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1351. 'mA ({IS} '-mA) pc. of marked accusative > IE '-m / '-m, accus.

m, accus. case ending of nouns of the animate (active)


gender > AnIE: Ht -n / -an, Lw, HrLw, Pal, Car -n, Ld -v id. NaIE '-m (acc. of m. and f.) > OI, L -m, Gk -v, OLt nasalization
of the stem-final vw.; after stem-final cnss. '-m > OI -am, Gk -o, L -cm, Lt -i Bks. 172-92, Szem. IEL 16O-92, Rsk. 54-5,
Kmh. HPL 193-7, 3O1, Hb. L 4O6-9, KrlSh. XLJ 19, 25, 62 ll HS: Om: SOm {Fl.} accus. ending '-m > Ari {Hw.} -m, Dm {Fl.}
-im, Hm {Ldl.} -(d)nm / -(d)nn (positionally conditioned allomorphs, in which, acc. to Hw. CO 28, -m/-n go back to '-m) ||
NrOm: Krt {Hw.} -m- within the predicative forms of pers. pronouns: ta-m-aIIo 'it is I', nc-m-aIIo 'it is you [2s]', nu-m-aIIo
'it is we' (pred. acc., as in NE it is mc and Fr c`cst moi), Bnc {Brz.} -m as a dative-benefactive ending of pers. pronouns:
ta-m 'to me' (dat.-ben. generalized oblique case acc., as in M 'ci-ma- obl. of 'thou' < N 't'u mA 'thee', see below); but,
acc. to Hw. CO 26-9, hardly here the NrOm acc. ending '-n (> Kf/Bsk/Ym {C} -n, Mj {All.} -n) [see N 'nu 'from, of'] Bnd.
MO 167-8, Hw. CO 26-3O, Fl. OO 316, Fl. D 518, Hw. NAL 443, Ldl. H 412, All. D 39O, Zab. CO 625 ll U '-m, '-mV, accus.
of definite nouns > FP -m, accus.: F -n, Lp J -m, Lp S {Hs.} -m " -b, Chr L/H -m (F Iala-n, Lp J guolc-m, Chr Iolo-m 'piscem')
|| Vg {Lml. Kn.}: SV/LL/ML -ma', -m, LK/MK/UK -mo, -m, T -ms, -mi, -m, acc. marker of definite object Sm: acc.
ending: Ne T -m?, Slq Tz -m, Kms -m, Mt M {Sp.} -x; ending of definite accus.: Ng -m Wkm. FOUL 11-2, 24-5, 56, 63-71,
145-9, Coll. CG 284-6, Hs. 97-1O3, Lml. HFW 24-41, Beronka II 146-7, Mu. VNyJ II 56, III 363, IV 158, Lav. TJM, Rmb. MJ-
93 29O, Srb. PGS 7O-2, Ter. NJ-93 332, Ter NgJ 8O-2, Hl. SelJ 364, Hl. MTKJ 377, K. KJ 383 ll A: pTg 'ba/'bc / (after a
noun-final 'n) 'ma/'mc, postp. of accus. of definite nouns > NrTg and AmTg accus. ending '-ba / '-bc, (after a stem-final n)
'-ma/'mc-: Ewk -ba/-bs, (after a vw.) -va/-vs, (after a nasal) -ma/-ms, Lm -v, -m, Neg -va/-vs, -a/-s, -ma/-ms, Nn, Ul,
Ork, Sln -ba/-bs, (after a vw.) -va/-vs, Ud {Krm.} -va/-vs/-vo/-ma/-ms/-mo, WrMc - bc (postp. marker of accus., still
preserves traces of the original analytical status of N 'mA evidenced by the lack of vowel harmony) Ci. 256, Bz. 78-9, Hrl.
35, 74-5, Krm. 86 pJ {S} 'bs, {Vv.} 'bo > OJ, ClJ vo, accus. and emph. (focalizing?) pc. > J o id.; b- is still preserved in
some Ryukyu ds. (Rbt., p.c., 2OO3) Vv. LDROJ 1O6, Mur. KAJ 13O, Mill. JAL 25-7, BBl. 52, 57, 96, Hag. W , Syr. DJ
1O6-8 M '-ma- in the accus. and other oblique cases of pronouns: M 'ci-ma-yi 'thee' [originally accus. 'ci-ma 'thee' +
nominal accus. '-yi that was added by analogy (see under N 'h'aya 'for')] > MM cimayi, WrM cimai, etc., M 'i-ma-yi 'him'
accus. (demonstr. 'i + accus. 'ma + M nominal accus. '-yi). The prehistory of these forms may be reconstructed as follows: N
't'u mA 'thee' (= 't'u 'thou' + 'ma accus.) > ppM 't`ima 'thee' > pM 'ci-ma-yi 'thee', the form 'ci-ma- being generalized
as the stem of oblique cases, whence the dative 'cima-dur, the ablative 'cimaca, etc. AD PP 78-9, Pp. IM 2O9-14 Mng. JA
11, 14 ll ? D '-n (if < '-m), accus. case ending > Kt -n_, Td -n, -n_, OKn -a(:)n, Tulu -n+, OTl -n (-v), -in (-iv) -nu, Klm
-(u)n, Prj -(i)n, Gdb -(i)n - -(i)q, Knd -q, Png -iq, Krx -in, -an, -an, Mlt -c(n), -i(n). Traces of the former ending '-m may be
discerned in OKn accus. ending -am Zv. CDM 27-3O, MhS 165, Shanm. DN 37O-1, Kittel GKL 43, Gai 42, An. SG 2O2-5,
Rmn. 191 ^ IS II 48-51 ('-mA > IE, U, A, D), AD PP 92, Mng. MP 21-36, Coll. IUS 21, Coll. HUV 13O, Ivn. VNZN 148 (on
the original analytical status of this accus. marker), Gr. I 129 (IE, U, A, incl. J). I am grateful to Blz. for drawing may attention to
the Om cognate. In IE the nouns of the non-animate (neuter) gender do not distinguish between nom. and accus. (and hence have
no acc. ending), because there is no syntactic necessity for it: nouns of the non-animate gender do not usually appear as subjects of
a trans. verb, therefore in sentences with trans. verbs they always function as their object. In other words, in IE (as in many lgs.)
the accus. marker is used only when it is necessary for syntactic distinctions. It is a trace of an old N syntax that had no obligatory
grammatical categories (unlike in later IE lgs. with their grammatical categories of compulsive usage - even when not necessary
for communication). In F this morpheme is not used after the imv., which reflects the same original situation: the form is not used
wherever the syntactic function (object of the verb) is obvious from the context. In Sm and Tg this case marker denotes a definite
object. All this suggests that originally 'ma denoted a marked accusative.
1352. 'mA, marker of nominalized syntactic constructions ( subordinate sentences), nominalizer (originally a prn.) that
formed analytic equivalents of nomina actionis, nomina agentis and other derived nouns > HS 'mV - prefix of derived (mainly
deverbal) nouns: S: [1] S 'mV- as a px. of prtcs.: (o) 'mu-1a2'2i3-, act. prtc. of the D -stems > Akk mu1a22i3-, Ar mu1a22i3-,
BHb mo1a2'2c3, Aram mo1a2'2c3, Sr mo1a2'2c3 (on the meaning of c in Sr see below Transcription), Gz ma1a22o3 id., (|)
'mu-1a2'2a3-, ps. prtc. of the D -stems > Ar mu1a22a3-, Sr mo1a22a3, BHb (with an analogical u) mo1u22a3, ()
'mu-sa1'2i3-, act. prtc. of the Sh-stem (causative) > Ak musa12i3-, Ar mu12i3-, BHb ma2'2i3, Sr ma2'2c3, etc. [2] S
nomina actionis 'ma12a3- > Ar ma?Ial- '(act of) eating', BHb lk1a9m2 ma?"'Ial 'food', ox`1m2 mas'sa 'trip' ( ns
'fahren'), Gz mansar 'the front part exposed to view' ( 'looking at' nsr 'look [at]'), whence nomina loci 'ma12V3- > Ak
masIanum 'place, tent', BHb N1S6m5 mis'Ian 'dwelling(-place)', Sr marba 'womb' ( rb 'lie down'), Ar maqbar 'grave'
( qbr 'bury'), Ak musabum 'seat, dwelling place' (vsb 'sit, reside'), BHb bS1&m mo'sab; nomina abstracta
'mV12V3-at- > Hb em1h1l6m5 milha'ma 'fight, war', Ar oajir0Ma margiat- n. act. 'return', Gz mangost 'government,
kingdom', JA mo12a3 - inf. of the G-stem., Ak muraIum 'length' (?rI 'be long'), etc. [3] S 'ma12i3- - 'ma12a3-at- -
patterns of nomina instrumenti > BHb h@T4f6m2 ma'tc
a
h 'key' and Ak nitctum id. (both th 'to open', Ak n- < 'm-),
BHb eb11rm3 mcrIa'ba, JA aTb62r^m2 marIab't-a, Sr marIab't-a and Ak narIabtum 'chariot' ('rIb 'to ride,
voyage') [4] ? possibly a S sx. '-m-: Ar fushum- 'wide', sadqam- 'wide-mouthed' Br. G I 375-82 [ 195-2O3], JB NB 233-
73, Sd. G 64-6, Js. 844, Br. 731, MSUS 8O-3 Eg mV-, px. of derived (deverbal and denom.) nouns (nomina loci, instrumenti):
mzvt 'food made of wheat' ( zvt 'wheat'), ms_n 'abode (of gods)' and ms_nt 'bearing-stool, necropolis' ( s_ny 'descend'),
m_:t 'balance (Waage)' ( _:y 'to measure'); mV-, px. pf prtcs. and nomina actoris: mnhzyv 'bewachende' ( nhzy 'wake'),
mhnI 'Beschenker' ( hnI 'to present so. with') Ed. 1O9-1O, Fk. 119 C: Bj {R} ma- / mc- / (before sibilants) mi-, px. of n.
