131301 Measurements and Instrumentation 131301 MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION

Dept. of EEE

Unit I Introduction Part A 1. What are the two major method o! mea urement " Direct methods, Indirect methods. 2. What i meant #$ an in trument" Instrument is used as a physical means of determining quantities or variables. The instrument serves as an extension of human faculties and enables the man to determine the value of unknown quantity or variable which his unaided human faculties cannot measure. So an instrument in simple case consists of a single unit which gives an output reading or signal according to the unknown variable applied to it. 3. What i a tran !er in trument" Ma$ %00& transfer type instrument is one that may be calibrated with a d.c. source and then used without modification to measure a.c. This requires the transfer type instrument to have same accuracy for both d.c. and a.c. 4. What are the c'a i!ication o! in trument " bsolute instruments, Secondary instruments. () En'i t the a**'ication o! the mea urement $ tem ) !onitoring of processes and operations" They simply indicate the value of condition of parameter under study and their reading do not serve any control functions. #ex.$ ammeter, voltmeter, water % electrical energy meters in homes. &ontrol of processes and operations" very useful application of instrument is in automatic control systems. In this method, both measurement and control are included. 'xperimental 'ngineering nalysis" (or solution of engineering problems, theoretical and experimental methods are available. +) What i a ,aria#'e con,er ion e'ement" The output of primary sensing element is to be converted into some other suitable form while preserving the information content of the original signal. (or example suppose the output of primary sensing element is in analog form and the next stage of the accepts the input only in digital form and therefore an )D converter will have to be used for converting the signals from analog to digital form. This conversion element is called variable conversion element. &) What i an inter!erin- in*ut" Interfering inputs represent quantities to which an instrument or a measurement system are not desired to respond to interfering inputs but they give an output due to interfering inputs on account of their principle of working, design and many other factors like the environments in which they are placed. .) What i data *re entation e'ement" /i,e an$ two e0am*'e !or data *re entation e'ement ) The information about the quantity under measurement has to be conveyed to the personnel handling the instrument or the system for monitoring, control or analysis to the personnel or to the intelligent measurement system. This function is done by data presentation element. (or indicating" analog and digital indicating instrument #ex$ ammeters and voltmeters. (or recording" magnetic tape, high speed camera, T* equipment, storage type &+T, printers, analog and digital computers and microprocessors. 9. What i data mani*u'ation e'ement" The data manipulation element is to manipulate the signal presented to it preserving the original nature if the signal 10. What i a tandard in mea urement" standard in measurements is a physical representation of an unit of measurement. The term standard is applied to a piece of equipment having a known measure of physical quantity. They are used for the purpose of obtaining the values of the physical properties of other equipments by comparison methods. 11. What are the c'a i!ication o! Standard o! mea urement " Ma$ %00& International Standards, ,rimary standards, Secondary standards, -orking standards 12. What i unit" 1'a i!$ them. The result of measurement of a physical quantity must be defined both in kind and magnitude. The standard measure of each kind of physical quantity is called a unit. They are classified into" bsolute units, (undamental and derived units, &...S system of units, ,ractical units, !./.S system of units, SI units ISO 9001:2008

131301 Measurements and Instrumentation

Dept. of EEE

13. What are the three t$*e o! in*ut" The three types of inputs are 0. Desired inputs, 1. Interfering inputs and 2. !odifying inputs. 14. Name the !unctiona' e'ement o! in trumentation $ tem) The three main functional elements of measurement system are a. ,rimary sensing element, b. *ariable conversion element and c. Data presentation element. 15. What do $ou under tand #$ the method o! o**o in- in*ut " /i,e one e0am*'e) In the method of opposing inputs, it is usually similar to the method of calculated output corrections. The method of opposing inputs requires that the measurement system be so designed that the outputs caused by the spurious inputs he opposed by outputs by components physically built into the system that exactly act the opposite way and cancel out the outputs on account of spurious signals. 'xample" !easurement of strain with the help of strain gauge due to temperature as an interfering input on account of changes in ambient temperature even though there is no input strain. This effect is then eliminated by using a dummy strain gauge. 16. 2ow correction !or modi!$in- in*ut i a**'ied" It is a must to nullify or reduce the effects of interfering and modifying inputs. There are many methods available that are adopted at the designer level and)or user3s level. !ethod of high gain feedback, !ethod of calculated output corrections, !ethod of signal filtering. 1 . Di tin-ui h #etween tatic and d$namic characteri tic o! in trument ) S')No Static 1haracteri tic D$namic 1haracteri tic 0 They are not varying with time with time They are rapidly varying. 1 Defined with some set of criteria differential Defined with a set of equations. 2 'xample accuracy, sensitivity, reproducibility, 'xamples " !easuring 5ag, dynamic error response, fidelity, drift, static error, dead 4one. 18. Name an$ two tatic characteri tic o! in trument ) ccuracy, static sensitivity, reproducibility, drift, static error, dead 4one 19. What i the im*ortance o! tatic characteri tic o! $ tem " A*ri' %00.) Static characteristics of a measurement system are, those that must be considered when the system or instrument is used to measure a condition not varying with time. Some applications involve the measurements of quantities are constant6 to define a set of criteria that gives quality of measurement 20. De!ine accurac$ in mea urement ) It is defined as the closeness with which an instrument reading approaches the true value of the quantity being measured. ccuracy means conformity of truth. The accuracy may be specified in terms of inaccuracy or limits of error and can be expressed in point accuracy or percentage of full scale or percentage of true value. 21. De!ine *reci ion) It is a measure of reproducibility of the measurements, i.e., given a fixed value of a quantity, precision is a measure of the degree of agreement with in a group of measurements. 22. De!ine re o'ution o! an in trument) If the input is slowly increased from some arbitrary #non74ero$ input value, it will again be found that output does not change at all until a certain increment is exceeded. This increment is called resolution or discrimination of the instrument. Thus resolution refers to the smallest measurable input change 23. De!ine tatic en iti,it$) It is the ratio of the magnitude of the output signal or response to the magnitude of the output signal or the quantity being measured. Static sensitivity 8

D q9 infinitesimal change in output = infinitesimal change in input D qi

24. De!ine re*roduci#i'it$) It is the degree of closeness with which a given value may be repeatedly measured. It may be specified in terms of units for a given period of time. Define signal to noise ratio.

