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Wardenclye Tower
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Coordinates: 405651.3N 725353.5W

Wardenclye Tower (19011917) also known as the Tesla Tower, was an early wireless transmission tower designed by Nikola Tesla in Shoreham, New York and intended for commercial trans-Atlantic wireless telephony, broadcasting, and proof-of-concept demonstrations of wireless power transmission.[2][3] It was never fully operational,[4] and the tower was demolished in 1917. The tower was named after James S. Warden, a western lawyer and banker who had purchased land for the endeavor in Shoreham, Long Island, about sixty miles from Manhattan. Here he built a resort community known as Wardenclye-On-Sound. He oered Tesla 200 acres (81 ha) of land close to a railway line on which to build his wireless telecommunications tower and laboratory facility. Warden planned to eventually build housing for 2000-2500 people who would work in a factory producing Tesla's patented devices.[5]

1904 image of Wardenclye Tower located in Shoreham, Long Island, New York. The 94 by 94 ft (29 m) brick building was designed by architect Stanford White.[1]

Contents
1 History 1.1 Construction 1.2 Post-Tesla era 1.3 Preservation eorts 1.3.1 Tesla Science Center at Wardenclye 2 Facility grounds 3 Telefunken Station 4 Tesla quotations 5 World Wireless System 5.1 Transmission of electrical energy without wires

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6 Related patents 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 External links

History
Construction
Tesla began planning the Wardenclye Tower facility ca. 1898 and in 1901 construction began on the land near Long Island Sound. Architect Stanford White designed the Wardenclye facility main building. The tower was designed by W.D. Crow, an associate of White. Funding for Tesla Ready for Business - August 7, 1901 Tesla's project was provided by New-York tribune article inuential industrialists and other venture capitalists. The project was initially backed by the wealthy J. P . Morgan who had invested $150,000 in the facility (more than $3 million in 2009 dollars).[1] In June 1902, Tesla moved his laboratory operations from his West Houston Street laboratory to Wardenclye. The project ran into many problems.[6] Financiers began investing in Guglielmo Marconi's system which started regular transatlantic transmission in 1903 and seemed to be doing it with far less expensive equipment. By 1903 Tesla's project, still under construction due to numerous design changes, ran out of money and Morgan declined to fund it any further. Some in the press began turning against

the project claiming it was a hoax.[7] Tesla tried to generate more interest in Wardenclye by revealing its ability to transmit wireless electricity, but Morgan was not interested, and the 1903 "rich man's panic" on Wall Street dried up any further

Tesla's Wardenclye plant on Long Island circa 1902 in partial stage of completion. Work on the 55-foot-diameter (17 m) cupola had not yet begun. There is a coal car parked next to the building.

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investment.[8][9][10] By July 1904, Morgan (and the other investors) nally decided they would not provide any additional nancing. In May 1905, Tesla's patents on alternating current motors and other methods of power transmission expired, halting royalty payments and causing a severe reduction of funding to the Wardenclye Tower. In an attempt to nd alternative funding Tesla advertised the services of the Wardenclye facility but he was met with little success. By this time Tesla had also designed the Tesla turbine at Wardenclye and produced Tesla coils for sale to various businesses. By 1905, since Tesla could not nd any more backers, most of the site's activity had to be shut down. Employees were laid o in 1906, but parts of the building remained in use until 1907. In 1908, the property was foreclosed for the rst time. Tesla procured a new mortgage from George C. Boldt, proprietor of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. The facility was partially abandoned around 1911, and the tower structure deteriorated. Between 1912 and 1915, Tesla's nances unraveled, and when the funders wanted to know how they were going to recapture their investments, Tesla was unable to give satisfactory answers. Newspaper headlines of the time labeled it "Tesla's million-dollar folly." The facility's main building was breached and vandalized around this time. Collapse of the Wardenclye project may have contributed to the mental breakdown Tesla experienced during this period. Coupled to the personal tragedy of Wardenclye was the 1895 re at 35 South 5th Avenue, New York, in the building which housed Tesla's laboratory. In this re, he lost much of his equipment, notes and documents. This put Tesla into a state of severe depression.

