PIPESIZEspreadsheettemplateforpipesizing.

Copyright2013byStephenHall,PE PIPESIZEisanExcelspreadsheettemplate.Itsizespipesforliquidorgasflow.PIPESIZEisextensively tested;Icreatedthefirstversionin1989andhavecontinuallyenhanceditsince. The2013version(3.10)addsamuchimprovedcalculationalgorithmforheatloss/gainestimates,anda newLineListfeature. Thetemplateconsistsofseveralworksheets.MostofyourdatainputisontheDataInputworksheet; theothersareusedforassemblingreportsandsupportingdata.CellsrequiringUserInputaredisplayed withREDtext;othercellsareinBLACK.

Figure1:MostdatainputisdoneontheDataInputworksheet

UINSPS02April2013

PIPESIZE TableofContents QuickStart .....................................................................................................................................................3 SystemRequirements...................................................................................................................................4 InitialSetupandOrientation.........................................................................................................................5 DataEntryWorksheet...................................................................................................................................8 QuickResults...............................................................................................................................................12 Datasheet....................................................................................................................................................13 ErrorsandWarnings...................................................................................................................................14 PressureDropCalculations......................................................................................................................... 15 HeatLoss/GainCalculations....................................................................................................................... 18 InsulationWorksheet..................................................................................................................................23 PropertiesWorksheet.................................................................................................................................24 LineListWorksheet.....................................................................................................................................29 LIQFLOWWorksheet...................................................................................................................................30 OPTLIQWorksheet......................................................................................................................................31 EquivalentLengthWorksheet..................................................................................................................... 32 VelocitiesWorksheet..................................................................................................................................34

PIPESIZE QuickStart Performyourfirstpressuredropcalculationbyfollowingthesesteps: 1. EnsurethatMacrosareenabled 2. NavigatetotheDataInputworksheet 3. CellC17:Choosepreferredsystemofunits,EnglishorSI(radiobuttons) 4. CellG32:ChooseLiquidorGas(radiobuttons) 5. CellF31:Enternameofthefluid,orchooseonefromthepulldownlistatH31 6. CellF33:Entertheflowrate(besuretousetheunitsthatareindicated) 7. CellF36:Ifthisisagascalculation,enterthepressure 8. TakenoteofthemessagesatCellsE32,G37,G38,andG39.EnterdataifitsaysEntryRequired (itmeansthatthefluidnameenteredinCell31ismissingfromthePropertiesTable,seepage 24) 9. CellD43:Ifyouarecalculatingforaknownpipediameter,selecttheSpecificDiameter(radio button).Otherwise,selectEconomic 10. CellG47:Entertheapproximateequivalentlengthofthepipesegmentyouarecalculating.If youdontknowtheequivalentlength,enteravaluethatis1.4timestheactuallengthofthe pipe. ReadresultsinthetableincolumnsK:N.Noticethatresultsforthreepipesizesaredisplayed.The specifiedsize(orsizedeterminedbyPIPESIZE)isinthemiddle,atRows35to41.Itisflankedbythenext smallerandnextlargersizes. Therearemanyadditionalvariablesthatyoucanenter;theyareexplainedinthismanual.However,for themostpart,theinputsareselfexplanatory.

PIPESIZE SystemRequirements PersonalcomputerrunningMicrosoftExcelwithVisualBasicforApplications(VBA).This requirementmeansthatOpenOfficeandotherprogramscapableofopeningandeditingbasic ExcelworksheetswillnotworkVBAisrequired.Excel97ontheMaclacksVBAandistherefore incompatible,howeverOffice2010ontheMaciscompatible Excelmustbeconfiguredtoallowmacrostorun.ThiscanbedonethroughSecuritysettings,or byenablingmacroseachtimePIPESIZEisopened

PIPESIZE InitialSetupandOrientation WhenyoufirstopenPIPESIZEyoushouldseetheDataInputscreen.Ifnot,selecttheleftmosttabatthe bottomoftheExcelwindow. Werecommendthatyoustartbyexploringabit.EntriesthatappearinREDarevalidcellsfordataentry. TheBLACKcellscontainresultsfromintermediateorfinalcalculations.Generally,onlytheREDcellsare unlocked.YouquicklynavigateamongthembyusingtheTABkey. AlthoughtheworksheetsareProtected,thisisonlydonetohelpavoidinadvertentchangestocellsthat containformulas.TherearenopasswordsandtheentireworkbookisOpenSource. PIPESIZEisshippedconfiguredforprintingonUSlettersizepaper.IfyouuseA4paper,pleasegotoeach sheetinturn.GotoPageSetup...ThenchangepapertoA4andleft/rightmarginsto1.5cm.Thepages shouldthenprintproperly. Numberanddateformatsvaryaroundtheworld.Whilenumericvaluesareformattedaccordingto globalsettingsinExcel,PIPESIZEalsomakesuseoftextformulasthatareformattedaccordingtoastring withintheformula.ThisstringisunaffectedbyExcelsglobalformattingpreferences,havingasyntax suchas:=TEXT(numericvalue,0.00).Togetaroundthisproblem,atableofformatsisprovidedonthe PipesworksheetatRow166.Ifyouuseanythingotherthanddmmmyyyyfordates,or#,##0.0for numbers,edittheformatsinthetable. ThenextthingtodoisreviewthePipesworksheet.Ifyourcompanyorworkgrouphasstandardpipe specificationsyoumaywanttoeditthePipessheettoaccuratelyportrayyourspecs.Ifyoudon'thave specifications,considercreatingcodesforcommonlyusedtypes,suchas"CS"(forcarbonsteel)and"SS" (stainlesssteel). ThepipespecificationcodesareenteredinthetableatthetopofthePipesworksheet.Codesmustbe enteredinalphabeticalorder(youcaninsertnewrowsifyoulike).Then,followthecolumnheadingsto entertemperatureandpressurelimits,roughnessvalue,costdata,andrelateddimensionaltable number.AlthoughtheentriesinthistableareincustomaryUSunits,thePIPESIZEreportsuseeitherUS orSIunitsforreporting(inaccordancewithyourselection).Eachcolumnentryisexplainedbelow.
Cost Factors Min Temp Max Temp Max Press Roughness Purchase Ratio Exponent deg F deg F psig ft $/ft (1 inch) Fittings 150 lb Carbon Steel -10 450 150 0.00015 $1.75 5 1.3 125 lb Carbon Steel -10 450 125 0.00015 $1.75 5 1.3 300 lb Carbon Steel -20 750 300 0.00015 $1.75 5 1.3 316L SS Pipe -100 500 145 0.0001 $4.50 8 0.89 Copper Pipe -100 250 110 0.000005 $4.50 8 0.89 316L SS Sanitary Tubin -100 450 150 0.000001 $4.50 8 0.89 316L SS Zephyrweld Tu -100 450 150 0.000005 $4.50 8 0.89 Teflon-Lined Pipe -20 500 170 0.000005 $4.50 8 0.89

Spec CodeDescription A A3 B C CU D1 D2 F1

Size Table 2 2 2 8 6 15 14 9

Emissivity Conductivity W/m-K 0.79 45 0.79 54 0.79 54 0.85 16.2 0.78 401 0.1 16.2 0.1 16.2 0.79 0.3

