Measurement of Screw thread profile by Profile Projector

AIM To measure the thread parameter of given screw thread using Profile projector APPARATUS REQUIRED 1. Profile projector PARAMETER TO BE MEASURED 1. Major and Minor diameter 2. Depth and Pitch of thread THEORY Minor diameter It is the diameter of an Imaginary co-a ial cylinder which would touch the root of e ternal or internal thread. Major Diameter It is the diameter of an imaginary co-a ial cylinder which would touch the crest of e ternal or internal thread. Depth The distance !etween the crest and root of the thread is called Depth of Thread Pitch of Thread The distance measured parallel to the a is from a point on a thread to the "orresponding ne t point Pitch angle The Pitch angle is made !y the thread at the pitch line with a is. PRO EDURE 1. "lean the instrument and its accessories !y fine cotton cloth 2. "lamp the specimen in !etween the jaws present in the profile Projector #. $witch on the power and adjust the degree of magnification in profile projector %. The magnification depends upon the distance !etween the &ocal plane of the lens and the screen '. (ring the specimen image to the screens a is !y adjusting the micrometer and rotation of screen ). *ow the parameters of threads are measured and ta!ulate the readings. Ta!"lation $.*o 1 Major 2 # % RESU#T$ Thus the thread parameters of given screw thread was found using profile projector Major Diameter+mm, Minor Pitch of diameter+mm, thread+mm, Pitch angle Depth+mm,

Mea%"rement o& Temperat"re !' Thermoco"ple.

AIM$ To measure temperature using thermometer and thermocouple apparatus APPARATUS REQUIRED$ Thermocouple Thermometer (ORMU#A USED$ -rror . Ta / Ti 0 -rror . -rror -------------- 111 Ta 2here Ta is the actual temperature Ti is the thermocouple indicated temperature

THEORY$ The !asic principle of thermocouple is when two dissimilar metals are joined together an e.m.f will e ist !etween the two points 3 and (4 which is primarily a function of the junction Temperature. The a!ove principle is called see !ac5 effect The thermocouple consists of one hot junction and one cold junction. The hot junction will !e introduced into the place where temperature is to !e measured. The other cold junction is maintained at constant reference temperature. 3lso one voltage measuring instrument is connected to the free ends of the thermocouple. In thermocouple the 5nown temperature is called reference temperature. The temperature which is to !e measured is introduced in the thermocouple hot junction. 3 common arrangement for esta!lishing the reference temperature is ice !ath. The reference Temperature is controlled to !e at a constant temperature is at 16 " The temperature difference !etween the Ice !ath and the hot junction temperature will create an e.m.f. This e.m.f production is measured in the mill voltmeter. $o this change in e.m.f rate will give the measure of temperature. 1. 2. #. %. PRO EDURE "lean the instrument and its accessories !y fine cotton cloth. "hec5 connection made and switch on the instrument !y roc5er switch. The display glows to indicate is on. 3llow the instruments in on position for 11 minutes for initial warm up. 7ill around #8%th full of water to the 5ettle and place the thermometer and thermocouple inside the 5ettle *ote down the initial water temperature from the thermometer. 3djust the initial set potentiometer in the front panel till the display reads initial water temperature $witch on the 5ettle and wait till the water !oils note down the thermometer reading and set Potentiometer till the display reads !oiling water temperature. <emove the thermometer and temperature sensor from the =ettle and change the water and replace The thermometer reading and set final set potentiometer till the display reads !oiling water Temperature $witch on the 5ettle and note down the reading for every 11 6 interval and ta!ulate the readings Plot the graphs !etween actual reading >s indicator reading

'.
). 9. :. ;. 11. 11. 12.

Ta!"lation$

$.*o

3ctual Temperature+Ta,

Indicated Temeperature+Ti,

-rror

0 of -rror

<esult?
Thus the performance test on Thermocouple trainer has !een performed.

Mea%"rement o& Di%placement !' "%ing #)DT

AIM$ To measure the displacement !y using linear varia!le differential transformer APPARATUS REQUIRED$ &>DT setup Theor'$ &inear varia!le differential transformer is the most popular electro mechanical displacement into electrical signal in effect is a transformer consisting of three symmetrical spaced coils carefully wounded on insulation. It wor5s on mutual inductance principle and consists of primary coils 2ound .3" carried e citation is applied to the primary and two secondary are connected e ternally in a $eries opposition to it. 3 cylindrical shield of ferromagnetic material is spun over the washers. The device also !ecomes e tremely rugged and relia!le. There is a non contacting magnetic core4 "arefully annealed to improve the sta!ility which moves in the centre of the core varies the mutual Inductance of each secondary to the primary4 which determines the voltage inducted from the primary to the secondary. If the core is centered in the middle of the two secondary windings if the core is moved off middle position then the mutual inductance of the primary with secondary will !e greater than the other and a differential voltage will appear across the secondary in series 7or off center displacement within linear range of operation the output is essential a linear function of core displacement Proced"re$ 1. "hec5 the connection made and switch on the instrument !y roc5er switch at the front panel the display glows to indicate is @*. 2. 3llow the instrument in @* position for 11 minutes. #. <otate the micrometer till it reads 21 %. 3djust the "3& potentiometer at the front panel so the display reads the 21. '. <otate the core of the micrometer till it reaches the 11 and adjust the Aero potentiometer ). <otate !ac5 the micrometer core upto 11 9. 3s the core of the &>DT moves the display reads the displacement :. <otate the core of micrometer in steps of 2mm and ta!ulate the readings ;. Plot the graphs !etween actual reading >s indicator reading4 3ctual reading >s error and Display the results.