Post-Tesla era
In 1915, legal ownership of the Wardenclye property was transferred to George Boldt of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel for a $20,000 debt (about $400,000 in 2009 dollars).[1] In July 4, 1917, during World War I, the tower was demolished with dynamite on orders of the United States Government which feared German spies were using it and that it could be used as a landmark for German submarines.
[11][12]

Tesla was not in New York during the tower's destruction.[citation needed]

George Boldt wished to make the property available for sale. On April 20, 1922, Tesla lost an appeal of judgment versus his backers in the second foreclosure. This eectively locked Tesla out of any future development of the facility. In 1925, the property ownership was transferred to Walter L. Johnson of Brooklyn. On March 6, 1939, Plantacres, Inc. purchased the facility's land and subsequently leased it to Peerless Photo Products, Inc. AGFA Corporation bought the property from Peerless and sold the property to a non prot organization supported by The Oatmeal in the year 2013. The main building remains standing to this day. Agfa used the site from 1969 to 1992 then closed the facility. The site has undergone a nal cleanup of waste produced during its Photo Products era. The clean up was conducted under the scrutiny of the New York State Department of Environmental
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Conservation, and paid for by AGFA. In 2009, they put the property up for sale for $1,650,000. Agfa has advertised that the land can be delivered fully cleared and level. It says it spent $5 million through September 2008 cleaning up silver and cadmium.[1][13][14]

Preservation eorts
On February 14, 1967, the nonprot public benet corporation Brookhaven Town Historical Trust was established. It selected the Wardenclye facility to be designated as a historic site and as the rst site to be preserved by the Trust on March 3, 1967. The Brookhaven Town Historic Trust was rescinded by resolution on February 1, 1972. There were never any appointments made after a legal opinion was received; it was never set up properly.[15] On July 7, 1976, a plaque from Yugoslavia was installed by representatives from Brookhaven National Laboratory[16] near the entrance of the building. It reads:[17] IN THIS BUILDING DESIGNED BY STANFORD WHITE, ARCHITECT NIKOLA TESLA
BORN SMILJAN, YUGOSLAVIA 1856DIED NEW YORK, U.S.A. 1943

CONSTRUCTED IN 19011905 WARDENCLYFFE HUGE RADIO STATION WITH ANTENNA TOWER 187 FEET HIGH /DESTROYED 1917/, Stanford White Building at the WHICH corner of Tesla Street and New WAS TO HAVE SERVED AS HIS FIRST York Route 25A in July 2009 WORLD COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM. IN MEMORY OF 120TH ANNIVERSARY OF TESLA'S BIRTH AND 200TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE FIRST U.S.A July 10, 1976 The sign was stolen from the property in November 2009. An anonymous benefactor is oering a $2000 reward if it is returned to the property. [18] Designation of the structure as a National Landmark is awaiting completion of plant decommissioning activities by its present owner.[19] In 1976, an application was led to nominate the main building for listing on the

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National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). It failed to get approval. The Tesla Wardenclye Project, Inc. was established in 1994 for the purpose of seeking placement of the Wardenclye laboratory-oce building and the Tesla tower foundation on both the New York State and NRHP . Its mission is the preservation and adaptive reuse of Wardenclye, the century-old laboratory of electrical pioneer Nikola Tesla located in Shoreham, Long Island, New York.[20] In October 1994, a second application for formal nomination was led. The New York State Oce of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation conducted inspections and determined the facility meets New York State criteria for historic designation. A second visit was made on February 25, 2009. The site cannot be registered until it is nominated by a willing owner. Tesla Science Center at Wardenclye Main article: Tesla Science Center at Wardenclye In August 2012, concerned about an apparent oer to purchase the site and develop it for commercial use, The Oatmeal launched a fundraiser for the Tesla Science Center to raise $1.7 million in order to purchase the property, with the hope of eventually building a museum on the grounds. The state of New York agreed to match donations up to half that amount.[21][22][23] As of October 3, 2012, the goal of $850,000 had been reached in just over six days after a $33,333 donation from the producers of the Tesla lm Fragments From Olympus - The Vision of Nikola Tesla put them over the top. A total of $1.37 million was donated, the matching grant from the State of New York brings the total collected to over $2.2 million. The surplus will be used to fund the cleaning and restoration of the property. Tesla, Wardenclye and the museum fundraising eort will be the subject of a new documentary being produced called Tower to the People - Tesla's Dream at Wardenclye Continues.[24][25] On 2 May 2013, the group announced that the site had been acquired. Proceedings for a museum on the site will occur in the years to come.

