Tutorial Plant Solution

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043
Tutorial 1 Solution Steam Power Plant Winardi Sani

State 3 : p3 = 3 MPa. t3 = 350o C. Condenser pressure of p4 = 75 kPa. a) Sketch this cycle in p h diagram and read the value of each state variable:
boiler
q in
e
wp pump
q out condenser
h1 h2
h4
tur
wout
bin
h3
h1 = 350 kJ/kg; h3 = 3150 kJ/kg;
h2 = 390 kJ/kg; h4 = 2400 kJ/kg
(1) (2)
b) Determine the thermal efciency of this cycle. th = |wt | |wp | |qin | (3)
The 1. law of T/D applied on the pump 1 to 2 : h2 h1 = wp (isentropic, no kin. and pot. energy) (4)
The 1. law of T/D applied on the turbine 3 to 4 : h4 h3 = wt (isentropic, no kin. and pot. energy, work released)(5) (6)
| wt | = |wt | = |h4 h3 | = |h3 h4 | The 1. law of T/D applied on the boiler 2 to 3 : h3 h2 = qin (no work, no kin. and pot. energy)
(7)
The 1. law of T/D applied on the condenser 4 to 1 : h1 h4 = qout (no work, no kin. and pot. energy, heat is rejected) (8)
Substitute equations (4) (7) into equation (3) yields: th = |h3 h4 | |h2 h1 | |h3 h2 | |3150 2400| |390 350| = |3150 390| 750 40 710 = = 2760 2760 = 0.257 = 25.7% (9)
(10) (11)
c) Compare your result with the thermal efciency of the Carnot cycle. Carnot cycle operates between two isothermal processes, TL (condenser temperature) and TH (boiler temperature) with efciency: . th = 1 TL TH 85 + 273.15 = 1 350 + 273.15 358.15 = 1 = 0.425 623.15 = 42.5% (12)
(13)
th,Carnot > th,Rankine You may compare the results using the data taken from the steam table (see thermodynamics book by Cengel). Hereby you must calculate the dryness factor x to determine the state properties (h4 for example) at point 4 with formula: x= s3 s4f s4f g (14)
p-h diagram is a convenient tool for energy analysis in Rankine cycle.
State 3 : p3 = 8 MPa, saturated vapor, = t3 = 300o C (read p-h diagram). Condenser pressure of p4 = 8 kPa, saturated liquid and turbine power delivered at t = 100 MW. W a) The thermal efciency th = |wt | |wp | |qin | (15)
The same procedures in the previous solution are applied here to obtain: th = |h4 h3 | |h2 h1 | |h3 h2 | |1750 2725| |200 180| = |2725 200| 975 20 955 = = 2525 2525 = 0.378 = 37.8% (16)
(17) (18)
boiler
3
q in
tur bin e
wp pump
wout
100 MW
condenser
1
q out
h1
h2
h4
h3
b) The back work ratio(bwr, pump work divided by turbine work) bwr = = = = |wp | |wt | |h2 h1 | |h4 h3 | |200 180| |1750 2725| 20 = 2% 975 (19) (20) (21) (22)
c) The mass ow rate of the steam in kg/hr t = m W wt = m (h3 h4 ) t W = m = h3 h4 100 MW 105 kJ/s = = = 102.6 kg/s 975 kJ/kg 975 kJ/kg 3600 s = 102.6 kg/s 1 hr 5 = m = 3.7 10 kg/hr (23) (24) (25)
(26)
into the working uid as it passes through the d) The rate of heat transfer, Q boiler in = m Q qin = m (h3 h2 ) = 3.7 105 kg/hr (2725 200) kJ/kg kJ 1 hr = 934, 250 kJ/hr = 934, 250 hr 3600 s = 259, 514 kW = 259.5 MW (27) (28)
(29)
e) The mass ow rate of the condenser cooling water in kg/hr if cooling water enters the condenser at 25 o C and exists at 40 o C.
out = m Q qout = m (h4 h1 ) = 3.7 10 kg/hr (1750 180) kJ/kg 1 hr kJ = 580, 900 kJ/hr = 580, 900 hr 3600 s = 161.4 MW
5
(30) (31)
(32)
m cooling water
25 oC in
Q out
Q cw 40 oC out
Energy balance (1. law of T/D) applied on the condenser system: E t = m cw (hcw,in hcw,out ) + m (h4 h1 )
system
0 = m cw (hcw,in hcw,out ) + m (h4 h1 ) m cw = = m (h4 h1 ) hcw,out hcw,in out Q hcw,out hcw,in
The enthalpy values of saturated liquid at 25 o C and 40 o C from the saturated water table: ht=25o C = 104.88 kJ/kg, and ht=40o C = 167.57 kJ/kg. 161.4 MW = 2, 575 kg/s (167.57 104.88)kJ/kg = 9.3 106 kg/hr
cooling water
(33) (34) (35) (36)
m cw = = m cw
(37) (38)
With t = p = 85%, determine for the modied cycle:
2s
boiler q in
ise ntr op ic
wp
100 MW
wt
isentropic pump
condenser
1
q out
h2s h2
