Handout #3A (Fall 2011)

Chem 6A - Prof. John E. Crowell

3.1 The Mole 3.2 Determining the Formula of an Unknown Compound 3.3 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations 3.4 Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product 3.5 Fundamentals of Solution Stoichiometry

Atoms are so small that a convenient way of counting the number of atoms is necessary. Best method: count by weight! Mole (mol): number of elementary entities (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.) equal to the number of atoms present in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12.
This is known as Avogadros Number NA (or N0 ) = 6.022 x 1023 items/mol

Chem 6A - Chapter 3 (Part 1)

Handout #3A (Fall 2011)

Chem 6A - Prof. John E. Crowell

A Mole of Various Elements

12 g Carbon (C)! 32 g Sulfur (S)

Each contains 6.022 x 1023 atoms!

64 g Copper (Cu)!

207 g Lead (Pb)!

210 g Mercury (Hg) !

One Mole of some Familiar Substances !

The Molar Mass (MM) of a Compound contains Avogadros Number of Ions or Molecules CaCO3 100.09 g! Copper 63.55 g
Chemical Quantities and Stoichiometry 3-5 !

Oxygen 32.00 g

Water 18.02 g

Chem 6A - Chapter 3 (Part 1)

Handout #3A (Fall 2011)

Chem 6A - Prof. John E. Crowell

Correlating the Mass and Mole Amount

Amount of substance in mol: n Number of substance pieces (atoms, ions, etc): N = nNA

So 1.27 x 1019 atoms of Na = 2.11 x 10-5 mol of Na

But can we relate mass to moles?

YES!

If we know the weight of one unit of what we are interested in we can multiply that by NA to give us the weight of one mole of it!

This is the MOLAR MASS

Chemical Quantities and Stoichiometry 3-6 !

Molar Mass (MM)

The SUM of the ATOMIC masses of the elements that make up that molecule

= 96.18 g S ! = 53.96 g Al ! = 192.00 g O !

Molar Mass = 53.96 + 96.18 + 192.00 g

MM = 342.14 g/mol
Chemical Quantities and Stoichiometry 3-7 !

Chem 6A - Chapter 3 (Part 1)

Handout #3A (Fall 2011)

Chem 6A - Prof. John E. Crowell

Molar Mass and Chemical Formulas:

Information Contained in the Chemical Formula of Glucose C6H12O6 (MM = 180.16 g/mol)
Carbon (C) Atoms/molecule of compound Moles of atoms/ mole of compound Atoms/mole of compound Mass/molecule of compound Mass/mole of compound Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O)

6 atoms 6 mol of atoms 6 (6.022 x 1023) atoms 6 (12.01 amu) = 72.06 amu 72.06 g

12 atoms 12 mol of atoms 12 (6.022 x 1023) atoms 12 (1.008 amu) = 12.10 amu 12.10 g

6 atoms 6 mol of atoms 6 (6.022 x 1023) atoms 6 (16.00 amu) = 96.00 amu 96.00 g

MM = 72.06 + 12.10 + 96.00 = 180.16 g/mol

Chemical Quantities and Stoichiometry 3-8 !

Interconverting Moles, Mass, and Number of Chemical Entities

Mass (g) = no. of moles x no. of grams 1 mol 1 mol no. of grams No. of entities = no. of moles x

g ! mol !

No. of moles = mass (g) x

6.022 x 1023 entities 1 mol

No. of moles = no. of entities x

1 mol 6.022 x 1023 entities

Central Concept:

Divide by MM

Mass of Substance Moles of Substance

Multiply by MM

Chem 6A - Chapter 3 (Part 1)

Handout #3A (Fall 2011)

Chem 6A - Prof. John E. Crowell

Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Empirical Formula:
The simplest formula for a compound that agrees with the elemental analysis and gives rise to the smallest set of whole numbers of atoms (lowest common multiple).

Molecular Formula:
The formula of the compound as it exists; it may be a multiple of the empirical formula. Generally: for Type I and II compounds, the empirical and molecular formulas are the same; Type III compounds is where we usually see a difference.
Chemical Quantities and Stoichiometry 3-10 !

Many Terms for the Same Thing

!!

Atomic Weight = Atomic Mass

mass of one atom of an element in amu "! or mass of one mole of an element in grams
"!

!!

Molecular Weight = Molecular Mass

mass of one molecule in amu "! or mass of one mole in grams "! same as Molar Mass, the sum of the atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule.
"!

!!

Formula Weight = Formula Mass

Sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in the Empirical Formula "! Equal to Molecular Weight if the Molecular Formula and the Empirical Formula are the same
"!
Chemical Quantities and Stoichiometry 3-11 !