Facility grounds
Wardenclye is located near the Shoreham Post Oce and Shoreham Fire House on Route 25A in Shoreham, Long Island, New York. Wardenclye was divided into two main sections. The tower, which was located in the back, and the main building compose the entire facility grounds. At one time the property was about 200 acres (0.81 km2). Now it consists of slightly less than 16 acres (65,000 m2). The wood-framed tower was 186 feet (57 m) tall and the cupola 68 feet (21 m) in diameter. It had a 55-ton steel (some report it was a better conducting material, such as copper) hemispherical structure at the top (referred to as a cupola). Designed by one of Stanford White's associates, the structure was such as to
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allow each piece to be taken out if needed and replaced as necessary. The transmitter itself was to have been powered by a 200 kilowatt Westinghouse alternating current industrial generator. Beneath the tower, a shaft sank 120 feet (37 m) into the ground. Sixteen iron pipes were placed one length after another 300 additional feet (94.4 m) in order for the machine, in Tesla's words, "to have a grip on the earth so the whole of this globe can quiver."[26] The main building occupied the rest of the station completed, including the facility grounds. It included a laboratory area, tower structure. instrument room, boiler room, generator room and machine shop. Inside the main building, there were electromechanical devices, electrical generators, electrical transformers, glass blowing equipment, X-ray devices, Tesla coils, a remote controlled boat, cases with bulbs and tubes, wires, cables, a library, and an oce. It was constructed in the style of the Italian Renaissance.
Artistic representation of the

Telefunken Station
After Wardenclye, Tesla built the Telefunken Wireless on the South Shore of Long Island. Some of what he wanted to achieve at Wardenclye was achieved with the Telefunken Wireless. In West Sayville, Long Island, New York, Tesla assisted in the building of three 600-foot (180 m) radio towers, creating the western wireless communication station in a North America and Europe network.

Tesla quotations
"As soon as [the Wardenclye facility is] completed, it will be possible for a business man in New York to dictate instructions, and have them instantly appear in type at his oce in London or elsewhere. He will be able to call up, from his desk, and talk to any telephone subscriber on the globe, without any change whatever in the existing equipment. An inexpensive instrument, not bigger than a watch, will enable its bearer to hear anywhere, on sea or land, music or song, the speech of a political leader, the address of an eminent man of science, or the sermon of an eloquent clergyman, delivered in some other place, however distant. In the same manner any picture, character, drawing, or print can be transferred from one to another place ..." "The Future of the Wireless Art," Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony, 1908, pg. 6771. "It is not a dream, it is a simple feat of scientic electrical engineering, only
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expensive blind, faint-hearted, doubting world! [...] Humanity is not yet suciently advanced to be willingly led by the discoverer's keen searching sense. But who knows? Perhaps it is better in this present world of ours that a revolutionary idea or invention instead of being helped and patted, be hampered and ill-treated in its adolescence by want of means, by selsh interest, pedantry, stupidity and ignorance; that it be attacked and stied; that it pass through bitter trials and tribulations, through the strife of commercial existence. So do we get our light. So all that was great in the past was ridiculed, condemned, combatted, suppressed only to emerge all the more powerfully, all the more triumphantly from the struggle." "The Transmission of Electrical Energy Without Wires as a Means for Furthering Peace," Electrical World and Engineer, January 7, 1905.

World Wireless System

Main article: World Wireless System

Transmission of electrical energy without wires

An electric current owing through a conductor carries electrical energy. The body of the earth is an electrical conductor, nearly spherical in shape, insulated in space. It possesses an electric charge relative to the upper atmosphere beginning at about 50 kilometers elevation. When a second body, directly adjacent to Earth, is charged and discharged in rapid succession this causes an equivalent variation of Earth's electrostatic charge resulting in the passage of electric current through the ground. The Tesla coil transmitter, both the single and dual tower forms, is an electrical machine specically designed to create as large a displacement as possible of Earth's electric charge. It does this by alternately charging and discharging the oscillator's elevated terminal capacitance at a specic frequency, periodically altering the electrostatic charge of the earth, and consequently, with sucient power, the pressure over its entire surface. "A connection to earth, either directly or through a condenser is essential."[27] The placement of a grounded Tesla coil receiver tuned to the same frequency

The Tesla coil wireless transmitter U.S. Patent 1,119,732 (http://www.google.com /patents/US1119732)

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as the transmitter at another point on the surface results in the ow of electric current through the earth between the two, while an equivalent electrical displacement occurs in the atmosphere. This current can be used at the receiver to drive an electrical load, which in the case of an individual World Wireless Telecommunications System receiver is a sensitive device using only a small amount of energy. [28] In 1891 and 1892, Tesla demonstrated the oscillatory transformer that bears his name in lectures delivered before meetings of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) in New York City"[29] and the Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEE) in London,[30] and in a later presentation titled "On Light and Other High Frequency Phenomena" (Philadelphia/St. Louis; Franklin Institute in 1893), [31] where he put forward his ideas on the wireless transmission of electrical energy.

