PHASE EQUILIBRIUM WORKSHEET

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1. Select the composition diagram that exhibits a mixture showing positive deviation
from Raoult's law.

A

B

C

D


2. Select the correct statement for an ideal mixture of two liquids.

A It is a solution obeying Boyle's law
B It is a solution obeying Raoult's law
C The solution making process is endothermic
D The solution mixing process is exothermic

3. P and Q two miscible liquids forming an ideal solution. The vapour pressure of P is
48 kPa and vapour pressure of Q is 36 kPa at . Calculate the total vapour
pressure at the same temperature of a mixture that contains 3 moles of P and 1 mol
of Q.

A 21 kPa
B 36 kPa
C 45 kPa
D 84 kPa

20 C
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM WORKSHEET

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4. Identify the liquid mixture that obeys Raoult's law.

A Hexane and Heptane
B Benzene and Ethanol
C Nitric acid and water
D Propanone and trichloromethane

5. The question below is based on the following information. Vapour pressure of
cyclohexane and benzene at is 12 kPa and 10 kPa respectively. A mixture of
cyclohexane and benzene forms an ideal solution. The mole fraction of cyclohexane
in the mixture is 0.5.

Calculate the total vapour pressure of the solution in kPa.

A 16
B 14
C 11
D 10

6. The question below is based on the following information. Vapour pressure of
cyclohexane and benzene at is 12 kPa and 10 kPa respectively. A mixture of
cyclohexane and benzene forms an ideal solution. The mole fraction of cyclohexane
in the mixture is 0.5.

Calculate the mole fraction of cyclohexane in the vapour that is in equilibrium with
the solution.

A 0.25
B 0.55
C 0.60
D 0.65

7. The two following chromatograms were obtained by analysing one sample of a
multiple-component mixture.




Identify the number of components from the above chromatograms.

25 C
25 C
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM WORKSHEET

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A 3
B 4
C 5
D 6

8. An ideal solution is formed when 1 mol of liquid Q and 3 moles of liquid R are
mixed. Consider that the vapour pressure of pure Q is x and of pure R is y. Calculate
the total vapour of the solution.

A

B

C

D


9. __________is an analytical method used to separate solutes where separation is
done by differential movement through a porous medium. The movement is caused
by a flow of solvent.

A Diffusion
B Fractional distillation
C Chromatography
D Solvent extraction

10. Q an organic compound was distilled in steam at 101 kPa. Temperature at which
distillation was carried out was was 72 kPa. 71.6% by mass of the distillate
was found to be Q. Calculate the relative molecular mass of Q.

A 156.90
B 123.60
C 112.06
D 86

11. The following diagram represents the vapour pressure against composition curve of
a mixture of hexane and heptane at temperature T.

( ) 3
3
x y +
( ) 3
4
x y +
( ) 3 x y +
x y +
91 C
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On fractional distillation of 70% heptane and 30% hexane identify the composition
of the first and the second distillate.

1st distillate 2nd distillate
A Hexane Heptane
B Heptane Hexane
C Heptane Heptane + Hexane
D Hexane Hexane + Heptane

12. A solution of 5.0 gm organic compound Q in 50 cm
3
of H
2
O was shaken with 100
cm
3
of ether. After separation, the aqueous solution was found to contain 0.98 gm
of Q. Calculate the partition coefficient of Q between ether and water.

A 0.381
B 0.525
C 2.625
D 6.25

13. In column chromatoghraphy for the separation of substances in solution, absorbed
solutes can be washed right through the column one at a time by a suitable solvent.
Name the process.

A Absorption
B Adsorption
C Polymerisation
D Elution










PHASE EQUILIBRIUM WORKSHEET

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14. The following diagram is the boiling point composition of a mixture of two
liquids P and Q.




What is the distillate composition when a mixture of composition Z is fractionally
distilled?