S signal power ( signal of interest expressed in volt ) = = 1 : noise power ( unwanted noise expressed in volt )

25. De!ine dead time) It is the time required by a measurement system to begin to respond to a change in the measurand. ISO 9001:2008

131301 Measurements and Instrumentation

Dept. of EEE

26. De!ine dead 3one) It is defined as the largest change of input quantity for which there is no output of the instrument. 2 . Name two d$namic characteri tic o! mea urement $ tem ) Speed of response, !easuring lag, (idelity, Dynamic error 28. De!ine tran !er !unction) Transfer function is defined as the ratio of laplace transform output variable to the laplace transform of input variable with 4ero initial conditions. 29. De!ine ri e time and *ea4 time) +ise time" it is the time required for the system to rise from 9 to 099 percent of its final value. +ise time #for 1 order system$ 8 t r =
nd

p - cos- 0 x w n 0- x1 p w n 0 - x1
- px 1 0- x

,eak time" it is the time required for the output to reach the peak of time response or peak overshoot. ,eak time #for 1nd ;rder system$ 8 t p =

30. De!ine *ea4 o,er hoot and ett'in- time) ,eak overshoot" it is defined as the ratio of peak value measured from the final value to the final value. ,eak overshoot ! p =

c#t p $ - c# $ c# $

(or 1nd order system exp

Settling time" it is the time required for the output to reach and stay within a specified tolerance band <. The tolerance band is either <1= or <>=. (or 1= tolerance band t s =

? xw n

(or >= tolerance band t s =

2 xw n

31. What i meant #$ 'oadin- e!!ect" @nder practical conditions, it has been found that introduction of any element in a system results invariably in extraction of energy from the system thereby distorting the original signal. This distortion may take the form of attenuation, waveform distortion or phase shift. The incapability of the system to faithfully to measure, record or control the input signal in undistorted form is called 5oading effect. 32. 2ow 'oadin- e!!ect mea urin- in trument can #e minimi3ed) /i,e an e0am*'e) 5oading effects can be minimi4ed by designing the instrument in such a way that it should not extract any power from the source. 'xample" -hen voltmeter is connected across source to measure the voltage drop, its impedance is high enough to avoid the power extraction. -hen ammeter connected in series with the source to measure the current in the circuit, it should be designed in such a way that its impedance is 4ero. 33. De!ine tatic error in mea urement ) Static error is defined as the difference between the measured value and the true value of the quantity under measurement. 8 m 7 t, -here, 7 bsolute static error of quantity, t 7 true value of quantity, m 7 !easured value of quantity. 34. What i !ide'it$ o! an in trument" (idelity is defined as the degree to which a measurement system indicates changes in the measured quantity with out dynamic error. 35. What i meant #$ ca'i#ration o! an in trument" &alibration of an instrument is important since it affords the opportunity to check the instrument against a known standard and subsequently to find errors and accuracy. &alibration procedure involves a comparison of the particular instrument to be calibrated with either ,rimary standard or Secondary standard or an instrument of known accuracy. 36. What i the i-ni!icance o! ca'i#ration" A*ri' %00.) It affords an opportunity to check the instrument against a known standard and to find errors and accuracy etc., 3 . Di tin-ui h #etween *an and ran-e o! an in trument) Scale range of an instrument is defined as the difference between the largest and the smallest reading of the instrument. #Amax of reading$ Scale span8Amax 7 Amin ISO 9001:2008

131301 Measurements and Instrumentation

Dept. of EEE

Part 5 1. #i$ -hat are the basic blocks of a generali4ed instrumentation systemB Draw the various blocks and explain their functions. #09$ #ii$ 'xplain in detail calibration technique and draw the calibration curve in general. #C$ :ov 199D 2. 'xplain the static characteristics of an instrument. 3. 'xplain the dynamic characteristics of an instrument in detail. 4. #i$ Discuss in detail various types of errors associated in measurement and how these errors can be minimi4edB #09$ #ii$ Define the following terms in the context of normal frequency distribution of data $ !ean value. E$ Deviation &$ average deviation D$ variance '$ standard deviation #C$ :ov 199D 5. #i$ .ive methods of using any three standard inputs being used for analy4ing the dynamic response of systems with neat sketches. #09$ #ii$ -rite briefly on Instrument Standards. #C$ pril 199F. 6. 'xplain in detail systematic 'rror. 7. The following 09 observations were recorded when measuring a voltage ?0.D, ?1.9, ?0.F, ?1.9, ?1.l, ?0.G, ?1.9, ?0.G, ?1.> and ?0.F volt. (ind !ean, Standard Deviation, The probable error of mean and range. 8. In a test temperature is measured 099 times with variations in apparatus and procedures. fter applying the corrections, the results are, Temperature H& 2GD 2GF 2GG ?99 ?90 ?91 ?92 ?9? ?9> (requency of occurrence 0 2 01 12 2D 0C ? 1 1 &alculate #a$ arithmetic mean, #b$ mean deviation, #c$ standard deviation, #d$ the probable error of one reading, #e$ the standard deviation and the probable error of the mean, #f$ the standard deviation of the standard deviation. 9. #i$ -hy is feedback necessary in instrumentation systemsB #C$ pril 199F #ii$ 'xplain the significance of negative feedback. #?$ pril 199F. #iii$ If the rms value of reading in volts are observed in a digital &+; were 2.>, 2.?>1, 2.C1, 2.>12. Determine a$ rithmetic mean b$ verage deviation c$ Standard deviation #C$ pril 199F 10. 'xplain the normal or .aussian curve of 'rrors. 11. Derive the expression for time response of a 1 nd order underdamped system when subIected to a sinusoidal input signal. Show that the nature of the response is the same as that for a unit step input. (ind the expression for the steady state error. 12. Discuss the term static calibration. 'xplain the various steps to be taken in performing the calibration. Unit II E'ectrica' and E'ectronic In trument Part A 1. A PMM1 in trument ha a 0)1%T ma-netic !'u0 den it$ in it air -a* ) The coi' dimen ion are D 6 1)( cm and 7 6%)%( cm) Determine the num#er o! coi' turn re8uired to -i,e a tor8ue o! 9)( N:m when the coi' current i 100 A)

Td = :EldI := Td ?.> x09- C = =0000 EldI 9.01 x 1.1> x09- 1 x0.> x09- 1 x099 x09- C