act.: ma-'dir - ma-'dcr n. act. 'killing' ( -dir 'kill'), 'ma-fniI - ma-f'ncI - mcfncI 'Bi, das Beien' ( -fniI 'bite'),
mi-'sa? - mi'sa? 'seat, sitting' ( -sa? 'sit, sit dowm') || Af m-, px. of derived abstract nouns (n. act., etc.): mabaIa 'birth,
being born' ( oboIc 'be born'), mabul 'observation, sight' ( ublc 'see'), midir 'possessions' ( cddcrc 'posess') Ch: Hs
ma-...-i (m. pl. ma-...-a, f. sg. ma-...-iya, f. pl. ma-...-iyai_) - circumfix of nomina agentis [madinIi 'tailor' ( dinIa
'sew'), magini 'builder' ( gina 'build'), maIcri 'smith' ( Icra 'forge'), maiyi 'ear' ( i 'hear')], ma...-i (pl.
ma-...-ai_) - circumfix of nomina instrumenti [mabudi 'opener, key' ( buda 'to open'), madau_Ii 'handle' ( dau_Ia 'to
lift')], ma-...-i and ma-...-a (both pl. ma-...-ai_) - circumfixes of nomina loci [masigi 'ford' ( siga 'to enter')], maI"anci
'lair' ( I"anta 'lie down'), mafita 'exit' ( fita 'come out'), maIaranta 'school' ( Iaranta 'read') || Mrg ms-, px. of
nomina loci: mscib+ 'corral, fence' ( cib+ 'to fence [in]'), ms-ndsla` 'escape-hole' ( ndsla` 'go\break through');
'ms-...-i, circumfix of nomina agentis: mssszsbi 'pupil' ( sszsb+ 'learn, teach'), Msg/Gdr {Mch.} mu-, Pdk {Mch.}
ma-, sx. of derived nouns Taylor 63-4, Hf. M 48-9, Mch. VCQP 67-8 Zab. HSP 35-8 HS '-mV, nominalizing suffix >
C '-mV > EC: Af {Hw.} nominalizing sx. -m / -im, e.g. yo hatc-m 'the one(s) who helped me' ( hatc 'help'), asam 'the red
one(s)\thing(s)' ( asa 'red'), iyyinim 'whose one(s)\thing(s)' ( iyya 'who'), nammam 'two, the two, both' ( nammay
'two'); it functions as nominalizer of sentences ( infinitive, gerund): is Ia digibta-m mafadda 'she doesnt want to marry
him', yamatc-m IaI fadcn 'they wanted him to come', girisam duddah 'she can (is able) to swim',
usuI yo yublc-m adigch 'I know that he saw me'; Sml -mo-, sx. of nomina actionis (and nouns denoting the result of an
action): did-mo(-da) 'refusal' ( did-i v. 'refuse, deny'), hir-mo(-da) 'bundle, sheaf' ( hir- v. 'tie'), dcg-mo(-da) 'settlement,
camp' ( dcg- v. 'live [in a place], reside'); Sd {Gs.} -umma - -imma, sx. of nomina abstracta: dancumma - dancimma
'beauty, goodness' ( danca 'good, beautiful') || SC: Irq {Mous}: -ima sx. of denom. abstract nouns (daIari?ima 'prosperity'
daIar-mo 'rich person'), -cma sx. of abstract nouns from adjectives (ccrcma 'length' ccr 'long') R BedS IV 15,
R WBd 8O, 194, PH 157-68, 236, 287-8, Dbn. 7O, ZMO 89, 93, 431, Gs. 67, Mous 77, 81-2 ll K: [1] 'm-, 'mc-, px. of prtcs. and
nomina agentis > OG m- (m-cc 'helper', m-dgom-i 'who stands'), G m- (da-m-ccr-i 'author', m(c)-brol-i 'fighter', prtc.
'fighting'), Lz m- (mc-m-yon-i 'leader'), Sv mo- id. (mo-qcr 'striker', mo-ccd 'who sees', UB mo-marc 'who prepares', Sv
mo-sIid 'smith'); GZ 'mc-c`vcl- 'milch (cow, etc.)' ( 'c`vcl- 'to milk') > G mccvcl, Mg macval-, Lz mancval-u;
[2] 'm-...-c, mc-...-c, circumfix of prtcs. > OG m-l-c(-y) 'mighty one', G m-ci-c 'ripe', Lz m-sin-c 'who remembers', Sv
mo-tr-c 'who drinks', mo-gc-c 'who catches'); GZ 'mc-u-c- 'owner, possessing' ( 'u- 'possess') > OG mcuc-, G mcc-,
Mg maa- 'king', Lz maa- 'king' (in a place bame); [3] GZ 'm-...-cl-, circumfix of prtcs. (OG m-ca-cli ctlisa 'driver of the
chariot', G m-ccd-cli 'smith', Mg m-cIad-u id., Lz m-sum-u 'drinker'); [4] GZ 'm-...-cl-, circumnfix of gentilicia > OG
m-cgvit-cli 'an Egyptian (person)', G m-ruv-cli 'bishop of Ruisi', m-cgr-cl-i 'a Megrelian', Mg m-arg-al-i id.; [4] 'ma-,
derivational px. (px. of nomina agentis, nouns\adjectives of quality bearers, etc.) > OG ma- (ma-ryv-i 'destoyer'), G ma-
(mar-rv-c 'geschickt, geeignet', etc.), Mg, Lz mu- (Mg mu-rgv-i 'successful'), Sv ma- (ma-qad 'harvest', ma-sad n.