Figure2:PipeSpecificationsonthePipesworksheet

PIPESIZE SpecCodemaybeanyalphanumericstring.ItisusuallyadesignationusedonP&IDsandother documentsthatreferencesacompletepipespecification.TheSpecCodesmustbesorted alphabetically.Rowsmaybeinsertedintothetableifmorecodesareneeded. Descriptionisplainlanguagetodescribethepipespecification.Itisusedontheprinteddata sheet. TemperaturelimitsareenteredindegreesFahrenheit.Thesearetheminimumandmaximum temperaturesallowedforthepipeclass,oftendeterminedbycomponentsinyourpipingsystem suchasgasketsandvalves.Ifthefluidtemperatureisoutsidetherangedefinedbytheselimitsa warningmessageisprintedonthedatasheet. Pressurelimitisthemaximumgagepressurepermitted(psig)forthepipecode.Theonlything thattemperatureandpressurelimitsaffectswithinPIPESIZEisaWarningintheeventthatthe limitsareviolated. PipeRoughnessisenteredinunitsoffeet.SeetheRoughnessworksheetforalistof recommendations.Roughnessfornewpipeisoftenlistedinhandbooks,butconsiderwhether it'smoreappropriatetouseavalueforusedpipeonethatismorerepresentativeofhowyour systemwilloperateafteracoupleofyearsofoperation. CostFactorsareenteredfora)initialcapitalcostof1footof1inchpipe,installed,b)aratio relatingthecostoffittingsandvalvestothecostofpipe,andc)anexponentusedtoconvertto othersizes.ThisisinaccordancewiththePetersandTimmerhausmethod.Wesuggestyouuse valuesliketheonesgivenuntilyougainexperiencewiththeOPTSIZEworksheetresults. SizeTableisapointertooneofthemanypipedimensiontablesappearingbelow.Each dimensiontablecontainsfivecolumnsofdata,whichinturncanbeformulastolookupwall thicknessesforagivenschedule,etc.UsethePipeSpecificationLookupTablesatRow44to controltheminimumandmaximumalloweddiametersinyourpipespecifications.Alsouse themtoeliminateunwantedsizessuchas11/4"or5".StudythetablesgivenwithPIPESIZE,and eithereditanexistingoneorcreatenewtablesincolumnstotherightoftheexistingones.
Size Table 8 Size 0.125 0.25 0.375 0.50 0.75 Black values are formulas or constants Column name is user-defined 9 Size 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 Teflon-Lined Steel Schedule O.D. Thickness 40 0.840 0.1630 40 1.050 0.1750 40 1.315 0.2630 40 1.900 0.2950 40 2.375 0.3140 I.D. 0.514 0.700 0.789 1.310 1.747 10 Stainless Steel Tubing ( Size Gauge O.D. 0.75 16 0.750 1.00 16 1.000 1.50 16 1.500 2.00 16 2.000 2.50 16 2.500

Red values are variables Stainless Steel Pipe Schedule O.D. Thickness 40S 0.405 0.0680 40S 0.540 0.0880 40S 0.675 0.0910 40S 0.840 0.1090 40S 1.050 0.1130

I.D. 0.269 0.364 0.493 0.622 0.824

ThePipeSpecificationLookupTablescanreferenceanyoftheseveraldimensiontablesfoundin thePIPESworksheet.StudythePipeTableformulastoseehowthisisdone.Here'sanexample dimensiontable,usedtolookupthedimensionsofcopperpipe:

PIPESIZE
Pipe Size Lookup Table Copper and Red Brass Pipe Nominal Size 0.125 0.25 0.375 0.50 0.75

OD 0.405 0.540 0.675 0.840 1.050

Wall Thickness Std XS 0.062 0.100 0.082 0.123 0.090 0.127 0.107 0.149 0.114 0.157

Emissivityistheradiationconstantforabarepipe.Suggestedvaluesaregiveninatable beginningatRow138onthePipesworksheet;emissivitymustbebetween0and1. Conductivityisthethermalconductivityofthepipematerial,W/mK.Theheatloss/gain calculationdoesnotincludeaprovisionforlinedpipe,souseanestimateforcombined conductivity,whichshouldbegreaterthanthematerial(usuallythelining)withthesmaller value.Forexample,theconductivityofpolypropyleneis0.2W/mK.Forpolypropylenelined pipe,wherethethicknessoftheliningisgreaterthanthethicknessofthesteel,useavalueof 0.3or0.4asanestimateforthecombinedlinedpipesystem.

PIPESIZE DataEntryWorksheet Thedataentryworksheetconsistsofseveralparts,discussedinturnbelow.RememberthatREDcells areunlockedandavailableforentry.Ifyouneedtochangethevalueofalockedcell,unprotectthe worksheetfromtheToolsmenu.Thereisnopassword.UsetheTABkeytoquicklynavigatefromone entryfieldtothenext. ProjectDataappearsontheheadersofeachofthestandardreports.NoticethattheDatefieldis automaticallyfilledwithtoday'sdate.Thiscanbechangedbyunprotectingtheworksheet,asmentioned above.Theformulainthedatefieldis:=TEXT(TODAY(),"ddmmmyyyy") TheUnitsradiobuttonscontrolwhetherinputandoutputareshowninEnglish(i.e.,customaryUS)orSI units.
DATA INPUT Project Data S. Hall Client 02-Apr-2013 W.O. Unit SI Area Line ID

Prepared by Date
English

Sample 10314 Process Utilities HTF-151-0136

Line Number:

GeneralPipelineDatareferstothepipingsystemandmaterials.Serviceisadescriptivetagforthe purposeofthepipeline.Anytextisaccepted.Thepulldownbox(contains"A"inthescreenshotbelow) showsallofthepipecodescontainedinthePIPESworksheet.Thedescriptionoftheselectedcode appearstotheright.Similarly,theInsulationpulldownboxpermitsyoutoselecttheinsulationmaterial forthepipe(or"None").Heatlosscalculationsrequireinputofwindvelocityandambienttemperature, whichareenterednext.

Service: Pipe Material Specification: Insulation Insulation Covering Wind Velocity Ambient Temp (m/s) (deg C) General Pipeline Data Combustible Oil << 150 lb Carbon Steel A
Fiberglass Plastic, white

5.00 30.00

PIPESIZE ProcessDataisenterednext.Usetheradiobuttonstospecifyifyouaresizingalineforgasflowor liquid.TheunitsdisplayednexttoeachotherentrywillchangedependingonwhetherEnglishorSIunits areselected,andwhetherthefluidisLiquidorGas.

Fluid Name Molecular Weight Actual Flow Maximum Flow Flowing Temperature Upstream Pressure Specific Gravity Absolute Viscosity Thermal Conductivity Heat Capacity Process Data Therminol XP 18.016 (liters/second) 20.00 (liters/second) 50.00 (deg C) 270.00 (kPa, absolute) 700.00 0.544 (Pascal-seconds) 0.000144 (W/m-K) 0.089 (kJ/kg-K) 3.875

Liquid Gas

(<<< (<<< (<<< (<<<

Entry Entry Entry Entry

Ignored) Ignored) Ignored) Ignored)

SummaryofUnits Property Flowrate Temperature Pressure AbsoluteViscosity Density Length Diameter Head Velocity English(CustomaryUS)Units Liquid USgal/min DegF psia cP lb/ft3 feet inches ftwater ft/s Enterthefluidname.Ifthefluidenteredmatchesexactlywithoneinthecompoundslistonthe PROPERTIESworksheet,themessage"EntryIgnored"appearsnexttoMolecularWeight,Specific Gravity,AbsoluteViscosity,ThermalConductivityandHeatCapacity.Otherwise"EntryRequired" appears. Gas lb/h DegF psia cP lb/ft3 feet inches ftwater ft/s Liquid liters/s DegC kPa Pascalsec kg/m3 meters DN meterswater m/s SIUnits Gas kg/h DegC kPa Pascalsec kg/m3 meters DN meterswater m/s

PIPESIZE TIP: Usetheoptionalpulldownlistofallcompoundsinyour database.Thisisespeciallyhelpfulforchemicalssuch asnbutylalcohol,whichisactuallyenteredinthe databaseas"butylalcohol,n".Also,it'seasiertofind entriesforcompoundmixturessuchas"Ethylene Glycol,40%".