Chem 6A - Chapter 3 (Part 1)

Handout #3A (Fall 2011)

Chem 6A - Prof. John E. Crowell

Mass Percent
Since we can measure mass directly and we know how to convert that to moles, it is common to refer to the mass composition of a compound when experimentally determining the identity of an unknown. Thus, Mass Percent from a chemical formula is simply done on a per element basis as 100 times the mass of that element divided by the total compound mass:

Chemical Quantities and Stoichiometry

3-12 !

Molar Mass (MM)

The SUM of the ATOMIC masses of the elements that make up that molecule

= 96.18 g S ! = 53.96 g Al ! = 192.00 g O !

Molar Mass = 53.96 + 96.18 + 192.00 g

MM = 342.14 g/mol
Chemical Quantities and Stoichiometry 3-13 !

Chem 6A - Chapter 3 (Part 1)

Handout #3A (Fall 2011)

Chem 6A - Prof. John E. Crowell

Determining an Empirical Formula from Masses of Elements

Elemental analysis of a sample of an ionic compound showed 13.88 g of Zn, 6.83 g of S, and 10.22 g of O. What is the empirical formula and the name of the compound?
Strategy: To be able to get to the Empirical Formula we need the molar ratio of atoms. This can be determined from the amounts of the elements present or the compounds percent composition (later). Once we find the relative number of moles of each element, we can divide by the lowest mol amount to find the relative mol ratios (empirical formula).

Chemical Quantities and Stoichiometry

3-15 !

Determining an Empirical Formula from Masses of Elements: Solution

ZnSO3 is Zinc Sulfite

Chemical Quantities and Stoichiometry 3-16 !

Chem 6A - Chapter 3 (Part 1)

Handout #3A (Fall 2011)

Chem 6A - Prof. John E. Crowell

Determining a Molecular Formula from Elemental Analysis (% Composition) and Molar Mass
Problem: During physical activity, lactic acid (MM = 90.08 g/mol) forms in muscle tissue and is responsible for muscle soreness. Elemental analysis shows that this compound contains 40.0 mass % C, 6.71 mass % H, and 53.3 mass % O. (a) Determine the empirical formula of lactic acid. (b) Determine the molecular formula. Strategy: The strategy is to remember that percent refers to the amount out of 100, so if we assume we start with 100 g of lactic acid we can convert the percentages directly into the mass of each element. From there we convert mass of each to moles, get a ratio and convert to integer subscripts. To get the molecular formula we will divide molar mass by the empirical formula mass to get the multiplier n, which will then give us the molecular formula.
Chemical Quantities and Stoichiometry 3-19 !

Determining a Molecular Formula from Elemental Analysis and Molar Mass: Solution
Based on the percentages, in 100.0 g of lactic acid, there are: 40.0 g C, 6.71 g H, and 53.3 g O Convert the grams to moles and get a ratio for the empirical formula.
40.0 g C x mol C 3.33 mol C = 3.33 mol C 3.33 : 6.66 mol H 3.33 mol O : 3.33 3.33

12.01 g C 6.71 g H x mol H = 6.66 mol H 1.008 g H

C:H:O = 1:2:1 CH2O = empirical formula

Formula Mass = 12.01 + 2 (1.008) + 16.00 = 30.03 g

53.3 g O x mol O = 3.33 mol O 16.00 g O molar mass of lactic acid molar mass of CH2O 90.08 g 30.03 g

n =!

=!

= 3!

C3H6O2 is the molecular formula

3-20 !

Chemical Quantities and Stoichiometry

Chem 6A - Chapter 3 (Part 1)

Handout #3A (Fall 2011)

Chem 6A - Prof. John E. Crowell

Combustion Analysis: Determining Formulas of Organic Compounds

#! The empirical formulas of organic molecules (which contain C, H, and O primarily) are usually determined by combustion analysis. ! #! A sample is burned (combusted) in a stream of oxygen gas; ! #! All elements present are converted to their oxides, most notably carbon to CO2 and H to H2O (other elements present are generally determined other ways). ! #! If oxygen is present in the original sample it must be determined by mass difference (since an excess of oxygen was used in the combustion).!

3-21 !

Determining a Molecular Formula from Combustion Analysis Vitamin C (M = 176.12 g/mol) is a compound of C, H, and O found in many natural sources, especially citrus fruits. When a 1.000-g sample of vitamin C is placed in a combustion chamber and burned, 1.500 g of carbon dioxide and 410. mg of water were obtained. What is the molecular formula of vitamin C? Strategy: We need to find out how much of the sample mass is due to each element present; this requires converting the mass of both the CO2 and H2O to moles of each, from moles of each to moles of C and H, and from that to mass of C and H. The difference in mass between these and the original sample will be the amount of oxygen present; converting that to moles will allow us to set up our empirical formula ratio and the empirical formula. Using the actual molar mass and empirical formula mass, we will determine the molecular formula.
Chemical Quantities and Stoichiometry 3-22 !

Chem 6A - Chapter 3 (Part 1)