$.*o

3ctual Displacement+Da,

Indicated Displacement +Di,

-rror

0 of -rror

RESU#T$ Thus the Performance test on &>DT was conducted

CALIBRATI !
Aim&

" PR#CISI ! M#AS$RI!% I!STR$M#!TS

To study and calibrate the precision measuring instruments like Vernier caliper, Micrometer, Apparatus Re'uired& Surface plate, Vernier caliper, Micrometer and Slip gauges. Specification& Vernier caliper Micrometer Study& ()* +ernier caliper& Range: Range: L. C: L. C:

The Vernier caliper has one L! shaped frame "ith a fi#ed $a" on "hich Vernier scale is attached. The principle of Vernier is that "hen t"o scale di%isions slightly different in si&es can be used to measure the length %ery accurately. Least Count is the smallest length that can be measured accurately and is e'ual to the difference bet"een a main scale di%ision and a Vernier scale di%ision. L()ST C*+,T - . Main scale di%ision / . Vernier scale di%ision $ses& 0t is used to measure the e#ternal diameter, the internal diameter and the length of the gi%en specimen. ,)* Micrometer& The micrometer has an accurate scre" ha%ing about .1 to 21 threads3cm and re%ol%es in a fi#ed nut. The end of the scre" is one tip and the other is constructed by a stationary an%il. L()ST C*+,T - 4itch scale di%ision 3 ,umber of threads 4itch scale di%ision - 5istance mo%ed 3 number of rotation $ses& *utside micrometer is used to measure the diameter of solid cylinder. 0nside micrometer is used to measure the internal diameters of hollo" cylinders and spheres. -)* Slip .au.es& They are rectangular blocks hardened and carefully stabili&ed. The surfaces are highly polished to enhance "ringing. 0t is used as a reference standard for transferring the dimensions of unit of length from primary standard. 0t is generally made up of high carbon, high chromium hardened steel. $ses& These are accurate and used as comparator. /)* Surface plate&

The foundation of all geometric accuracy and indeed of all dimensional measurement in "orkshop is surface plate. 0t is a flat smooth surface sometimes "ith le%eling scre"s at the bottom. $ses& 0t is used as a base in all measurements. Procedure "or Calibration& ..6 The range of the instruments is noted do"n. 2.6 7ithin that range, slip gauges are selected. 8.6 The measuring instrument is placed on the surface plate and set for &ero and the slip gauges are placed one by one bet"een the measuring points 9.6 The slip gauge :actual6 readings and the corresponding :obser%ed6 readings in the measuring instruments are noted do"n and tabulated.
Slip ;auge Reading / :)ctual6 0n mm 4recision Measuring 0nstruments Reading :*bser%edl6 in mm Vernier Caliper Micro Meter MSR VSR TR (rror 4SR <SR TR (rror :mm6 :di%6 :mm6 :mm6 :mm6 :di%6 :mm6 :mm6

S.,o

. 2

Result& The precision measuring instruments are studied and calibrated.

T R0$# M#AS$R#M#!T
Aim& To measure the tor'ue using shear type load cell. Apparatus Re'uired& .. 2. 8. 9. =. Tor'ue measurement e'uipment Stand le%er stain gauge 7eight.

"ormula $sed& Calculated Tor'ue - Load # 5istance :kg>m6 1escription& Tor'ue is the tangential force to set a body in rotation. 0t is represented as a %ector of a force for a rigged body undergoing force rotation about a single a#is. Tor'ue - 5?, 5 - Moment of inertia of body about the a#is. ? - )ngular acceleration. Thus tor'ue is the essential tensional t"isting about its a#is of rotation. 0n this setup shear type load is used to measure the tor'ue a in%erse method of measuring the load "ith the output immune to side load and bending moment is based on measurement of shear components. The load cell is balancing a beam supported on both ends. Procedure& .. 2. 8. 9. =. A. @i# the main frame of transducers rigidity. Connect the cantile%er beam "ith "eight pan. Connect transducer "ire socket to rear side of indicator. Connect digital indicator at 281V, )C supply. Set &ero on indicator, by &ero ad$ust pan pro%ides indicator. ,o" apply the load gradually and note do"n reading in up"ard B do"n"ard trend.

Sl.no . 2 8 9

7eight added :Cg6

*bser%ed tor'ue :Cg>m6

Calculated Tor'ue :Cg>m6

= Model Calculation& Calculated Tor'ue -Load # 5istance :kg>m6 Result& Thus measurement of tor'ue using shear type load cell has been carried out.