Related patents
Main article: List of Nikola Tesla patents Tesla's patents "Means for Generating Electric Currents," U.S. Patent 514,168 (http://www.google.com/patents/US514168), February 6, 1894 "Electrical Transformer," U.S. Patent 593,138 (http://www.google.com /patents/US593138), November 2, 1897 "Method Of Utilizing Radiant Energy," U.S. Patent 685,958 (http://www.google.com/patents/US685958) November 5, 1901 "Method of Signaling," U.S. Patent 723,188 (http://www.google.com/patents /US723188), March 17, 1903 "System of Signaling," U.S. Patent 725,605 (http://www.google.com/patents /US725605), April 14, 1903 "Art of Transmitting Electrical Energy Through the Natural Mediums," U.S. Patent 787,412 (http://www.google.com/patents/US787412), April 18, 1905 "Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy," January 18, 1902, U.S. Patent 1,119,732 (http://www.google.com/patents/US1119732), December 1, 1914

See also
Wireless energy transmission Transmission medium Distributed generation Electricity distribution Electric power transmission
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Friis transmission equation Terrestrial stationary waves Devices: Tesla coil, Magnifying Transmitter, Electro-mechanical oscillator

Notes
1. ^ a b c d Broad, William J. (May 4, 2009). "A Battle to Preserve a Visionarys Bold Failure" (http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/science/05tesla.html?hp). New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2009. "Today, a ght is looming over the ghostly remains of that site, called Wardenclye what Tesla authorities call the only surviving workplace of the eccentric genius who dreamed countless big dreams while pioneering wireless communication and alternating current. The disagreement began recently after the property went up for sale in Shoreham, N.Y." 2. ^ Anderson, Leland I., Nikola Tesla On His Work with Alternating Currents and Their Application to wireless Telegraphy, Telephony, and Transmission of Power, 21st Century Books, 2002, pp. 106, 153, 170.; Counsel, "This Wardenclye station was that experimental?" Tesla, "No, it was a commercial undertaking... " 3. ^ Massie, Walter W. & Charles R. Underhill, Wireless Telegraphy & Telephony, Van Nostrand, 1908; "The Future of the Wireless Art (http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla /1908-00-00.htm)" 4. ^ Cheney, Margaret, Robert Uth (1999), Tesla Master of Lightning, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, ISBN 0-7607-1005-8, pp. 107.; Unable to overcome his nancial burdens, he was forced to close the laboratory in 1905. 5. ^ The Electrical World and Engineer, September 28 1901, Volume 38, No. 13, McGraw Publishing Company, 1901, page 510 (http://books.google.com /books?id=ntlQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA510&dq=James+Warden+Tesla+Wardenclye& hl=en&sa=X&ei=MA3CUvHSOMvHsASsyICQDQ& ved=0CDwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=James%20Warden%20Tesla%20Wardenclye& f=false) 6. ^ Margaret Cheney , Tesla: Man Out of Time, 2011 - pages 203 - 208 7. ^ Malanowski, Gregory, The Race for Wireless, AuthorHouse, page 35 8. ^ Cheney, Margaret, Tesla: Man Out of Time, 2011 - pages 203 - 208 9. ^ Childress, Hatcher Childress, The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla, 1993 - page 254 10. ^ Burgan, Michael, Nikola Tesla: Physicist, Inventor, Electrical Engineer, 2009. page 75 11. ^ See U.S. Blows Up Tesla Radio Tower (1917) (http://earlyradiohistory.us /1917tes.htm) (citing page 293 of the September 1917 issue of The Electrical Experimenter): "SUSPECTING that German spies were using the big wireless tower erected at Shoreham, L. I., about twenty years ago by Nikola Tesla, the Federal Government ordered the tower destroyed and it was recently demolished with dynamite." 12. ^ "Tesla Tower" (http://www.teslasociety.com/teslatower.htm). Tesla Memorial Society of New York. Retrieved 11 June 2012. 13. ^ A Battle to Preserve a Visionarys Bold Failure New York Times May 4, 2009 (http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/science/05tesla.html)
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14. ^ "Tesla Lab: $1,650,000" (http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/science /05teslabox.html?ref=science). New York Times. May 4, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2009. "5 Randall Road, Shoreham, N.Y., between Tesla Court and Randall Road" 15. ^ Email from Brookhaven Town Historian, Barbara Russell, Mon, March 30, 2009 16. ^ Brookhaven Bulletin, Vol. 30 No. 27, July 16, 1976 17. ^ "168314_w407.jpg" (http://assets.mediaspanonline.com/prod/3777889 /168314_w407.jpg). Retrieved February 1, 2010. 18. ^ "Valuable Plaque Stolen From Tesla Laboratory" (http://www2.timesreview.com /SUN/stories/S121109_Tesla_psh) 19. ^ Tesla, a Little-Recognized Genius, Left Mark in Shoreham New York Times November 10, 2002 (http://query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2D7113EF933A25752C1A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=& pagewanted=all) 20. ^ "A MUSEUM AT WARDENCLYFFE The Creation of a Monument to Nikola Tesla" (http://www.tfcbooks.com/articles/monument.htm). Tesla Wardenclye Project, Inc. Retrieved September 23, 2010. 21. ^ Inman, Matthew. "Help me raise money to buy Nikola Tesla's old laboratory" (http://theoatmeal.com/blog/tesla_museum). Retrieved 21 August 2012. 22. ^ Voakes, Greg (August 15, 2012). "The Oatmeal's Latest Fundraiser To Save The Tesla Tower" (http://www.forbes.com/sites/gregvoakes/2012/08/15/the-oatmealslatest-fundraiser-to-save-the-tesla-tower/). Forbes. Retrieved 16 August 2012. 23. ^ Solon, Olivia (16 August 2012). "Indiegogo project seeks crowdfunding for Tesla museum (Wired UK)" (http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-08/16/teslamuseum). Wired UK. Retrieved 16 August 2012. 24. ^ http://www.indiegogo.com/teslamuseum 25. ^ "Web Cartoonist Raises $1 Million For Tesla Museum" (http://www.npr.org/2012/08 /24/159925435/zap-cartoonist-raises-1-million-for-tesla-museum). NPR. August 24, 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012. 26. ^ Nikola Tesla On His Work With Alternating Currents and Their Application to Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony, and Transmission of Power (http://www.tfcbooks.com /tesla/nt_on_ac.htm), ISBN 1-893817-01-6, p. 203 27. ^ Ratzla, John T., Tesla Said, Tesla Book Company, 1984; THE DISTURBING INFLUENCE OF SOLAR RADIATION ON THE WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OF ENERGY (http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1912-07-06.htm) by Nikola Tesla, Electrical Review and Western Electrician, July 6, 1912 28. ^ Ratzla, John T., Dr. Nikola Tesla Complete Patents; System of Transmission of Electrical Energy (http://www.tfcbooks.com/patents/0645576.htm), September 2, 1897, U.S. Patent 645,576 (http://www.google.com/patents/US645576), March 20, 1900. 29. ^ Martin, Thomas Commerford, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla, The Electrical Engineer, New York, 1894; "Experiments With Alternating Currents of Very High Frequency, and Their Application to Methods of Articial Illumination," (http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1891-05-20.htm) AIEE, Columbia College, N.Y., May 20, 1891

