuclear properties can $e in"erred "rom this o$ser(ation. A% The nucleus must ha(e a positi(e char!e '% Most o" the mass o" an atom is in the nucleus C% The nucleus contains $oth protons and neutrons &% The diameter o" the nucleus is small compared to the diameter o" the atom E% none o" the a$o(e. ;. *hich o" the "ollo+in! is $est e5plained only $y the +a(e theory o" li!ht A% $lac6$ody radiation &% pairproduction '% the Compton e""ect E% di""raction C% the photoelectric e""ect

1 )>. In the photoelectric e""ect e5periment= a stoppin! potential o" Vstop is needed +hen li!ht o" "re#uency "o shines on the electron-emittin! metal sur"ace. I" the metal sur"ace on +hich the li!ht shines is replaced +ith a ne+ material that has hal" the +or6 "unction= +hat is the ne+ stoppin! potential= Vnew = "or li!ht o" "re#uency shinin! on it7 : a% 9ne+ ? )9stop $% 9ne+ @ ) 9stop c% 9stop A 9ne+ A )9stop 1 d% 9ne+ @ 9stop e% It is indeterminate +ith the !i(en in"ormation 3. The dia!ram to the ri!ht sho+s the lo+est "our ener!y le(els "or an electron in a hypothetical atom. The electron is e5cited to the B1 eV le(el o" the atom and transitions to the lo+est ener!y state $y emittin! only t+o photons. *hich o" the "ollo+in! ener!ies could not $elon! to either o" the photons7 1A% ) eV 1'% 4 eV 1C% 8 eV 1&% < eV 1E% 3 eV

1:. Monochromatic li!ht "allin! on the sur"ace o" an acti(e metal causes electrons to $e eCected "rom the metallic sur"ace +ith a ma5imum 6inetic ener!y o" E. *hat +ould happen to the ma5imum ener!y o" the eCected electrons i" the "re#uency o" the li!ht +ere dou$led7 A% the ma5imum ener!y o" the electrons +ould $e less than D E '% the ma5imum ener!y o" the electrons +ould $e D E C% the ma5imum ener!y o" the electrons +ould $e 1E)% E &% the ma5imum ener!y o" the electrons +ould $e )E E% the ma5imum ener!y o" the electrons +ould $e !reater than )E 11. I" the electrons in an electron microscope are tra(elin! +ith a (elocity o" 1.<51:; m2s= +hat +ould $e the e""ecti(e +a(elen!th o" the electrons7 A% 1.)51:> m '% <.<51:3 m C% 4.851:11 m &% ).<51:11 m E% >.<51:1; m 1). A (ery slo+ proton has its 6inetic ener!y dou$led. *hat happens to the protons correspondin! de'ro!lie +a(elen!th A% the +a(elen!th is decreased $y a "actor o" E) '% the +a(elen!th is hal(ed C% there is no chan!e in the +a(elen!th &% the +a(elen!th is increased $y a "actor o" E) E% the +a(elen!th is dou$led. 1/. The dia!ram sho+s li!ht $ein! emitted due to a transition "rom the n@/ to the n@) le(el o" a hydro!en atom in the 'ohr model. I" the transition +ere "rom the n@/ to the n@1 le(el instead= the li!ht emitted +ould ha(e A% lo+er "re#uency '% less ener!y C% lon!er +a(elen!th &% !reater speed E% !reater momentum

14. *hich color o" li!ht emitted "rom an atom +ould $e associated +ith the !reatest chan!e in ener!y o" the atom7 1A% 'lue 1'% Freen 1C% .ed 1&% 9iolet 1E% Gello+ Questions 18-1< relate to the photoelectric e""ect and the "i(e !raphs $elo+

