Tutor de Sap 2000

TUTORIAL 1 2-D Frame with Static Loading
Description
This tutorial describes the modeling and analysis of a seven-story two-dimensional frame structure, subjected to static earthquake loads. The framing and the static loads are shown in Figure 1-1.
Significant Features of Model and SAP2000

Using Tem lates !diting the model gra hically Two-dimensional frame analysis "ia hragm constraints #ateral joint loads $ertical s an loads %ra hical out ut of results
&'()*** Tutorial +anual 1
Tutorial 1 )-" Frame with &tatic #oading

20K TYPICAL VERTICAL LOADING EVERY LEVEL 10' 10' 20K 10' 10' 20K 10' 20K 10'
0.1K/f ROOF 20K 176 LEVEL 7 15K 176 LEVEL 6 12.5K 211 LEVEL 5 10K 211 LEVEL 4 7.5K 257 LEVEL 3 5K 257 LEVEL 2 2.5K 257 GROUND GLO$AL % 283 257 162 283 162 257 2 ! 13'#6" 162 283 162 257 131 257 131 211 131 257 131 211 5 ! 13'0" 104 211 104 176 104 211 104 176 104 104
30'#0"
30"#0"
GLO$AL &
ALL COLU'N( ARE )14'( ALL $EA'( ARE )24'( 'E'$ER )EIG*T( ARE INDICATED TYPICAL (TORY 'A(( + 0.4, -./#012#012/.3 'ODULU( OF ELA(TICITY + 2,500 -0. (TEEL (TRENGT* 4f'56 + 36-0.
Figure 1-1 Two-dimensional Frame Tutorial
2 &'()*** Tutorial +anual
Building the Model in SAP2000

sing Templates
1. &elect the units you want to work with from the status bar at the bottom of the &'()*** window. ,n this case let-s start with .i -ft.
/ote: You can change the units you are working with at any time and SAP2000 will handle the conversion. ). 0. 1. From the File menu select New Model from Template. &elect )" Frame. Fill in story and bay information. For now use 10 ft for story height and we will edit the first two floors and their grids ne2t.
!diting Model
3e are going to edit the framing and the grid at the same time. 1. From the Draw menu select Edit Grid. 4int: Always try to locate your joints at grid intersections. By providing grids you can make inputting modi!ying and viewing o! your model much easier and !aster. ). &elect the Z direction button to change the grids defining the story heights. 0. &elect the Glue Joints to Grid Lines o tion. This will let you edit the joint locations and framing by sim ly editing the grid. 1. !dit the grid locations and ress the 5. button to close the form. 4int: "hen you have !inished editing the grid you can right click with the mouse on the columns to !ind out i! the columns are the proper length. #his is a very practical way to in$uire a%out any joint or !rame mem%er.
!diting Supports
The ne2t ste is to change the su orts on the structure from the default of inned to fi2ed. 1. &elect the Pointer Tool icon from the floating tool bar. ). "raw a bo2 com letely around the three joints at the base of the structure 4int: You can always look at the status %ar to see what type o! elements and how many o! them have %een selected. 0. &elect Assi n Joint !estraints icon from the floating tool bar to set the fi2ed su orts. 6ou can also define other 7oint ro erties including the restraint through the Assi n menu.
Assigning Mem"er Sections

1. #oad all the frame sections that you will need for your model first. From the Define menu select Frame "e#tions o tion. Then im ort the wide flanges shown in Figure1-1. /ote: You can select more than one section at a time in the Section Selection list %y using the ctrl key while you make the selections. ). 6ou will find under the "ele#t menu item many ways to select joints and elements. For this roblem you may find the Pointer$%indow and the &nterse#tin Line select mode to be the most hel ful. 5nce you have selected the frame members you want, you can assign steel sections to them through the Assi n Frame "e#tions button on the floating tool bar.
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' &'()*** Tutorial +anual
Assigning #oads
Figure 1-2 Static #oad $ase %ames &nput Form
1.
The first ste in entering the loads is to define static load cases. From the Define menu select "tati# Load (ases. "!'" can be used for the beam vertical loads and kee the "elf %ei )t Multiplier as 1.
). "efine a static lateral load case called !8 for the earthquake load. 'ssign the lateral load as a *+A,E ty e load. This will allow the load combinations for the design features of the rogram to be calculated automatically. 'lso set the "elf %ei )t Multiplier to 9ero. 0. The vertical loads shown in Figure 1-1 can be assigned to the beams by selecting all the beams and using the Assi n Frame "pan Loads button on the floating tool bar. 1. The static lateral loads need to be entered by selecting each node individually and using the Assi n Joint Loads button. :eminder: &ake sure that you are adding the loads to the proper load case.
Setting Diaphragms
Floor
&etting u floor dia hragms and s ecifying the floor mass in only the ; direction are some common techniques used to reduce the si9e of the roblem solved by &'()***. ,n addition, setting dia hragms makes the structure behave more like a building with a rigid dia hragm. 1. :e eat these &te s for each floor< &elect all the joints on a floor.
&'()*** Tutorial +anual -
From the Assi n menu select Joint . (onstraints/ &elect Add Diap)ra m from the dro down list bo2. ,n the Diap)ra m (onstraint form give the dia hragm a name like ",'1 for the first floor. &elect =-a2is constraint. This defines a dia hragm er endicular to the =-a2is. (ress the 5. button. (ress the 5. buttons to finish the o eration. :e eat the ste s for the other floors with a different dia hragm name for each one. ). 0. 1. The &tory masses are the same on all floors so select one node from each floor. >hange the in ut units to .i -in since the Ty ical &tory +ass rovided in Figure 1-1 is given in those units. From the Assi n menu select Joint . Masses !nter the story mass in the local direction 1 ?which in this case is the global ;@ direction. 'll the other values are 9ero. A. >hange the units back to .i -ft.
Material Properties
The final thing to check before running the analysis is the material ro erties. 1. ). From the Define menu select Materials. ,n the Materials form select &T!!# and ress the +5",F6B&453 +'T!:,'# button. ,n the Material Propert0 Data form check that the material ro erties are correct. :emember that the values are re orted in the current units.
'unning Anal(sis
5nce data has been entered, it is time to run the model and take a look at our results. 1. ). &ave your model. &et the arameters for the analysis run by selecting from the Anal01e menu "et 2ptions. ,n the Anal0sis 2ptions form select a Plane Frame analysis to reduce the si9e of the solution and thus reduce the time needed for the analysis. (ress the 5. button to acce t your changes.
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&elect !un from the Anal01e menu to analy9e the structure. /ote< 'nce the analysis has !inished you may want to look at the entire analysis results screen %e!ore pressing the '( %utton. #his is your !irst check to see i! there are any pro%lems with the model.
sing the 'esults