Optional Pulldow n List of Fluids Therminol XP

ActualFlowisthedesignflowrateusedinallpressuredropcalculations.Maximumflowisusedonthe worksheetLIQFLOW,whichprovidesthepressuredropandvelocityforflowsfromzerotoMaximum,in 10%increments.Thisisusefulwhenyouneedtoconstructasystemcurve. TheNominalPressureisrequiredforgasflows,unnecessaryforliquids.Thegaspropertiesandpressure droparehighlydependentonsystempressure.EntertheINLETpressurehere.Englishunitsarepsia (absolutepressure). Whenenteringagasthatisn'tinthedatabase,youmustentertheMolecularWeightandtheAbsolute Viscosity.However,SpecificGravity(comparedtoliquidwater),isn'tusedbecausePIPESIZEestimatesit byassumingidealgasconditions. TIP: Naturalgasisusuallycharacterizedbyitsaverage molecularweightoritsspecificgravity.Calculate molecularweightbymultiplyingspecificgravityby29. Usethepropertiesofmethaneforviscosity,thermal conductivityandheatcapacity.Alittleworksheetis providedtogivetheseproperties;youmustenter themmanuallyintothedataentryarea.

Natural Gas -- suggested properties Specific gravity Molecular w eight: Absolute viscosity Thermal conductivity Heat capacity 0.75 21.75 0.000011 0.036 2.220

SizeSelectionCriteriadetermineshowPIPESIZEdeterminesthepipesizes.Choosethedesiredoptionby selectingoneofthethreeradiobuttons.IfSpecificDiameterischosen,thenyouenterthenominal diameterofthepipenexttotheprompt.ForTargetVelocity,enterthevelocityyoudesire. EconomicdiameterwillusetheresultsofthePetersandTimmerhauscalculationontheOPTLIQ worksheet.It'softenagoodstartingpointwhensizinganewpipe.Or,useTargetVelocity,whichselects thepipeinyourspecificationcodewhichmostcloselymatchesthevelocityyouenter. Ifyouenteraspecificdiameterortargetvelocitythatresultsinapipesizeoutsidetherangeofyour pipespecification,thentheclosestpipeisselectedandaWarningmessageisgenerated.

Size Selection Criteria
Economic Specific Diameter Target Velocity

Diameter:

100 DN

10

PIPESIZE PhysicalLayoutisanoptionalsection.Ifyouknowthelengthofthepipeline,andcountoffittings,enter thedatahere.Anotherwaytoenterthisinformationistoinputthetotalequivalentlengthyouwantto use,withzerofittingcount.Ifthissectionisleftblank,100equivalentfeet(meters)areassumed. Forgaspressuredropcalculations,thetotallengthofpipeisimportant.Thecalculationiteratesonthe totallength,andismoreaccuratewhenyoudoenterthelength.

Physical Layout Length of pipeline 90 deg Ell Long Rad. Ell 45 deg Ell 180 deg Bend TEE-Line Flow TEE-Branch Flow Bell Mouth Inlet Square Mouth Inlet (meters) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Globe Valve Gate Valve Ball Valve (reduced por Butterfly Valve Plug Valve Angle Valve Swing Check Valve Re-Entrant Pipe 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ReportSelectioncontrolswhichoftheworksheetsisprinted.Usethecheckboxestoindicatethose reportsyouwant.Then,clickonthe"PrintReports"button.
Report Selection
Results Summary LIQFLOW

Print Reports
Datasheet Style Instructions EquivLength OPTLIQ

11

PIPESIZE QuickResults ResultsaredisplayedontheDataInputworksheet.Thesecanbeprinted,buttheintentistogive immediatefeedbacksochangestotheinputscanbemadebeforefinalizingthecalculationandprinting adatasheet.Resultsforthreedifferentpipessizesareshown:theselectedorrecommendedsizeisin themiddle,flankedbythenextsmallerandnextlargersizes.Usetheareaontherighttofindoutthe flowratethatwouldresultinadesiredpressuredropthroughtheline.AllpressuredropsinPIPESIZE arefrictionalpressuredrop;elevationchangesarenotaccountedfor.

RESULTS

Line Service Material Fluid Name Actual Flow Maximum Flow Temperature Specific Gravity Dynamic Viscosity Roughness Upstream Pressure Next Smaller Size Equiv. Length Pressure Drop

HTF-151-0136 Combustible Oil 150 lb Carbon Steel Therminol XP 20.00 50.00 270.00 0.711 0.000459 0.04572 Calculate flow rate based on pressure
drop, pipe diameter, and equivalent length

(liters/second) (liters/second) (deg C) (Pascal-seconds) (millimeters) kPa abs

(DN) (meters) (kPa/250 m) (m. water) Velocity (m/s) Heat loss, bare pipe (W/m) Approx downstream temperature (C) Selected Size (DN) Equiv. Length (meters) Pressure Drop (kPa/250 m) (m. water) Velocity (m/s) Heat loss, bare pipe (W/m) Approx downstream temperature (C) Next Larger Size (DN) Equiv. Length (meters) Pressure Drop (kPa/250 m) (m. water) Velocity (m/s) Heat loss, bare pipe (W/m) Approx downstream temperature (C)

700.00 Desired Pressure Drop 80.00 250 366.7 37.5 4.2 2996.7 251.6 100.00 250 91.2 9.3 2.4 3566.3 248.0 150.00 250 11.5 1.2 1.1 4624.6 241.5

69 kPa

9 l/s

17 l/s

49 l/s

12

PIPESIZE Datasheet Thedatasheetorganizesyourpipeinformationonaformthathasthesamelookasdatasheetsused throughoutthechemengsoftwarefamily.

PIPELINE SIZING CALCULATION
REV PREPARED BY S. Hall 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 DATE 03-Apr-2013 APPROVAL CLIENT Sam ple W.O. 10314 UNIT AREA Process Utilities LINE NO. HTF-151-0136 REQUISITION NO. SPECIFICATION NO. 18103 PROCURED BY INSTALLED BY

Fluid Service Pipe Specification Surface Roughness Insulation Ambient Temperature

(millimeters) (deg C)

General Combustible Oil A: 150 lb Carbon Steel 0.04572 Fiberglass 30 Process Data Therminol XP (liquid) 20 50 270 700 0.71107 0.00046

Fluid Pumped Design Flow Rate Maximum Flow Rate Flow ing Temperature Nominal Pressure Specific Gravity Viscosity

(liters/second) (liters/second) (deg C) (kPa, absolute) (Pascal-seconds)

Basis for Sizing: Specified Diam eter @ 100 DN Nom. Size 80 ===> 100 150 O.D. Wall Sched (mm) (mm) 40 88.900 5.486 40 114.30 6.020 40 168.27 7.112 I.D. Reynolds (mm) Number 77.92 5.06E+05 102.2 3.86E+05 154.0 2.56E+05 Friction Factor 0.0183 0.0177 0.0173 Pressure Drop/100 equiv m (kPa) (m w ater) (m. liq.) 146.69 14.98 21.07 5.24 36.50 3.73 4.60 0.47 0.66 Velocity (m/sec) 4.19 2.44 1.07