2. What i the e'ectrica' current e!!ect u ed to *roduce de!'ectin- tor8ue in a PMM1 in trument" -hen a current #I$ carrying conductor of si4e l and d and : turns, cuts a magnetic field of flux density E and if the field is radial then the deflecting torque Td 8 :EldI 8 .I 3. 1om*are interna' re i tance o! an ammeter and a ,o'tmeter) /i,e rea on) The internal resistance of an ammeter is very low and of a voltmeter is very high. 4. What cau e error in mo,in- iron in trument " Temperature coefficient of spring, self heating of coils in voltmeters, Stray magnetic fields, changes of reactance of working coils, changes of magnitudes of eddy currents cause errors in moving iron instruments. 5. State two ource o! error in mo,in- iron in trument) Jysteresis 'rror, Temperature error, Stray magnetic field, (requency errors, 'ddy currents 6. 7i t the ,ariou t$*e o! error in e'ectro d$namometer t$*e in trument 5ow torque to weight ratio, (requency error, 'ddy currents, 'xternal magnetic fields, Temperature change ISO 9001:2008

131301 Measurements and Instrumentation

Dept. of EEE

. What i the need !or contro' tor8ue and tate the method to *ro,ide it in Ana'o- indicatinin trument " &ontrol torque is needed to produce a torque equal and opposite to deflecting torque at the final steady position of pointer in order to make the deflection of the pointer definite. &ontrolling torque is achieved in analog instruments by two methods. They are .ravity control, Spring control. 8. State the error in PMM1 in trument ) -eakening of permanent magnets due to aging and temperature effects, -eakening of springs due to aging and temperature effects, &hange of resistance of moving coil with temperature. 9. 1om*are the merit o! attraction and re*u' ion t$*e MI in trument " ttraction type +epulsion type !erits a. 5ower value of inductance a. Suitable for economical production. b. ccurate over a wider range of frequency and b. @niform scale c. .reater possibility of using shunts with ammeters. 10. Wh$ e'ectro d$namometer t$*e in trument i ca''ed tran !er in trument " transfer type instrument is one that may be calibrated with a d.c. source and then used without modification to measure a.c. This requires the transfer type instrument to have same accuracy for both d.c. and a.c. which the electrodynamometer instruments have. 11. A 3 (00 ; motor 'oad ha a *! o! 0)9) Two Wattmeter connected to mea ure the in*ut) The$ how the in*ut to #e 30 4W) <ind the readin- o! each in trument)

,0 + ,1 = 29k- - - - - - - #0$ cos f = 9.?6 f = CC 1? 3 6 tan f = 1.1FG. tan f = 2 ( ,0 - ,1 ) = 1.1FG. ( ,0 + ,1 )

2 ( ,0 - ,1 ) = 1.1FG. 29 ,0 - ,1 = 2G.Dk- - - - - - - #1$ (rom equ #0$ % #1$ ,0 = 2?.F>D % ,1 =- ?.F>k12. What i =cree*= in ener-$ meter" In some energy meters a slow but continuous rotation is obtained even when there is no current flowing through the current coil and only pressure coil is energi4ed. This is called creeping. 13. What are the cau e o! cree*in- in an ener-$ meter" ;ver compensation for friction, 'xcessive voltage across the potential coil, *ibrations, Stray magnetic fields. 14. 2ow i cree* e!!ect in ener-$ meter a,oided" Two diametrically opposite holes are drilled in the disc of the energy meter. -hen one of the holes comes under the edge of the pole of the shunt magnet the rotation being limited to a maximum of half a resolution. In some cases a small piece of iron is attached to the edge of the disc. 15. 2ow i the com*en ation !or inductance o! *re ure coi' rea'i3ed on 'ow *ower !actor watt meter" Ey connecting a capacitor across a part of series resistance in the pressure coil circuit the compensation for inductance of pressure coil is reali4ed on low power factor watt meter. 16. 7i t the di!!erent t$*e o! wattmeter) (erro dynamic wattmeter, 'lectrodynamometer wattmeters, Thermal watt converter. 1 . What i am*ere:hour and watt:hour" A*ri' %00. mpere hour" the speed of rotation is proportional to ampere hour in ampere hour meter. -att7hour" the speed of rotation is proportional to power in -att7hour meter. 18. State two adju tment which are *o i#'e in induction t$*e ener-$ meter) ,reliminary light load adIustment, (ull load unity factor adIustment, 5ag adIustment with adIustable resistance % 5ag adIustment with change of position of shading bands, 5ight load adIustment, &reep adIustment. 19. 2ow i 7P< wattmeter di!!erent !rom UP< wattmeter" ISO 9001:2008