$hec)ing 'esults
5nce you have run the model successfully you need to check and see that the out ut is correct and close to what you e2 ected. +odel checks< 1. >heck that the base shear adds u to the total lateral load in the !8 load case. &elect the bottom set of frame members and the nodes at the base of the structure. From the Assi n menu select Group Names/ %ive the grou a name like C'&! &4!':. &elect the '"" /!3 %:5U( /'+! button and ress the 5. button. From the Displa0 menu select ")ow Group Joint For#e "ums and select the grou name that you just assigned. ). #ook at the deflection and animate it for both lateral and vertical loads to make sure that the model is behaving as e2 ected. From the Displa0 menu select ")ow Deformed ")ape and select the loading case in which you are interested. 'lso select the %ire ")adow o tion, so you can see the undeformed structural sha e. &ee Figure 1-0 and Figure 1-1 for the deformed sha es of the structure. :ight click on any joint to see its dis lacement and rotation. 'nimate the dis layed load by ressing the &T':T '/,+'T,5/ button at the bottom of the status bar ?' window with the deformed sha e will need to be active for the button to show@. 6ou can also save the animation as an D.'$, file for later viewing from the File menu. ?&ee online hel under E!2 ort an '$, fileF.@ Try This: Press the ) and * %uttons ne+t to the Animate %utton and see what happens to the !orm with the de!ormed shape. (ress the &T5( '/,+'T,5/ button when you are finished looking at it. ,f these checks show that the in ut information a ears to be correct then we can move to the more advanced checks.
Figure 1-* Static Deformed Shape
Figure 1-+ #ateral Deformed Shape
Structural Performance
6ou will often want to make certain that the structure is within the erformance limits, such as stresse ratio, set by the code being used. &'()*** will do the stress checks automatically when a member is designed. ?The design features of &'()*** will be discussed in more detail in subsequent tutorials.@ 1. The structural elements can be designed by sim ly selecting from the Desi n menu the "tart Desi n$()e#5 of "tru#ture o tion. The frame elements will now dis lay colors showing their stress level with the stress ratio level value indicated below the beam. ' value of 1 is 1**G stressed. 5ther design and in ut information can also be dis layed by selecting from the Desi n menu the Displa0 Desi n &nfo o tion.
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There is also the ability to see the design information on individual members and to assign alternate sections to them by right clicking on the element. From the screen that a ears you can select the "!T',#& button to view detailed information on the section for each of the load combinations used in the design. 6ou can also redesign the element after changing its design arameters, effective length, . factor and section ro erties by ressing the :!"!&,%/ button.
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,f you have selected a new section and want to use that for your final design you can select from the Desi n menu the +pdate Anal0sis "e#tions o tion so the structure can be reanaly9ed using the new sections that have been selected. ,ote: You may need to use the -e!resh "indow %utton on the tool %ar to update the design in!ormation in the active window a!ter changing any o! the design parameters.
#oo)ing At and Printing Anal(sis 'esults

6ou will often want to look at and have a co y of the results that you get from a &'()*** analysis run. There are different ways to do this. 1. 6ou can choose to out ut the results during the analysis run by selecting Generate 2utput on the Anal0sis 2ptions form. The "ele#t 2utput 2ptions button that a ears will allow you to select how much of the results to out ut. The results are written to a file with the name of the data file and an e2tension of D.5UT . The in ut and most of the out ut information can be viewed from the Displa0 menu. From the File menu you can choose to rint %ra hics, ,n ut Tables, 5ut ut Tables and "esign Tables of the model-s data and results. Hint: .! mem%ers or joints are selected when printing the ta%les you will have the output to only print the selected mem%ers. #o do this check the Selection 'nly option. 1. The &'()*** analysis run also rovides two out ut files. The filename.!.5 file includes all the in ut information used for the analysis. The filename.5UT file contains analysis result data as well as any out ut requested from the Anal01e ."et 2ptions menu. :emember: You may want to make a ha%it o! printing the output to a !ile !irst. #his will give you a !ast way to look at your output using a te+t editor without wasting large piles o! paper.
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Final $omments
's you can see, &'()*** is a owerful structural analysis tool and can be used for a variety of roblems. 4owever it is very im ortant to understand the engineering rinci les on which it is based. +ost rojects start as feasibility e2ercises and mature into a full analysisBdesign roject. This makes it very im ortant to decide early on what the ro er tool is so there will be no need to change rograms during the middle of a roject. &'()*** tries to address as many of the needs that a designer may have during the life of the roject. Features that hel include< in the design rocess
The ability to design small and large rojects without having to learn a new rogram. The ability to design steel and concrete members within the same rogram. Fast analysis algorithms allowing time for develo ing the model and o timi9ing the design of structural elements. The ability to easily modify and im rove the design. There are robably as many ways to model a structure as there are engineers. 4owever, you may find some of these ideas hel ful< &tart with a basic model of your structure and try and understand it before adding more detail. ,t is always easier to fi2 structural system related roblems while the model is still sim le. !nsure the structure can be constructed and will behave the way you have modeled it. ,f it can not be built in such a way, you may need to understand what effect that will have on the structure. Thoroughly document your design including assum tions, areas that need to be reviewed and information that is still required. 6ou can use the +ser (omments and "ession Lo te2t editor under the File menu. This basic te2t editor is built into the rogram allowing your notes to be with your model. !2 eriment with alternative structural systems. &'()*** was designed to be fastH use the e2tra time to im rove your design. ,f there is time to do it ro erly later there should be time to do it ro erly from the start.
TUTORIAL 2 2-D Frame with Response Spectrum Loading
Description
This tutorial is a continuation of Tutorial 1. ,n this tutorial we will demonstrate how to add a :es onse & ectrum analysis to the )-d frame. The basis for the :es onse & ectrum will be the UC>I1&) s ectrum, which is included in &'()***.