Physical Layout 90 deg Ell - TEE-Line Flow - Globe Valve Long Rad. Ell - TEE-Brnch Flow - Gate Valve 45 deg Ell - Bell Mouth Inlet - Ball Valve (red. port) 180 deg Bend - Sq. Mouth Inlet - Butterfly Valve Straight Feet of Pipe (measured through centerline of fittings):

250

Plug Valve Angle Valve Sw ing Check Valve Re-Entrant Pipe meters

Heat Loss Fiberglass Insulation Thickness Nom. Bare Size units 13 mm 25 mm 38 mm 51 mm 148 110 90 80 Watts/m 2,997 181 133 108 Watts/m 3,566 ===> 100 251 181 145 150 Watts/m 4,625 262 42 38 36 Approximate surface temperature C Sum m ary of Results Heat Loss (Gain), Watts Nom. Eq Lgth Pressure Drop Bare 13 mm 25 mm 38 mm 51 mm Size (m) (kPa) m w ater (m. liq.) 52.7 749,172 n/a 37,046 27,521 22,546 80 250 366.72 37.46 91.25 9.32 13.1 891,586 n/a 45,371 33,265 26,964 250 ===> 100 11.50 1.17 1.7 1,156,152 n/a 62,856 45,294 36,180 150 250

76 mm 69 82 107 34

76 mm 17,353 20,423 26,771

13

PIPESIZE ErrorsandWarnings Ifyousee#VALUEeverywhereitmeansthatMacrosarenotenabled.Theprocedureforenabling macrosdependsonyourversionofExcelandyoursecuritysettings. Ifyouaresolvingforgaseousflowandtheresultsindicatecriticalitmeansthattheflowrateand conditionsresultinaflowthatexceedscriticalvelocity.Increasethepipesize,decreasetheflowrateor decreasethegasdensity(increasepressure,decreasetemperature). AdditionalwarningsareprintedatthebottomoftheDatasheet.Thepossiblemessagesare: **Warning**:SpecifiedSizeisnonstandard;<SIZE>isused **Warning**:FluidTemperatureexceedsmaximumpermittedbypipespecification **Warning**:FluidTemperatureiscolderthanminimumpermittedbypipespecification **Warning**:<FLUID>notindatabank;checkphysicalpropertiesentry **Warning**:Temperatureexceedsinsulationmaximumrecommendation **Warning**:Temperaturelowerthaninsulationminimumrecommendation **Warning**:<CODE>isnotadefinedpipespecification;standardIPSpipesizesareassumed **Error**:Pressuredropexceedsnominalpressure **Warning**:Viscosityforgasexpectedtobelessthan0.1cP

14

PIPESIZE PressureDropCalculations TheCalcsworksheetcollectsthedataandshowsthestepstocalculatepressuredropduetofriction.The calculationsareperformedforthreepipesizes:theselectedsize(basedonprogramselected economicsize,specifiedsizeinputbyuser,orthesizethatmostcloselyachievesthevelocitytarget inputbytheuser).CalculationsarealsodoneinbothSIandEnglish(customaryU.S.)units.Therearetiny differencesintheanswersforSIandEnglishunits;thesedifferencesaretheresultofroundingand inexactconversionfactors. TheCalcsworksheetalsohastableswithsomeintermediatevalues,unitsconversions,andprogram variablesforthingssuchasradiobuttonselections.Thesearelocatedatthebottomoftheworksheet, beginningatRow107,andcontainnouserdefinedvalues. ThetopportionoftheCalcsworksheetcontainsuserinputsandprogramlookupvalues.ColumnsD:F areinSIunits,I:KareinEnglish(U.S.)units.Whicheversetofunitsisselected(radiobuttonsontheData Inputworksheet)arecopiedtocolumnsN:Pwhichishighlightedinyellow. Althoughpropertiesforbothliquidandgasareshown,PIPESIZEusesthedatasetassociatedwithliquid orgasasselectedontheDataInputsheet;theothersetofpropertiesisignoredandmaycontain erroneousdata.

Figure3:Rows14to48ontheCalcsworksheetcontainuserinputsandprogramlookupvalues

Thereisoneslightlyhiddeninputinthissection.Forcompressibleflowcalculations(i.e.,gas),youcan choosetouseanisothermaloradiabaticflowassumption.Forisothermal,thegasisassumedtoremain 15

PIPESIZE atconstanttemperaturethroughoutthepipeline.Foradiabatic,thegascoolsasitexpands.Isothermal conditionsareusuallyrecommended.ChooseisothermaloradiabaticatcellC24. ThenextportionofCalcs,fromrows59to85,calculatesthepressuredrop.TheReynoldsnumberis computedbasedontheinletconditionstothepipesegment.FrictionfactorisbasedonReynolds numberandsurfaceroughness;itusestheChurchillcorrelationwhichcoverslaminar,transitionaland turbulentflowregimes.ReynoldsnumberandfrictionfactorarecalculatedinVBAfunctionsubroutines.

Figure4:Rows59to85ontheCalcsworksheetgivecalculationresultsforpressuredropduetofriction

Thepressuredropforastandardlength(100mforSIand100ftforEnglishunits),andalsoforthe equivalentlengthderivedfromuserinputsontheDataInputworksheet,arecalculatednext.Theactual pressuredropcalculationisdonebyaVBAfunctionsubroutine,usingthefollowingformulas1: Incompressibleflow(liquids)

f LU 2 P = 2 gc D
Compressibleflow,isothermal(gases)

P =

P1 RT Z G2 f L + ln P P M gc 2 D 2

Compressibleflow,adiabatic(gases)
2 f L 1 ( 1 1 + 1) N Ma 2 X1 ln = 2 2 N2 X D 2 Ma1 2 N Ma1 N Ma 2

Hall,Stephen,RulesofThumbforChemicalEngineers,5thEdition,ButterworthHeinemann(2012).

16

PIPESIZE Thevariabledefinitionsare:

D =pipediameter,morft f =Darcyfrictionfactor,dimensionless
G =massflux,kg/sm2orlb/sft2=

W 3600 A

g c =conversionfactor,1m/s2or32.17ft/s2 L =pipeequivalentlength,morft M =molecularweight N Ma =Machnumber,dimensionless

P =absolutepressure,Paorpsia R =gasconstant,8314.5m3Pa/kgmolKor10.73ft3psi/lbmolR T =absolutetemperature,KorR G U =averagefluidvelocityatlocalconditions,m/sorft/s=

2 ( 1) X = 1 + N Ma 2

=ratioofspecificheats,Cp/Cv =fluiddynamicviscosity,kg/msorlb/fth

Z =compressibilityfactor=1foraperfectgas

=densityofgasatlocalconditions,kg/m3orlb/ft3=

PM RT

17

PIPESIZE HeatLoss/GainCalculations PIPESIZEcalculatesheatlossorgainfromuninsulatedandinsulatedpipes.Itdisplaysresultsforheatflux (W/morBtu/hft),surfacetemperatureofthepipeorinsulation,andapproximatedownstream temperature.VBAfunctionsubroutinesperformsthecalculations.Theprimaryreferencefora consistentsetofequationsisCao2.AnexcellentonlinearticleisbyHaslego3. InputsfortheCalculations Theheatloss/gaincalculationsutilizeSIvalueswithconversiontoU.S.Unitsifnecessary. Variable Source Locationinthe Spreadsheet Calcs:Row59 TypicalValues