>

131301 Measurements and Instrumentation

Dept. of EEE

5,( wattmeter has extra features to increase the deflecting current and to reduce the errors introduced because of inductance of pressure coil. The pressure coil circuit is designed to have low value of resistance to increase the current and operating torque. 5,( wattmeter is designed to have compensation for pressure coil current, compensation for inductance of pressure coil and small control torque. 20. An ener-$ meter i de i-ned to ma4e 100 re,o'ution o! di c !or one unit o! ener-$) 1a'cu'ate the num#er o! re,o'ution made #$ it when connected to 'oad carr$in- 90 A at %30; and 0)9 *ower !actor !or an hour) >No, %009? ctual energy consumed 8 * I cos t 8 129 x ?9 x 9.? x 0 8 2.CF9 k-h :o of revolutions per k-h 8 099 :o of revolutions for 2.CF9 k-h 8 2CF. 21. What i *hantom 'oadin-" -hen the current rating of a meter under test is high a test with actual loading arrangements will cause considerable waste of power. To avoid this phantom loading or fictitious loading is done. In phantom loading, pressure coil is supplied with normal voltage and current coil circuit with separate low voltage supply to circulate rated current because the current circuit has low impedance. The total power consumed in this method is small. 22. I! an induction t$*e ener-$ meter run !a t@ how can it #e 'owed down" dIusting the position of braking magnet and making it move away from the centre of the disc can slow the energy meter down. 23. 2ow to ma4e adju tment in ener-$ meter to reduce the error" ,reliminary light load adIustment, (ull load unity factor adIustment, 5ag adIustment #low power factor adIustment$ 5ight load adIustment, &reep adIustment. 24. What i the ha*e o! ca'e o! e'ectro d$namometer t$*e wattcmeter " 8 / d! ) d ,, -here 7 deflection, ,7 power to be measured and ! 7 mutual inductance. The deflection is directly proportional to the power being measured and the scale is uniform over the range in which d!)dE is constant. The mutual inductance between fixed and moving coil can be varied over the range ?9 to >9 deg on either side of 4ero mutual inductance position. If the position of 4ero mutual inductance is at the midscale, the scale will be uniform over F9 to 099 deg. 25. 7i t the error in e'ectro d$namometer t$*e wattmeter) A*ri' %000 0. 'rrors due to pressure coil inductance. >. 'ddy current errors. 1. 'rror due to pressure coil capacitance. C. Stray magnetic field errors. 2. 'rror due to mutual inductance 'ffects. D. 'rrors caused by vibration of moving system. ?. 'rrors caused because of connections. F. Temperature errors. 26. What i the need !or 'a- adju tment de,ice i in-'e *ha e ener-$ meter" The energy meter will read true value of energy only when the phase angle between supply voltage and pressure coil flux is G9 deg. This requires that the pressure coil winding should be highly inductive and has a low resistance, but even with this phase of flux and voltage few degrees less than G9. So lag adIustments are necessary to bring this shunt magnet flux in exact quadrature with supply voltage. 2 . 7i t the error in in-'e *ha e ener-$ meter) 'rrors caused by driving system" In correct magnitude of fluxes, Incorrect phase angle, 5ack symmetry in magnetic circuit. 'rrors caused by braking system" &hanges in strength of brake magnet, &hanges in disc resistance, Self7braking effect of series magnet flux, bnormal friction of moving parts. 28. What are two c'a e o! d$namometer Wattmeter " Suspended7coil, torsion instruments the moving or voltage coil is suspended from a torsion head by a metallic suspension, which serves as a lead to the coil, ,ivoted7coil, direct7indicating instruments. 29. What i the e0*re ion !or reacti,e *ower in 3:*ha e circuit " +eactive power K 8 2*I Sin ,hase angle 8 tan70 K),, ,8 active power. 30. 2ow i the error due to *re ure coi' inductance reduced A e'iminated" 'rrors caused by pressure coil inductance compensated by means of a capacitor connected in parallel with a portion of multiplier #series resistance$. &onnecting this capacitance across multiplier reduces the circuit impedance purely depends on pressure coil resistance alone. 31. What are the *ecia' !eature incor*orated in 'ow *ower !actor wattmeter" ISO 9001:2008

131301 Measurements and Instrumentation

Dept. of EEE

,ressure coil current, the pressure coil circuit is designed to have low value of resistance to increase the current and operating torque, &ompensation for pressure coil current, &ompensation for inductance of pressure coil, Small control torque. 32. A 'oad draw 10 A current !rom %30; A1 main at 0)&( *ower !actor !or ha'! an hour) What i the ener-$ con umed" 'nergy consumed 8 power x time 8 *I &os x t 8129 x l9 x 9.D> x 9.> 8 9.FC2 k-h 33. A im*'e 'ide wire i u ed !or mea urement o! current in a circuit) The ,o'ta-e dro* acro a tandard re i tor o! 0)1 i #a'anced at &( cm) <ind the ma-nitude o! the current i! the tandard ce'' em! o! 1)9( ; i #a'anced at (0 cm) *oltage drop per unit length 8 0.?> ) >9 8 9.91G * ) cm *oltage drop across D> cm length 8 D> x 9.91G 8 1.0D> * &urrent through the resistor 8 I 8 1.0D> ) 9.0 8 10.D> . 34. De!ine #urden o! an in trument tran !ormer) The rated burden is the volt ampere loading which is permissible without errors exceeding the limits for the particular class of accuracy. Total secondary winding burden 8 #Secondary winding induced voltage$ 1 ) #impedance of secondary winding circuit including impedance of secondary winding$ 8 #Secondary winding current$ 1 x #impedance of secondary winding circuit including impedance of secondary winding$ Total secondary winding burden due to load 8 #Secondary winding terminal voltage$ 1 ) #impedance of the load on the secondary winding$ 8 #Secondary winding current$ 1 x #impedance of load in the secondary winding circuit$. 35. What are the ad,anta-e o! in trument tran !ormer o,er hunt and mu'ti*'ier " Instruments of moderate si4e are used for metering, Instruments and meters can be standardi4ed so that there is a saving in overall &ost, Single range instruments can be used to cover large current or voltage range, The metering circuit is isolated from the high voltage power circuits, There is low power consumption in metering circuit, Several instruments can be operated from a single instrument transformer. 36. What i the need to e,a'uate *ha e:an-'e error in in trument tran !ormer " A*ri' %00. -attmeter readings are affected by phase angle errors etc. 3 . State an$ two a**'ication o! 1T and o! PT) >Or? What i the u e o! 1)T B P)T " The extension of instrument range, so that current, voltage, power and energy can be measured with instruments of moderate si4e % The high voltage and current of power systems are stepped down by &.T and ,.T and measured by instruments of moderate si4e. 38. De!ine nomina' and turn ratio o! an in trument tran !ormer) (or a &.T :ominal ratio 8 rated primary winding current ) rated secondary winding current. Turns ratio 8 number of turns of secondary winding ) number of turns of primary winding. (or a ,.T :ominal ratio 8 rated primary winding voltage ) rated secondary winding voltage Turns ratio 8 number of turns of primary winding ) number of turns of secondary -inding. 39. De!ine tran !ormation ratio o! an in trument tran !ormer) >No, %009? (or a &.T" Transformation ratio #+$ 8 primary winding current ) rated secondary winding current. (or a ,.T" Transformation ratio #+$ 8 primary winding voltage ) secondary winding voltage. 40. What i a di!!erence #etween ,o'ta-e tran !ormer B current tran !ormer" The voltage transformer may be considered as parallel transformer with its secondary winding open circuit. &urrent transformer is a series transformer operates with its secondary short circuit conditions. The primary winding current in a &.T is independent of secondary winding circuit conditions while primary winding of ,.T depends on the secondary circuit. In ,.T full line voltage appears across its terminals whereas in &.T small voltage appears. 41. What are the a**'ication o! DMM" It is mostly used in laboratory for the measurement of & voltage and current measurement, D& voltage and current measurement, +esistance and (requency measurement. PART:5 1. #i$ Sketch the basic construction of typical ,!!& instrument. 'xplain its operation.