18. *hich !raph $est sho+s the ma5imum 6inetic ener!y H o" the photoelectrons as a "unction o" the "re#uency o" incident li!ht7 1A% A 1'% ' 1C% C 1&% & 1E% E 1<. *hich !raph $est sho+s the ma5imum 6inetic ener!y H o" a photoelectron as a "unction o" the intensity o" incident li!ht7 1A% A 1'% ' 1C% C 1&% & 1E% E 1;. Electrons that ha(e $een accelerated "rom rest throu!h a potential di""erence o" 18: (olts ha(e a de 'ro!lie +a(elen!th o" appro5imately 1 An!strom 11:l: meter%. In order to o$tain electrons +hose de 'ro!lie +a(elen!th is :.8 An!strom 18 5 1:ll meter%= +hat acceleratin! potential is re#uired7 1A% /;.8 9 1'%;8 9 1C%/:: 9 1 &%<:: 9 1E%))=8:: 9 1>. Accordin! to the 'ohr model o" the atom= electrons or$it the nucleus in de"inite or$its. Accordin! to the la+s o" classical physics= this model +ould $e impossi$le $ecause 1A% the positi(ely char!ed nucleus attracts the electrons 1'% Coulom$Is la+ applies 1C% acceleratin! electrons radiate ener!y 1&% there is a centripetal "orce on the electrons 1E% an!ular momentum is conser(ed 13. The ener!y le(el dia!ram is "or a hypothetical atom. A !as o" these atoms initially in the !round state is irradiated +ith photons ha(in! a continuous ran!e o" ener!ies $et+een ; and 1: electron (olts. One +ould e5pect photons o" +hich o" the "ollo+in! ener!ies to $e emitted "rom the !as7 1A% 1= )= and / e9 only 1'% 4= 8= and 3 e9 only 1C% 1= /= 8= and 1: e9 only 1&% 1= 8= ;= and 1: e9 only 1E% Since the ori!inal photons ha(e a ran!e o" ener!ies= one +ould e5pect a ran!e o" emitted photons +ith no particular ener!ies. ):. All o" the "ollo+in! are properties o" 5-rays E,CEPTJ 1A% They penetrate li!ht materials. 1'% They ioniKe !ases. 1C% They are de"lected $y ma!netic "ields. 1&% They dischar!e electri"ied $odies. 1E% They are di""racted $y crystals.

)1. *hich o" the "ollo+in! !raphs $est represents the de 'ro!lie +a(elen!th o" a particle as a "unction o" the linear momentum p o" the particle7

)). The scatterin! o" alpha particles $y a thin !old "oil +as measured $y Fei!er and Marsden. The .uther"ord model o" the atom +as proposed in order to e5plain +hy 1A% more particles scattered throu!h an!les !reater than 3:L than throu!h an!les less than 3:L 1'% the "raction o" particles scattered throu!h lar!e an!les +as too lar!e to $e e5plained $y pre(ious models o" the atom 1C% no particles passed throu!h the "oil unde"lected 1&% the most common scatterin! an!le +as a$out 3:L 1E% the most common scatterin! an!le +as a$out 1>:L Questions )/-)4 A hypothetical atom has "our ener!y states as sho+n. )/. *hich o" the "ollo+in! photon ener!ies could NOT $e "ound in the emission spectra o" this atom a"ter it has $een e5cited to the n @ 4 state7 1A% 1 e9 1'% ) e9 1C% / e9 1&% 4 e9 1E% 8 e9 )4. *hich o" the "ollo+in! transitions +ill produce the photon +ith the lon!est +a(elen!th7 1A% n @ ) to n @ 1 1'% n @ / to n @ 1 1C% n @ / to n @ ) 1&% n @ 4 to n @ 1 1E% n @ 4 to n @ /

)8. O" the "ollo+in! phenomena= +hich pro(ides the $est e(idence that li!ht can ha(e particle properties7 1A% Inter"erence o" li!ht in thin "ilms 1'% Electroma!netic radiation 1C% Photoelectric e""ect 1&% Electron di""raction 1E% ,-ray di""raction )<. O" the "ollo+in! phenomena= +hich pro(ides the $est e(idence that particles can ha(e +a(e properties7 1A% The a$sorption o" photons $y electrons in an atom 1'% The alpha-decay o" radioacti(e nuclei 1C% The inter"erence pattern produced $y neutrons incident on a crystal 1&% The production o" 5-rays $y electrons stri6in! a metal tar!et 1E% The scatterin! o" photons $y electrons at rest