'helper', ma-zvab 'spring of water') K 123-4, 131-3, K
2
111-3, Dt. 224-5, FS K 2O4-5, FS E 224-8, Chx. 225, 738-44, Q O94,
Top. SE 22O, GM 322, GP US 96 ll IE '-mo-, sx. of denom. and deverbal derivates: NaIE 'd"u-mo-s 'smoke' ( 'd"u- 'to
blow') > OI 'dhumah, Gk uo), L fumus, Lt pl. dumai, Ltv pl. dumi, Pru dumis id., Sl 'dIm+ id. (> OCS, OR m+
dIm+, Blg, Uk (nx, SCr, Slv di`m, Cz dym, Slk, P dym, R (ixid.); Tc B -mo (alIa-mo- 'brillant, splendide', F Wn. 357), Tc
A -m(o) AnIE: Ht {Ts.} vcritc-ma n. 'fear' ( vcritc 'be afraid') Brg. KVG 343-8, P 261-2, Ts. W 1O5, Kron. EHS I 177-
81, Glh. 196 ll U '-ma/'-ma, derivational sx. of deverbal and denom. nouns\adjs. and of prtcs. (e.g. FU 'ooa-ma n. 'sleep,
dream', 'sur(c)-ma 'death') > F |uo-ma 'beverage', Ial|a-ma 'skating-rink' ( Ial|a 'smooth'), Iuolc-ma, sur-ma 'death', Es
surm id., surc-ma inf. 'die' | Lp N llcm (< 'cla-ma) 'life' | Er nnnnxa nili-ma n. act. 'swallow', udomo, Mk udoma n. 'sleep'
| Chr H Iay-m+ (p. prtc.) 'gone away', Chr U om+, Chr L udomo n. 'sleep' | Vt Iulc-m, Z Iuls-m 'dead', Vt um n. 'sleep' || OHg
almu - alom, Hg alom n. 'dream, sleep' | ObU {Ht.} 'vuoom/'vuomV 'dream' > pVg 'ulmV id. (> OVg S: Kg onxa, Vt
onx; Vg S: T olom; Vg E: Lk/MK/UK ulom; Vg W: P vulom, NV/SV/LL ulom; OVg N Chd ynx, Vg N: UL/Ss ulom id.);
pOs 'vulom 'dream' > Os: V/VY ulom, Ty uom, D/K otom, Nz utom, Kz vuom, O vulom 'dream'; pOs 'alom n. 'sleep' >
V/Vy/O alom, Ty/Y aom, D/K otom, Nz otom, Kz oom id. Sm: Nn T O {Lh.} _ac|a n. act. 'going away', T F Nl
{Lh.} Iacm:a+ id., Ng {Cs.} matu-mu-naq firam 'I can chop', En {Hl.} badI-ma n. act. 'hunt for wild reindeer', adj.: Slq Tz
{KKIH} corI-m/ 'thick' ( corI 'thickness'), Koyb {Sp.} ( p x 'thick' Lh. PUAS 82-113, Sz. 87-8, Coll. CG 266-9,
Srb. IMPJ 114, 153-4, UEW 489-9O, MF 85-6, EWH 3O, Ht. #664, KKIH 1O7 ll A: T '-m / '-im / '-im / '-um / '-um, sx. of
n. act.: OT ol-um 'death', icim 'a single drink', Tk bil-im, Az, Tkm, Qmq, QrB, Qq, Qrg bil-im, Qz bilim, VTt, Bsh bilim
'knowledge', Yk Iul-um 'a smile', Chv -aAx-+m (sx. of n. act.); T '-ma / 'mc- > Chv inf. ending -ma/-mc; the same sx. is
preserved in NaT '-maI / '-maI (> OT -maq/-maI, etc.), sx. of n. act. (in most lgs.) and inf. (in the Og lgs., in Qmq, ET, Uz,
etc.) Cl. XLII-XLIII, Cl. TMS 148, 154, Rs. MTS 133-4, ET B 139 M '-m in n. act.: WrM nagadum 'play, game' ( nagad-
v. 'play'), barim n. 'grip' ( bari- v. 'seize'); M '-ma / '-mc, sf. of deverbal adjectives and nouns: WrM gaiqa-ma, HlM ianxax
'wonderful, astonihing, surprising' ( WrM gaiqa-, HlM ianxa- v. 'wonder, marvel'), MM daqa-ma 'menstruation' ( daqa-
'follow'), Mnr H {SM} g_urma 'braided hair' ( g_uru- < 'guru- v. 'braid, weave') Pp. IM 261-2, Pp. WM 48, MED 345,
SM 143-4 Tg '-ma / '-mc, sf. of deverbal and denom. adjs. > Nn nay-ma 'human', Ewk girIu-ma 'pedestrian' ( girIu- v.
'walk'), ulama- 'green' ( ula- v. 'be green'), Tg 'mo-ma 'wooden' ( 'mo 'wood') > Ewk, Neg, Ul, Nn Nh moma, Ork
moma - momo, Orc, Ud momo 'wooden' Bz. 91, Vas. 769, STM I 54O-1 Ko unproductive sx. of deverbal nouns: cugom
'corpse' cug- 'die' Rm. NM 255-64, Rm. KhK 94-5, Rm. VAJ 192-4, Pp. NSM 1O2, 12O-1, Grz. 44-5 ll D '-may, sx. of
derived abstract nouns > Tm -mai_ (oru-mai 'patience, self-controle' oru v. 'bear, sustain, endure'), Ml -ma (oru-ma
'patience'), OKn -mc ({Gai} mudi-mc 'dominance' {D} mudi- 'advance in growth, increase'), Tl -mi (mudi-mi 'old age'
mudi 'old') Cald. 541, D ##4565, 4954, Gai 96, Ktl. G 2OO-1 D 'may- may go back to N 'm'a + N 'yi 'he, (?) that' (pc.
forming construction with adjectival meaning) [q.v.] (cf. IS II 47) ^ The nominalizer 'm'a may be etymologically connected
with the N prn. 'mujvV, 'this, that' [q.v.] (cp. Af namma-m 'the two' and the S determiner '-m) ^ U, A and D provide evisence
for a final 'a or a ^ IS II 45-8 ('mA), Gr. I 169-73 ["nominalizer M" in IE, U, A, ChK, EA, Ai].
1353. 'ma 'mah'o 'do not' (prohibitive pc.) or 'not' (negative) > HS: S 'ma 'not' > Ar ma 'not'; ? mhmh (pf.
mahmaha) v. 'prevent from', TD (pf. tamahmaha 'abstain from' Br. G I 5OO [ 253e], BK II 1O52, 1163, Hv. 737 Eg m
'do not!', prohibitive pc.; survives in Cpt as the initial element of the negative Cpt Sd pc. muwp mor and B mqwp m"or 'do
not!' and some negative verbal pxs.: Cpt Sd mup- mr-, Cpt B mucp- mcr- 'do not!', the px. muc- mc- of the negative
perfect I, the px. mue- mu- 'you [f. sg.] did not', the Cpt Sd px. muo:c- matc- (and Cpt B muou:c- mantc-) 'not yet', Cpt
Sd mopc- marc- - mcpc- mcrc- - mo- ma- - mc- mc-, B muopc- marc- - muo- ma- (px. of the negative aorist) EG II 3-4,
Vc. 118-9 ? B: Tz 'amia 'nothing' Stm. 1OO, 164 C: EC: Af ma- and Sa ma- - negative px. of verbs (incl. the prohibitive
form: Af ma-...-in, Sa ma-...-in), Sml ma (Sml N ma) 'not', ma- - negative px. of verbs, Bn {Hn.} ms- (negative verbal px. of
the pfc.), Elm {Hn.} ma-/m- (negative px. of verbs), Rn {PG} ma 'not, is not', Arr {Hw.} ma (with allomorphs m- a. o.)
(negative pc. of verbs: ma ycI(I)cni imv. 'do not swallow!', ma ycI(I)cni he did not swallow', ma-na ncI(I)cno 'we did
not swallow') || SC: Irq {Wh.} ma (/m- before a vw. of the next morpheme) 'do not!' prohibitive (e.g. ma daqavar 'dont go!'
sg., ma daqavara 'dont go!' pl., m-i gasar 'dont kill me!'), {Mous} m- proh. pc. (m-u aminus-ar 'dont believe him!') PH
258-78, TB LA 548, Abr. SED 168, 271-2, PG 214, Hn. BD 55, Hn. NBLK 19O-5, 232-6, Hw. A 261-5, Wh. IC 47, Mous 151-2
Ch: Tng {J} -m 'not' (negation of verbs and nouns: na vc-m 'I shall not see', na sant-m 'I am not eating', mu-m 'not a man,
nobody', va-m 'not a thing, nothing', Ang {Flk.} man(ta) 'dont, let not' || Mrg {Hf.} mai_ 'not' J T 61, Flk. s.v. man(ta), Hf.
M 22, 178-8O, 233, RK 123 ll IE 'mcu ({M} 'mcH), {EI} 'mc > NaIE 'mc, prohibitive pc. (with the imv.): OI, Av, OPrs
ma, KhS, Oss ma id. || GkA/I/D , Gk El o 'not' proh. || Al mo id., StAl mos id. (< pAl {O} 'mac < 'mc-I"c 'and do
not') || Arm mi mi 'not' (neg. pc.) || pTc {Ad.} 'ma > Tc A/B ma id. (neg. and proh.) P 7O3, EI 395, Brg. KVG 612-4, M E II
343, F II 222, O 274, KT 172, Slt. 399-4OO, Wn. 282-3, Ad. 445-6, Ad. H 19 ll K 'ma- - 'mo-, prohibitive pc. (or {K}
'mad id.) > Lz {Marr} mo id. (mo carcm 'dont write!', mu mccam 'dont give him!', mo mulcr 'dont come!'; {FS, K ?}
mot id.; Sv L {Shr.} ma - mo, {Dn.} ma - pc. of negation, Sv UB {GP} mad - pc. of modal negation, mod(c) - pc. of
negation FS K 2O6-7 and FS E 227 ('ma), K 124-5 & K
2
113 ('mad, a verbal prohibitive pc.), Marr 168, Shr. UNS 289-327,
Dn. s.v. ma, GP 2O9, 221 ll A: T '-ma-/'-ma-, negative infix in verbal forms > OT, Az, Bsh, ET -ma- / -ma-, Tkm, QrB
-ma-/-mc-, Qzq, Xk -ma-/-mc- (with positional allomorphs -ba-/-bc- and -a-/-c-), Tv -ma-/-mc- (with positional allomorphs
-ba-/-bc-, etc.), Uz -ma(-), VTt -mV-, Qrg -ba-/-bc-/-bo-/-bo-, Chv -ma-/-mc-/-m- Rm. supposes that the T negative forms
with '-ma-/'-ma- go back to a verbal noun with '-m + negative verb 'c- (cp. U and Tg negative verb 'c-, N 'c-sc-, see N '?c
'not') Lvt. IM 53, Rm. VAS 21O-1, Rm. VAJ 1O1, Pp. L 1266, Pp. MA 87, 169 M 'bu 'do not' (prohibitive pc.) > MM
[LM, IM, MA] bu, WrM buu (Lg. reads it as bu) - buu (1 Ord {Ms.} b_u), HlM 6 ({P.} bu'), Dg {Pp.} bu, Brt 6
({Pp.} bu'), Mgl {Leech} bi, bcy, {Rm., Wr.} bi The delabialization 'm- > 'b- is reg. in M monosyllabic words (without an
additional nasal cns.) Pp. IM 29O, Rm. VAS 198-9, Rm. M 24, Lg. VMI 22, Lg. NVMI 135, MED 141, 153, Chr. 119-2O, Wr.