Using 4el to get instructions on &'()*** features 'dding a :es onse & ectrum load case &caling the :es onse & ectrum for use in design
Tutorial ) )-" Frame with :es onse & ectrum #oading
Defining 'esponse Spectrum

' :es onse & ectrum is the ma2imum res onse of a system e2cited at its base by a time acceleration function. ,t is e2 ressed in terms of the natural frequency and the amount of dam ing of the system. The UC>I1&) :es onse & ectrum function that we are going to use is rovided with &'()*** and so it will not need to be defined se arately. ,f there were a need to define your own :es onse & ectrum Function you could use the online hel to get ste -by-ste instructions. ,nline -elp :emember: You can use the !ollowing methods to get in!ormation on any SAP2000/s !unctions. 1. ). From the 9elp menu select "ear#) for 9elp on. 3ith the &nde: tab selected< ,n 'rea 1 ty e J"efine-. 6ou will then see in the 'rea ) a list of all the hel to ics that start with define. 5ne of those to ics is "efine :es onse & ectrum Functions, which is the to ic we need hel on. "ouble click on the line with the words J"efine :es onse & ectrum Functions- to show the hel information on that to ic. 0. 'lternately, select the Find tab to search for key words in any of the online hel to ics. ,f this is the first time that you use Find for the &'()*** online hel , a Find "etup %i1ard form will a ear. (ress the /!;T button to acce t the criteria for building the find database. (ress the F,/,&4 button to have the database built. ,n 'rea 1 ty e J:es onse & ectrum,n 'rea 0 you will again find J"efine :es onse & ectrum Functions- which you can select to get to the hel information. /ote: You can !ind more in!ormation on using online help in your windows documentation. You can also run the ".,012P32.02P !ile in your 4:5".,6'"S5012P !older. Defining $ase 1. ). 0. 1. A. 'esponse Spectrum
,f the model is locked then use the Lo#5$+nlo#5 Model button to unlock it so you can make changes to the model. &et the units to .i -ft. From the Define menu select !esponse "pe#trum (ase/ (ress the '"" /!3 &(!>T:' button on the !esponse "pe#tra form. ,n the !esponse "pe#trum (ase Data form<
,n ut a Dampin of *.*A ?A G@ &elect the +;(7'"2 for the +1 direction and a "#ale Fa#tor of 0).) ftBsec . The scale factor is used for the :es onse & ectrum because UC>I1&) is normali9ed by the acceleration due to gravity g. The remainder of the default values are acce table. (ress the 5. buttons to acce t the changes you have made to both forms.
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'unning Anal(sis
5nce you have made the modifications, it is time to run the model and take a look at the :es onse & ectrum results. 1. ). &ave your model. &et the arameters for the analysis by selecting from the Anal01e menu "et 2ptions. &elect the D0nami# Anal0sis check bo2. (ress the &!T "6/'+,> (':'+!T!:& button and change the Num<er of Modes used in the solution to K. The remaining default values are acce table. (ress the 5. button on both forms to acce t your changes. /ote< You have to decide how many modes you will need to consider in your analysis to make the results meaning!ul. #here are many criteria to take into account %ut !or a structure as simple as ours you can consider the same num%er o! modes as there are !loors. 0. &elect !un Minimi1ed from the Anal01e menu to analy9e the structure. /ote: #he -un &inimi7ed option is e+tremely help!ul when running large models that may take a lot o! time to analy7e. #his option allows SAP2000 to run in the %ackground so you can continue working on other programs. #he other advantage to this option is that you get a cancel %utton that allows you to cancel a run i! you need to.
$hec)ing 'esults
1. >heck the modal sha es and eriods to see that they are as e2 ected. From the Displa0 menu select ")ow Mode ")ape and select the mode you are interested in. 6ou may also want to select the %ire ")adow o tion so you can see what the undeformed sha e looks like. &ee Figures )-1 through )-1 and note that the mode number and eriod is shown as the title of the window.
/ote: You can look at su%se$uent mode shapes %y pressing the ) and * %uttons that are ne+t to the S#A-# A,.&A#.', %utton. ). ,t is hel ful to see the base shear roduced due to the :es onse & ectrum analysis. Using the C'&! &4!': grou that was set u in Tutorial 1, look at the base shear for the structure due to the :es onse & ectrum. 6ou will see that it is substantially larger than the static load case. 0. 6ou can also check the dis lacement of a joint due to the :es onse & ectrum. From the Displa0 menu select ")ow Deformed ")ape. ,n the Deformed ")ape form select the load case for the s ectral analysis. (ress the 5. button. :ight click on a joint at the to level of the structure to see the dis lacement of the joint in the global ; direction. 1. >heck the mass artici ation to see if enough modes were included in the solution. This will need to be done outside of &'()*** by looking at the filename.5UT file using a te2t editor like 3ord(ad. +inimi9e the &'()*** rogram. &tart 3ord(ad or another te2t editor. ,n 3ord(ad o en the file filename.5UT. 3here filename is the name of the file you used when saving this tutorial. Find the section titled +5"'# (':T,>,('T,/% +'&& :'T,5& as shown in Figure )-A. 6ou will find under the >U+U#'T,$! &U+ column that +ode 1 through +ode K includes 1**G of the mass artici ation. 3hich means that the K modes included in the analysis were enough.
1' &'()*** Tutorial +anual
Figure 2-1 Mode 1 Shape and Period
Figure 2-2 Mode 2 Shape and Period
Figure 2-* Mode * Shape and Period
Figure 2-+ Mode + Shape and Period
&'()*** Tutorial +anual 1-
Figure 2-. ,utput File Bloc) for Mass Participation
Scaling Spectra
'esponse
&ome design codes allow you to scale the s ectral analysis base shear to the static base shear. &o in this case to get the new scale factor for the :es onse & ectra you would< 1. ). 0. "ivide the &tatic Case &hear by the & ectral Case &hear and multi ly that number by ) 0).) ftBsec to get a new scale factor for the :es onse & ectrum. &ubstitute the new scale factor for the :es onse & ectra >ase. :erun the analysis to get the new member forces due to the scaled :es onse & ectrum.
Final $omments
' :es onse & ectra analysis introduces another level of com le2ity, which requires the engineer to further check the analysis results and the assum tions used in the modeling. Things to kee in mind during a :es onse & ectrum analysis< >om letely understand the static behavior of the model before running a dynamic analysis. 6ou will need to com letely understand the rationale and a licability of scaling dynamic analysis results to equivalent static base shear before scaling results for any given model. The s eed advantages of running a :es onse & ectrum analysis over a full Time 4istory analysis can be substantial. ,n design, the :es onse & ectrum analysis can rovide an even greater s eed advantage, due to the fact that the design check does not need to be done at each time segment. 4owever, one needs to be aware of the limitations of this method over a full Time 4istory analysis.
TUTORIAL 3 2-D Frame with Time History Loading

Description
This tutorial builds on Tutorials 1 and ) by adding an earthquake load s ecified as a base acceleration time history. The earthquake e2citation is shown in Figure 0-1. ,t is the /-& com onent of the 1I1* !l >entro earthquake. The results of the Time 4istory are used to generate a :es onse & ectrum which in turn is used to reanaly9e the structure as a com arison.