4s
h1
h4s
h4
wp,s
wp
not scaled
wt wt,s
h3
a) The thermal efciency: th = Turbine t = = wt Pump p = = wp = = = = wp,s wp wp,s p 1 |h2s h1 | p 1 |200 180| kJ/kg 0.85 23.5 kJ/kg; greater than wp,s = 20 kJ/kg (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) wt wt,s = t wt,s (40) (41) |wt | |wp | |qin | (39)
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Substitute the equations (43) and (41) into the equation (39) yields: |t wt,s | | th = |qin | t |h4s h3 | qin
1 p
wp,s | p |h2s h1 |
(47)
(48)
From the previous question we have calculated: |h4s h3 | = |1750 2725| kJ/kg = 975 kJ/kg |h2s h1 | = |200 180| kJ/kg = 20 kJ/kg qin = h3 h2 (49) and
The value of h3 remains constant, but h2 changes!. h2 must be calculated using the the value of wp . h2 = wp + h1 = (23.5 + 180) kJ/kg = 203.5 kJ/kg = qin = (2725 203.5) kJ/kg = qin = 2, 521.5 kJ/kg (52) (51) (50)
All the data necessary has been prepared to solve the new efciency in equation (48): th = 0.85 975 0.1 85 20 2, 521.5 = 0.319 (53)
= 31.9%
The new efciency must be lower compared to the ideal, isentropic case (37.8%). b) The back work ratio (pump work divided by turbine work) bwr = = = = = |wp | |wt | wp,s 1 p t wt,s wp,s 1 wt,s t p 1 bwrs t p 20 1 = 2.8% 975 0.85 0.85
It means, more investment compared to the isentropic process.
c) The mass ow rate of the steam in kg/hr. Energy balance applied on the steam power plant. (E = energy in energy out) per unit time. 0 = qin qout + wp wt wt wp = qin qout m (wt wp ) = m (qin qout ) cycle = m W (h3 h2 ) (h4 h1 ) = m = cycle W (h3 h2 ) (h4 h1 ) (54)
State property value [kJ/kg] h1 180 h2 203.5 h3 2725 h4 ? To obtain the value of h4 , we can apply the 1. law of T/D on the turbine, from state 3 to 4 : h4 = h3 wt = h3 t wt,s = h3 t (h4,s h3 ) = (2725 0.85 975) kJ/kg h4 = 1896.5 kJ/kg (56) (55)
Because of irreversibilities inside the turbine, h4 > h4s = 1750 kJ/kg. With cycle = 100 MW, the mass ow rate is then: W m = = = = = m = 100 MW (2725 203.5) (1896.5 180) kJ/kg 100, 000 kW 2521.5 1716.5 kJ/kg 100, 000 J/s 805 J/kg kg 124.223 s 5 kg 4.47 10 hr
(57)
into the working uid as it passes through the d) The rate of heat transfer, Q boiler in = m Q qin = m (h3 h2 ) = 124.223 kg/s (2725 203.5) kJ/kg in = 313.2 MW = Q (60) (58) (59)
More heat addition must be provided to overcome losses compared to in,s in the previous isentropic case. Q e) The mass ow rate of the condenser cooling water in kg/hr if cooling water enters the condenser at 25 o C and exists at 40 o C.
out = m Q qout = m (h4 h1 ) kg = 124.223 (1896.5 180) kJ/kg s = 213.2 MW
out = Q
(61)
f) Discuss the effects on the steam power plant of the irreversibilities within the turbine and pump. The effects of irreversibilities within the turbine and the pump can be gauged by comparing the present values with their counterparts. The turbine work is less and the pump work greater than in the previous case. The thermal efciency of the power plant is also less than in the ideal case. The magnitude of the heat transfer to the cooling water is greater than in the ideal case, consequently, so greater mass ow rate of cooling water would be required. This conclusion is still valid eventhough the net power output in the last case is not 100 MW. It is true because the difference of the back work ratio in both the cases is very small.
Steam is the working uid in an ideal Rankine cycle with superheat and reheat. Steam enters the rst-stage turbine at 8.00 MPa, 480 o C and expands to 0.8 MPa. It is then reheated to 440 o C before entering the second-stage turbine, where it expands to the condenser pressure of 10 kPa. The net power output is 100 MW. Determine: The cycle illustrated in p h diagram:
boiler q in,1
superheat
bin HP tur
4 reheat 6
wt,1
5
q in,2 wp pump
LP
1
condenser q out