143, Ms. O 88 STg 'umc 'do not' (proh.) > WrMc umc, Mc Sb cmo, Jrc {Kiy.} umc id. STM II 272, Z 163, Hr. 96O, Y
#3OO5, Kiy. 123 [#472] Ko {Rm.} neg. mo- 'not, un-', pKo {S} 'mo-t > MKo {S} mot impossible' ({Rm.} Ko mot 'no'),
NKo mos mot 'not (possibly), definitely not' Rm. SKE 15O, S QK #631, Nam 215, 217, MLC 647 DQA #1234 [pA 'ma
(a negative pc.), incl. T, Tg, Ko] ll D: Gnd {Grr.} -ma (prohibitive sx.: Ic-ma 'dont do!' sg., Ic-ma-t 'dont do' pl. Ii-
'do'; ayi-ma 'dont be ...! {Grr.} aya, {D} aya- 'be' [aux. verb'], man-ma 'dont be... \ stay!' {Grr.} maya- 'be, stay')
|| ? Tm -mal in negative adverbial sx. -amal NED: Krx mal 'not', mal-na 'not to be (so)', mal?a 'not, no', Mlt mala 'not, no',
mal- 'be not' Grr. 487, D #4743, Pf. 194 [#184] ^ AD GD 2 (HS, K, IE), IS II 56-7 ('ma prohibitive in HS, K, IE, D, A), Gr.
I 213-4 ("negative M" in IE, T, ?? Ai). ^ In IE, K, D (Gondi), Irq and M the particle functions as prohibitive, in Ar it is negative
(of the indicative mood), while in C, Ch and T it fulfills both functions, so that we have no definite ev. to determine which of the
two functions was primary, though it seems preferable to suggest that originally it was prohibitive. The length of the vw. in Ar,
NaIE, K, M and D (Gondi) suggests the presence of a lr.; the only lr. that may have been lost in S is 'h, hence we tentatively
reconstruct a 'h of the second syll. (suggested also by the Ar reduplicated verb mhmh). The ev. of most lgs. suggests 'A (i.e. 'a
or 'a) of the first syll., but M points to a front vw. (probably 'a). The labial vw. in M 'bu and in the Sv variant mo, mod(c)
point to infl. of a labial factor (final 'o?), but the IE c-coloured lr. 'u (for the expected labialized 'u") still needs explanation.
1354. 'mi 'I' > IE: [1a] '-mi 'I', "primary" verbal ending of 1s subiecti (in the presence tense of the athematic verbs) > OI
-mi, Gk -i, L -m, Gt -m, Lt -mi, OCS -mi -mi, Ht -mi [1b] '-m 'I', "secondary" verbal ending of 1s subiecti (in the past
tenses): aorist OI -m, Gk -v, L -m, OCS -+ -+, Ht -n [2a] 'mc(:)-, stem of the obl. cases of the prn. of 1s, e.g. acc. 'mc,
'mc(:)-m (with the acc. case ending '-m): OI ma, ma-m, Gk c, L mc, Gt mi-I, OHG mi-h, Sl 'mc - 'mc > OP mic, OCS
ma mc; there is a variant '?hc-mc (with an additional element '?hc-): Gk cc acc., Ht ammu-I acc. 'me', Arm im im gen.
('of mine, my') ( below at the end of the entry); Gt -I, OHG -h and Ht -I are likely to go back to the enclitic [focalizing?] pc.
'-gc '-gc (> Gk c in cc-c, ? OCS c zc); in Clt this prn. is used as aut. prn. (nom.): OIr mc, Brtt {RE} 'mc > OW,
MW, W mi, Crn mc, my, OBr, MBr, Br mc, Br V mi [2b] gen. 'mc-nc - 'mci_-nc 'of me, my' (< N 'mi nu, i.e. 'mi 'I' +
gen. pc. 'nu) > Gt mcina, OCS mcuc mcnc, Av mana, OI 'mama (< 'mana) gen. 'of me', Gt mcins, NGH mcin, NE minc, Lt
mano 'my, mine' [3] the N postnominal usage of 'mi as a poss. prn. 'my' survives in AnIE: Ht -mi- ppa. 'my' [nom. com.
-mis, nom./acc. ntr. -mct, voc. -mi, acc. com. -man, gen. -mas, gen. anim. -man, dat./lat. -mi, etc.], HrLw (enclitic poss. prn.)
(a)mi- [nom. com. (a)mis, acc. com. (a)min, nom./acc. ntr. amaza, dat./lat. (a)mi, etc.], Lc, Ld cmi- Brg. KVG 4O7-13, 589,
Bks. 2O7-11, 222 (on the pc. 'gc), 232-57, LP 337-49, RE 1O5, Rsk. 66-72, Mer. SGA 316-21, Mer. HHG 18-22, EI 454
(''hcmc / encl. 'hmc 'me') ll U: [1] 'mi nom. 'I' / 'minV (obl. that is based on N 'mi nu 'of me' - form of gen., that was
generalized for all oblique cases) > Prm: Z/Prmk/Yz mc 'I' / obl. [stem of obl. cases] mcn- || Os {Vrt.}: nom. V/Vy ma, Y ma',
Ty/Kz ma, Nz ma, Sh ma, Cng/O {KrT} ma' 'I' / obl.: V/Vy man- (acc. man-t, dat. man-a), Y ma'n- (acc. ma'n-t, dat.
ma'nt-cm), Kz {Vrt.} ma'n- - man- (dat. ma'n-cm), Nz ma'n- (acc. ma'n`-t, dat. ma'n`-cm), Cng {KrT} ma'n- - m(o)n-
(acc. ma'n-t, dat. mon-cm - mn-cm), O {KrT} ma'n- (dat. ma'n-cm); in Vg the stem is {Ht.} nom. 'am / obl.
'am(a)n- (mt > 'anm-) > Vg: T nom. cm / acc. c'man - c'nam / lat. c'man, P nom. am / acc.-lat. amnoa_n, UK
nom. om / acc. o'a'_nom / lat. omnan; a similar development may be supposed for Hg: FU 'a-mi-nV (stem for the obl. cases),
whence (acc. to MF) pre-Hg 'cmEnE > 'cmnE > 'cnnE > 'cnn > OHg cn cn - cn cn > Hg cn pY {IN} 'mot 'I' > Y K/T
mot, OY Ch {Mat.} xora id. In most U lgs. the stem of obl. cases was generalized for the whole declension paradigm: F nom.
mina, gen. minun, acc. minut, prt. minua, Vp nom. mina, gen. minun, Es nom. mina - ma, gen. minu - mu, prt. mind |
pLp {Wk.} nom. 'munna, 'mun, ill. 'munn- + case ending, gen.-acc. 'mun (> 'mu in the Northern and Southern dialects,
probably as a bf ) > (1) nom.: Lp: N {N} mon - mon, L {LLO} mannc, {Wk.} mon, monno, Ar/M {Wk.} mon, Kld {Kert}
monn - munn, T/Nt/A {Wk.} munn - mun, (2) gen.-acc.: Lp: Kld {Kert} monc, T {Wk.} muni_, N {N} mu - mu, L/Ar {Wk.}
mu, muvva, L {Schl.} mu, M/Nt/A/I {Wk.} mu, (3) in other cases 'mun (with or without traces of 'n), e.g. Lp N ess.
muncn, Kld {Kert} ess. moncn | Er/Mk nom. mon, gen. mon | Chr H nom. xi'n mon, gen. xi'n in mon+n, acc.