Time 4istory res onse to base e2citation (lotting time history results (lotting a :es onse & ectrum from a Time 4istory ,m orting a :es onse & ectrum to use for analysis
Tutorial 0 )-" Frame with Time 4istory #oading
Figure *-1 !l $entro /round Acceleration &nput - ft0sec2
Time -istor( Definition

Time 4istory is a record of the ground acceleration at defined time segments for a s ecific earthquake in a certain direction. The record is usually normali9ed and therefore needs to be multi lied by the acceleration due to gravity or a factor thereof. 1. ). From the Define menu select Time 9istor0 Fun#tions. &elect the '"" FU/>T,5/ F:5+ F,#! button. (ress the 2pen File button and then find and select the !#>!/T:5 file from the !;'+(#!& directory in &'()***. >hange the name of the function to !#>!/T:5 to make it easier to recogni9e. The format for this file is three airs of data columns er row. The first column of the air is the time and the second is the acceleration. !nter 0 for (oints (er #ine. &elect the Time and Fun#tion =alues ?in data file@ o tion. (ress the 5. button. (ress the 5. button to acce t the additions that you have made.
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From the Define menu select Time 9istor0 (ases to define the s ecifics of the Time 4istory for your model. &elect the '"" /!3 4,&T5:6 button. (ress the +5",F6B&453 +5"'# "'+(,/% button and enter *.*A ?AG@ for all modes and hit the 5. button. !nter A** in Num<er of 2utput Time "teps. !nter *.*) ?sec@ in 2utput Time "tep "i1es/ This will give us 1* seconds of the earthquake time history. &elect Linear from the Anal0sis T0pe dro down list bo2. ,n the Load Assi nment area< select '>> ",:1 under Load select !#>!/T:5 under Fun#tion &et the "#ale Fun#tion to the acceleration due to gravity which is 0LM.1 inBsec ) if your units are in .i -in and 0).) ftBsec if your units are in .i -ft. &et the Arri>al Time and An le to =ero. (ress the ADD button to add the load assignments and the 5. button to acce t the data you just entered. (ress the 5. button on both forms to acce t your additions.
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3e have now entered all the information we need for a Time 4istory analysis. /ote< .t is usually a good idea to run your model every time you make a major change or addition. #his will give you a way to catch your mistakes early and save you time in your !inal design.
'unning Anal(sis
1. ). 0. &ave your model. &et the arameters for the design run by selecting from the Anal01e menu "et 2ptions. >heck that the D0nami# Anal0sis settings are the same as for Tutorial ). &elect !un from the Anal01e menu to analy9e the structure.
sing the 'esults

$hec)ing 'esults
5nce you have run the model successfully you need to check and see that the out ut is correct and close to what you e2 ected. 1. >heck the base shear roduced due to the time history analysis. From the Displa0 menu select the ")ow Time 9istor0 Tra#es o tion. From the Time 9istor0 Displa0 Definition form ress the "!F,/! FU/>T,5/& button. ,n the Time 9istor0 Fun#tions form select 'dd Case Functions and check only the Case &hear ; o tion. (ress the 5. buttons to get back to the Time 9istor0 Displa0 Definition form. 'dd the Case &hear ; function to the Plot Fun#tions list bo2. Then ress the ",&(#'6 button to see the lot of the base shear in the global ; direction as a function of time. &ee Figure 0-). /ote< You can also view the #ime 0istory plot o! the %ase shear %y selecting Add 8roup Summation 9orces instead o! Add Base 9unctions and selecting the %ase shear group that was de!ined in #utorial :. ). 6ou can also check the dis lacement of a joint due to the time history. &elect a joint and from the Displa0 menu choose the ")ow Time 9istor0 Tra#es o tion. (ress the "!F,/! FU/>T,5/& button and in the Time 9istor0 Fun#tions form select the joint name from the list and ress the +5",F6B&453 T4 FU/>T,5/ button. ,n the Time 4istory 7oint Function form select the ",&(# =e#tor T0pe and U; =e#tor Dire#tion. (ress the 5. button to acce t the changes. (ress the 5. buttons to go back to the Time 9istor0 Displa0 Definition form. 'dd the joint from the List of Fun#tions to the Plot Fun#tions list bo2 and remove the Case &hear ; function. (ress the ",&(#'6 button to see the joint dis lacement with res ect to time. &ee Figure 0-0.
6ou can also define a joint function directly in the Time 9istor0 Displa0 Definition form without selecting it first. ,n the Time 9istor0 Displa0 Definition form ress the "!F,/! FU/>T,5/& button and in the Time 9istor0 Fun#tions form select 'dd 7oint "is sBForces. ,n the Time 4istory 7oint Function form enter the 7oint ,". &elect the =e#tor T0pe and =e#tor Dire#tion/ (ress the 5. buttons to go back to the Time 9istor0 Displa0 Definition form where you will find the new joint function in the List of Fun#tions list bo2.
Figure *-2 Base Shear - 1ips
Figure *-* 'oof Time -istor( Displacement - in
Building 'esponse Spectrum Data

The first thing to do is lot a :es onse & ectrum from the time history data. Then the data will need to be rinted to a file and the file edited into a format that can be read by &'()***.
Plotting the 'esponse Spectrum