tur b
ine
wt,2
h3 h1 h2 h6 h4 h5
a) The thermal efciency of the cycle = = Net work output Heat input woutput winput qinput |w34 | + |w56 | |w12 | |q23 | + |q45 | (62)
From the 1. law of T/D applied on a cyclic system: energy in = energy out (63)
q23 + q45 + w12 = w34 + w56 q61 w34 + w56 w12 = q23 + q45 q61 replacing eq. (64) into eq. (62), yields =1 |q61 | |q23 | + |q45 | (65) (64)
00 34
E=2500
E=2800 0
E=
E= 00 35
3 5
sv=
0.0
sv=
0.0
0 E=30
05
4 2 1 6
You can describe the Rankine cycle using p h, T s, or h s diagram, or you can combine them to obtain more accuracy. Interpolation is often necessary if the location point does not lay on a constant line. To calculate the thermal efciency of the steam power plant, you can use the previous
10
method with the data read directly on the diagrams illustrated above. An alternative solution is to use the data taken from the steam table. It will be shown following. State 3 4 5 6 1 2 sat. liquid liquid phase superheated given p3 = 8.00 MPa, t3 = 480 0 C p4 = 0.8 MPa t5 = 440 0 C, p5 = p4 p6 = 10 kPa p1 = p6 steam table interpolation
superheated
interpolation
vf = 0.001010 m3 /kg, hf = 191.81 kJ/kg, sf = 0.6492 kJ/kg K
State change 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-1 1-2 2-3
Process isentropic,work out isobar,heat addition isentropic,work out isobar,heat rejection isentropic, compression isobar,heat addition
Meaning s3 = s4 , wt = w34 p4 = p5 , qin = q45 s5 = s6 , wt = w56 p6 = p1 , qout = q61 s1 = s2 , wout = w12 p2 = p3 , qin = q23
Interpolation at state 3 , p3 = 8 MPa Number Temperature 1 450 2 480 3 500
Enthalpy 3273.3 hp3 3399.5
Entropy 6.5579 sp3 6.7266
Linear interpolation to determine both the value of h2 = hp3 and s2 = sp3 h3 h1 t3 t1 = h2 h2 h2 h1 t2 t1 t2 t1 = h1 + (h3 h1 ) t3 t1 480 450 = 3273.3 + (3399.5 3273.3) 500 450 = 3273.3 + 75.72 =
(66)
= hp3 = 3349.02 kJ/kg 480 450 s2 = 6.5579 + (6.7266 6.5579) 500 450 s2 = 6.5579 + 0.10122 = sp3 = 6.65912 kJ/kg K
(67)
(68)
11
State 4 , p4 = 0.8 MPa Since sp3 = 6.65912 kJ/kg < 6.6616 kJ/kg = sp4,v , so the state 4 is laid in the liquid+vapor region!. x = s4 sf sf g 6.65912 2.0457 = 4.6160 = 0.9994 (69)
(70)
h4 = hf + x hf g = 720.87 + 0.9994 2047.7 = 2, 767.3 kJ/kg Interpolation at state 5 , p5 = 0.8 MPa Number 1 2 3 Temperature 400 440 500 Enthalpy 3267.7 hp5 3481.3 Entropy 7.5735 sp5 7.8692
(71) (72)
Linear interpolation to determine both the value of h2 = hp3 and s2 = sp3 h3 h1 t3 t1 = h2 h2 h2 h1 t2 t1 t2 t1 = h1 + (h3 h1 ) t3 t1 440 400 (3481.3 3267.7) = 3267.7 + 500 400 = 3267.7 + 85.44 =
(73)
= hp5 = 3, 353.14 kJ/kg 440 400 s2 = 7.5735 + (7.8692 7.5735) 500 450 s2 = 7.5735 + 0.11828 = sp5 = 7.6918 kJ/kg K
(74)
(75)
At state 6 , p6 = 10 kPa, s6 = s5 = 7.6918 kJ/kg K. At pressure of 10 kPa, the entropy of the uid at saturated state is of s = 8.1488 kJ/kg K. So the state 6 must be must be in the liquid vapor region!.
sf [kJ/kg K] 0.6492
At p = 10 kPa. sf g [kJ/kg K] sg [kJ/kg K] 7.4996 8.1488
12
x =
s6 sf sf g 7.6918 0.6492 = 7.4996 = 0.9391
(76)
(77)
At p = 10 kPa. hf [kJ/kg K] hf g [kJ/kg K] hg [kJ/kg K] 191.81 2392.1 2583.9
h6 = hf + x hf g = 191.81 + 0.9391 2392.1 = h6 = 2, 438.2 kJ/kg At state 2 : s2 = s1 = 0.6492 kJ/kg K w12 = wp = vf (p2 p1 ) = 0.001010 m /kg (8000 10) kPa m3 N/m2 = 8.0699 kPa kg Pa = 8.0699 kJ/kg h2 = h1 + w12 = 191.81 kJ/kg + 8.0699 kJ/kg = h2 = 199.88 kJ/kg We have prepared all the values needed for efciency: =1 |q61 | |q23 | + |q45 |
3
(78) (79)
(80)
(81) (82) (83)
q61 = h1 h6 = (191.81 2, 438.2) kJ/kg = 2, 246.39 kJ/kg q23 = h3 h2 = (3, 349.02 199.88) kJ/kg = 3, 149.14 kJ/kg (minus sign means heat rejection)
(84) (85) (86) (87)
q45 = h5 h4 = (3, 353.14 2, 767.3) kJ/kg = 585.84 kJ/kg
(88) (89)
13
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia 2, 246.39 3, 149.14 + 585.84 (90)