ISO 9001:2008

131301 Measurements and Instrumentation

Dept. of EEE

#ii$ ,!!& instrument with (SD 8 099 and +m 8l k is to be employed as an ac voltmeter with (SD 099 * #rms$. Silicon diodes are used in the bridge rectifier circuit. &alculate the multiplier resistance value required. 2. -ith neat figure, explain the construction and operation of repulsion type moving iron instrument. .ive the advantages and limitations of such instruments. 3. 'xplain the operating principle of ,!!& type ammeter with a neat diagram. -hat special features are incorporated in its construction in order to reduce the errorsB 4. Draw the diagram showing the main components of a dynamometer type ammeter and explain the working principle of this device. -hat steps are taken to reduce the errors in this instrumentB 5. 'xplain the working of thermocouple instruments. Draw neat diagrams to illustrate the working of contact type, non7contact type, and bridge type thermo elements. ;ct GF 6. Describe the working principle of an attraction type !I instrument. . #i$ Describe the constructional details of an electro dynamometer type wattmeter. Derive the expression for torque when the instrument is used on ac. #ii$ power flowing in a 2, 2 wire balanced load system is measured by two wattmeter method. The reacting of wattmeter is D>99 - and of wattmeter E is 70>99-. -hat is power factor of the systemB 8. -ith neat figures explain the construction, working principle of a three phase wattmeter. -hat is the importance of deflection torque in these analog instrumentsB #09LC$ pril 199F. 9. #i$ Sketch the circuit for calibrating a wattmeter and explaii0 the calibration procedure. #ii$ Describe the construction principle of a 2 induction type energy meters. 10. 'xplain two wattmeter method for measuring three phase power. .ive circuit and vector diagram. 11. #i$ Describe the constructional details of an electrodynamometer type wattmeter. #ii$ Derive the expression for torque when the instrument is used on ac. #iii$-hy is it necessary to make the potential coil circuit purely resistiveB 12. Draw cross sectional view of induction type single phase energy meter and explain its principle of operation. Jow is creep error eliminatedB 13. #i$ Draw the equivalent circuit and phasor diagram of a &T. #ii$ Derive the expression for ratio and phase angle error. 14. #i$ -hy must be secondary of a current transformer be shortedB #ii$ ,T of ratio 0999)099 has the following constants" ,rimary resistance 8 G?.>M, secondary resistance 8 9.FCM, primary reactance 8 CC.1M, total equivalent reactance 009M. !agneti4ing current 8 9.91 at 9.? pf lagging. (ind the #a$ phase angle error at no load, #b$ load in * at unity power factor at which phase angle error is 4ero. 15. 'xplain the operating principle of current transformer with a neat diagram. !ention the various causes of error and state the methods of reducing the errors. 16. #i$ -ith neat figure, describe the constructional features and operation of a current transformer. #ii$ Erief any one method of testing of current transformer. 1 . 5ist the methods to measure iron loss. 'xplain any one method in detail. 18. 'xplain anyone method to determine the E7J curve. 19. 'xplain about frequency measurement. 20. 'xplain about phase measurement. UNIT : III 1OMPARISON MET2ODS O< MEASUREMENTS PART:A 1. State and e0*'ain the #a ic *rinci*'e o! *otentiometer) potentiometer is an instrument designed to measure an unknown voltage by comparing with known voltage, voltage can be measured independent of source resistance. The process of adIusting the working current, so that the voltage across a portion of sliding wire against a standard reference is known as standardi4ation. The slide wire has a uniform cross section and hence uniform resistance along its entire length. calibrated scale in cm and fractions of cm is placed along the slide wire. The slide wire position multiplied by the working current indicates the unknown voltage. 2. 2ow are A1 *otentiometer c'a i!ied" 7i t them) .& potentiometers can be classified according to the manner in which the unknown voltage may be measured by the instrument dials and scales, ,olar type and &oordinate type. 3. What i the u e o! a *otentiometer" ISO 9001:2008

131301 Measurements and Instrumentation

Dept. of EEE

potentiometer is an instrument designed to measure an unknown voltage by comparing with known voltage, voltage can be measured independent of source resistance. ,otentiometers are extensively used in calibration of voltmeter and ammeter and it is a standard for calibration of these instruments. 4. What i the ad,anta-e o! ,enire *otentiometer o,er 'ide t$*e" This instrument has two ranges they are normal range of 0.C* down to 09 N* and a lower range of 9.0C * down to 0 N*. Jigh precision and accurate than slide wire type. 5. Name the *art o! a Dr$ da'e *otentiometer" Drysdale phase shifter, Transfer instrument, /elvin varley slide wire. 6. What i the mo t im*ortant di!!erence #etween d@c) and a@c *otentiometer" In d.c potentiometer the magnitude of unknown emf and potentiometer voltage drop have to be made equal to obtain balance whereas in a.c instrument both magnitude and phase of the two have to be the same to obtain the balance. . What i the need !or *ha e hi!ter in a *o'ar t$*e A)1) Potentiometer " ,hase shifter has two windings separated by G9 deg. variable resistance and a variable capacitance are connected between the two windings. Ey adIusting these two variables the currents flowing through the two windings are adIusted so that the magnitudes are same and phase difference between them is G9 deg. 8. What i ca''ed a ,o't:ratio #o0" volt7ratio box is a precision potential divider network. It provides multiple voltage ranges. The voltage to be measured is connected to the appropriate binding post. 9. Wh$ i the Wheat tone #rid-e not uita#'e !or mea urin- ,er$ 'ow re i tance " If -heatstone bridge is used for low resistance measurement the resistance of connecting leads and contact resistance also included, the error caused by beads can be corrected, but contact resistance presents a source of uncertainty, that will be very difficult to overcome. 10. What are the a**'ication o! d)c *otentiometer " &alibration of voltmeter, &alibration of ammeter, !easurement of resistance, !easurement of power. 11. What i tandardi3ation" In case of a d.c potentiometer, the process of adIusting the working current so that the voltage across a portion of sliding wire against a standard reference is known as standardi4ation. Eut in case of an a.c potentiometer, the standardi4ation is done with the help of standard d.c source i.e a standard cell or a Oener source and a transfer instrument. This instrument is usually an electrodynamometer milli ammeter, so constructed that its response to alternating current is the same as its d.c response. 12. What are 'ea4a-e current e!!ect " A*ri' %00.) 5oss is more, 5ife of the equipment is reduced. 13. A wheat tone #rid-e i hown in !i-) The ,a'ue o! re i tance are P 6 '4C@ R6'4C@ S6( 4C@ R/ 6 100C) The The,enin ource -enerator ,o'ta-e i %9m;) /a',anometer current i 13)+ DA) 1a'cu'ate the ,a'ue o! E)