Reynoldsnumber Calculated FluidDensity Properties DataTableor UserInput Properties DataTableor UserInput Properties DataTableor UserInput Properties DataTableor UserInput PipesData Table PipesData Table Calculated Calculated UserInput

Laminar,Transitional,orTurbulentregion dependingonfluidpropertiesandflowrate Calcs:D89 1000kg/m3(liquids) CellnamedRoSI 10kg/m3(gas) Calcs:D90 Cellnamed DynamicVisc Calcs:D91 CellnamedkSI 0.001Pas(liquids) 0.0002m2/s(gas) 0.06to0.6W/mK(liquids) 0.03W/mK(gas)

Dynamic Viscosity Thermal Conductivity HeatCapacity

Calcs:D92 4kJ/kgK(liquids) CellnamedCpSI 1kJ/kgK(gas) Calcs:D18:F18 Calcs:D16:F16 Calcs:D47:F47 Calcs:D61:F61 Calcs:D88 Cellnamed
flowing_temperatureSI

PipeInside Diameter PipeOutside Diameter PipeLength FluidVelocity Temperature insidepipe

5to760mm 5to760mm Anylength,m(conservativeassumption,uses equivalentlengthnotactualpipelength) 0.5to5m/s 15Cto500C

Cao,Eduardo,HeatTransferinProcessEngineering,McGrawHill,2010

Haslego,Chris,MakingDecisionswithInsulation,http://www.cheresources.com/content/articles/heat transfer/makingdecisionswithinsulation(2010).

18

PIPESIZE Variable Temperature environment WindVelocity Source UserInput Locationinthe Spreadsheet Calcs:J132 Cellnamed ambientSI Calcs:D96 Cellnamed Wind_Velocity Calcs:D98 Cellnamed Emissivity_Bare Calcs:D99 Cellnamed_kp Calcs:D95 Cellnamed
insulation_conductivity

TypicalValues 15Cto40C

UserInput

0to5m/s

EmissivityofPipe PipesData orInsulation Table Thermal Conductivityof Pipe Thermal Conductivityof Insulation Insulation Thickness PipesData Table Insulation DataTable UserInput

0.05to0.9

0.1to400W/mK

0.02to0.06W/mK

Calcs:N101:S101

0to4in

Heatgain/losscalculationsareinexactforseveralreasons:thefilmcoefficientcorrelationsare empiricallybased,airmovementaroundthepipeisuneven,radiationlossesdependonthe surroundings,conductiveheattransferthroughpipesupportsandstructurearenotincluded,andthe effectoffittings,flangesandvalvesareignored.However,thecalculationinPIPESIZEdoesagoodjobof estimatingtheheatflux,surfacetemperature,anddownstreamfluidtemperaturegivenideal conditions. Assumptions: Thepropertiesoftheflowingfluidareconstantthroughthepipeline(theinsideheattransfer coefficientisconstant) Constantambienttemperatureandenvironmentalconditions(theprogramhasnowayto distinguishifthepipelineispartiallyoutdoorsandpartiallyindoors,forexample) Theenvironmentisdryatmosphericair(noprovisionsforpipesburiedinsoil,runthrougha waterbath,orweatherconditionssuchasrainorsnow) Radiationlossesbasedontheemittanceofthepipeorinsulationjacket,butifthetemperature oftheflowingfluidislessthanthatoftheenvironmenttherearenoradiationgains

19

PIPESIZE TwoVBAfunctionsubroutinesperformtheheatloss/gaincalculations.FindthemintheModulenamed HeatLoss.Thesubroutinesareselfdocumented,withvariables,formulas,andalgorithmsexplainedin comments.Temperaturedependentequationsforthethermodynamicpropertiesofairareincludedin theModule.ThecalculationsinthisModulearedoneinSIunits;ifU.S.unitsareselectedthe spreadsheetconvertstheresults.Thefunctioncallsareasfollows: InsideHeatTransferCoefficient Functionh_internalSI(NRe,ro,mu,k,cp,di,L,v) 'Insideheattransfercoefficient 'SIunits 'h_internalSI=insideheattransfercoefficient,W/m2C 'NRe=Reynoldsnumber,dimensionless 'ro=density,kg/m3 'mu=kinematicviscosity,m2/s 'k=thermalconductivity,W/mK 'cp=heatcapacity,kJ/kgC 'di=insidediameterofpipe,mm 'L=approximatepipelength,m 'v=velocity,m/s ThissubroutinecalculatesthePrandlnumberandtheNusseltnumberforwhichtheformula dependsonthevalueoftheReynoldsnumber.Thentheinsideheattransfercoefficientis calculated,forwhichthereferenceareaistheinsideofthepipe.SeeCaoaspreviously referenced. OutsideHeatTransferCoefficient,andAdditionalResults Functionh_outsideSI(Calc,T1,T4,d_o,d_i,Wind,E,h_inside,kp,Optionalki,Optionalkt) 'Outsideheattransfercoefficient 'SIunits 'h_outsideSI=outsideheattransfercoefficient,W/m2C 'Calc=returnflag0=ho,1=Q,2=T3,3=U T1=temperatureinsidethepipe,C T4=temperatureoftheenvironment,C d_o=outsidediameterofbarepipe,mm d_i=insidediameterofpipe,mm Wind=windvelocity,m/s E=emissivityofpipeorinsulationcovering,dimensionless h_inside=insideheattransfercoefficient,W/m2C kp=thermalconductivityofpipe,W/mK ki=thermalconductivityofinsulation,W/mK kt=insulationthickness,mm 20

PIPESIZE Thissubroutinecalculatestheoutsideheattransfercoefficient.Thisisaniterativecalculation thatalsodeterminestheheatflux(W/m2),surfacetemperature(C),andoverallheattransfer coefficient(W/m2K).Thefunctionreturnsanyoneofthosevaluesinaccordancewiththefirst parameterintheFunctioncall(Calc). Thecalculationmakesanassumptionforsurfacetemperatureandusesthattocalculatea Reynoldsnumberfortheforcedconvectioncase(windpresent)andfromthattheNusselt numberandoutsideheattransfercoefficient.Ifthewindislessthan0.5m/s,theprogram calculatesthenowindconvectioncaseandcomparesittotheforcedconvectionresult, choosingthehigherofthetwoanswers.Fromthisresult,theoverallheattransfercoefficientis calculatedwhichisusedtocomputethesurfacetemperatureofthepipe(orinsulation).Then, radiationlossesarecalculated,addedtotheoverallcoefficient,andarevisedsurface temperaturecalculated.Thisbecomestheassumedvalueofthesurfacetemperatureandthe entiresetofcalculationsisrepeateduntilthecalculatedsurfacetemperatureequalsthe assumedvalue. Notethatthereferenceareafortheoutsideheattransfercoefficientandtheoverallheat transfercoefficientistheoutsideofthepipeorinsulation. TheresultsarepresentedinasetoftablesontheCalcsworksheet,beginningatCellN100.Thethree linesineachtablerepresentthethreepipesizesshownelsewhereinPIPESIZE.