);. In the photoelectric e""ect= the ma5imum speed o" the electrons emitted $y a metal sur"ace +hen it is illuminated $y li!ht depends on +hich o" the "ollo+in!7 I. Intensity o" the li!ht II. Mre#uency o" the li!ht III. Nature o" the photoelectric sur"ace 1A% I only 1'% III only 1C% I and II only 1&% II and III only 1E% I= II= and III )>. In the 'ohr model o" the atom= the postulate statin! that the or$ital an!ular momentum o" the electron is #uantiKed can $e interpreted in +hich o" the "ollo+in! +ays7 1A% An inte!ral num$er o" electron +a(elen!ths must "it into the electronIs circular or$it. 1'% Only one electron can e5ist in each possi$le electron state. 1C% An electron has a spin o" 12). 1&% The atom is composed o" a small= positi(ely char!ed nucleus or$ited $y electrons. 1E% An incident photon is completely a$sor$ed +hen it causes an electron to mo(e to a hi!her ener!y state. )3. Quantum transitions that result in the characteristic sharp lines o" the ,-ray spectrum al+ays in(ol(e 1A% the inner electron shells 1'% electron ener!y le(els that ha(e the same principal #uantum num$er 1C% emission o" $eta particles "rom the nucleus 1&% neutrons +ithin the nucleus 1E% protons +ithin the nucleus /:. *hich o" the "ollo+in! e5periments pro(ided e(idence that electrons e5hi$it +a(e properties7 I. Milli6an oil-drop e5periment II. &a(isson-Fermer electron-di""raction e5periment III. N. N. ThomsonIs measurement o" the char!e-to-mass ratio o" electrons 1A% I only 1'% II only 1C% I and III only 1&% II and III only 1E% I= II= and III

/1. I" the momentum o" an electron dou$les= its de 'ro!lie +a(elen!th is multiplied $y a "actor o" 1A% 124 1'%12) 1C% 1 1&% ) 1E% 4 /). Quantum concepts are critical in e5plainin! all o" the "ollo+in! E,CEPT 1A% .uther"ordIs scatterin! e5periments 1'% 'ohrIs theory o" the hydro!en atom 1C% Compton scatterin! 1&% the $lac6$ody spectrum 1E% the photoelectric e""ect //. I" photons o" li!ht o" "re#uency f ha(e momentum p= photons o" li!ht o" "re#uency 2f +ill ha(e a momentum o" 1A% 2p 1'%
)p

1C% p

1&%

p )

1E% D p

/4. In an e5periment= li!ht o" a particular +a(elen!th is incident on a metal sur"ace= and electrons are emitted "rom the sur"ace as a result. To produce more electrons per unit time $ut +ith less 6inetic ener!y per electron= the e5perimenter should do +hich o" the "ollo+in!7 1A% Increase the intensity and decrease the +a(elen!th o" the li!ht. 1'% Increase the intensity and the +a(elen!th o" the li!ht. 1C% &ecrease the intensity and the +a(elen!th o" the li!ht. 1&% &ecrease the intensity and increase the +a(elen!th o" the li!ht. 1E% None o" the a$o(e +ould produce the desired result. /8. *hich o" the "ollo+in! imposes a limit on the num$er o" electrons in an ener!y state o" an atom7 1A% The Oeisen$er! uncertainty principle 1&% The theory o" relati(ity 1'% The Pauli e5clusion principle 1E% The la+ o" conser(ation o" ener!y 1C% The 'ohr model o" the hydro!en atom

Questions /<-/; relate to the photoelectric e""ect. Mor each #uestion= choose an ans+er "rom the "ollo+in! !raphs

/<. *hich !raph sho+s the ma5imum 6inetic ener!y o" the emitted electrons (ersus the "re#uency o" the li!ht7 1A% A 1'% ' 1C% C 1&% & 1E% E /;. *hich !raph sho+s the total photoelectric current (ersus the intensity o" the li!ht "or a "i5ed "re#uency a$o(e the cuto"" "re#uency7 1A% A 1'% ' 1C% C 1&% & 1E% E />. A 8:=::: * radio station transmits +a(es o" +a(elen!th 4 m. *hich o" the "ollo+in! is the $est estimate o" the num$er o" photons it emits per second7 1A% 1:> 1'% 1:)) 1C% 1:/: 1&% 1:4: 1E% 1:8< /3. The +or6 "unction "or a metal is . *hat is the threshold "re#uency o" incident li!ht re#uired "or the emission o" photoelectrons "rom a cathode made o" that metal7 A% 2 h '% h 2 C% h &% 2 hc E% hc 2 4:. T+o monochromatic li!ht $eams= one red and one !reen= ha(e the same intensity and the same cross sectional area. Oo+ does the ener!y o" each photon and the num$er o" photons crossin! a unit area per second in the red $eam compare +ith those o" the !reen $eam7 Num$er o" Photons Crossin! Pnit Area per Second Same ess "or red Freater "or red ess "or red Freater "or red