=1
= 0.4 = 40%
b) The mass ow rate of the steam in kg/hr out from the condensing steam as is passes through c) The rate of heat transfer, Q the condenser, in MW. d) Discuss the effects of reheat on the steam power plant e) Repeat the analysis with including that the turbine and pump each have the isentropic efciency of 85%.
14
Consider a regenerative steam power plant with one open feedwater heater. Steam enters the turbine at 8.0 MPa, 480 o C and expands to 0.8 MPa, where some of the steam is extracted and diverted to the open feedwater heater operating at 0.8 MPa. The remaining steam expands through the second-stage turbine to the condenser pressure of 10 kPa. This portion of the total ow is condensed to saturated liquid, then pumped to the extraction pressure and introduced into the feedwater heater at 0.8 MPa. The isentropic efciency of each turbine is 85% and each pump operates isentropically. If the net power output of the cycle is 100 MW, determine: a) The thermal efciency
Steam generator 3 HP 4 LP Turbines
(1 y)
5
Open feedwater heater
Pump 2
Pump 1
40
3 E=
E=2500
E=2800 0
sv= 0
2 1 4s 4
7 5s 6 5
15
sv=
0.0
0 E=30
.00
Condenser
E= 35 00
(1 y)
The thermal efciency of the cycle Net work output th = Heat input woutput winput = qinput th = |wt | |wp | |q23 | (91)
Fraction of the total ow at state 4 by y . y = m 4 /m with the total mass m =m 4+m 5. Total turbine work per unit of total mass is: t W wt = = (h4 h3 ) + (1 y )(h5 h4 ) (92) m The pump work per unit of total mass is: p W = (h2 h1 ) + (1 y )(h7 h6 ) wp = m y=
(93)
h1 h7 (94) h4 h7 Calculation of the properties at state 3 The specic enthalpy at state 3 is evaluated in the solution to the previous question. = h3 = 3349.02 kJ/kg = s3 = 6.65912 kJ/kg K Calculation of the properties at state 4 h4 = h3 wt |wt | = t |wt,s | = t |h4,s h3 | (97) At state 4s , p4s = p4 = 0.8 MPa s3 = s4s = 6.65912 kJ/kg < 6.6616 kJ/kg = s4s,v , so the state 4s is laid in the liquid+vapor region!. s4s sf x = (98) sf g 6.65912 2.0457 = 4.6160 = 0.9994 (99) h4s = hf + x hf g = 720.87 + 0.9994 2047.7 = 2, 767.3 kJ/kg |wt,s | = |2, 767.3 3349.02| kJ/kg = 581.72 kJ/kg (101) (100) (95) (96)
16
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia The value of h4 can be now calculated: h4 = 3, 349.02 0.85 581.72 = 2854.56 kJ/kg
With this enthalpy value at at the pressure of 0.8 MPa, the state 4 is superheated (h4 > 2768.3 kJ/kg), see steam table. p4 = 0.8 MPa Number 1 3 Temp. 200 ? 250 Enthalpy 2839.8 h4 2950.4 Entropy 6.8177 s4 7.0402
Linear interpolation is applied to determine s4 : h3 h1 s3 s1 = s4 h4 h1 s4 s1 h4 h1 = s1 + (s3 s1 ) (102) h3 h1 2854.56 2839.8 (7.0402 6.8177) = 6.8177 + 2950.4 2839.8 = 6.8474 kJ/kg K (103) =
= s4
Determination of the property at state 6 At this stage the uid is at saturated with the condenser pressure of p6 = 10 kPa. The state properties are read at steam table: vf [m]3 /kg 0.001010 hf [kJ/kg] 191.81 sf [kJ/kg K] 0.6492
Calculation of the properties at state 7 , p7 = 0.8 MPa. h7 = h6 + wp1 wp1 = vf (p7 p6 ) m3 (800 10) kPa kg m3 N/m2 = 0.7979 kPa kg Pa kNm = 0.7979 kg kJ = 0.7979 kg = 0.001010 = h7 = 191.81 + 0.7979 kJ = h7 = 192.61 kg
(104)
17
Determination of the property at state 1 At this stage the uid is at saturated with the open heater pressure of p1 = 0.8 MPa. The state properties are read at steam table: vf [m]3 /kg 0.001115 hf [kJ/kg] 720.87 sf [kJ/kg K] 2.0457
The fraction of the total ow, y : h1 h7 h4 h7 720.87 192.61 = 2854.56 192.61 = y = 0.20 y =
(105)
To determine the efciency in eq. (91), we need rst to calculate both the pump and turbine works according to eq. (92) and (93). i. Calculation of the enthalpy at state 2 , p7 = 8 MPa.