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PIPESIZE
Heat Loss - W/m Inside Coef hi 2,637 1,617 773 0 2,997 3,566 4,625 0 13 0.5 Insulation Thickness (in.): 1 148 181 251 25 1.5 110 133 181 38 2 90 108 145 51 3 69 82 107 76

Insulation Thickness (m m ): Surface Tem perature, C 0 264 262 256 0.5 1 41 42 43 1.5 37 38 39 2 35 36 36 3 33 34 34

Approxim ate Dow nstream Tem perature, C R 251.6 248.0 241.5 0.5 1 269.1 268.9 268.5 1.5 269.3 269.2 268.9 2 269.4 269.3 269.1 3 269.6 269.5 269.3

Outside Heat Transfer Coefficient, W/m 2-C (includes radiation) 0 46 43 39 0.5 1 30 30 28 1.5 29 29 28 2 29 28 27 3 28 27 26

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, W/m 2-C (includes radiation) Note: corrected to the outside surface area 0 12.5 14.9 19.3 0.5 1 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.9 0.93 1.0 2 0.6 0.66 0.7 3 0.4 0.41 0.4

Figure5:HeatLoss/GainResults(TherminolXPat350C,50DNpipe,10Cenvironment,nowind)

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PIPESIZE InsulationWorksheet Dataforinsulationaretabulatedandthethermalconductivityattheaverageofthefluidtemperature andambienttemperatureiscalculated.Thisresultisusedintheheatloss/gaincalculations.Regression coefficientsforthermalconductivityareinU.S.unitsofBtuin/(hft2F).Theformulais:

k = m + pT + sT 2 + t T 3 + uT 4
Wherethecoefficientsareinthetable,andTistheaveragetemperature,F.Notethattheuseofall coefficientsisoptional;forafixedthermalconductivitysimplyenteritinthemcoefficientandleave theothersblank.
Insulation Material Min. Thickness (in) Calcium Silicate Cellular glass Elastometric foam Fiberglass Mineral Wool Perlite, expanded Phenolic foam Polystyrene foam Polyurethane/ Polyisocyanurate foams 1 1 0.5 1 1 Maximum Temperature (F) 1000 900 200 850 1200 1000 300 165 Minimum Temperature (F)

Thermal Conductivity Coefficients m p s t u 0.369 1.58E-04 3.92E-07 9.40E-11 0.00E+00 0.289 5.14E-04 4.36E-07 2.27E-10 2.76E-13

Thermal Conductivity, K [Btu*in/ W/m-K (h*ft2*F)] 250 0.384 0.055 -450 0.332 0.048 -40 42 42 250 75 -65 0.290 0.228 0.261 0.427 0.169 0.230 0.042 0.033 0.038 0.062 0.024 0.033

0.195 4.25E-04 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.228 3.72E-04 6.00E-07 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

1 0.388 4.73E-04 3.06E-07 -8.00E-11 0.00E+00 1 0.116667 6.67E-04 1

0.174 -1.55E-04 -3.39E-07 8.38E-09 1.82E-11

250

-200

0.164

0.024

TheminimumandmaximumtemperaturesareusedonlyfordeterminingifaWarningmessageshould bedisplayed. Theworksheetalsoincludesvaluesforemissivityfor variousinsulationcoverings.ThevaluesintheRange columnarerecommendedguidancenumbers.The emissivityusedintheradiativeheattransfercalculation isintherighthandcolumn.Ifyouaddadditional materialstothistable,doitbyinsertingarow,entering yourdata,andthensortingthelistalphabetically.The tableisanamedrange(Insulation_Cover_Emittance). Theeasiestwaytoadddatawhilepreservingtheranges nameisbyinsertingarowintothemiddleofthetable.
Value for Calc Material Range Aluminum jacketing, gray-dull .10 to .40 0.2 Aluminum jacketing, oxidized .10 to .60 0.4 Aluminum jacketing, polished .03 to .10 0.1 Aluminum paint, new .20 to .30 0.25 Aluminum paint, weathered .40 to .70 0.5 Asbestos fabric, white 0.78 Asphalt mastic .90 to .95 0.95 Galvanized steel jacketing, dull .20 to .60 0.5 Galvanized steel jacketing, new .06 to .10 0.1 Paint, black .90 to .95 0.95 Paint, gray .80 to .90 0.85 Paint, green .65 to .80 0.75 Paint, white .55 to .70 0.6 Plastic, black 0.95 Plastic, white 0.84 PVA mastic, black .85 to .95 0.9 PVA mastic, gray .85 to .90 0.9 PVA mastic, green .70 to .80 0.75 PVA mastic, white .60 to .79 0.75 0.4 Stainless steel jacket, mill finish.35 to .40 Stainless steel jacket, oxidized .80 to .85 0.85 Stainless steel jacket, polished .22 to .26 0.25 Styrofoam 0.6

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PIPESIZE PropertiesWorksheet FindandaddphysicalpropertydataonthePropertiesworksheet.Mostofthedataarecorrelatedto temperature,sothepropertiestablecontainsequationcoefficientsforliquidsandgases.Youcannew compoundstothelist,andifyouhavepropertiesatthreetemperatures,thespreadsheetdetermines thecoefficientsforyou. ThePropertiessheethasthreeparts.1)Upperleftquadrantgivesbriefinstructionsandshowsthe resultsforthecurrentfluid(fromtheDataInputworksheet);2)Lowerrightquadranttabulatesthe fluidsandtheircoefficients;3)Upperrightquadrantisusedforenteringnewfluidsintothelist. PropertyResults(seeFigure6) Thecurrentfluid,orCompoundName,asenteredontheDataInputworksheetisdisplayedinCell C29.PIPESIZElooksupthefluidinthePropertiesTableandreportstheresultinCellC30.Ifthethereis anexactmatch,thepropertiesfromthetableareusedinthecalculations.Otherwise,theEntry RequiredpromptsappearontheDataInputsheetandthepropertiesreturnedfromthisworksheetare ignored. ThevalueslistedinColumnD,Rows28to38,arethecoefficientspulledfromthedatatable.Theyare usedtocalculateviscosity,specificgravity,thermalconductivity,andheatcapacityinC33,C34,C37,and C38.NoticethatthesevaluesareallinAmericanunits;conversiontoSIisperformedontheCalculations worksheet.AlsonoticethattemperatureisinCelsiusforeachofthecorrelationsexceptforviscosity whereKelvinisused.Apologiesforthemixedunitsofmeasure,butbecarefulwhenworkingonthe Propertiesworksheet.

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PIPESIZE

Figure6:PropertyResultsintheupperleftquadrantofthePropertiesworksheet

25

PIPESIZE PropertiesDataTable(seeFigure7) Dataaretabulatedforliquidsandgasesasdefinedinthecolumnheaders.Compoundsmustremainin alphabeticalorder.Thedatafields(columns)aredefinedhere.

Column F Name Compound Content Fluidname,inalphabetical order Numbercorrespondingtothe equationusedforliquid viscosity.SeeCellsA15:A25 Coefficientsfortheliquid viscosityequation Intercept,b Slope,m Molecularweight Coefficientsforthegas viscosityequation,always Equation5 Ratioofspecificheats Intercept,b k=mt+b Slope,m Intercept,b Slope,m Intercept,b k=mt+b Slope,m Intercept,b Slope,m Cp=mt+b Cp=mt+b Equation Notapplicable SeeequationsinCellsB15:B25.Viscosity datapublishedintheliteraturewillfitone oftheseequations.Newcompoundsarefit toEquation4(seediscussioninthenext section). SpecificGravity=mt+b,wheret=C Requiredforgases SeeEquation5inCellB23 Requiredforgases

ViscosityEquation

H:K L M N O:Q R S T U V W X Y Z

b,m,c,d LiquidSp.Gr. SpGrslope Mol.Wt. b,c,d Cp/Cv LiquidThermal Conductivity ThermalConductivity Slope LiquidHeatCapacity HeatCapacitySlope GaseousThermal Conductivity ThermalConductivity Slope GaseousHeatCapacity HeatCapacitySlope

Thestraightlineregressionsforspecificgravity,thermalconductivity,andheatcapacityarerough approximationsfortheactualvalues.Therearemoreaccuratecorrelations.However,forthepurposes ofthePIPESIZEspreadsheet,theseapproximationsarebetterthanneededtoobtaingoodresultsfor pressuredropandheattransfer.