1? 092 =0.DC>k 02.C 09C R9 = 0.CC>k R9 + G = RS PQ 0 > 0 Q + = + R + S P + Q 0+ > 0+ Q Q = 9.F22 + = 0.CC>k 0+ Q Q = ?.G>k R9 =
14. Name the #rid-e u ed !or mea urin- ,er$ 'ow re i tance) /elvin3s double bridge. 15. 1'a i!$ the re i tance accordin- to the ,a'ue ) 5ow resistance P 0M , !edium resistance 0M to 9.0!M, Jigh resistance Q 9.0 !M. 16. What are the method o! mea urement o! 'ow re i tance" mmeter 7 *oltmeter method, /elvin Double bridge method, ,otentiometer method 1 . What are the method o! mea urement o! medium re i tance" mmeter 7 *oltmeter method, Substitution method, -heatstone bridge method, ;hm meter method. ISO 9001:2008

131301 Measurements and Instrumentation

Dept. of EEE

18. What are the method o! mea urement o! earth re i tance" (all of potential method, 'arth tester. 19. 7i t the ,ariou detector u ed !or A1 #rid-e ) Jeadphones, *ibration galvanometer, Tunable amplifier detectors. 20. A Ma0we''F ca*acitance #rid-e hown in !i-ure@ i u ed to mea ure an un4nown inductance in com*ari on with ca*acitance) 1a'cu'ate R 1@ 71 a' o the ,a'ue o! tora-e !actor o! coi'@ i! !re8uenc$ i 1 423)

R0 =

21. De!ine E !actor o! an inductor) Write the e8uation !or inductor E !actor with R7 erie and *ara''e' e8ui,a'ent circuit ) >No, %009? K factor is the ratio of conductance to the susceptance of the inductor. (or +5 series circuit, K 8 R5 ) +. (or +5 parallel circuit K 8 + )R5 22. What are the ource o! error in ac #rid-e " Stray conductance effects due to imperfect insulation, !utual inductance effects, due to magnetic coupling between various components, Stray capacitance effects due to electrostatic fields, +esidues in components. 23. State merit and 'imitation o! Ma0we''F #rid-e when u ed !or mea urement o! un4nown inductance) !erits" This bridge is very useful for measurement of a wide range of inductance at power and audio frequencies. The two balance equations are independent if we choose + ? and &? as variable elements. The frequency does not appear in any of the two equations. 5imitations" This bridge requires standard capacitor which may be very expensive. This bridge is limited to measurement of low K coils. dditional series resistance is necessary to obtain balance. PART:5 1. Draw the diagram of &oordinate type .&. potentiometer and explain its working principle. 2. #i$ Describe the basic principle of operation of a de potentiometer. #ii$'xplain why a potentiometer does not load the voltage source whose voltage is being determined. 3. Sketch the circuit of /elvin bridge, explain its operation and derive the equation for the unknown resistance. 4. Sketch the circuit of -heatstone bridge, explain its operation and derive the equation for the unknown resistance. 5. #i$Sketch the circuit diagram of a !axwell inductance bridge. Derive the equations for resistive and inductive components of the measured inductor. #ii$ -rite short note on detectors in ac bridges. 6. #i$ Describe the working of a low voltage Schering bridge. Derive the equation for capacitance and dissipation factor. #ii$-hy Jay3s bridge is suited for measurement of inductance of high K coils. . #i$ Derive the bridge balance condition for Jay3s bridge. #ii$ E is a coil of unknown impedance, E& is a non7reactive resistor of 0999M, &D is a non7reactive resistor of F22M in series with a standard capacitor of 9.2FNf, D is resistor of 0C.FkM. Supply frequency is of >9 J4. Determine E under balance condition for the above bridge. 8. The four arm bridge E&D, supplied with a sinusoid voltage, have the following values. E 8 229 resistance in parallel with 0.> ( capacitor6 E& 8 ?99 resistance6 &D 8 F99 resistance6 D resistance + in series with a 9.1 ( capacitor. Determine #i$ value of +. #ii$ supply frequency at which the bridge will be balanced. #0C$ pril 199F. 9. -ith a neat figure explain the balance condition of a Schering bridge. 10. #i$Describe the working of Jay3s bridge for measurement of inductance. #ii$ n ;wen3s bridge is used to measure the properties of a sample sheet still at 1 kJ4. t balance, arm ab is test specimen, arm bc is + 2 8 l99M, arm cd is &? 8 9.l N( and arm da is + 1 8 F2?M in series ISO 9001:2008

R1 R2 L 6 L0 = R 1 R2C? 6 Q = 0 = R?C? = 1 0999 R?C? R? R0

09

131301 Measurements and Instrumentation

Dept. of EEE

with &189.01?N(. Derive the balance condition and calculate the effective impedance of the specimen under test conditions. 11. #i$Describe the working of a low voltage Schering bridge. Derive the equations for capacitance and dissipation factor. #ii$&alculate the value of & 0, r0 and D factor in the bridge shown in figure under balance conditions if +1 8 ?.FM, +2.8 1kM, +? 81F>9M, &1 8 9.> N( and r1 8 9.?M. 12. Draw the circuit diagram of maxwell3s bridge and explain the measurement procedure for measuring unknown inductance using this bridge. Derive formula used. 13. #i$ Draw the equivalent circuit and phasor diagram of a ,T. #ii$Derive the expression for its ratio and phase angle errors. 14. 'xplain about electrostatic and electromagnetic interface. 15. 'xplain about .rounding techniques. 16. Discuss in detail i$ Eridge to measure low K of a coil. #F$ ii$ &ause and effects of poor grounding in instruments. #F$ pril 199F. 1 . #i$ -rite detailed notes on 'arth loops. #ii$ 'xplain interference and Screening in detail. UNIT I; STORA/E AND DISP7AG DE;I1ES PARTHA 1. What are the major #'oc4 o! o ci''o co*e" &athode ray tube, electron gun, vertical % hori4ontal plates, time base circuit, trigger circuit 2. What are the major com*onent o! 1RT" &athode ray tube, electron gun and vertical %hori4ontal plates 3. Wh$ i a de'a$ 'ine u ed in the ,ertica' ection o! the o ci''o co*e" The electronic circuit causes a certain amount of time delay in transmission of signal voltages to deflection plates. To allow the operator to observe the leading edge of signal waveform, the signal drive for the vertical &+T plates must be delayed by at least the same amount of time. 4. 2ow i the e'ectron #eam !ocu ed to a !ine *ot on the !ace o! the cathode ra$ tu#e" 'lectron beam from the cathode pass through the concave electrostatic lens aligned towards the axis of the &+T and after passing through the second concave lens focused at the phosphor screen. (ocal length of the lens is adIusted by varying the potential difference between the two cylinders. 5. 7i t the di ad,anta-e o! tora-e cathode ra$ tu#e) (inite amount of time S storage tube preserves waveform power to the storage tube present as long as the image is to be stored. Trace of storage tube is not fine as a normal &+T. -riting rate of storage tube is less than conventional &+T which limits the speed of storage oscilloscope. 'xpensive and needs additional power supply. 6. 7i t an$ two di *'a$ de,ice ) 5'D or 5&D displays. . 2ow i an o ci''o co*e u ed to determine !re8uenc$" /nowing the time period by using f80)T. 8. 2ow to a,oid *ara''a0 error in 1RT" The accuracy of these marks depends on how close the graticule marks can be placed to the actual phosphor to eliminate parallax. 9. What i 1RT -raticu'e" It is usually rectangular in form % is placed inside the display area to allow correct measurements. 10. What are the di!!erent t$*e o! ana'o- recorder " .raphic recorders, ;scillographic recorders, !agnetic tape recorders. 11. What are the t$*e o! -ra*hic recorder " Strip chart recorders, A7 T recorders 12. Write #a ic com*onent o! ma-netic ta*e recorder ) +ecording head, !agnetic tape, +eproducing head, Tape transport mechanism, conditioning devices. 13. De!ine E !actor o! an inductor and c'a i!$ inductor #a ed on E !actor ) K factor of an inductor 8 R5)+ KP0 8 very low K coils, 0 P K P l 9 8 low K coils, K Q 09 8 high K coils ISO 9001:2008