h2 = h1 + wp2 wp2 = vf (p2 p1 ) m3 (8 0.8) MPa kg N/m2 m3 MPa = 0.00803 kg Pa kJ = 8.03 kg = 0.001115 = h2 = 720.87 + 8.03 kJ = h2 = 728.9 kg ii. Calculation of the properties at state 5 , p5 = 10 kPa. s5s = s4 . h5 = h4 wt = h4 t |wt,s | = h4 t (h4 h5,s ) (107)
(106)
The state 5s is at the liquid + vapor region! So, we have to calculate x at this pressure. x = s5s sf sf g 6.8474 0.6492 = 7.4996 = 0.8265
(108)
18
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia h5s = hf + x hf g = 191.81 + 0.8265 2392.1 = 2, 168.88 kJ/kg = h5 = h4 t (h4 wt )
(109)
= 2854.56 0.85 (2, 854.56 2, 168.88) = h5 = 2271.732 kJ/kg iii. Total turbine work per unit total mass ow rate, wt : t W = (h4 h3 ) + (1 y )(h5 h4 ) wt = m = (2854.56 3349.02) + (1 0.2) (2271.732 2854.56) = 960.72 kJ/kg (work done by the system) (111) (110)
iv. The pump work per unit of total mass is: p W = (h2 h1 ) + (1 y )(h7 h6 ) wp = m = 8.03 + (1 0.2) 0.7979 = 8.67 kJ/kg v. Heat supply, q23 . q23 = h3 h2 = 3349.02 728.9 = 2620.12 kJ/kg The efciency of the cycle is then: th = = |wt | |wp | |q23 | 960.72 8.67 2620.12 (114) (113) (112)
= th = 0.363 = 36.3% b) the mass ow rate of the steam entering the rst stage turbine. cycle = W Net power output
t | |W p| = |W = m (|wt | |wp |) cycle W m = | wt | | wp | 100 MW J = 960.72 8.67 kJ/kg Ws Mg 1000 k 3600 s = 0.1050 s M hr kg = m = 3.78 105 hr
(115)
19
A reheat regenerative steam power plant operates with two feedwater heaters, a closed feedwater heater, and an open feedwater heater. Steam enters the rst turbine at 8.0 MPa, 450 C and expands to 0.8 MPa. The steam is reheated to 450 C before entering the second turbine. It expands through the turbine to the condenser pressure of 10 kPa. Steam is extracted from the rst turbine at 2 MPa and fed to the closed feedwater heater. Feedwater leaves the closed heater at 200 C and 8 MPa, and condensate exits as saturated liquid at 2 MPa. The condensate is trapped into the open feedwater heater. Steam extracted from the second turbine at 0.3 MPa and also fed into the open feedwater heater, which operates at 0.3 MPa. The stream exiting the open feedwater heater is saturated liquid at 0.3 MPa. The net power output of the cycle is 100 MW. The working uid experiences no irreversibilities as it passes through the turbines, pumps, condenser, and steam generator. Determine:
a) The thermal efciency b) The mass ow rate of the steam entering the rst turbine.
4 Reheater m3 3 m 8 MPa o 450 C Steam generator 11 m
Second turbines (1 y )
1
First turbines
1 y
1
m2
m3
m6 y
2
(1 y y )
. 5 m5
0.3 MPa
6 Condenser 10 kPa 7
1 2
8 MPa o 200 C Closed feedwater heater 2 MPa sat. liquid
m 10 m2 12
Open feedwater heater m 9
8 0.3 MPa sat. liquid m6 Pump 1 m2
Pump 2
Trap
13
20
Reheater
450 C . m3 3 m 8 MPa o 450 C
4 Second turbines First turbines 2 MPa 1 m2 0.8 MPa 0.3 MPa 10 kPa
m3
Steam generator 11 m
m6 m5 0.3 MPa
5 6 Condenser
8 MPa o 200 C Closed feedwater heater 2 MPa sat. liquid
m 10 m2 12
Open feedwater heater m 9
8 0.3 MPa sat. liquid m6 Pump 1
10 kPa
sat. liquid 7
Pump 2 m2 Trap 13
a) The thermal efciency is calculated as follows: th = = = Turbine power output: t = W t1 + W t2 W 12 + W 23 + W 45 + W 56 = W t W wt m Pump power input: p = W p1 + W p2 W = m 6 wp1 + mw p2 wp Heat ow input: in = Q steam gen. + Q reheater Q = mq steam gen. + m 3 qreheater qin in Q m = q11-1 + m 3 q34 m (118) p W m = m 6 w78 + w910 m = mw 12 + m 3 w23 + m 3 w45 + m 6 w56 m 3 m 3 m 6 = w12 + w23 + w45 + w56 m m m Net work output Net power output = Heat input Heat ow input input output W t | |W p| W |W = in | input |Q Q t /m p /m |W | |W | in /m |Q | (116)
(117)
The thermal efciency is then: = th = | wt | | wp | |qin | (119)
21
Mass balance on turbines control volume (thick dashed lines):
m =m 2+m 3 =m 2+m 5+m 6 m 2 m 5 m 6 1= + + m m m fractions of the total ow are dened: y1 = m 6 = 1 y1 y2 m m 2 m 5 , and y2 = m m (121)
