Marriage and Family

Dr. Jayesh Patidar

www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

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What characteristics make up a family?

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Marriage and Family

Exogamy

Marrying outside of certain groups Cultural norm So strongly held, dont think about it

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Marriage and Family

Nuclear family
A living arrangement in which spouses and children live together

Extended family

A living arrangement in which spouses, children and other relatives live together
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Marriage and Family

Monogamy

Two marriage partners Serial monogamy Three or more marriage partners

Polygamy

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Marriage and Family

Polygyny

Multiple wives Multiple husbands

Polyandry

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Marriage and Family

Social construction of marriage and family

Are these patterns culturally relative? How are patterns of marriage and family changing?

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Marriage and Family

Marriage

Approved mating arrangement Formalized by a ritual Two or more people Related by blood, marriage or adoption They live together or have lived together
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Family

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Marriage and Family

Nuclear family
A living arrangement in which spouses and children live together

Extended family

A living arrangement in which spouses, children and other relatives live together
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Marriage and Family

Family of orientation

Where a person grows up Where a person was born

Family of procreation

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Marriage and Family

Monogamy Polygamy Polygyny Polyandry

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Marriage and Family

Group norms

Cultural norm So strongly held, dont think about it Marrying outside of certain groups Marriage within a certain group
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Exogamy

Endogamy

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Patterns of Descent

Bilineal (or Bilateral)

Traced on both mother and fathers side Pattern for our culture Traced only on fathers side Traced only on mothers side
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Patrilineal

Matrilineal

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Patriarchy

A social system where men dominate women

Circular pattern of superiority

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Marriage and Family in Theoretical Perspectives

Functionalism Conflict Theory Symbolic Interactionism

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Marriage and Family in Theoretical Perspectives

Who are the people and what are the different roles in your family? What are your responsibilities in your family?

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Marriage and Family

Social construction of marriage and family

Are these patterns culturally relative? How are patterns of marriage and family changing?

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Theoretical Perspectives

Functionalism

Family provides essentials to society

Economic production Socialization of children Care of sick and aged; emotional support Recreation Reproduction Sexual control

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Theoretical Perspectives

Functionalism

Incest taboo
Rules to specify which people are too closely related to have sex or marry Avoid role confusion Promotes exogamy Culturally relative

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Theoretical Perspectives

Conflict Theory

Arena of struggle = housework

Resources: time, energy, leisure Men resist housework Why?

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Theoretical Perspectives

Conflict Theory/Feminist

Arlie HochschildThe Second Shift

Some modest changes Men do lower-stressed chores Women do higher stressed chores

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Theoretical Perspectives

Symbolic Interaction

Arlie HochschildThe Second Shift

Two factors shrink housework gender gap Income difference Education = More egalitarian attitudes

His and Her marriages

Different perceptions of relationship

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Family Life Cycle

Romantic loveAmerican ideal of finding a mate (discussion time) How is romantic love is promoted in American social institutions, such as the family, education, religion, and the media? What conclusions can you draw from this?

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Family Life Cycle

Romantic loveAmerican ideal of finding a mate

Social channels for love and marriage

Age Education Social Class Race Religion

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Homogamy

Family Life Cycle

Romantic love

Other theories of mate selection

Marriage gradient
Tendency for women to marry men of higher status Reinforces patriarchy?

Complimentary

needs

Select spouse whose needs are different Opposites attract

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Family Life Cycle

Romantic love

Other theories of mate selection

Matching hypothesis
Marry someone about attractive as we are Celebrity examples

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Family Life Cycle

Romantic love

Other theories of mate selection

Social

Exchange Theory

Something exchanged Mens most valuable asset : money Womens most valuable asset : looks

Parental image theoryWe marry someone similar to our parent of the opposite sex

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Family Life Cycle

Having children

Misconception: Baby makes happy family

Marital satisfaction decreases w/child Less time & sleep + more expenses U-shaped model

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Family Life Cycle

Having children: Effect of social class

Working-class
More likely to have a baby after nine months More likely to have personal/financial problems

Middle class
More resources to postpone birth of first child Leads to more time to adjust to one another

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Family Life Cycle

Child Care

Day Care
One child out of six in day care What is the quality of our day care? What is the impact on children?

Nannies
Upper-middle-class phenomenon Tension between parents and nannies

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Family Life Cycle

Child Care

Social Class and socialization (Kohn)

Working Class: Conformity Middle Class: Curiosity/Self-expression

Birth order
First borns: Disciplined more, more attention More children: Competition for attention

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Family Life Cycle

Family in Later Life

Empty Nest
After the last child leaves home Middle Class: Curiosity/Self-expression

Boomerang children
Higher cost of living & lengthier education Social issues at home

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Diversity in U.S. Families

Upper Class

Preserve privilege & wealth

Academic achievement/Respectability Obstacles of poverty Unemployment/Single parenting Fictive kinship
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Middle Class

Working Class

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Diversity in U.S. Families

African American

Marriage squeeze Spanish language Roman Catholic religion Machismo

Latino

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Diversity in U.S. Families

Asian American

Similar in structure to white families Respect for elderly, moderation, obligation Guilt and shame

Native American

Question of assimilation

Tradition vs. dominant culture

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Diversity in U.S. Families

Social Class and Culture are key issues One-parent families

High divorce rate, increase in unwed mothers Most are headed by women = most are poor Children more likely to:

Drop out of school Be poor as adults Divorce

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Diversity in U.S. Families

Families without children

14% of marrieds have no children More education = more likely to have no kids Child free marriages Childless not by choice

Adoption Fertility methods

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Diversity in U.S. Families

Blended Families

Increasing in number Complicated relationships Vermont, first state to recognize (2000) Similarities

Gay and Lesbian Families

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Trends in U.S. Families

Postponing marriage

Average age of first-time brides and grooms:

Older than at any time in U.S. history

Oldest average age women having first child

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Figure 12.6 - The Median Age at Which Americans Marry for the First Time. Page 327

Trends in U.S. Families

Cohabitation

10 times more common than 30 years ago

About 40% will be in a cohabiting family

Commitment disparity Couples that cohabit before marriage are more likely to divorce than those that dont.

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Divorce and Remarriage

Measuring Divorce

Divorce rate = 50%...correct?

2.2 million marriages annually 1.1 million divorces annually

Question: Divorced couples not from same group that got married in that same year?

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Divorce and Remarriage

Measuring Divorce

All marriages and all divorces

60 million married couples in U.S. 1.25 million divorces annually Divorce rate = 2%

Figure 12.11

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Figure 12.11 - What Percentage of Americans are Divorced?. Page 332

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Thank you

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