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131301 Measurements and Instrumentation

Dept. of EEE

14. What are the 'imitation o! Ma0we''I #rid-e" >A:JJ?) !axwell3s bridge is unsuitable for coils with very low value of K and high K coils. #l PKPl 9$ This bridge requires standard capacitor which may be very expensive. dditional series resistance is necessary to obtain. 15. State the merit and demerit o! Ander onF #rid-e" !erits It is much easier to obtain balance in the case of nderson3s bridge. fixed capacitor can be used instead of variable capacitor This bridge can be used for determination of capacitance in terms of inductance. Demerits This bridge is more complicated one, in terms of set up and balance conditions. dditional Iunction point increases the difficulty of shielding the bridge. 16. State the merit and demerit i! 2a$F #rid-e" !erits" This bridge is used for measurement of inductance with high K coils. This gives simple expression for K factor. This bridge requires only low value of resistor. Demerits This bridge is not suited for inductors having K factor of less than 09. 1 . Mention an$ two t$*e o! A)1 #rid-e u ed !or mea urin- e'!:inductance) !axwell3s inductance bridge, nderson3s bridge, !axwell3s inductance7capacitance bridge, Jay3s bridge. 18. /i,e the ad,anta-e o! Scherin- 5rid-e) Schering Eridge is used for measuring capacitance and dissipation factor. In particular it is used in the measurement of properties of insulators, capacitor bushings, insulating oil and other insulating materials. 19. What are the ad,anta-e o! 2a$F #rid-e o,er Ma0we''F induction ca*acitance #rid-e" Jay3s bridge is very much suited for measurement of self7inductance with high K coils whereas !axwell3 s bridge is suited for low K coils. Jay3s bridge requires low value of resistor whereas !axwell3s bridge requires a parallel resistor of very high value. 20. State the two condition !or #a'ancin- an A)1) #rid-e) The product of magnitude of opposite arm impedances should be equal. The sum of phase angle of opposite arm impedances should be equal. i.e O0O?#U0LU?$ 8 O1O2#U1LU2$ Ol, O1 ,O2, O? impedances of four arms, V0, U1, U2, U? phase angle of complex impedance PART:5 1. -ith a neat Elock diagram, briefly explain about the general purpose oscilloscope. 2. -rite a short note on a$ *ertical Deflection system, b$ Jori4ontal deflection system. 3. -hat is an AT recorderB Jow do you distinguish it from a A7t or a T7t recorderB 'xplain, with suitable circuit diagram, the working of an AT recorder. Describe its applications. 4. 'xplain the working of an ultra7violet recorder. Describe its applications. 5. Describe the working of a galvanometric type strip chart recorder. -hat are the different types of tracing systems used in itB 6. 'xplain in detail with suitable diagram #FLF$ pril 199F i$. !agnetic tape. ii$. Digital printers. . 'xplain about ,lotters. 8. 'xplain about different types of printers. 9. -ith neat figure explain the working principle of a digital &+;. -hat are its advantages over analog &+;B #0C$ pril 199F. 10. Describe the construction and working of 5&Ds. !ention the difference between light scattering and field effect types of 5&Ds, also explain the advantages of 5&Ds. :ov 199D 11. 'xplain different types of display devices. UNIT ;K TRANSDU1ERS AND DATA A1EUISITION SGSTEMS PART:A 1. What i a tran ducer" /i,e e0am*'e) ISO 9001:2008