1. ). 0. &elect one joint at the base of the structure. From the Displa0 menu select ")ow !esponse "pe#trum (ur>es. This o tion only a ears when a joint is selected. ,n the !esponse "pe#trum Generation form you will find the name of the joint that was selected. Under the Define tab select the ; =e#tor Dire#tion. Under the A:es tab select Period for the A<s#issa and P"A ?(seudo & ectral 'cceleration@ for the 2rdinate. Under the 2ptions tab select Arit)meti# for both the A<s#issa and 2rdinate. For ) ) the 2rdinate set the scale factor to 1Bg ?gN0).) ftBsec @ which will be .*01*M sec Bft if the units are set to ki -ft.
/ote: #he scale !actor is used to normali7e the -esponse Spectra. #he #ime 0istory that is %eing used to produce the -esponse Spectra has %een scaled %y g so we need to divide %y the same num%er to get %ack to normali7ed values. Under the Period tab select the Default and "tru#tural frequencies, which are used in the generation of :es onse & ectrum. Default frequencies are a set of built-in frequencies, ty ically of interest in structures. "tru#tural frequencies are the structure-s natural frequencies. Under the Dampin tab kee only the .*A Dampin =alue. 's the structure is assumed to have AG dam ing, we will not need any other values. (ress the ",&(#'6 button when you finish. 1. 6ou will see a lot of a res onse s ectrum for the !l >entro earthquake at AG dam ing. &ee Figure 0-1.
Figure *-+ 'esponse Spectrum from Time -istor(
A. ,n the !esponse "pe#trum (ur>es form select from the File menu the Print Ta<les to File o tion. This will make a file that has two columns. The first one is the (eriod and the second is the (&' for each eriod. &ave the file under the name :&-!#>!/.T;T
!diting Ta"le
The ne2t ste is to do some minor editing on the :&-!#>!/.T;T te2t file so it is in a format that &'()*** can read. 3hen the file is made, there is some e2traneous information that is added to hel you understand the content of the file. This e2tra information needs to be deleted. 1. 5 en :&-!#>!/.T;T in a te2t editor like 35:"('" or /5T!('". &elect all the te2t that is shown highlighted in Figure 0-A and delete it. &ave :&-!#>!/.T;T as a te2t file using the same name. ). /ow that the file only has the (eriod and the (&' columns, it is in a format that &'()*** can read.
Figure *-. Te2t File of 'esponse Spectrum Ta"le
'eading Data
Spectral
/ow that we have the data in a format that can be read by &'()*** we sim ly need to tell the rogram where the file is and how it is set u . 1. ,f the model is locked ress the Lo#5$ +nlo#5 Model button on the toolbar. This will unlock the model and allow you to make modifications to it.
). From the Define menu select !esponse "pe#trum Fun#tions.
0.
,n the !esponse "pe#trum Fun#tions form ress the Add Fun#tion from File button. /ame the s ectra :&!#>!/ (ress the 2pen File button and ick the :&-!#>!/.T;T file from the Pi#5 File form. .ee the Num<er 2f Points Per Line to 1 as there is only one set of res onse data on each line. &elect the Period and A##eleration =alues o tion. (ress the 5. buttons to close the forms.
1. A.
From the Define menu select !esponse "pe#trum (ases. ,n the !esponse "pe#trum form ress the '"" /!3 &(!>T:' button. &et the Modal Dampin to *.*A. ,n the &nput !esponse "pe#tra area select :&!#>!/ for the U1 direction and give ) it a scale factor of 0).) ftBsec . The remaining default values are acce table. (ress the 5. buttons to close the forms.
'unning Anal(sis
5nce you have made the modifications, it is time to run the model and take a look at our results. 1. ). &ave your model. &elect !un Minimi1ed from the Anal01e menu to analy9e the structure.
$hec)ing 'esults
The first thing to do is check the ma2imum deflection at the to of the structure and the base shear due to the Time 4istory and the :es onse & ectrum. This will show how well the outlined method works. 't the end of this section you will find the results of the static lateral load, :es onse & ectrum and Time 4istory analysis. 'esponse Deflection 1. Spectrum
From the Displa0 menu select Displa0 Deformed ")ape. ,n the Deformed ")ape form select the load case for the s ectral analysis. (ress the 5. button.
).
:ight click on a joint at the to level of the structure to see the dis lacement of the joint in the global ; direction. Spectrum Base
'esponse Shear
Using the C'&! &4!': grou that was set u in Tutorial 1, look at the base shear for the structure due to the :es onse & ectrum. Time -istor( Deflection and Base Shear 1. ). Using the method outlined in the first art of this tutorial, lot the deflection at the to of the structure. /ow remove the joint from the Plot Fun#tions list and lot the ;ase ")ear ? direction by selecting it from the List of Fun#tions in the Time 9istor0 Displa0 Definitions form.
"tati# Lateral +a2 "eflection +a2 Case &hear 1.M in K).A .i s
!esponse "pe#trum A.A in 0*M .i s
Time 9istor0 A.I in )LM .i s
Ta"le *-1 $omparison of #ateral #oad 'esults
Final $omments
's you have seen the Time 4istory analysis is much more time consuming than a :es onse & ectrum analysis. The :es onse & ectrum and Time 4istory analysis results can give similar results. 4owever it is very im ortant for the engineer to understand the strengths and limitations of each method so they can be effectively used.
TUTORIAL 4 2-D Frame Steel Design

Description
This tutorial is rovided to highlight the owerful tools in &'()*** for designing the structure after it has been analy9ed. The steel design features will be looked at in this tutorial to design the structure that was modeled in Tutorial 1.

'ssigning member rigid !nd 5ffsets 'utomatic selection grou s >hanging member ro erties "esigning members by grou s ,ncluding (-"elta effects in analysis $iewing design results 5verriding 'uto &election sections
Tutorial 1 )-" Frame &teel "esign

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0.1K/f ROOF 20K COLU'N LEVEL 7 15K COLU'N LEVEL 6 12.5K COLU'N LEVEL 5 10K COLU'N LEVEL 4 7.5K COLU'N LEVEL 3 5K COLU'N LEVEL 2 2.5K COLU'N GROUND GLO$AL % COLU'N COLU'N $EA' COLU'N COLU'N $EA' 2 ! 13'#6" $EA' COLU'N COLU'N $EA' $EA' COLU'N COLU'N $EA' $EA' COLU'N COLU'N $EA' 5 ! 13'0" $EA' COLU'N COLU'N $EA' $EA' COLU'N COLU'N $EA' $EA' $EA'
30'#0"
30"#0" GLO$AL &
ALL COLU'N( ARE )14'( ALL $EA'( ARE )24'( TYPICAL (TORY 'A(( + 0.4, -./#012#012/.3 'ODULU( OF ELA(TICITY + 2,500 -0. (TEEL (TRENGT* 4f'56 + 36-0.
Figure +-1 Two-dimensional Frame Tutorial
Building the SAP2000 Model

6ou will be able to use the file you develo ed in Tutorial 1 with a few modifications.
Materials
First thing to do is set the material ro erties. 1. ). 0. 1. A. M. >heck that the units are set to .i -in. From the Define menu select Materials. &elect the &T!!# Material ty e and ress the +5",F6B&453 +'T!:,'# button. &et the "teel @ield "tress fy to 0M .si. &et Modulus of Elasti#it0 ! to )I,A** .si. (ress the 5. buttons to acce t the changes and close the forms.
#oads
1. ,n Tutorial 1 you assigned a set of oint and uniform loads as "!'" load and included the member self weight. ?&ee Figure 1-) for the new "tati# Loads (ase list.@ ,n this tutorial we will assign a load case for the live load and one for the self weight of the members. ,ncluding a load case for the self weight of the structure is a good way to kee track of the structural weight for design o timi9ation ur oses. The loads are se arated into dead, live and lateral earthquake load cases so the design art of &'()*** can automatically generate load combinations. For the "!'" load case set the "elf %ei )t Multiplier to *. 'dd a load case &!#F of T0pe "!'" for the member self weight and set "elf %ei )t Multiplier to 1. 'dd another static load case named #,$! and assign it as T0pe #,$!. ). 'dd the same loads that are in the "!'" load case to the #,$! load case. This will mean that each beam in the structure has identical dead and live loads. ?&ee Tutorial 1 for instructions on entering loads.@
Figure +-2 Static #oad $ases
Defining an Auto Selection /roup