A Pure P and azeotropic mixture
B Pure P
C Azeotropic mixture
D Pure Q and azeotropic mixture

15.
A mixture of C
6
H
5
Br and steam at a pressure of 101 kPa and temperature was
distilled. The resulting distillate had 100 g of H
2
O. Vapour pressure of H
2
O at
is 85 kPa. Calculate the percentage by mass of C
6
H
5
Br in the distillate.
(Relative molar mass: C
6
H
5
Br =156.5; H
2
O =18.0)

A 100%
B 76%
C 62%
D 50%

16. The following diagram shows a vapour pressure of a mixture of two liquids P and
Q.




P and Q most likely

95 C
95 C
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM WORKSHEET

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A propan-l-ol and propan-2-ol
B ethanol and benzene
C water and nitric acid
D hexane and heptane

17.
Vapour pressure of hexane at is 54 kPa. What is the vapour pressure of
hexane in an ideal mixture of 8.6 g hexane and 10 g of heptane at this temperature?
[ Relative molar mass: hexane= 86, heptane= 100]

A 38 kPa
B 27 kPa
C 11 kPa
D 5.4 kPa


18. The following diagram is the boiling point composition of a mixture of two
liquids P and Q.




Identify the two liquids obtained when mixture X is separated by efficient fractional
distillation.

A P and X
B Q and Y
C P and Y
D P and Q

SECTION B

19.

In paper chromatography the paper

1 is marked with a spot of the solution to be analysed
2 acts as an absorbent
3 is filter paper of suitable quality.

50 C

PHASE EQUILIBRIUM WORKSHEET

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20.

Identify the liquids that are completely miscible in all proportions at room
temperature and a pressure of 1 atm.

1 Water and benzene
2 Phenylamine and water
3 Water and propanone

21.

Identify the factors that affect the vapour pressure of a liquid.

1 intermolecular forces
2 temperature
3 surface area of the liquid

22.

Identify the conditions under which the partition law does not work.

1 when temperature changes
2 when solutions are concentrated
3 when the solute dissociates or associates with the solvent

23.

Identify the advantages of using ether as an extracting solvent.

1 Can dissolve many organic compounds
2 Is chemically inert
3 Has a low boiling point

24.

Steam distillation can be used

1 to separate miscible liquid mixtures
2 for extraction and purification of organic compounds with high relative
molecular masses
3 to determine relative molecular masses of unknown organic compounds

25.

Boiling point composition curves at constant pressure with a maximum value is
obtained for mixtures comprising

1 liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen
2 water and nitric acid
3 water and hydrochloric acid

PHASE EQUILIBRIUM WORKSHEET

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1. The following figure shows a partly completed boiling point against composition diagram at constant pressure
for two miscible liquids A and B.




(a)
Given the boiling point of pure A is and pure B is complete the diagram.


[4 marks]

(b) A liquid mixture consisting of 50% of A by mass is subjected to fractional distillation. Find out
(i) The boiling point of the mixture
[2 marks]
(ii) The composition of the vapour in equilibrium with the liquid mixture at its boiling point.
[2 marks]

(c) Sketch the vapour pressure against composition diagram expected to be obtained at constant temperature
for mixture A and B.


[2 marks]

2. Raoult Law is based on the fact that a simple relationship exists between the relative lowering of vapour
pressure and the concentration of an ideal solution expressed as mole fraction of solute.

(a) What do you mean by 'mole fraction' of a solute?


[4 marks]


86 C
100 , C
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM WORKSHEET

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(b) Name two liquid which form approximately ideal mixtures over a whole composition.


[2 marks]

(c) On the axes below, draw and label the boiling point composition curves for mixtures of the two liquids
given in (b). Show both liquid and vapour composition in the diagram.