xi'n ix mon+m, Chr L nom. xin m+y, gen. xinin m+y+n, gen. xinix m+y+m (y < pChr 'n), Chr B nom. min | Vt
nom. mon, gen. monc, acc. mInam Sm 'm+n 'I' > (partially from compound forms) Ne T xan man, Ne F {Lh.} man, En
{Ter} mo|i, mo|, Ng {Mik, Ter.} 'mons, Slq Tz nom./gen. man (- mat from a sandhi variant), Kms {KD} nom. man / obl.
mana, Koyb {Sp.} xon 'I', xaAn 'my', Mt {Hl.} 'msn 'I' (Mt M {Sp.} xin, {Mll.} mcn, Mt T {Mll.} mcn) Y: OY O
{Mat.} xcn 'I' [2] U {Coll.} '-m - '-mi, verbal ending of 1s subiecti > F -n (alan 'I burn'), Es -n (maga-n 'I sleep'), Lp N
-m (buolam 'I burn' < 'ala-I-mi), Lp S {Hs.} -m " -b (bsscm " bsscb 'I wash'), Er/Mk -n (vanan 'I see'), Chr -m (viocm 'I
lead'), pVg '-jV,m id. (Vg: Ss {Rmb.} tc--om 'I eat', tc-s-om 'I ate', LK {Vxr.} vram 'I do, shall do', vrsom 'I did'),
pOs '-m id. [Os: V tulom ({Trj.} tulom) 'I bring', tuyom ({Trj.} tuyom) 'I brought', Vy vclom 'I take', vcyom 'I took', D
va_tam 'I ask\call', va_om 'I I asked\called', K antam 'I put\do', anom 'I placed\did', Sh matom 'I give', masom 'I
gave'], Hg -Vm (in the -iI-conjugation, in the t-p.: cszcm 'I eat', cttcm 'I ate', in the conjugation with a definite object:
ismcrcm Pctcrt 'I know Peter'); Sm '-m'i, -m: Ne T -mi, -|, Ng -mo, Slq Tz -m (qoqam 'I find', qosam 'I found'), Kms
{K.} -m (nuyam 'I stand', nub'am 'I stood'), Mt {Hl.} '-(V)m (Mt T {Mll.} chandi|um 'I sleep'); Es -n and Lp N -m suggest
the presence of a final vw., because the FU word-final '-m is regularly lost in these two lgs. [3] U {Coll.} '-mi 'my' > F/Es -ni
(< '-n-mi), F I -mi, F -m (oi_Iam 'my son'), Vp -m - -i_n (tatam - tatai_n 'my father'), Lp N -m (cccam 'my uncle
[younger brother of my father]', aI'Ium 'my grandmother'), Lp S {Hs.} -mc / -mmc (vicllcmc 'my brother'), Lp Kld -m ({Kert}
u_azam 'my reindeer'), Er -m (Iudom 'my house'), Chr L -m (Inigam 'my book'), Chr H -m, -cm (sola-cm 'my village',
taqg-cm 'my friend'), Vt acc. -mc 'my' ( acc. -dc/-tc 'thy', acc. -zc/-sc 'his'), loc./ill. -am 'my' ( -ad 'thy', -az 'his'), pOs
'-(V)m 'my' (> Os: V/Ty qut-+m, Kz _ot-cm, O _at-am 'my house', V qatqam, Ty qatlam, Kz _otam, O _atlam 'my
houses', V Io-am 'my stone', Iolam 'my stones', Iur-im 'my axe', D _ot-cm 'my house', _ottam 'my houses', Sh {Trj.}
mis-cm 'my cow', mis-ta-m 'my cows'), Hg -om/-am/-cm/-om 'my' (madar-am 'my bird', etc.), pl. possessi -i-m/-ai-m/-ci-m
(madar-ai-m 'my birds'; -i-/-ai-/ci- is a pl. marker); Sm '-m'i, {Hl.} '-m / '-mo > Ne T -mi - -| 'my' (sg. possessi), Ng -mo,
Slq Tz -mi id., Kms -m (tura-m 'my house'), Mt M {Hl.} -m (after vowels), -ma/-ma (after css.) Vrt. , UEW 294, Stn. WV
, Coll. CG 299-3O2, 3O8-1O, Wkm. FOUL 19, Laan. 181-3, 191-4, Hs. 118-2O, 141-56, Wk. EUL 278-86, It. LC 46-9, 144,
Schl. 554, Kert 156-6O, 173, Fkt. EJ-66 181-5, Fkt. MJ-66 2O8, Kov. LV 227, 23O, Kov. G 244-6, Ber. 37, Lt. KPJ 3O8, Lt. J 61-
2, Tepl. UJ 265, Rmb. 115-44, BV 2O8-21, Ht. CO 1O7-4O, Trj. XJ 324-7, MF 154, Jn. 86, Ter. NJ-66 333-4, Ter. SJ 324, Ter.
EJ 447, Ter. NgJ 96-1O2, 161, KHG 288-9, Hl. SelJ 365-9, Hl. M 164-5, 298, Hl. MTKJ 377-8, Hl. M 141, 164, #627, K. KJ
383-7, UEW 294 ('mX [i.e. 'mE] 'I'), IN 234-5, 31O, 329 ll A: M nom. 'bi (< N 'mi) / gen. 'minu (< N 'mi nu) 'I' > MM
nom. bi / gen. minu - mini, WrM nom. bi/ gen. minu, HlM nom. 6n bi / gen. xnnnn mini, Brt nom. 6n / gen. xnnnn, {Pp.}
mcni - mcni, Kl nom. 6n / gen. xnnn, Mnr H bu 'I' / H munc, {SM} muni 'my', Mnr M bi 'I' / mini 'my', Dx nom. bi 'I' /
gen., acc. mini - miyi, Dg nom. bi 'I' / gen. mini, Ba nom. bc 'I' / gen. mcnc, Mgl {Wr.} nom. bi 'I' / gen. mini (>
-mini - -mni - -mi 'my', ppa. 1s). In Brt, Kl, Dg and Mgl the pers. prn. 'bi, when used in a postpredicate position as a marker of
1s, has turned into an ending of 1s (of both verbal and nominal predicates): 'bi 'I' > Brt -b (cpyxy-6 'I shall come', 6aima-6 'I am
a teacher'), Kl -n -v (non-na-n 'I go', 6aim-n 'I am a teacher'), Dg {T} -bi - -bc (icim-bc 'ich fahre, werde fahren'), Mgl -bi
(ira'-na'n-bi 'I come, am coming') Pp. IM 2O8, MED 1O1, 539, GBJ 139, Snz. GKJ 57, 83-5, T 319, 347, SM 3O, 247, T DnJ
28, 112, T BJ 43, 79, 135, T DgJ 53, 63-8, Rm. M 24, 56-7, Wr. 121-37 Tg nom. 'bi 'I' / obl. 'min- > Ewk, Sln, Neg, Lm, Orc,
Ud, Ul, Ork, Nn B/KU nom. bi 'I' / obl. min-, Nn Nh nom. mi 'I' / obl. min-, WrMc nom. bi 'I' / obl. min- Tg 'bi in postnominal
position meant 'my' and in the NTg and AmTg lgs. became a ppa.: {Bz.} Ewk, Neg -v, -bi 'my', Sln -bi, Ud, Nn -i - -bi In the
NTg and AmTg lgs. (but not in Mc) there is a verbal ending of 1s, reconstructible as '-bi (Lm bu-ri-v 'I gave' < 'bu-ri-bi),
with the tense sx. '-n-: '-n-bi > '-mbi (Sln, Ud va-mi 'I kill', Neg va-m id., Nn va-|a-mbi, Ewk va-|o-m 'I shall kill') Ci.