The 'uto &election feature in &'()*** is a very effective way to design structures. Cy defining a set of steel sections as an 'uto &election section grou , the rogram can design each frame element using only the sections in that grou . For e2am le we can define an 'uto &election grou called >5#U+/ with only 311 sections and a C!'+ grou with only 3)1 sections. ,n this way frame members assigned a >5#U+/ 'uto &election section will only be designed using 311 sections. The first thing to do is define an 'uto &election grou , which only includes column sections. !ssentially what we are doing is giving the rogram a list of sections which it can choose from when designing the frame members. ,n turn the rogram will select the most efficient section out of that grou . 5nce the reliminary design is done and it is time to start fine tuning the design, the C!'+ and >5#U+/ grou s can be re laced by the o timum sections from those 'uto &election grou s. This will then assign a s ecific section for both the analysis and design, which will make it much easier to change the few sections that may need to be modified. /ote: Auto Selection only works !or steel !rame sections. 1. ). From the Define menu select Frame "e#tions. ,n the Frame "e#tions form im ort all the steel sections between 3112M1 and 3112)L0. &elect ,+(5:T ,B3,"! F#'/%! from the ,m ort dro down list bo2. ,n the sections form scroll down and select 3112)L0. 3ith the &4,FT button ressed left click on 3112M1 and ress the 5. button. This will select these sections and all the sections in between. 0. ,n the Frame "e#tions form delete any du licate sections.
:emember: You will not %e a%le to delete a section that is in use. #his !eature is a way !or the program to insure that all the mem%ers are assigned to e+isting sections. 1. From the Frame "e#tion form add an Auto "ele#t section which will be at the bottom of the Add dro down list bo2. >hange the Auto "e#tion Name to >5#U+/. ,n the Auto "ele#tions list bo2 select and remove using the !emo>e button all the sections e2ce t the 311-s. This will mean that any frame member assigned a >5#U+/ section will be designed from the list of 311 sections in the Auto "ele#tions list bo2. ?&ee Figure 1-0.@
Figure +-* Defining the $,# M% Auto Selection group
A.
Using the instructions outlined in ste s ) through 1< ,m ort all the sections between 3)12AA and 3)121M). 'ssign an 'uto &election grou called C!'+ with only the 3)1 sections in it.
M.
Finally, select all the vertical frame members and assign the >5#U+/ section to them. Then select all the hori9ontal frame members and assign the C!'+ section to them. ?&ee Tutorial 1 for instructions on assigning sections to frame members.@ /ote: You can o! course select a speci!ic section !or %oth the analysis and design instead o! using an Auto Select section . You simply need to assign the !rame mem%er a steel section and design it as outlined in #utorial :. #he steel section can either %e a user;de!ined section or a section !rom the Section Property !ile.
'unning Anal(sis
5nce data has been entered, it is time to run the model and take a look at our results. 1. ). &ave your model. &et the arameters for the design run by selecting from the Anal01e menu "et 2ptions. ,n the Anal0sis 2ptions form select a Plane Frame analysis to reduce the si9e of the solution and thus reduce the time needed for the analysis. &elect the &n#lude PADelta check bo2. (ress the &!T (-"!#T' (':'+!T!:& button to set the analysis arameters. &et Ma:imum &terations to 1*. ,nclude the two dead load cases "!'" and &!#F in the (-"elta load combination with a factor of 1. ,nclude the #,$! load case with a factor of 1. /ote: #he load !actors that you use need to %e the load !actor !or the design load com%o that includes lateral loads and has the largest vertical load on the structure. The remaining default values are acce table. (ress the 5. buttons to acce t the changes and close the forms. 0. &elect from the Anal01e menu the !un o tion to analy9e the structure. /ote: Because we have assigned groups o! sections and not speci!ic sections !or our design SAP2000 will take suita%le section properties to calculate the sti!!ness matri+ and any other properties it may need. 'nce the !irst analysis and design has %een per!ormed the program can %e instructed to use the designed sections !or analysis.
Designing Sections
5nce you have run the analysis and checked the analysis results, you can set the arameters needed for steel design.
Selecting $ode
The information in the analysis run is used to do a code check on the frame elements. 1. From the 2ptions menu select Preferen#es.
).
,n the Preferen#es form under the "teel tab, select the steel code you want to use. ,n this case let-s use ',&>-'&"-LI. Use the same "e#tion Properties file that was used for im orting the steel sections.
#oad $om"inations and Design
Figure +-+ Design Menu ,ptions
5nce you have selected the code you will be using to design the members, you need to check the load combinations that will be used for the design. 1. ). The first thing to do is make sure that under the Desi n menu the "teel Desi n item has a check mark on it. This will tell &'()*** to design the steel sections. From the Desi n menu choose "ele#t Desi n (om<os. #ook at the automatically created combos in the Desi n (om<os list bo2 by selecting the combo and ressing the &453 button. ,f you find that there are other load combos that you want to use in your design, you can add them. &im ly define the combo from the Define menu and then in the "ele#t Desi n (om<os form add the combo to the Desi n (om<os list. 0. :un the "esignB>heck from the Desi n menu by selecting "tart Desi n$()e#5 of "tru#ture. !ach of the elements will be designed with the most efficient section from its 'uto &election section grou . &'()*** will automatically dis lay on the active window the ercent of ma2imum stress below each of the elements. The elements will also be color coded for convenience with a stress ratio color key located at the bottom of the window.
/ote: .! you just want to check the design !or a limited num%er o! !rame mem%ers you can select those mem%ers and then choose Start 6esign<4heck o! Structure.
3iewing 'esults and 'edesigning