(120)
Energy balance on the control volume of the Closed feedwater heater: 2 H 12 + H 10 H 11 0 = H = m 2 h2 m 2 h12 + mh 10 mh 11 = m 2 (h2 h12 ) + m (h10 h11 ) m 2 (h2 h12 ) = m (h11 h10 )
h11 h10 m 2 y1 = m h2 h12
(122)
Energy balance on the control volume of the Open feedwater heater: 5 +H 8 +H 13 H 9 0 = H = m 5 h5 + m 6 h8 + m 2 h13 mh 9 m 6 m 2 m 5 h5 + h8 + h13 h9 = m m m = y2 h5 + (1 y1 y2 )h8 + y1 h13 h9 = y2 [h5 h8 ] + y1 [h13 h8 ] + [h8 h9 ] y2 [h5 h8 ] = y1 [h8 h13 ] + [h9 h8 ]
y2 =
h9 h8 + y1 (h8 h13 ) h5 h8
(123)
Calculation of the state properties at every location: State 1 . Reading at the steam table: p[bar] 80 t [C] 450 h[kJ/kg] 3273.3 s[kJ/kg K] 6.558 Phase superheated
State 2 . 1 2 is isentropic expansion. Reading at the steam table with p2 = 2 MPa = 20 bar:
22
No. 1 2 3
t [C] 250 ? 300
h[kJ/kg] 2903.2 h2 3024.2
s[kJ/kg K] 6.548 6.558 6.768
Linear interpolation to get the value of h4 : s2 s1 (h3 h1 ) s3 s1 6.558 6.548 = 2903.2 + (3024.2 2903.2) 6.768 6.548 = 2, 908.70 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 +
= h2
(124)
450
Temperatur
8 MPa
12 200 10 11
2 MPa
5 0.8 MPa 3 0.3 MPa
9 7
13 10 kPa 6
State 3 . 1 3 is isentropic expansion (s1 = s3 = 6.558 kJ/kg K). Reading at the steam table with p3 = 0.8 MPa = 8 bar: p[MPa] t [C] hf 0.8 170.41 720.9 Enthalpy[kJ/kg] hfg 2047.4 hg 2768.3 Entropy[kJ/kg K] sf 2.0457 sfg 4.6159 sg 6.6616
Steam quality, x at state 3: x = x = s3 sf sf g 6.558 2.0457 = 0.9776 4.6159
(125)
h3 = hf + x hf g = 720.9 + 0.9776 2047.4 = h3 = 2, 722.3478 kJ/kg (126)
23
State 4 . Reading at the steam table: p[bar] 8 t [C] 450 h[kJ/kg] 3373.9 s[kJ/kg K] 7.726 Phase superheated
State 5 . Reading at the pressure of p5 = 3 bar in the steam table: No. 1 5 3 t [C] 300 ? 350 h[kJ/kg] 3069.6 h5 3172.0 s[kJ/kg K] 7.704 7.726 7.875
Linear interpolation to get the value of h5 : h5 = h1 + s5 s1 (h3 h1 ) s3 s1 7.726 7.704 = 3069.6 + (3172.0 3069.6) 7.875 7.704 = 3, 082.77 kJ/kg
= h5
(127)
State 6 . 4 6 is isentropic expansion (s6 = s4 = 7.726 kJ/kg K). Reading at the steam table with p3 = 10 kPa = 0.1 bar: p[kPa] t [C] hf 10 45.81 191.8 Enthalpy[kJ/kg] hfg 2392.1 hg 2583.9 Entropy[kJ/kg K] sf 0.6492 sfg 7.4996 sg 8.1488
Steam quality, x at state 6: x = x = s6 sf sf g 7.726 0.6492 = 0.9436 7.4996
(128)
h6 = hf + x hf g = 191.8 + 0.9436 2392.1 = h6 = 2, 449.04 kJ/kg (129)
State 7 . Reading at the steam table with p7 = 10 kPa = 0.1 bar, see the values in the state 6 above. The state 7 is saturated liquid. vf = 0.00101 m3 /kg, h7 = 191.8 kJ/kg. State 8 . State change 7 8 is an isentropic compression in the liquid phase with the specic pump work: wp1 = vf (p8 p7 ) = 0.00101 wp 1 N/m2 m3 (300 10) kPa kg Pa = 0.2929 kJ/kg
(130)
24
The specic enthalpy at the state 8 can be then calculated: h8 = wp1 + h7 = h8 = 0.2929 + 191.8 = 192.09 kJ/kg State 9 . It is saturated liquid at pressure of p9 = 0.3 MPa = 3 bar. p[MPa] v[f ] hf 0.3 0.00107 561.4 Enthalpy[kJ/kg] hfg 2163.5 hg 2724.9 Entropy[kJ/kg K] sf 1.6717 sfg 5.3199 sg 6.9916 (131)
h9 = 561.4 kJ/kg State 10 . State change 9 10 is an isentropic compression in the liquid phase with the specic pump work: wp2 = vf (p10 p9 ) = 0.00107 wp 2 m3 N/m2 (8000 300) kPa kg Pa = 8.239 kJ/kg
(132)
The specic enthalpy at the state 8 can be then calculated: h10 = wp2 + h9 = h10 = 8.239 + 561.4 = 569.639 kJ/kg (133)
State 11 . It is a compressed liquid water at 8 MPa and 200 C. The enthalpy value at this state can be interpolated in the compressed liquid water table. p[MPa] 5 8 10 h[kJ/kg] 853.68 h11 855.80
h11 = h5 +
= h11
h10 h5 (p8 p5 ) p10 p5 855.80 853.68 = 853.68 + (8 5) 10 5 = 854.95 kJ/kg
(134)
State 12 . It is a saturated liquid state at 2 MPa. From the steam table, we read h12 = 908.47 kJ/kg. State 13 . 12 13 is a throttling process or isenthalpic process, so h13 = s12 = 908.47 kJ/kg.