27O-1, Bz. 1O8-1O, 129-41, STM I 79, Krm. 9O, Avr. GNJ I 145, 248-25O pT nom. '(E)mi (> '(E)bi) / obl. 'man(-)
('ban(-)) > Chv nom. yncAcb_i / gen. xanaAn man+n - xan man, dat., acc. xana mana || NaT (with generalization of the
stem of obl.) 'man > OT {Cl.} man " ban, Tk bcn, Az, LN, ET man, Tkm, Uz, Qmq, Qzq, Qq, Nog, Qrg, Alt, Shor, SY, Tv
mcn, Tf mcn, VTt, Bsh, Xk, Yk min, Slr mcn (- man - mc) 'I'; the same stem is in gen. (OT mbaniq) and later in other obl.
cases, except dat. > NaT acc. 'mini > OT mini - bini; the same stem in OT loc./abl. min-ta - mindida ( Gbn. 91, Rs. MTS
13, 16) NaT dat. 'maq-a (< ''mban-ga?) ('-a- under the ass. infl. of '-a of the case ending?) > OT baqa - maqa, Tkm, ET
maqa, as well as Nog, Qmq, Qrg, Xk, Shor maya (restructured on the analogy of the nominal dat. ending -ya) NaT 'man 'I' as
a postpredicative subject prn. was a separate word in OT (man) and still is in Tv (mcn), but in most lgs. it has turned into an
agglutinated ending of 1s of verbs and predicative nouns (the so called "full" ending), e.g. ET -man, Uz -man, Qmq
-mcn / -man, VTt -min / -m+n (today in verbal forms only), Bsh -min / -m+n / -min / -m+n, Qzq
-min / -min / -bin / -bin / -in / -in, Qrg -min (with synharmonic allomorphs), Alt -min / -min / -bin / -bin / -in / -in, Xk
-mtn / -min / -btn / -bin / -tn / -in, Yk -bin / -bin / -in / -in || In a similar way Chv cb_i has been agglutinated to the verb
(prs. and ft.) as a 1s ending -+ / -o pT '-(V)m 'I', old ("short") ending of 1s in verbs > OT -im/-im/-um/-um (with the t-pret.
of verbs), in most T lgs. -im/-im/-m or -im/-im/-um/-um/-m, ET -m, -Vm, VTt/Bsh -m / -im / -im / -+m / -im, Qzq/Qrg/Xk
-m, Tv, Yk -(V)m, Chv -+m / -im (1s ending in -t-/-r-pret. & in imv.); in some lgs. this ending '-(V)m has spread to the function
of 1s marker of nominal predicates (partially through contamination with the reflexes of '-mbVn 'am'), whence Tk -(y)im /
-(y)im / -(y)um / -(y)um, Az -(y)am / -(y)am 'am' (cp. Deny OMTT 199; Kon. GTJ 222 tries to trace Tk -(y)Vm back to Tk
bcn 'I'), Tkm -in, -m (Bazin T 313) pT '-m / '-im / '-im 'my', postnominal possessive affix > Chv (after vowels) -m / (after
cnss.) -+m / -im || NaT (after vowels) '-m / (after cnss.) '-im / '-im / '-um / '-um > Tk, Tkm, Qmq
-m / -im / -im / -um / -um, ET -m / -im / -um / -um, Uz -m / -im, VTt/Bsh -m / -+m / -im, Qzq -m / -im / -im, Qrg, Alt
-m / -im / -im, Xk -m / -im / -tm The ancient vw. 'i (of N 'mi) was preserved in the OT acc. mini - bini and in loc.-abl.
minta; in pT gen. 'man-iq (> Chv man(+)n, OT maniq) and in NaT nom. 'man the ancient vw. '-i- was replaced by '-a-
due to unknown factors (hardly due to the "reduction of the final vowel", as supposed in IS II 65, because this NaT reduction is
younger than the pT change i >'a) Cl. 346, Isx. M 2O8-35, Tn. SJ 127-8, Tn. SJJ 76, B SS , JN II , Dmt. IAS , Dmt. GBJ
51-7, 14O-57, Gbn. ATG 9O-9, 112-3, Rs. MTS 9-26, Lev. IF 14, 29-3O, 57-8, ChVS 314-7, Kon. GTJ 222-51, 387-8 Ktw.
PLA 4-6, Rm. EAS II 79 OJ {Mill.} m 'I' Mill. JAL 158 A nom. 'bi 'I' < N 'mi with the reg. change 'b- < 'm- in
monosyllabic CV-words (cp. N 'mujvV, 'this' > ''mu > A 'bu, N 'ma prohibitive > A 'bE- > M 'bu id.) (IS II 56-7, 65,
7O-1) DQA #126 [A 'bi/'mi-nc 'I'] ll K: [1] K c. rect. 'mi / 'mc (< 'mi / 'mi_c < N 'mi) / obl. 'mcn- (< 'mi nu) 'I' > Mg
ma / obl. 'man-, Lz ma, Lz Ch man, OG mcn - mc, G mc, G P/Mt/Ing/ArX mcn(a), Sv mi 'I', mi-sgvi " mi-sgu 'me'. The
ancient distribution of the allomorphs 'mc and mcn- survives in Mg, while in OG and Lz Ch the form 'mcn has spread to the c.
rect. [2] K 'm- 'me, to me', verbal px. of 1s obiecti > OG, G, Sv m-, Mg, Lz m- / - / -/ b- (allomorps conditioned by the
following phoneme) [3] K 'c(v)c-m- 'my' (< N 'c'u 'that of, that which' + 'mi 'my') > OG ccm- (dcday ccmi 'my
mother') - ccym-, G ccm-, Mg cIim-, Lz cIim- " sIim- 'my', Sv: LB/L mi-sgvi, UB mi-sgu - mi-sgvi, Ln
misIvi 'me' K 123, 132 ('mc(n)- 'I'), K
2
119, 255, FS K 2O3-4, 212-3, FS E 223-4, 233-4, Dt. 28, Gm. SSh 44, GImn.
AXK 324, Fn. GAS 8O-1, TK 57O-1, Top. SJ 83, GP US 45 ll HS: C: N 'mi survives in HEC as a sx. of of 1s subiecti: Kmb
{Mrn.} yom-mi 'am' ( 2s yon-ti 3s yo?i 1p yom-mi 2p yon-ta); this verbum substantivum (with '-mV as an ending
of 1s) functioned as an aux. verb within an analytical construction underlying HEC tenses of indicative (prs. and p.): HEC 1s
'itjV, jy,Vn-mV 'I eat' > Alb itam, Sd {Mrn.} itcmmo, itam, Kmb, Hd itommo ( 2m 'itjV, jy,Vn-tV 'edis' > Alb ittanti,
Sd itatto, Kmb ittant, Hd itotto), HEC 'itjV, yVn-mV 'I ate' > Sd itommo, Kmb icccm(i), Hd itammo AD PLOG , Mrn.
ApCA 269-79, Mrn. S, L K , C SE II 228-9, 237-8, Coh. VS , Sim DHEC 434-5 ? Ch: SBc: Tala L/Sh/Z mi 'I', Zar K/GL/L
mia-, Gj Mg ami, Gj G ami, Gj B ami, Sy Zk/B/Z ami- 'I' Sh. SB 41 AD PP 73, Ap. ANH 1O llll On N 'mi ?a 'we'
('mi 'I' + '?a of plurality) cf. below N 'mi ?a. On Ch {Kr.} 'mu-n ({Blz.} 'muni) 'we, us, our' incl. (probably < N 'mi n'a),
cf. N 'n'a, prn. of collectivity and plurality. On 'mi t'u 'we' incl. ('mi 'I' + 't'u 'thou') see below s.v. 'mi t'u ^ In
IE, FU and Chv there is a variant form N 'HE-mi (> Gk cc, Ht ammu-I 'me', Arm im 'my', pVg 'am [obl. 'am(a)n] ,
Hg cn 'I', Chv yncA cb_i 'I'). IS II 64 identifies the additional element 'HE with the deictic pc. 'h'c (his '?c) (indicating the
nearest object), which is not obvious and poses a phonetic problem: Vg 'a- suggests U 'a, which is not the reg. reflex of N 'c
^ IS II 63-6 [#299] ('mi 'I'), 52-6 [#29O] ('ma 'we'), AD PP , Gr. I 61-7 ("first-person M" in IE, U, A, Gil, CK, EA).
1354a. 'mi ?a 'we' ('mi 'I' + '?a of plurality) > IE: [1] '-mc, verbal ending of 1p; OI and Clt have preserved the ancient
distinction between the "primary" ending '-mcs - '-mos ['-s is originally a pl. marker] and the "secondary" ending '-mc
(specialized for different verbal tempora): "primary" in OI -mas(i), Av -mahi and in the Ir absolute -mi ('-mcsi), "secondary" in
OI -ma, Av ma, Ir conjunct -m; in other lgs. the functional distinction is lost, but the form '-mcs is still preserved in Gk D -c), L
-mus, OHG -mcs; in other daughter lgs.: Gk A, I, Ae -cv, Al -mi, -mc, Gt, ON, OHG -m, Lt -mc, Sl '-m+ (> OCS -m+ -m+,
R, Blg -x, Cz, OP -m) - '-mI [on the analogy of 'mI 'we' or (acc. to Meillet) being originally a positional variant of '-m+ before
'|- of the next word] and '-mc - '-mo [possibly from the "primary" '-mcs - '-mos] (> Cz -mc, SCr, Slv, Slk -mo, Uk -xo, e.g.