Ener!y o" Photon 1A% Same 1'% Freater "or red 1C% Freater "or red 1&% ess "or red 1E% ess "or red

41. In an 5-ray tu$e= electrons stri6in! a tar!et are $rou!ht to rest= causin! 5-rays to $e emitted. In a particular 5-ray tu$e= the ma5imum "re#uency o" the emitted continuum 5-ray spectrum is fo. I" the (olta!e across the tu$e is dou$led= the ma5imum "re#uency is A% "o 2 ) '% "o 2 E) C% "o &% E) "o E% )"o

SECTION ' Nuclear Physics

1. An atomic mass unit is appro5imately e#ual to the mass o" a1n% A% alpha particle '% electron C% photon &% positron ). A radioacti(e o5y!en 18O> nucleus emits a positron and $ecomes A% 14N; '% 18N; C% 18O> &% 14M3 E% 18M3 /. A radon )):.n>< nucleus emits an alpha particle $ecomes a A% )1<Po>4 '% )):At>8 C% )):.n>< &% )):Mr>; E% ))4.a>> 4. A potassium 4:H13 nucleus emits a '- and $ecomesJ A% /<Cl1; '% 44Sc)1 C% 4:Ar1> &% 4:H13 E% 4:Ca): 8. A photon +ith "re#uency " $eha(es as i" it had a mass e#ual to A% h"c) '% h" 2 c) C% c) 2 h" &% "c) 2 h E% h 2 "c) <. *hat does the 7 represent in the nuclear reaction )O1 Q )O1 /Oe) Q 7 A% an alpha '% a $eta C% a !amma &% a neutron E% a proton ;. *hat does the 7 represent in the nuclear reaction < i/ Q 7 ; i/ A% an alpha particle '% a deuteron C% an electron &% a neutron >. An alpha particle is the same as A% a helium nucleus '% a positron C% an electron E% a proton E% a deuteron E% proton

&% a hi!h ener!y photon

3. The "ollo+in! e#uation is an e5ample o" +hat 6ind o" nuclear reaction
)/8

P3) Q 1n: 1//S$81 Q 33N$41 Q 4 11n:%

'% "usion C% alpha decay &% $eta decay E% positron decay

A% "ission

1:. The "ollo+in! e#uation is an e5ample o" +hat 6ind o" nuclear reaction
1)

C< Q 4Oe) 1<O> Q ener!y

'% "usion C% alpha decay &% $eta decay E% positron decay

A% "ission

11. &urin! a particular 6ind o" radioacti(e decay= a particle is emitted "rom the nucleus o" an atom and the atomRs atomic num$er increases $y one. This decay necessarily in(ol(es the emission o" SSSSSSSSS "rom the nucleus A% an alpha particle '% a $eta particle C% a !amma ray &% a proton E% a neutron 1). A nucleus o" )/8P3) disinte!rates to ):;P$>) in a$out a $illion years $y emittin! ; alpha particles and 5 $eta particles= +here 5 is A% / '% 4 C% 8 &% < E% ; 1/. The "ollo+in! nuclear reaction occursJ 1A% a proton 1 1'% an electron 1C% a positron 1&% an alpha particle 1E% a neutron

)14. A scientist claims to ha(e per"ected a techni#ue in +hich he can spontaneously con(ert an electron completely into ener!y in the la$oratory +ithout any other material re#uired. *hat is the conclusion a$out this claim "rom our current understandin! o" physics7 : 1a% This is possi$le $ecause EinsteinRs e#uation says that mass and ener!y are e#ui(alentT it is Cust (ery di""icult to achie(e +ith electrons 1 1$% This is possi$le and it is done all the time in the hi!h-ener!y physics la$s. ) 1c% The scientist is almost correctT e5cept that in con(ertin! the electron to ener!y= an electronRs anti-particle is produced in the process as +ell. / 1d% The scientist is almost correctT e5cept that in con(ertin! the electron to ener!y= a proton is produced in the process as +ell. 4 1e% This is not possi$le $ecause char!e conser(ation +ould $e (iolated. / 118. A ne+ element= named Physonium 1sym$ol Phys% is disco(ered to under!o dou$le alpha decay and $eta decay simultaneously. AmaKin!ly= this causes the material to decay into an element called A+someonium 1sym$ol Oo%. *hat is the correct representation o" the 1Oo%7