25
Calculation of the fraction of the total ow y1 in eq. (122) y1 = = h11 h10 h2 h12
854.95 569.639 2, 908.70 908.47 = 0.143 Calculation of the fraction of the total ow y2 in eq. (123) y2 = h9 h8 + y1 (h8 h13 ) h5 h8 = 0.092
(135)
(136)
Turbine power output: wt = w12 + m 3 m m 6 m m 3 m 3 m 6 w23 + w45 + w56 m m m
= 1 y1 = 0.857 = 1 y1 y2 = 0.765
wt = (h2 h1 ) + 0.857 [(h3 h2 ) + (h5 h4 )] + 0.765(h6 h5 ) = 364.6 + 0.857 (477.48) + 0.765 (633.73) wt = 1258.75 kJ/kg Pump power input: wp = m 6 w78 + w910 m = (1 y1 y2 ) (h8 h7 ) + (h10 h9 ) = 0.765 (192.09 191.80) + (569.64 561.4) = 8.46 kJ/kg Heat ow input: qin = q11-1 + m 3 q34 m = (h1 h11 ) + (1 y1 ) (h4 h3 ) (139) (138) (137)
= (3, 273.30 854.95) + 0.857 (3, 373.90 2, 722.35) = 2976.97 kJ/kg The thermal efciency of the cycle is then: th = | wt | | wp | |qin | 1258.75 8.46 1250.29 = = 2976.97 2976.97 = 0.42 (140)
= th = 42%
26
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia b) The mass ow rate of the steam entering the rst turbine.
cycle = m W (|wt | |wp |) cycle W m = |wt | |wp | 100 MW J = 1250.29 kJ/kg Ws Mg 1000k 3600 s = 0.08 s M hr 5 kg = m = 2.88 10 hr
(141)
(142)
8 MPa
5 2
12 11 10 9 13 2 MPa 0.8 MPa 0.3 MPa 3
8 7 10 kPa 6
27
The schematic of a single-ash geothermal power plant with state numbers is given in the gure. Geothermal resource exists as saturated liquid at 230 C. The geothermal liquid is withdrawn from the production well at rate of 230 kg/s, and is ashed to a pressure of 500 kPa by an essentially isenthalpic ashing process where resulting vapor is separated from the liquid in a separator and directed to the turbine. The steam leaves the turbine at 10 kPa with a moisture content of 10 percent and enters the condenser where it is condensed and routed to a reinjection well along with liquid coming off separator.
Turbine Separator
Flash chamber
Condenser
6 5
Production well
Reinjection well
230
2.797 MPa
flashing 6 0.5 MPa 2 3
Temperatur
10 kPa 4s 4
a) The mass ow rate of steam through the turbine From the saturated water table, we get the following state properties:
Temp [C] 230
psat [kPa] 2,797.1
Enthalpy [kJ/kg] hf 990.14 hfg 1812.8 hg 2802.9
28
State 1 is at saturated liquid. h1 = 990.14 kJ/kg Process 1 2 is isenthalpic process to pressure of 500 kPa. Enthalpy [kJ/kg] hf 640.09 hfg 2108.0 hg 2748.1 Entropy [kJ/kg K] sf 1.8604 sfg 4.9603 sg 6.8207
psat [kPa] 500
Temp [C] 151.83
h1 = h2 = hf + xhf g h2 hf x = hf g 990.14 640.09 = 2, 108.0 x = 0.1661 m 3 = xm 1 = 0.1661 230 kg/s = m 3 = 38.2 kg/s
(143)
(144) (145)
b) the isentropic efciency of the turbine Process 3 4 is isentropic expansion to pressure of 10 kPa. Enthalpy [kJ/kg] hf 191.81 hfg 2392.1 hg 2583.9 Entropy [kJ/kg K] sf 0.6492 sfg 7.4996 sg 8.1488
psat [kPa] 10
Temp [C] 45.81
s3 = s2,g = s4,s = 6.8207 kJ/kg K. Calculation of the steam quality at 10 kPa: s3 sf sf g 6.8207 0.6492 = 7.4996 x = 0.8229 x= The isentropic enthalpy of the steam leaving the turbine: h4s = hf + xhf g = 191.81 + 0.8229 2392.1 = 2160.27 kJ/kg (147)
(146)
29
The actual enthalpy, h4 , is calculated at the steam quality of x = 0.9 (Moisture content 10 % means the steam quality is 90 %). h4 = hf + xhf g = 191.81 + 0.9 2392.1 = 2344.7 kJ/kg The turbine efciency is calculated as follows: t = = |h4 h3 | |h4s h3 | |2344.7 2748.1| 403.4 = |2160.27 2748.1| 587.83 (148)
= t = 0.686 = 68.6% c) the power output of the turbine t = m W 3 wt = m (h4 h3 ) kg kJ = 38.2 (403.4) s kg = 15, 409.88 kW (minus sign means power output) t = 15.41 MW = W d) the thermal efciency of the plant th = t| |W in | |Q
Energy input comes from the production well: in = m Q 1 h1 = 230 kg/s 990.14 kJ/kg = 227.73 MW The thermal efciency is then: th = 15.41 = 0.068 227.73
= th = 6.8%
30