26

PIPESIZE

Figure7:PhysicalPropertiesDataTableinthelowerrightquadrantofthePropertiesworksheet

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PIPESIZE EnteringNewFluidsintothePropertiesTable(seeFigure8) Thisisahandytoolfordeterminingtheregressioncoefficientsforeachofthetemperaturedependant physicalproperties.Theinputsection,withintheblackboxes,hasthreeparts:unitsofmeasure,liquid properties,andgaseousproperties. Afterenteringdata,theprogramconvertsittotheUSUnitsusedinthePhysicalPropertiesDataTable andfitsthedatatostraightlinesor,inthecaseofviscosity,toEquation4orEquation5.Theviscosity equationsarenot,technicallyfitsincetherearethreecoefficientsandthreedatapoints.However,as longasyourinitialviscositydataisgood,theresultingequationswilldoanexcellentjobinterpolatingto othervalues. Whendone,clickontheAddcompoundorupdatedatabutton.Ifyourfluidisnotalreadyinthe PropertiesTable,themacroinsertsanewrowandcopiesthevaluesintothetable.However,ifyour fluidisalreadyinthetable,themacrogivesyouachoiceofoverwritingexistingdata,orjustaddingany newdatathatyoumayhaveentered.Forinstance,thereisnodataforgaseousacetoneinthetable.If youentervaluesforgaseousacetonethenclickthebutton,youcouldaddthatdatatothetablewithout affectingtheexistingvaluesforliquidacetone. Alternatively,youcanUnprotecttheworksheet(thereisnopassword)andenteroreditthedatainthe PropertiesTabledirectly.Touseasingleconstantvalueforanyproperty,justenterit(intheproper units)underthebcolumn.Forexample,thevalueforspecificgravityofacetaldehydeisaconstant 0.778inthedistributionversionofPIPESIZE(seeCellL41). TodeleteafluidfromthePropertiestable,firstUnprotecttheworksheet(thereisnopassword), highlighttherowyouwanttodelete,andusetheExcelmenuselectionDeleteDeleteSheetRows.

Figure8:EnterNewFluidsorDataintheupperrightquadrantofthePropertiesworksheet

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PIPESIZE LineListWorksheet TheLineListisaflexiblerepositoryforyourcalculations.Eachcolumnthatcorrespondstoaworkbook variableisnamed.Intheexamplebelow,CellC9isselected.Noticethatthecellisnamed LineList_Spec.Eachcolumnissimilarlynamed;thisishowtheVBAMacrofindsitswayaroundthe sheet.Youmayrearrangethecolumnsaslongasthecolumnsnamedcellsareretained. Youmayalsoinsertblankrows(togrouplinesintoplantareasforexample,andaddotherexplanatory informationandnotes. WhentheSaveCurrentCalctoLineListisselected,anewlineofdataisaddedimmediatelybelowthe lastline.Iftherearenotesorotherinformationbelowyourlinelist,theMacroissomewhatintelligent: itfindsthelastpieceofdatainthePressureOutcolumnandputsthenewlinethere.

Figure9:LineListworksheet

Torestorealinetothecalculationpage(DataInput),youselectanycellintheRowwiththelineyou wanttorestore.ClickRestoreSelectedLinetoCalcSheet.Thefollowingthingswillhappen: Macrocheckstobesureavalidrowisselected TheFluidnameistransferredtoDataInputandtheMacrocheckstoseeiftheFluidisinthe database. IftheFluidisnotinthedatabase,theviscosityanddensityvalues,andMolecularWeightifitsa gas,aretransferredtotheEntryRequiredcellsonDataInput Theotherdataistransferred Sincethefittingcount,ifany,isnotsavedtotheLineList,onlythetotalequivalentlengthis transferred.Toensurethatthecorrectequivalentlengthisutilized,thenumberofeachofthe fittingtypesisresettozero. TheSpecificDiametercalculationmethodisselected,andthenominalpipesizeistransferred toDataInputasthatdiameter

29

PIPESIZE LIQFLOWWorksheet Thisdatasheetpresentstenflowcalculationsforeachofthethreepipesizes.Itusestheuserinputin cellF34ontheDataInputworksheetasthemaximumflowrate,andcalculatesresultsattenequal intervals.

EFFECT OF FLOW VARIATION
REV 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 PREPARED BY S. Hall DATE 02-Apr-2013 APPROVAL CLIENT Sam ple W.O. 10314 UNIT AREA Process Utilities LINE NO. HTF-151-0136 REQUISITION NO. SPECIFICATION NO. 18103 PROCURED BY INSTALLED BY

Fluid Service Pipe Specification Surface Roughness Insulation Ambient Temperature

(millimeters) (deg C)

General Combustible Oil A: 150 lb Carbon Steel 0.04572 Fiberglass 30 Process Data Therminol XP (liquid) 20 50 270 700 0.71107 0.45929 Friction DeltaP/100 equiv m Velocity Factor (kPa) (m w ater) (m/s) 1 2,799 1 26,478 1.04 0.0202 10.1 1.05 25,598 252,956 3.90 0.0190 38.2 2.10 38,398 379,434 8.54 0.0185 83.7 3.15 51 ,1 97 505,91 1 14.98 0.0183 146.7 4.19 63,996 632,389 23.19 0.0181 227.1 5.24 76,795 758,867 33.17 0.0180 324.9 6.29 89,594 885,345 44.94 0.0179 440.2 7.34 1 02,394 1 ,01 1 ,823 58.48 0.0178 572.8 8.39 1 1 5,1 93 1 ,1 38,301 73.79 0.0178 722.8 9.44 90.88 1 27,992 1 ,264,779 0.0178 890.2 10.48 Flow Reynolds Friction DeltaP/100 equiv m Velocity (kg/h) Number Factor (kPa) (m w ater) (m/s) 1 2,799 96,382 0.27 0.0203 2.6 0.61 25,598 1 92,764 0.98 0.0187 9.6 1.22 38,398 289,1 46 2.14 0.0181 21.0 1.83 51 ,1 97 385,529 3.73 0.0177 36.5 2.44 63,996 481 ,91 1 5.75 0.0175 56.3 3.04 76,795 578,293 8.19 0.0173 80.3 3.65 89,594 674,675 11.07 0.0172 108.5 4.26 1 02,394 771 ,057 14.39 0.0171 140.9 4.87 1 1 5,1 93 867,439 18.13 0.0170 177.5 5.48 22.29 1 27,992 963,822 0.0169 218.4 6.09 Flow Reynolds Friction DeltaP/100 equiv m Velocity (kg/h) Number Factor (kPa) (m w ater) (m/s) 1 2,799 63,979 0.3 0.04 0.0210 0.27 25,598 1 27,959 1.2 0.13 0.0188 0.54 38,398 1 91 ,938 2.7 0.27 0.0179 0.80 51 ,1 97 255,91 8 4.6 0.47 0.0173 1.07 63,996 31 9,897 7.0 0.72 0.0169 1.34 76,795 383,877 10.0 1.02 0.0167 1.61 89,594 447,856 13.4 1.37 0.0165 1.88 1 02,394 51 1 ,836 17.3 1.77 0.0163 2.15 1 1 5,1 93 575,81 5 21.8 2.22 0.0162 2.41 1 27,992 639,795 0.0161 26.7 2.73 2.68 Flow (kg/h) Reynolds Number