1<. The most common isotope o" Pranium= )/>P3)= radioacti(ely decays into lead= ):<P$>)= $y a means o" a series o" alpha and $eta particle emissions. Oo+ many o" each particle must $e emitted. A% /) alphas= 1: $etas '% 1< alphas= 1< $etas C% 1< alphas= > $etas &% > alphas= < $etas E% 4 alphas= 1> $etas 1;. .uther"ord +as the "irst person to arti"icially transmute one element into another 1nitro!en to o5y!en%. A nuclear e#uation "or his reaction could $e +ritten as "ollo+sJ

4 14 1; He + N O +7 ) ; >
The un6no+n particle in the a$o(e e#uation is A% a proton '% a neutron C% an electron &% a !amma ray E% an alpha particle

1>. *hen a radioacti(e nucleus emits a !amma ray the num$er o" A% protons increases $y one +hile the num$er o" neutrons decreases $y one. '% protons decrease $y one +hile the num$er o" neutrons increases $y one. C% protons and neutrons each decrease $y t+o &% protons and neutrons each increase $y t+o E% protons and neutrons remain unchan!ed 13. A nucleus o" polonium)1> 1

4 )1> Po % emits an alpha particle 1 %. The ne5t t+o elements in radioacti(e >4 ) : B %. *hat +ould $e the resultin! nucleus a"ter these three decays decay chain each emit a $eta particle 1 1
ha(e occurred7 A%

)14 Pb >)

'%

)14 Po >4

C%

)14 At >8

&%

))) At >8

E%

))) Rn ><

):. 1A%

)/8 1 3) U +: n 31 /< Kr

1 /: n +14) 8< Ba + SSSSSSSS 3) /8 Br 3/ /< Kr 3/ /; Rb 34 /; Rb

The additional product o" the nuclear "ission reaction sho+n a$o(e is 1'% 1C% 1&% 1E%

)1. The nuclide )14 P$ >) emits an electron and $ecomes nuclide ,. *hich o" the "ollo+in! !i(es the mass num$er and atomic num$er o" nuclide ,7 1A% 1'% 1C% 1&% 1E% Mass Num$er )1: )1: )1/ )14 )14 Atomic Num$er >: >1 >/ >1 >/

)). The nuclear reaction , G Q U occurs spontaneously. I" M5= MG= and MU are the masses o" the three particles. +hich o" the "ollo+in! relationships is trueI7 1A% M5 A My MK 1'% M5 A My Q MK 1C% M5 ? My Q MK 1&% M5 My A MK 1E% M5 MK A My
) ) / 1 1 H +1 H 1H + 1H

+ 4 MeV

)/. The e#uation a$o(e is an illustration o" 1A% arti"icially produced radioacti(e decay 1'% naturally occurrin! radioacti(e decay 1C% nuclear disinte!ration 1&% nuclear "ission 1E% nuclear "usion 14 11 )4. A proton collides +ith a nucleus o" ; N . I" this collision produces a nucleus o" < C and one other particle= that particle is 1A% a proton 1'% a neutron 1C% a deuteron 1&% an V particle 1E% a particle )8. A nucleus o" tritium contains ) neutrons and 1 proton. I" the nucleus under!oes $eta decay= emittin! an electron= the nucleus is transmuted into 1A% the nucleus o" an isotope o" helium 1'% the nucleus o" an isotope o" lithium 1C% an alpha particle 1&% a triton 1E% a deuteron )<. *hich o" the "ollo+in! statements is true o" a $eta Particle7 1A% Its speed in a (acuum is / 5 1:> m2s. 1'% It has a char!e e#ual and opposite to that o" an alpha particle. 1C% It is more penetratin! than a !amma ray o" the same ener!y. 1&% It has a mass o" a$out 1=>4: times that o" a proton. 1E% It can e5hi$it +a(e properties. Questions );-)> An electron and a positron= each o" mass 3.1 5 1:/1 6ilo!ram= are in the same !eneral (icinity and ha(e (ery small initial speeds. They then annihilate each other= producin! t+o photons. );. *hat is the appro5imate ener!y o" each emer!in! photon7 1A% :.81 Me9 1'% ).: Me9 1C% 4.: Me9 1&% <.< Me9 1E% It cannot $e determined unless the "re#uency o" the photon is 6no+n. )>. *hat is the an!le $et+een the paths o" the emer!in! photons7 1A% :L 1'% /:W 1C% 48L 1&% 3:L 1E% 1>:L