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Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

Tutorial 1 Solution Steam Power Plant Winardi Sani

h1 = 350 kJ/kg; h3 = 3150 kJ/kg;

h2 = 390 kJ/kg; h4 = 2400 kJ/kg

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

p-h diagram is a convenient tool for energy analysis in Rankine cycle.

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

0 = m cw (hcw,in hcw,out ) + m (h4 h1 ) m cw = = m (h4 h1 ) hcw,out hcw,in out Q hcw,out hcw,in

(33) (34) (35) (36)

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

With t = p = 85%, determine for the modied cycle:

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

It means, more investment compared to the isentropic process.

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

out = m Q qout = m (h4 h1 ) kg = 124.223 (1896.5 180) kJ/kg s = 213.2 MW

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

vf = 0.001010 m3 /kg, hf = 191.81 kJ/kg, sf = 0.6492 kJ/kg K

State change 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-1 1-2 2-3

Interpolation at state 3 , p3 = 8 MPa Number Temperature 1 450 2 480 3 500

Enthalpy 3273.3 hp3 3399.5

Entropy 6.5579 sp3 6.7266

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

At p = 10 kPa. sf g [kJ/kg K] sg [kJ/kg K] 7.4996 8.1488

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

s6 sf sf g 7.6918 0.6492 = 7.4996 = 0.9391

At p = 10 kPa. hf [kJ/kg K] hf g [kJ/kg K] hg [kJ/kg K] 191.81 2392.1 2583.9

(81) (82) (83)

(84) (85) (86) (87)

q45 = h5 h4 = (3, 353.14 2, 767.3) kJ/kg = 585.84 kJ/kg

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

Steam generator 3 HP 4 LP Turbines

Open feedwater heater

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

4 Reheater m3 3 m 8 MPa o 450 C Steam generator 11 m

8 MPa o 200 C Closed feedwater heater 2 MPa sat. liquid

Open feedwater heater m 9

8 0.3 MPa sat. liquid m6 Pump 1 m2

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

450 C . m3 3 m 8 MPa o 450 C

8 MPa o 200 C Closed feedwater heater 2 MPa sat. liquid

Open feedwater heater m 9

8 0.3 MPa sat. liquid m6 Pump 1

The thermal efciency is then: = th = | wt | | wp | |qin | (119)

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

Mass balance on turbines control volume (thick dashed lines):

h11 h10 m 2 y1 = m h2 h12

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043

t [C] 250 ? 300

h[kJ/kg] 2903.2 h2 3024.2

s[kJ/kg K] 6.548 6.558 6.768

5 0.8 MPa 3 0.3 MPa

Steam quality, x at state 3: x = x = s3 sf sf g 6.558 2.0457 = 0.9776 4.6159

h3 = hf + x hf g = 720.9 + 0.9776 2047.4 = h3 = 2, 722.3478 kJ/kg (126)

Solution Tutorial 1/ ws BDA 3043