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30. ^ Martin, Thomas Commerford, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla, The Electrical Engineer, New York, 1894; Experiments With Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency," (http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla /1892-02-03.htm) IEE Address, London, February 3, 1892. 31. ^ Martin, Thomas Commerford, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla, The Electrical Engineer, New York, 1894; "On Light and Other High Frequency Phenomena," (http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1893-02-24.htm) February 24, 1893, before the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, March 1893, before the National Electric Light Association, St. Louis.

Further reading
Anderson, Leland, "Rare Notes from Tesla on Wardenclye" (http://www.capturedlightning.com/temp/Rare_Notes.pdf) in Electric Spacecraft A journal of Interactive Research, Issue 26, September 14, 1998. Contains copies of rare documents from the Tesla Museum in Belgrade including Tesla's notes and sketches from 1901 Bass, Robert W., "Self-Sustained Non-Hertzian Longitudal Wave Oscillations as a Rigorous Solution of Maxwell's Equations for Electromagnetic Radiation". Inventek Enterprises, Inc., Las Vegas, Nevada. "Boundless Space: A Bus Bar". The Electrical World, Vol 32, No. 19. Massie, Walter Wentworth, "Wireless telegraphy and telephony popularly explained ". New York, Van Nostrand. 1908. Rather, John, "Tesla, a Little-Recognized Genius, Left Mark in Shoreham". The New York Times. Long Island Weekly Desk. Tesla, Nikola, "The Transmission of Electrical Energy Without Wires" (http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1904-03-05.htm), Electrical World and Engineer, March 5, 1904. Tesla, Nikola, "World System of Wireless Transmission of Energy" (http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1927-10-16.htm), Telegraph and Telegraph Age, October 16, 1927.

External links
PBS Tower of Dreams (http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_todre.html) the wireless global communications] Wardenclye Tower (http://en.structurae.de/structures /data/index.cfm?ID=s0015668) at Structurae Tesla Science Center at Wardenclye (http://www.teslasciencecenter.org/) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wardenclye_Tower& oldid=604170635" Categories: Wireless energy transfer Photonics Nikola Tesla

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