[4 marks]


3. (a) Why is ethoxyethane particularly suitable for the extraction of an organic
compound from an aqueous layer?
[7 marks]

(b) An aqueous solution of butanedioic acid, HOOCC
2
CH
2
COOH was shaken
with ethoxyethane at until equlibrium was attained. of the
aqueous layer required NaOH(aq) and of
ethoxyethane layer required aqueous sodium
hydroxide for neutralisation. Calculate the partition coefficient at .
[9 marks]

4. An organic compound X is four times as soluble in ether as in water.

(a) Express this in terms of partition coefficient.
[6 marks]

(b) 10 g compound X dissolved in 100 cm
3
of water is extracted with 100 cm
3
of
ether. What mass of compound X is extracted into ether?
[9 marks]

(c) Calculate the total mass of the compound that would have been extracted by
successively using two 50 cm
3
portions of solvents.
[9 marks]
25 C
3
25.0 cm
3 3
30 cm of 0.50 mol dm
3
50.0 cm
3 3
20.0 cm of 0.025 mol dm

25 C
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Answer
1 C 19 D
2 B 20 A
3 C 21 B
4 B 22 D
5 C 23 D
6 B 24 B
7 A 25 C
8 B
9 C
10 C
11 A
12 C
13 D
14 C
15 C
16. C
17. B
18 B

PAPER 2

PHASE EQUILIBRIUM

Q1 (a)


(b)
(i) boiling point of mixture
(ii) 30% of A by mass and 70% of B by mass.


112 . C =
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM WORKSHEET

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(c)


Q2 (a) The mole fraction of a solute is the number of moles of that solute divided by the
total number of moles present.

where n = no of moles.

(b) Heptane and hexane forms an ideal mixture.

(c)











3 (a) Ethoxyethane is a suitable extracting solvent because
( )
solute
solute
solute
Mole fraction of a solute,
n solvent
n
x
n
=
+
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM WORKSHEET

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- it is almost immisicible in water (floats) and can be easily separated from water.
- it has a low boiling point and can be distilled from the extracted solution using a
water bath, leaving behind the organic compound.
- many organic compounds are completely soluble in ethoxyethane.
- It is chemically inert and does not react with many organic compounds.

(b)


2. (a) Partition coefficient
| |
| |
| |
| |
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
acid used
NaOH used
3
water
HOOC CH CH COOH 2NaOH Na OOC CH CH COO Na H O
that is,
HOOCCH CH COOH 2NaOH
Acid
1
NaOH 2
acid 25.0
1
Water layer :
0.050 30.0 2
0.050 30.0
acid 0.030 mol dm
2 25.0
Ethoxyethane la
V
V
+ +

+ +

= =

| |
| |
| |
| |
ethoxyethane
3
3
3
yer :
acid 50.0
1
0.25 20.0 2
0.025 20.0
acid
2 25.0
0.0050 mol dm
acid water
Partition coefficient
acid ethoxyethane
0.030 mol dm

0.0050 mol dm
6.0

=
=
=
=
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM WORKSHEET

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(b)
Let mass of X extracted by ether =a g
Thus, mass of X remaining in water =(10-a) g

or



(b) First extraction:
Let mass of X extracted by ether =
Thus, mass of X remaining in water
or



concentration of solute in ether
concentration of solute in water
4
X
X
=
=
| |
| |
ether
water
Partition coefficient 4
X
X
= =
( )
1
3
3
100 cm
4
10
100 cm
a g
a
=

( ) 4 10
5 40 or 8
Mass of solute extracted into ether 8 g
a a
a a g
X
=
= =
=
1
a g
( )
1
10 a g =
( )
3
1
3
50 cm
4
10
100 cm
a g
a g
=

( )
1 1
1
1
2 4 10
6 10
6.67 g
a a
a
a
=
=
=
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM WORKSHEET

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Second extraction:
Mass of solute X remaining in the aqueous layer
Let mass of X extracted by ether
Thus, mass of X remaining in water








10 6.67 3.33 gm = =
2
gm a =
( )
2
3.33 g a =
( )
2
3
2
3
50 cm
4
3.33
100 cm
a g
a
=