The first thing to do when a "esignB>heck is erformed, is to see that the results are correct. &'()*** gives the user some tools to check the results. 1. ). :ight click on any member to view its design results. The element you have selected will be flashing to identify itself. ,n the "teel "tress ()e#5 &nformation form, you will find a list of the load combinations used to check the section at various locations along the members. ?&ee Figure 1-A@ 5ne of the combos will be highlighted when you first see the form. That is the controlling combo that was used to design the section. /e2t to each combo there is the location along the member where the check was erformed followed by the stress ratio for moment interaction and shear. 4int: You can change the num%er o! locations at which the !orces are reported. Select the !rame elements and choose !rom the Assign menu 9rame ='utput Segments and change the num%er o! segments. You will then need to rerun the analysis to get the result !or the new segments. 0. 1. &electing any of the combo checks and ressing the Details button will show the analysis results for that member and governing equation from the code. ?&ee Figure 1-M@ (ressing the !eDesi n button will bring u the Element 2>erwrite Assi nments form. ,n this form you can< /ote: .! you make any changes in the 1lement 'verwrite Assignments !orm through the -e6esign %utton you will need to press the -e!resh "indow %utton on the tool %ar to see the updated design results on the current window . &elect another section to see the effects of the change on the stress ratios. ,ote: .n the Auto Selection mode this section can %e used in developing a new sti!!ness matri+ i! you >?pdate Analysis Sections@. 0owever Auto Selection will still take place the ne+t time you run the design check. &et the member as a Moment !esistin Element or a ;ra#e/ 5verwrite design factors like the effective length, unbraced length ratio and so on.
2>erwrite Allowa<le "tresses used for the design. This is a value in the current units for the allowable stress of the section. 3hen you have finished modifying the design arameters ress the 5. button. /ote: 4hanging any o! the in!ormation in the -e6esign !orm will make SAP2000 automatically recalculate the design stress ratios !or that new in!ormation and update the Steel Stress 4heck .n!ormation !orm. See the -e;Analy7ing section !or instructions on updating the analysis sections. A. To use the :e"esign section in the ne2t analysis you will need to select from the Desi n menu the +pdate Anal0sis "e#tions o tion. This will re lace the sections used to build the stiffness matri2 so that a more accurate design check can be made.
Figure +-. Steel Stress $hec) for Specified #oad $om"inations
Figure +-4 Detailed Steel Design &nfo of a Beam !lement
M.
6ou can also look at various design results on the gra hics screen by selecting from the Desi n menu the Displa0 Desi n &nfo o tion. These results will be lotted on the bottom and to the right of frame members. /ote: #he sections used !or the analysis are shown at the top and to the le!t o! the !rame mem%ers. All the design in!ormation is shown at the %ottom and to the right o! the !rame mem%ers.
Figure +-5 Displa( Design &nput and 'esults Form
K.
6ou can also (rint out the design results by selecting from the File menu Print Desi n Ta<les/ To rint results on a limited number of members, select the members and then selecting from the File menu Print Desi n Ta<les/
!diting Properties
Section
From Figure 1-1 you will see that the beams have oint loads coming in at their third oints. #et us assume these oint loads are coming from other members and so the beams are su orted laterally at their third oints. The model as it is defined does not take that into consideration, so the beams are over designed. To design the beam more accurately we will need to edit the beam design ro erties. 1. ). &elect all the beams in the structure. 6ou may want to use the &nterse#tin Line "ele#t Mode. &elect from the Desi n menu the !eDefine Element Desi n Data. ,n the Element 2>erwrite Assi nments form select the +n<ra#ed Len t) !atio, L22 check bo2 and set the value to *.00. This will brace that member at 1B0 rd oints ?against buckling in the local 1-) lane@ instead of the default of braced at the ends only. ?&ee Figure 1-L@ (ress the 5. button when you have entered the new value. &'()*** will then automatically rerun the "esignB>heck and u date the model. 0. 6ou will now see that the beam members are smaller. 4int: You can get a group load joint sum report on the Base Shear group to !ind what the sel!;weight o! the structure is. #his is a $uick way to see i! your changes have produced a more e!!icient structure. You can also get the total weight o! the structure !rom the filename.1(' !ile.
Figure +-6 !lement ,7erwrite Assignments for Beams
'e-Anal(8ing
The first analysis run used a ro2imate section ro erties to develo the stiffness matri2. &o the model will need to be run again as an iterative rocess to make sure that the analysis is done using the selected sections. 1. 5nce you have finished modifying the structural sections you will need to use, from the Desi n menu select the +pdate Anal0sis "e#tions o tion. Then rerun the analysis to use the selected member ro erties for the stiffness matri2. Then rerun the design to see which members have changed.
).
0. 5nce you are satisfied with the sections selected, from the Desi n menu choose the !epla#e Auto w$ 2ptimal "e#tions o tion. This will ermanently re lace the auto sections with the current design sections. This effectively makes the design section the analysis section and therefore re laces the C!'+ and >5#U+/ analysis sections with the o timal or user selected sections.
#'FD Design
The method used for #:F" design is essentially the same as that used for '&". The combos and checks made on the frame members will be erformed using the #:F" code so the results and information re orted are different. To run an #:F" "esignB>heck you will need to change some of your in ut arameters. 1. !nter new load factors for the (-"elta analysis. ). &elect from the Preferen#es form the ',&>-#:F"I0 steel code. 0. :edesign the steel sections.
Ad7anced Features
Defining /roups Frame !lement
&ometimes you may find it hel ful to design using frame member grou s. This will force all the members in the grou to be designed with the same section. The advantage of this method is that it will reduce the various number of sections used in the design. For e2am le you can grou two or three floors as one grou when designing them. This will then rovide you with one section that works for all the columns and one section that works for all the beams in that grou . 1. ). 0. 1. A. M. :eassign the 'uto &election sections to the frame members. 'ssign all the frame sections at level 0 and below to a grou name C5TT5+. 'ssign all the frame elements between #evel A and #evel 0 to a grou name +,""#!. 'ssign the remaining elements to a grou name T5(. :erun the analysis on the model. From the Desi n menu choose the "ele#t Desi n Group o tion. This is where one can have the rogram design a grou of members and assign all of them with the lightest section that satisfies the stresses in all of them. ,nclude in the Desi n Groups list bo2 only the member grou s T5(, +,""#! and C5TT5+. This will mean that each frame element grou is designed with the most efficient section from the 'uto &election grou . /ote: .! there are no groups in the 6esign 8roup list %o+ then all the mem%ers will %e designed individually. 3hen you ress the 5. button, &'()*** will automatically design the steel sections and dis lay the results in the active window. 0. >om are the results from the first design run and the grou design run to see how that will affect the selected sections.
!nd ,ffset
This structure is designed to be a moment frame system with members that have no cross sectional dimensions for analysis ur oses. 4owever, even though this is not a bad assum tion, &'()*** allows a more accurate way of modeling this roblem. Cy setting +ember !nd 5ffsets, you can define a region about the beam column connection where the members can not bend. This essentially roduces a rigid 9one at that connection. The area can be as large as the user wants, but it is usually taken as the de th of the member that is framing into it, at that joint ?or a fraction thereof@. 1. ). &elect all the frame elements. From the Assi n menu select Frame. End 2ffsets. ,n the End 2ffset form select the +pdate Len t)s From (urrent (onne#ti>it0 o tion. This will make the rogram automatically calculate the end offset from the sections coming into each joint. !nter 1 for !i id Zone Fa#tor. This means that 1**G of the otential !nd 5ffset length should be taken as rigid in the analysis run. (ress the 5. button. 0. ,f you set the Element ")rin5 o tion on from the "et Elements form and look at the active gra hics window, you will see that there are lines at each joint that show the assigned !nd 5ffsets. :emember: You will need to reset 1nd '!!sets every time the !rame sections are changed. /ote: #he moment and shear values on the %eams and columns will %e slightly di!!erent than with no rigid 1nd '!!sets. #his is %ecause the rigid 1nd '!!set assignment reduces the !le+i%le length o! the mem%ers.
Final $omments
The steel design tools in &'()*** are very hel ful in designing the frame members. 4owever there are a few things to kee in mind< 1. +ake sure that all the design data for the sections are correct. The default values that the rogram uses for design may not be correct due to various methods you may have used to model your structure, e.g. . and Unbraced #ength :atios. 6ou can use the Displa0 Desi n !esults form to view this information on the framing. For convenience, you can also view the analysis sections at the same time as the design information. >heck that the design combos the rogram has rovided are correct and sufficient for your articular structure. ,f they are not, add your own to the list used in design. >heck the final design results at key locations to make sure they are the results you e2 ect.
). 0.
'8 &'()*** Tutorial +anual
1. A. M. K. L.
>heck that the load factors used for the (-"elta analysis are correct. :edesign the structure whenever you make changes to the model. This will give you a way to see if the members are still acce table. Use a grou to hel find the total weight of the structure. ?&ee Tutorial 1 for instructions on how to do this.@ Use grou s for your design to reduce the different number of sections that are in your model. The filename.!.5 file contains the total weights for each section used. This information can be used for initial cost estimations.
&'()*** Tutorial +anual '1
' endi2 '
,con
Appendi2 A 9Tool Bar &con Descriptions >ontrol /ame