Cz |smc, SCr |csmo, Uk c xo |csmo 'we are') [2] NaIE 'mc-'s, pers. prn. of 1p > Arm me mcI" 'we' (if Arm -I" is
connected with IE 's-) || Blt 'mc-s 'we' > Pru mcs, Ltv mcs, with secondary lengthening [due to the infl. of Lt/Ltv |us 'ye']:
Ltv mcs (gen. musu, dat. mums, acc. mus), Lt mcs (gen. musu, dat. mums, acc. mus) | Sl 'mI 'we' (with '-I induced by
'vI 'ye') > OCS m mI, Blg, Uk xn, R xi, SCr, Slv mi, Cz, Slk, P my In ppIE the prn. 'mc-s 'we' probably lost its status of a
separate word (displaced by synonyms), but survived as a verbal ending; later it was reintroduced as a separate word (on the
analogy of the verbal ending) in Arm and BSl BD II/3 616-23, Brg. KVG 591, the table to the p. 596, 4O8, Szem EVS-7O
216-7, Frn. 441-2, En. LG 377-8, En. CG 3O5, En. APG 133, Me. EAC 59, Me. SC 339-41, 516, Glh. 4O7-8, Bks. CIEL
2O8-9 ll K: GZ 'm- 'us' > OG m- id. (sc-m-i-cqalcn cucn 'have pity on us!'), Mg, Lz m- (with positional allomorphs: -, -,
b-) (Mg cIi m-iyuna 'nobis est') K 123, Q O8O ll U: ''m'ia 'we' > 'mc - 'ma - 'miyV ({It.} 'mc - mi) > Lp: Rr miyc,
N {N} mi, L mi|, S {Hs.} mi||ich (gen. mi||cn), Kld miy 'we' pl. | Er, Mk xnn min | pChr {Ber.} 'mc , B/M
mc, H xac ma (gen. xacxnan mamnan, acc. xacxnaxmamnam) | Prm 'mi 'we' / gen. 'miyan > Z xn mi (gen. miyan), Z
miys " mis, Prmk miys - mi (gen. miyan), Yz 'mcynz (gen. mi'yan), Vt xn mi (proc. miya, gen. milam); Vt -mI, Z, Prmk
-nI-m, Yz -ni-m (-nI-, -ni- is the marker of pl. possessoris for all persons) ? Sm 'mc- (and 'mc- + sx.) 'we' > Ng {Mik.} mIq,
Slq Tz mc, Kms {KD} mi? - mc, {K.} mi?, Koyb {Sp.} xc; but Ne T mana? 'we' [pl.], En B {Ter.} 'modina? and Mt
{Hl.} 'mcnda (Mt M {Sp.) xyn(y, {Pl.} xcn( ) id. are derivates from the prn. of 1s (Ne man, En modi, Mt {Hl.} 'msn)
Lp Rr miyc, Lp Kld miy, Prmk/Z miys and Prm gen. 'miyan (and possibly Es mcic) are likely to go back to the bisyllabic
(and conservative) variant 'miyV (< 'm'iA < N 'mi ?a) -n, -n, -q in different lgs. are accounted for by generalization of the
stem of obl. cases (with the N 'nu, pc. of gen.) [2] The U prn. ''m'ia in postnominal position means 'our [pl.]' > Vt -mI, Z,
Prmk -nI-m, Yz -ni-m (-nI-, -ni- is the marker of pl. possessoris for all persons) ||| ??? Sm ({Hl.} '-mat/'-mct 'our' [pl.
possessoris]) (ffd. see below s.v. N 'mi t'u 'we' incl. ('mi 'I' + 't'u 'thou') The element -N in Mr min goes back to the N
genitive pc. 'nu (it represents the stem of obl. cases < 'mi ?a nu, best preserved in Prm gen. 'miyan); in some lgs. the stem of
the obl. cases was generalized throughout the case paradigm of the prn. [3] The same U prn. ''m'ia 'we [pl.]' (sometimes
together with additional affixes) is used as a personal sfx. of verbs (1p of the subject) > Mk (sbcj.) -xa -ma, -xc -mc | Prm: Z
-m, Prmk -m, -ms, Yz -mn, -m, Vt -mI id. ||| Sm: Slq Tz {KHG} -mIt/n (1p ending), Ng {Ter.} -mu?/ -mu?/ -mI? / -mi? (1p
ending, sbcj. and s/obcj. with sg. obiecti), Ne T {Ter.} -va- id. (prs. -va-?, p. -va-c), En {Ter.} -ba- / -a- id. (prs. -a-? / ba-?, p.
-ba-), Kms {K.} -bc? The Chr nominal possessive ending -na (Chr L -na, Chr H -na/-na) 'our' and the verbal ending -na
'we' may either go back to '-mnV [also + sx.?] or be connected with N 'nV 'we' incl. [q.v.] UEW 294-5, IS II 54-5, Hs. 118,
Ber. 36-7, Kov. LV 227, 23O-3, Kov. G 244-9, LG 171-2, Lt. J 61, Lt. KZJ 287-92, Lt. KPJ 3O5-9, Tepl. UJ 265-72, Jn. 91-2,
KHG 184-7, 258-64, 288-93, Ter. GNJ 342-57, 364-5, 371-9, Ter. NJ 381, 386-8, Ter. EJ 444-51, Ter. NgJ 96-7, 161, 185, Ter.
!
NgJz 423-31, Hl. M 144, 3O3 [#655], K. KJ 383-6 ll A nom. 'bua / gen. 'm'uanu (or 'bia / 'm'ianu) 'we' pl. excl. > Tg
nom. 'buc ({Bz.} 'bua) / obl. 'mun- id. > Ul bu - bus / obl. mun-, Nn Nh bus / obl. bun-, Nn B bu, Nn KU mu / obl.
mun-, Orc, Ud, Sln bu / obl. mun-, Ewk, Lm bu / obl. mun- STM I 98, Bz. 1O8, Krm. 91 M 'ba / gen. 'manu / dat.
'man-a 'we' excl. > MM nom. ba / gen. manu / dat. mana, WrM nom. ba / gen. manu / dat. mana id., Dg ba / gen. mani id.,
Mgl -u'_ 'we' (sx.), moni 'of us, our', HlM xanan {Pp.} man
a
c 'of us' excl., Ord {Pp.} mani, Brt {Pp/} mana, Kl {Pp.}
mana, man id. Pp. IM 215-8, 22O pJ {S} 'ba- 'I, we' > OJ va-, a-, J: Ht banu, K vatc, Kg oi, Ns/Sh vaN, cd :
ltOJ [RJ] vataIusi, J T vatasi id. - OJ va(rc) 'we', K vatcrc, Ht baima, Y banta id. S AJ 266 [#38], S QJ #38,
Syr. DJ 9O-1, Mr. 569, Mchz. (J vataIusi < 'va-tu-(a)Iu si 'my place direction') But pKo 'uri 'we' is likely to go back to
a combination of N 'mi with the plural marker 'r'i (see s.v. ffd.) S AJ 57, 276 [#36] (pA 'ba 'I'), DQA #126 (A
'ba/'mi_u-n- 'we') ll HS: ? C: HEC '-mV, verbal ending of 1p > Sd -mo, Hd -mo, -miya, Hd Lb -mina, Kmb, Alb -mi The
ending may go back either to N 'mi ?a or (acc. to Blz.) or to the HS '(?an)muni 'we' with '-muni as a compound form parallel to
the 2p '(?an)tunV 'ye' Blz. PPCh1 1-4 IS II 53 tried to adduce here the Ch pers. prn. of 1p incl. 'mun (reconstructed by IS
as 'm(n)). But in the light of Chadic comparative ev. and the existence of the Ch prn. 'Iun 'ye' it is more likely that Ch 'mun is a
pCh (or pHS) innovation based on 'm (1 person) + '-un (pl. ending). The pCh system may be reconstructed as follows:

sing. pl.
1 pers. ?
'munV
2 pers.
'Iu (2m) 'IunV
This suggests a prn. of 1s 'mV (< N 'mi [q.v.]) and the composite origin of Ch 'munV 'we' incl. Blz PPCh, Kr. RChP,
Brq. PS, AD EPCChL ll D 'ma--'ma- 'we' excl.: > Tl ma- ~ man- obl. 'we' excl., ma-namu / obl. mana- 'we incl.; Gnd ma-
obl. 'we' excl., Knd man / obl. ma- 'we' (no opposition incl. excl.), Kui, Ku ma- obl. id. An. DJ (table 1O after p. 6O), D
##3647 and 5154. ^ Cf. N '?a, pc. of plurality ^ IS II 52-6 ('ma, 1p incl.) ^ Unlike IS, I do not believe that this prn. ('mi
?a) was originally specialized as either incl. or excl. In my opinion, it started being used as inclusive or exclusive (in descendant
lgs.) by contrast with other pronouns for 'we'. In M and Tg it was opposed to the inclusive M 'bidanu and Tg 'miti - 'minti
[both from N 'mi t'u 'I + thou' and 'mi nu t'u 'I' + genitive pc. + 'thou'] (Pp. IM 22O, MED 1O2, Bz. 1O7, STM I 539) and
therefore acquired the meaning of an exclusive 'we', while in K it was opposed to 'nV (the original 'we' incl.) and therefore got
the meaning of exclusive.