Questions )3-/: deal +ith nuclear "ission "or +hich the "ollo+in! reaction is a !ood e5ample.
)/8 3) 1 1/> 38 U +: n energ 8< Ba +/< Kr + neutrons + released

)3. The total num$er o" "ree neutrons in the products o" this reaction is 1A% ) 1'% / 1C% 4 1&% 8 1E% < /:. *hich o" the "ollo+in! statements is al+ays true "or neutron-induced "ission reactions in(ol(in! I. The end products al+ays include 'a and Hr. II. The rest mass o" the end products is less than that o"
)/8 3) 1 U +: n. )/8 3) 1 U +: n. )/8 3)

U 7

III. The total num$er o" nucleons 1protons plus neutrons% in the end products is less than that in 1A% II only 1'% III only 1C% I and II only 1&% I and III only 1E% I= II= and III

/1. Morces $et+een t+o o$Cects +hich are in(ersely proportional to the s#uare o" the distance $et+een the o$Cects include +hich o" the "ollo+in!7 I. Fra(itational "orce $et+een t+o celestial $odies II. Electrostatic "orce $et+een t+o electrons III. Nuclear "orce $et+een t+o neutrons 1A% I only 1'% III only 1C% I and II only 1&% II and III only 1E% I= II= and III /). Atoms o" isotopes o" the same element contain the same num$er o" 1A% protons $ut a di""erent num$er o" neutrons 1'% electrons $ut a di""erent num$er o" protons 1C% neutrons $ut a di""erent num$er o" protons 1&% neutrons as electrons 1E% protons as neutrons //. Quantities that are conser(ed in all nuclear reactions include +hich o" the "ollo+in!7 I. Electric char!e II. Num$er o" nuclei III. Num$er o" protons 1A% I only 1'% II only 1C% I and III only 1&% II and III only 1E% I= II= and III

/4. A ne!ati(e $eta particle and a !amma ray are emitted durin! the radioacti(e decay o" a nucleus o" )14 >) Pb . *hich o" the "ollo+in! is the resultin! nucleus7 1A% )1: 1'% )14 1C% )1/ 1&% )14 1E% )1> >: Hg >1Tl >/ Bi >/ Bi >4 Po /8. *hich o" the "ollo+in! statements a$out the num$er o" protons U and the num$er o" neutrons N in sta$le nuclei is true7 1A% All sta$le nuclei ha(e U @ N. 1'% Only hea(y sta$le nuclei ha(e U @ N. 1C% Oea(y sta$le nuclei tend to ha(e U A N. 1&% All li!ht sta$le nuclei ha(e UA N. 1E% All li!ht sta$le nuclei ha(e U ? N. /<. *hen 1:' is $om$arded $y neutrons= a neutron can $e a$sor$ed and an alpha particle 14Oe% emitted. I" the 1:' tar!et is stationary= the 6inetic ener!y o" the reaction products is e#ual to the. 1A% 6inetic ener!y o" the incident neutron 1'% total ener!y o" the incident neutron 1C% ener!y e#ui(alent o" the mass decrease in the reaction 1&% ener!y e#ui(alent o" the mass decrease in the reaction= minus the 6inetic ener!y o" the incident neutron 1E% ener!y e#ui(alent o" the mass decrease in the reaction= plus the 6inetic ener!y o" the incident neutron

/;. decays into 1A% a proton 1&% a helium nucleus plus 1'% a neutron 1E% a deuteron 1C% an electron

/>. Correct statements a$out the $indin! ener!y o" a nucleus include +hich o" the "ollo+in!7 I. It is the ener!y needed to separate the nucleus into its indi(idual protons and neutrons. II. It is the ener!y li$erated +hen the nucleus is "ormed "rom the ori!inal nucleons. III. It is the ener!y e#ui(alent o" the apparent loss o" mass o" its nucleon constituents. 1A% I only 1'% III only 1C% I and II only 1&% II and III only 1E% I= II= and III