/ew +odel 5 en D.&"C file &ave +odel Undo :edo :efresh 3indow #ockBUnlock +odel :un 'nalysis =oom :estore Full $iew :estore (revious $iew =oom ,n =oom 5ut (an &how 0-d view &how )-d $iew of ;-6Br- (lane &how )-d $iew of ;-=Br-= (lane &how )-d $iew of 6-=B -= (lane (ers ective Toggle &hrink !lements &et !lement U 5ne %ridline "own 5ne %ridline
'llows 6ou to &tart a new model. 5 en e2isting &'()*** file. &ave the current model. Undo last change. :everse last Undo. :efresh current window using latest data. #ock model against changes to analysis data. :un analysis. =oom in on structure by defining area with mouse. :estore full view of model. :estore revious view of model =oom in to model. =oom out of model. "ynamically move structure in any direction. &how 0-d view of model. &how )-d $iew of model arallel to ;-6Brlane.
&how )-d $iew of model arallel to ;-=Br-= lane. &how )-d $iew of model arallel to ;-= lain or a develo ed view of the r-= lane. &how view in 0-d ers ective. &hrink all elements to hel view element connectivity. &et visibility of elements and their ro erties. +ove u one grid line in )-d viewing lane. +ove down one grid line in )-d viewing lane.
&'()*** Tutorial +anual A1
' endi2 C
,con
Appendi2 B 9 Floating Tool"ar &con Descriptions >ontrol /ame 'llows 6ou to

(ointer Tool &elect 'll :estore (revious &election >lear &election &et ,ntersecting #ine &elect +ode :esha e !lement 'dd & ecial 7oint "raw Frame !lement "raw &hell !lement 8uick "raw Frame !lement 8uick "raw &hell !lement 'ssign 7oint :estraints 'ssign Frame &ections 'ssign &hell &ections 'ssign 7oint #oad 'ssign Frame & an #oading 'ssign &hell Uniform #oading &how Undeformed &ha e "is lay &tatic "eformed &ha e "is lay +ode &ha es "is lay !lement ForceB&tress "iagram &et 5ut ut Table +ode &elect elements individually or within a bo2. &elect all elements in drawing. :estore reviously selected elements. >lear all selected elements. &elect all elements intersected by drawn line. +ove elements by selecting them at their center and to resha e them by selecting them at their ends. 'dd a joint that is not automatically added when an element is entered. "raw a frame element by locating its end locations. "raw a shell element by locating its corners. "raw a frame element between grid lines. "raw a shell element between grid lines. 'ssign translational and rotational restraints. 'ssign frame section and material ro erties. 'ssign shell section and material ro erties. 'ssign joint loads. 'ssign frame loads. 'ssign shell loads. &how original structural sha e. "is lay deformed sha e due to static loads. "is lay +ode sha es and eriods. "is lay !lement analysis data on the structure and individually. "is lay 7oint or !lement Te2t 5ut ut on &creen.
&'()*** Tutorial +anual A2

Tutor de Sap 2000

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TUTORIAL 1 2-D Frame with Static Loading

Significant Features of Model and SAP2000

&'()*** Tutorial +anual 1

Tutorial 1 )-" Frame with &tatic #oading

Figure 1-1 Two-dimensional Frame Tutorial

2 &'()*** Tutorial +anual

Tutorial 1 )-" Frame with &tatic #oading

Building the Model in SAP2000

&'()*** Tutorial +anual 3

Tutorial 1 )-" Frame with &tatic #oading

Assigning Mem"er Sections

' &'()*** Tutorial +anual

Tutorial 1 )-" Frame with &tatic #oading

Figure 1-2 Static #oad $ase %ames &nput Form

&'()*** Tutorial +anual -

Tutorial 1 )-" Frame with &tatic #oading

3 &'()*** Tutorial +anual

Tutorial 1 )-" Frame with &tatic #oading

sing the 'esults

&'()*** Tutorial +anual 4

Tutorial 1 )-" Frame with &tatic #oading

Figure 1-* Static Deformed Shape

Figure 1-+ #ateral Deformed Shape

6 &'()*** Tutorial +anual

Tutorial 1 )-" Frame with &tatic #oading

#oo)ing At and Printing Anal(sis 'esults

&'()*** Tutorial +anual 7

Tutorial 1 )-" Frame with &tatic #oading

18 &'()*** Tutorial +anual

TUTORIAL 2 2-D Frame with Response Spectrum Loading

Significant Features of Model and SAP2000

&'()*** Tutorial +anual 11

Tutorial ) )-" Frame with :es onse & ectrum #oading

Defining 'esponse Spectrum

12 &'()*** Tutorial +anual

Tutorial ) )-" Frame with :es onse & ectrum #oading

&'()*** Tutorial +anual 13

Tutorial ) )-" Frame with :es onse & ectrum #oading

1' &'()*** Tutorial +anual

Tutorial ) )-" Frame with :es onse & ectrum #oading

Figure 2-1 Mode 1 Shape and Period

Figure 2-2 Mode 2 Shape and Period

Figure 2-* Mode * Shape and Period

Figure 2-+ Mode + Shape and Period

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Tutorial ) )-" Frame with :es onse & ectrum #oading

Figure 2-. ,utput File Bloc) for Mass Participation

13 &'()*** Tutorial +anual

TUTORIAL 3 2-D Frame with Time History Loading

Significant Features of Model and SAP2000

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Tutorial 0 )-" Frame with Time 4istory #oading

Figure *-1 !l $entro /round Acceleration &nput - ft0sec2

Time -istor( Definition

16 &'()*** Tutorial +anual

Tutorial 0 )-" Frame with Time 4istory #oading

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Tutorial 0 )-" Frame with Time 4istory #oading

sing the 'esults

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Tutorial 0 )-" Frame with Time 4istory #oading

Figure *-2 Base Shear - 1ips

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Figure - 'oof Time -istor( Displacement - in