Theories of Personalities

Example: ANTECEDENT A group of student came late at the morning lecture & the lecturer prohibited them to follow the lecture The students reaction are vary : grumbling, angry, go home, etc Tendency -> explain about personality theory -> by learning new cases & new studies report (i) Freudian -> Sigmund Freud -> Psychoanalysis (ii) Individual Psychology -> Alfred Adler (iii) Analitical Psychology -> Carl Gustav Jung (iv) British psychoanalytic schools : The Klenian School : Melanie Klein, Wilfred Bion, Donald W Winnicott (v) Psychoanalytic object relation theory : Fairbairn, Michael Balint (vi) The trait approach : genetics of personality : Gordon Allport, Raymond Cattell (vii) Interpersonal -> Harry Stack Sullivan, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, et al (viii) Ego Psychoanalysis -> Anna Freud, Heinz Hartmann, David Rappaport, Erik Erikson et al (ix) Psychobiologic -> Adolf Meyer (x) Learning Theory -> Watson, Wolpe, Pavlov, et al -> Behavior Therapy

(xi) Life span approach : Erik Erikson (xii) Humanistic approach : Abraham Maslow,Carl Rogers (xiii) Attachment Theory : John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth (xiv) Hollistic Eclectical -> Kusumanto Setyonegoro Classic Psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud : Founder of classic psychoanalysis - In his view, symptoms, thoughts, feelings & behavior could all be viewed as the final common pathways of meaningful psychological process, many of which were unconscious - Topographical Model of the Mind: Unconscious, Pre conscious, Conscious - Unconscious: All of the drive that tries to discharge & all the things that not remembered by the individual; Those element cant reach the conscious level again; Primary process thinking -> fulfill the need of instinctual drive without delaying it & without thinking about the reality; Unconscious memory -> no connection with the reality (except if there are words or events that interdependent with the memory which fall into oblivion); Limited for the pleasurable needs. - Pre conscious: Door to the conscious & unconscious; Secondary thinking process -> avoiding the unsatisfied, delaying the instinctual drive, considering the external reality, rational & according to condition; Pre conscious = unconscious that easy to recall to become conscious - Conscious: Perceptual apparatus that receive stimuli from outside; Part of mental life that been aware by the individual; Attention cathexis -> Tracking pre conscious & instructing attention for pre conscious; Pre conscious process to become conscious -> hypercathexis - Structural Theory of the Mind: Id, Ego, Super Ego - Id: Basic instinctual drive since birth, Pleasurable principal, Unconscious, Id -> ego & superego (energy & development) - Ego: Personality executive part; Relationship between id & ego; Reality principle; Conscious, pre conscious & unconscious; Secondary process; Ego defense -> unconscious - Superego: Ego conscience & Ego ideal; Ego that experienced particular specialization; Conscious & unconscious; Moral; Oedipal conflict; Ego conscience: right or wrong; Ego ideal: things that been dream by the individu -> inner feeling The Neopsychoanalytic Approach - Alfred Adler; Carl Gustav Jung; Karen Horney - Adlerian School: Alfred Adler (1870-1930): Individual psychology; Masculine protest: the tendency to move from a passive, feminine role to a masculine active role; Inferiority complex: sense of inadequacy& weakness that is universal & inborn; Birth order results in lifelong influence on character % lifestyle - Jungian School: Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961): analytical psychology; Unconscious: Personal & Collective; Personal:acquisitions of personal life, everything forgotten, repressed, subliminally perceived, thought, felt; Collective :inherited possibility of psychic functioning in general, i.e : structure of the brain; 2 types of personality organizations: Introverts & Extroverts; Introverts: focus on their inner world of thoughts, intuitions, emotions & sensations; Extroverts: more oriented toward the outer world, other persons & material goods; Each person has a mixture of both components; Persona, the mask covering personality: the face a person presents to the outside world; Anima: mans undeveloped feminity; Animus: womans undeveloped masculinity - Karen Horney (1885-1952): Persons current personality attributes result from the

interaction between the person & the environment & are not solely based on infantile libidinal strivings carried over from childhood; Holistic psychology Psychobiologic - Adolf Meyer : Learning living human -> observed the whole thing about the man; The whole thing from the man -> integration from the arranged function hierarchyly; Individu & its behavior -> interaction from various factor : .. dynamic, somatic, psychologic & social process - When facing a case : dynamic, genetic, psychobiologic, objective & common sense principality - Objective : human behavior can be observe objectively - Common sense : Human must be critical; according to order which have been agreed on; Theory which have been agreed on have to be applied according to requirement of public society. The Interpersonal & Cultural Approach - Erich Fromm; Harry Stack Sullivan; Henry Murray - Erich Fromm (1900-1980): 5 character types that are common to & determined by, Western culture: 1. receptive personality: passive 2. exploitative personality: manipulative 3. marketing personality: opportunistic & changeable 4. hoarding personality: saves & stores 5. productive personality: mature & enjoy love & work - Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949): Prototaxic mode: undifferentiated thought that cannot separate the whole into parts or use symbols. Occurs in infancy & schizophrenic patients; Parataxic mode: events are causally related because of temporal or serial connection; Syntaxic mode: logical, rational & most mature type of cognitive functioning of which person is capable - Henry Murray (1893-1988): Personology: study of human behavior; Focused on motivation, a need that is aroused by internal or external stimulation; Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Behavioral Theory - Something that resulted from learning process learn ought to earn to be improve by learning process too. - Behavioral theory: Classical conditioning therapy & Operant conditioning therapy - Classical conditioning therapy (dealing with reflectory behavior): (a) Reciprocal inhibition: patient conduct behavior which as reciprocal from the arising out physical symptom -> reducing or overcoming the anxiety (b) Desensitization: patient alternately think of or write down what the scariest thing until the less fearful (c) Aversive conditioning : giving unpleasant stimuli for the patient when they do something inappropriate - Operant conditioning theory: Changing /eliminating behavior that had been done voluntarily = behavior modification Learning Theory

- Classical conditioning: Ivan Petrovich Pavlov - Operant conditioning: BF Skinner - Social learning: Albert Bandura & Julian Rotter The Trait Approach: The Genetics of Personality - Gordon Allport & Raymond Cattell - Gordon Allport (1896-1967): The founder of humanistic school of psychology; Propriem: strivings related to maintenance of self identity & self esteem; Traits: chief units of personality structure; Personal dispositions: individual traits that represent the essence of an individuals unique personality; Maturity: capacity to relate to others with warmth & intimacy & an expended sense of self - Raymond Cattell (1905-1998): Introduced the use of multivariate analysis & factor analysis-statistical procedures that simultaneously examine the relations among multiple variables & factors to the study of personality Life span approach: Erik Erikson - 8 stages of the life cycle: 1. Trust vs Mistrust (0-18 months) 2. Autonomy vs Shame & doubt (18 months-3 years) 3. Initiative vs Guilt (3-5 years) 4. Industry vs Inferiority (5-13years) 5. Identity vs Role Confusion (13-21years) 6. Intimacy vs Isolation (21-40 years) 7. Generativity vs Stagnation (40-60 years) 8. Integrity vs Despair (60 years death) Hollistic Eclectic - Eclectic = accepting all real correct fact and reality and there is relation with the patient suffer - Hollistic = to exert to look into all manpower energy as a unique individual in its struggle for the perfect recovering of physical and mental health.