01

131301 Measurements and Instrumentation

Dept. of EEE

Transducer is a device which converts the physical quantity into an electrical quantity. ex" Thermocouple 7 which converts the temperature into voltage. 2. What i an acti,e tran ducer" /i,e an$ two e0am*'e ) Transducers, which converts the input signal to an electrical signal without an external power supply is known as active transducer. 'xample" Thermocouple, pie4oelectric crystals. 3. What i a *a i,e tran ducer" /i,e two e0am*'e ) Transducers, which convert the input signal to an electrical signal with an external power supply is known as passive transducer. 'xample" 5*DT, +TD. 4. What i a *rimar$ tran ducer" /i,e an e0am*'e) ,rimary transducers will have first contact with the process variables or process parameters. 'xample" all the mechanical elements like load cell, bourdon tube, etc. 5. What i a econdar$ tran ducer" /i,e an e0am*'e) Secondary transducer converts the output from the primary into a useful variable, mainly in the form of electrical signals. 'xample" 5*DT, Strain gauges, etc. 6. Di tin-ui h #etween en or and tran ducer) Sensor is the primary element used to sense the measurand. The quantity to be measured is first sensed and detected by an element called sensor which gives the output in a different analogous form. 'x" level sensor, bourdon tube. Transducer is a device which coverts the physical quantity into electrical quantity. ex" thermocouple, +TD. In many cases the physical quantity is directly converted into electrical quantity by a transducer without the primary sensing element. . What are the c'a i!ication o! in trument " The instruments are classified into 1 categories #a$ absolute instruments, #b$ secondary instruments. 8. Di tin-ui h #etween acti,e and *a i,e tran ducer) Sl.:o Acti,e tran ducer Pa i,e tran ducer 0 Transducer which converts input signal to an Transducer which converts input signal to an electrical signal without an external power electrical signal with an external power supply supply 1 'xample " thermocouple, pie4oelectric crystals 'xamples " +TD, 5*DT. 9. What are the de ira#'e !eature o! a tran ducer" 'lectrical amplification and attenuation can be The electrical or electronic systems could be done easily. controlled with a very small power leve0. The mass inertia effects are minimi4ed. The electrical output can be easily used, The effects of friction are minimi4ed. transmitted and processed for the purpose of measurement. 10. What are the #a ic re8uirement o! a tran ducer" 5inearity, +uggedness, +epeatability, &onvenient instrumentation, Jigh stability and reliability, Dynamic response, 'xcellent mechanical characteristics 11. What are re i ti,e tran ducer " /i,e two e0am*'e ) +esistance variation type transducer is one of the important groups of transducer that are quite popular, simple and versatile. !any system variables like displacement, acceleration, vibration, force, temperature, humidity, sound level, light intensity, and ete can be transduced using resistance transducer. Jere the physical variable under measurement makes changes in the resistance. The change in resistance can be measured using appropriate bridge circuits. 'xample" potentiometer and strain gauge. 12. Wh$ re i ti,e tran ducer are ca''ed o" The resistance of a resistive transducer is given by + 8 5) . where is the specific resistance of the material used, 5 is the length of the material and is thee cross section area of the wire. If 5 or varies naturally the resistance is going to vary. s the output is found with the variation of resistance, it is called as resistive transducer. 13. De!ine *ie3o re i ti,e e!!ect) If a metal conductor is stretched or compressed, its resistance changes on account of the fact that both length and diameter of the conductor changes. lso there is a change in the value of resistivity of the conductor when it is stretched. This property is called pie4oresistive effect. 14. What i meant #$ *ie3oe'ectric e!!ect" ISO 9001:2008

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131301 Measurements and Instrumentation

Dept. of EEE

pie4oelectic material is one in which an electric potential appears across certain surfaces of a crystal if the crystal are changed by the application of a mechanical force. This potential is produced by the displacement of charges. This effect is reversible. 15. Name an$ !our *ie3o e'ectric materia' ) Kuart4, Earium titanate#EaTi;2$, ,otassium dihydrogen phosphate#/J1,;?$, +ochelle salt#:a/&?J?;C.?J1;$, 5ithium :iobate#5i:b;2$ 16. /i,e a 'i t o! meta' u ed in Re i tance thermometer ) The lists of metals used in resistance thermometers are as follows" ,latinum, &opper, :ickel ,Tungsten 1 . State ee#ac4 e!!ect and *e'tier e!!ect) -hen two metals having different work functions are Ioined together and the Iunctions are kept at different temperatures, a voltage is generated at the Iunction which is proportional to the temperature difference between two Iunctions. The reverse of Seeback effect is called ,eltier 'ffect in which the flow of current causes one Iunction to heat and the other Iunction to cool. 18. /i,e a 'i t o! meta' u ed in thermi tor ) !anganese. &obalt, :ickel, Iron, @ranium oxide. 19. 7i t the !eature o! thermi tor ) dvantages" Disadvantages" Jigh temperature sensitivity Jighly non7linear. (ast response time Insensitive for low temperature measurement. 5ead resistance negligible @nstable for high temperature measurement &an be manufactured in any shape 20. What i a 'oad ce''" 5oad cell is an electromechanical device. It is a primary transducer because it cannot measure the load applied without a strain gauge. Jere strain gauge acts as a secondary transducer. Strain gauges are made up of homogenous materials like steel alloys. 21. State the *rinci*'e o! inducti,e tran ducer ) It is based on the principle of change in the reluctance, permeability, number of turns in the coil and orientation of the coil which may produce a change in the inductance or mutual inductance of the

N2 m A N2 2 transducer.Inductance of the coil 8 -here, :, = N mG = L R

, 5 + 8 number of turns,

area, length and reluctance of the coils respectively. .7 .eometric form factor. 8 effective permeability of the medium in and around the coil. 22. What i an 7;DT" What are the ad,anta-e o! 7;DT" It is a three coil inductive transducer operated in the differential mode. It consists of a primary coil and two secondary coil windings on a cylindrical former. The primary coil is connected to an alternating source whereas the differential output is taken from the two secondary coils. dvantages" -ide range of linearity, &hange of phase by 0F9 Deg -hen the core passes through the center position, (ull7scale displacement is 9.07 1>9mm, Sensitivity is 9.>7 1 m*. 23. De!ine -au-e !actor o! a train -au-e) .auge factor can be defined as the ratio of change in resistance to change in length. .auge factor 8 #d+)+$ )#d5)5$ 24. Mention the di!!erent t$*e o! train -au-e u ed) The two types of strain gauges are metallic and semiconductor. (urther metallic strain gauges are divided into bonded and unbounded strain gauges. 25. What are the t$*e o! inte-ratin- AD1 t$*e" Dual slope D&, &harge balancing D&. PART:5 1. #i$ Describe the different criteria for selection of transducer for a particular application. #F$ :ov 199D. #ii$ 'xplain the different principle of working of capacitive transducers. #F$ :ov 199D. 2. -ith a neat sketch and timing diagram, explain the working of +amp Type D*!. 3. #i$ Jow is a differential output taken from an inductive transducerB 'xplain the advantages when inductive transducers are used in push7pull configuration. #F$ :ov 199D. #ii$ -ith a neat sketch, explain Successive approximation D*!. #F$ ISO 9001:2008 0?

131301 Measurements and Instrumentation

Dept. of EEE

4. -rite short notes on #FLF$ pril 199F i. Integral type nalog to Digital converter. ii. Thermocouple. 5. -ith neat block diagram explain single and multichannel data acquisition system. .ive example for each block. #0C$ pril 199F. 6. 'xplain the working principle of 5*DT with neat diagram. . 'xplain about capacitive transducer with neat diagram. 8. 'xplain working principle of strain gauge. 9. #i$ 'xplain the working principle of 5oad cell. #ii$ Eriefly describe the working of pie4oelectric transducers. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL A77 T2E 5EST LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL

ISO 9001:2008

0>