Fluid Pumped Design Flow Rate Maximum Flow Rate Flow ing Temperature Nominal Pressure Specific Gravity Viscosity Sm aller Pipe Size Schedule Outside Diameter Wall Thickness Inside Diameter Flow Area

(liters/second) (liters/second) (deg C) (kPa, absolute) (m-Pascal-seconds) 80 DN 40 88.900 5.486 77.927 0.005

(mm) (mm) (mm) (m2)

Selected Pipe Size Schedule Outside Diameter Wall Thickness Inside Diameter Flow Area

(mm) (mm) (mm) (m2)

100 DN 40 114.30 6.020 102.26 0.008

Next Larger Pipe Size Schedule Outside Diameter (mm) Wall Thickness (mm) Inside Diameter (mm) (m2) Flow Area

150 DN 40 168.27 7.112 154.05 0.019

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PIPESIZE OPTLIQWorksheet WhentheEconomicpipesizingcriteriaisselectedontheDataInputworksheet,theresultis calculatedonthisOPTLIQsheet.

SELECTED PIPE DIAMETER
REV PREPARED BY S. Hall 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 DATE 02-Apr-2013 APPROVAL CLIENT Sam ple W.O. 10314 UNIT AREA Process Utilities LINE NO. HTF-151-0136 REQUISITION NO. SPECIFICATION NO. 18103 PROCURED BY INSTALLED BY

Fluid Service Pipe Specification Surface Roughness Insulation Ambient Temperature

(millimeters) (deg C)

General Combustible Oil A: 150 lb Carbon Steel 0.04572 Fiberglass 30 Process Data Therminol XP (liquid) 20 50 270 700 0.71107 0.00046

Fluid Pumped Design Flow Rate Maximum Flow Rate Flow ing Temperature Nominal Pressure Specific Gravity Viscosity

(liters/second) (liters/second) (deg C) (kPa, absolute) (Pascal-seconds)

Econom ic Data Purchase cost of new pipe, 1 inch diameter, $/ft Ratio of costs for fittings & installation to purch. cost of pipe Factor relating pipe cost to diameter (exponential) Frictional loss due to fittings and bends, % of straight pipe Operation, hours/yr Cost of electricity, $/kw hr Efficiency of motor and pump, % Annual fixed charges for maintenance, % of pipe cost Basis for Sizing: Specified Diam eter @ 100 DN Optimum diameter calculated using Peters & Timmerhaus formula Closest pipe size from specified material class Smaller Size Actual Size Velocity Reynolds No. Friction Factor Pressure Drop inch nominal size inch actual inside diame feet/second 3 3.068 13.74 505,076 0.0183 6.466 Selected Size 4 4.026 7.98 384,892 0.0177 1.609

$1.75 5 1.30 35% 8,000 $0.15 60% 20%

4.21 4 Next Larger Size 6 6.065 3.52 255,495 0.0173 0.203

psi/100 equiv ft

Calculated Costs, $ per year per foot of installed piping: Pumping Cost Initial Piping Annual Piping Total (pow er) (capital expenditure) (maintenance) 3 $25.83 $43.80 $8.76 $34.59 4 $6.93 $63.66 $12.73 $19.66 6 $0.95 $107.84 $21.57 $22.52

Reference:

Peters & Timmerhaus Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers

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PIPESIZE EquivalentLengthWorksheet Thisworksheetshowshowtheequivalentlengthiscalculated. Formostfittingsandsizes,theequivalentlengthisobtainedfromatableofvalues(usingU.S.units),at CellQ91intheworksheet.ToeditthevaluesfirstUnprotectthesheet.Ifthetablelacksthevaluethen theKmethodisusedtoestimatetheequivalentlength. Ifyoudontknowthenumberoffittings,thenagoodruleofthumbistoadd35%to40%tothephysical lengthofpipetoaccountforthefittings.Inthiscase,firstestimatethetotallengthofpipe.Multiplyby 1.35or1.4.EnterthevalueontheDataInputworksheet(CellG47namedPipe_Length).Putavalueof 0forallfittings. Theresultsaretabulatedinthedatasheetonthisworksheet. Valves Theworksheethasinstructionsandanexampleforcalculatingtheequivalentlengthofavalveforwhich onlytheflowcoefficient(Cv)isknown.Youcaneithereditthetableofvalueswiththeequivalentlength ofyourspecificvalve,orsimplyaddthecalculatedequivalentlengthtotheoverallpipelengthentered ontheDataInputworksheet(CellG47namedPipe_Length). Equipment Equipmentmanufacturersoftenprovideapressuredropatspecifiedflowconditions.Forexample,the tubesidepressuredropforaheatexchangerisreportedontheheatexchangerdatasheet,attheflow rategivenonthedatasheet.Youcanfindtheequivalentlengthbyenteringtheflowdata(fluid,flow rate,temperature,density,viscosity)ontheDataInputworksheet,thenchangethepipelength(all fittingssetto0)untilthecalculatedpressuredropequalsthepressuredropreportedbytheequipment manufacturer. Ifyourpressuredropdataisforwaterat60F(whichisthecaseforvalvestheflowcoefficientisthe flowrateofwaterat60F,ingpm,thatresultsinapressuredropof1psi),thenusethecalculatoronthe EquivalentLengthworksheettodeterminetheequivalentlength.ThiscalculatorutilizesaFunction subroutinecalledEqLUSawhichhasfourarguments: FunctionEqLUSa(W,Pdrop,d,epsilon),where W=flowrate,lb/h(=gpmx500) Pdrop=knownpressuredrop(reportedbyequipmentmanufacturer),psi d=insidepipediameterofthepipesegmentthattheequipmentisinstalledin,inch epsilon=roughnessofpipethatequipmentisinstalledin,ft

32

PIPESIZE
EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF PIPE
REV 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 PREPARED BY S. Hall DATE 02-Apr-2013 APPROVAL CLIENT Sam ple W.O. 10314 UNIT AREA Process Utilities LINE NO. HTF-151-0136 REQUISITION NO. SPECIFICATION NO. 18103 PROCURED BY INSTALLED BY

Fluid Service Pipe Specification

General Combustible Oil A: 150 lb Carbon Steel

Pipe Size Fittings 90 deg Ell Long Rad. Ell 45 deg Ell TEE-Line Flow TEE-Branch Flow 180 deg Bend Globe Valve Gate Valve Ball Valve (red. port) Butterfly Valve Plug Valve Angle Valve Sw ing Check Valve Bell Mouth Inlet Square Mouth Inlet Re-Entrant Pipe Straight Pipe Total Equiv Meters

80 DN Qty Equiv. M. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 250 250

100 DN Qty Equiv. M. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 250 250

150 DN Qty Equiv. M. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 250 250

Equivalent lengths are calculated using a table of values. If the fitting/size combination does not appear in the table, the "K Value" method is used. "K Value" data are from the Hydraulic Institute, Pipe Friction Manual, regressed.

33

PIPESIZE VelocitiesWorksheet Thisworksheettabulatesrecommendedvelocitiesforvariousservices.Theinformationcontainedon thissheetwascompiledfromseveralsources,andisintendedtobeasimplestartingpoint,nota definitivedeclaration. ***ENDOFDOCUMENT***

34