1354b. 'mi t'u 'we' incl. ('mi 'I' + 't'u 'thou') is found in M, Tg, Gil and probably in Y: A: M 'bida (- 'bidc?) 'we'
incl. > MM bida, WrM bidc - bida, Ord bida, Dg {Pp.} ba'da id.; in most modern lgs. the opposition excl. incl. has been
lost, so that the extant forms mean 'we' without this opposition: HlM 6n(, {Pp.} bid:o, b'addo, Brt 6n(y, {Pp.} bcdc, Kl bid
o
-
and 6n(n (< gen. 'bida-nu), Mgr {Pp.} buda; gen.: 'bida-nu > MM bidanu, WrM bidan, Dg ba'dani 'our' incl., HlM {Pp.}
bidni - biddani 'our' The final '-a is on the analogy of M 'ba 'we' excl. (< 'mi ?a) Pp. IM 215-7, Pp. MA 118, MED 1O,
KRS 97, SM G 36-8 Tg 'mbiti (gen. 'minti) 'we' incl. > Ewk mit(i), Sln miti, Lm mut, Neg bitta - bit, Orc biti, Ud minti,
WrMc musc (-s- on the analogy of si 'thou' [or a trace of the ancient var. 'mi s'u 'we' incl.?]) '-n- in 'minti is from N
'nu genitive, but the detailed history of the form is still obscure Ci. 27O-1, Bz. 1057 (Tg 'munti 'we' incl.), STM I 539 ll Gil:
Gil A mcr - mir 'we' incl., Gil ES mivn - mcvn id. (r and v are reg. reflexes of 't and 't) Panf. I 231-4O ll ? U: ? pY {IN}
'mit 'we' > Y K/T mit, mit- (before a noun), mit-lc 'our'; OY XVII {Wts.} mits|c, mitin Krn. JJ 72-8O, Krn. JJ-T 44O-1, Krn.
JJ-K 354, Ku. 144, IN 235, 31O Sm ({Hl.} '-mat/'-mct 'our' [pl. possessoris]): Ng {Ter.} rect.-gen. -mI? / acc. -nI? (pl./du.
possessi nom. -nu? 'nostri' / gen. -nu?), Ne T rect./acc. -na' -va? / gen. -na' -na? 'noster' (pl. possessoris), En B {Ter.}
rect./acc. -ba? - -a? / gen. -na? id. (du. and pl. possessi: rect.-gen. -na? 'nostri'), Slq Tz {KHG} (-mIt) = -mIn/t 'our', Kms
{K.} -va? / -ba? 'our' (pl. possessoris), Mt {Hl.} '-maj?, / '-maj?,; benefactive forms of 1p of nouns: Ng -mu?
(taoo-mu? tu?o 'the reindeer came for us', lit. 'cervus-nobis venit'; satoroto-mu? Iooa?amu? 'we obtained [preyed on] a polar
fox for ourselves', lit. 'vulpem-nobis praedati sumus') This Sm morpheme belongs here if Hl.s rec. of Sm '-t is justified.
Otherwise it belongs to 'mi ?a For references see above s. v. 'mi ?a 'we'.
1355. 'mi 'what?' > HS: S 'mi 'what?' > Ak mi-n(u/a/i-m) || Gz mi 'what?' CS 'mah 'what?' > Ug mh - m, Hb -m2 ma
+gmc. - m1 ma 'what', Pun m? [= mu] (< 'ma) 'what' (attested as rel. prn.), [Pn.] MU, DA, IA, Plm, Nbt mh, Htr m?, JA em1
ma (< 'mah), Sr 'o ma, Md ma, Ar mah - ma 'what?' CS 'mah goes back to N 'mi ?a'ha 'what thing?' (= N 'mi +
'?a'ha 'thing(s)') The pronouns for 'who?' go back to cds : S 'miyV 'who?' (either from N 'mi yi = N 'mi 'what?' + 'yi 'he' or
from N 'mi yV = N 'mi 'what?' + 'yV 'which' [as a rel. prn.?]) > Hb im5 mi, Ug my ({Dk.}: = [mij:,ya]?, {Siv.}: = [miyu/a/i),
OAk min, Ak min-um (declined as an adj.); S 'manjn-, (< N 'mi manu lit. 'what man?', N 'manu 'man') > Ak
mann-u(m), Amr {Dk.} manna, BA Nm2 man, Sr Na man, Ar Ma man, Gz nom. mannu / acc. manna, Mh/Hrs {Jo.} mon,
Jb E/C {Jo.} mun, Sq {Jo.} mon 'who?' (cp. It cosa 'what?' < 'Ic 'Ioza 'what thing?'); this etymological explanation is more
plausible than to suppose a semantic change 'man' 'who?'; cf. also Ug mn 'what? which?' (adjectival function), rel. 'that, which'
KB 522-3, 1732-4, HJ 599-6OO, OLS 266, 281, 31O, Siv. U 42-3, Br. 372, Br. SG 5O, FrdH 54, Sd. G 48 [ 47], Dk. AkJ 91,
Dk. XAU 115, Jo. M 267 Eg fOK m 'what?', m 'who?' EG II 4, Lopr. 7O, Ed. 9O B 'maH ({Pr.} 'ma) 'what?' (< 'mi
?a'hV 'what thing?', cp. above CS 'mah 'what?') > Ah {Fc.}, Ty {GhA}, Gh, Wrg {Dlh.} ma, Tz {Stm.}, Tmz {MT} ma (in
cds like ma + prep. + mi); 'ma+tta ({MT}: lit. 'what he?'): Tz mat, Zkr matta, Kb {Hann.}, Shw {Hy.} mata, Mz {Dlh.}
matta, Jrb, Snd mata 'who?', Tmz {MT} matta 'which?', 'who?'; B {Pr.} 'mi 'who?' > Ah, Ty, Gh mi 'who?' (cp. S 'miyV id. <
N 'mi ya), Tz mit id.; Mz {Dlh.} man-t 'lequel?', man-ay-u - man-ay-on 'who?', Ah manoII 'lequel est?' (cp. S 'manjn-,
'who?' < 'mi manV (lit. 'what man?'), as well as Tmz man, mani, Shw mon, Jrb, Snd man 'who?' (unless A Ar man) Pr. M
I-III 216-21 (analysis of the interr. pronouns at the pB and Tw level), Fc. 114O-3, Dlh. M 113, Dlh. Ou 181, MT 394-5 C: EC:
Brj 'miya 'what?' (cp. S 'miya 'who?' < N 'mi yV or, as suggested by Ss., 'ma? + 'ya 'it is'), EC {Ss.} 'ma? 'what?' > Kmb,
Alb, Sd ma, Ged ma < ma?a (cp. CS 'mah 'what?' < N 'mi '?a'ha 'what thing?'); EC {Ss.} 'maha 'what?' (< {Ss.}
'ma? vaha 'what thing?') > Af maha, Sml maha, Arr mch (/ sentence-final mc), Rn {PG} maha - mchc, Bn maha, Bs mc
(-c < '-ah), Hd maha , Dsn {To.} mctc 'what?'; Dsn {To.} mayya 'who?' (< 'mi ?ayy-a, with N '?ayV 'which?', 'what?',
q.v. ffd.) || Dhl maIa 'what?' (cd with -IV, cf. iIo 'who?') || SC: Irq {Mous} m-, a px. that turns a statement into a question
asking 'what?' [lari m-a ay-an 'what are we eating to-day?', m-i Iahi 'what does he say?', ma-t(a) Iahi 'what do they say?']
, Alg mi 'what?' Ss. B 146, PG 217, 222-3, Hw. A 232-3, HL 126, Mous 15O-1 , E SC 158, To. DL 517, To. D 4O, Blz.
SCL s.v. 'what?' Ch 'mi 'what?' > WCh: Hs mc | Dr mi, Krkr miya`, Ngm miya | Fy {J} mi`, Bks {J} '?a-mi`, Klr {J}
'?amu, ? Sha ma, ma` || CCh: Tr sb.: Gnd, Gbn, Boka mi | Mrg, Klb mi, Bu mI...ri; cd : Bu {Hf.} man 'what?' | Gzg, Mtk
{ChC}, MfG {Brr.} mc, Mofu {Ro.} mcy, Mf {BLB} mc, Mada/Mkt {Ro.} ma, Myn {Ro.} mam, Hrz ama, Mlk {Ro.}
may, Glv {Rp.} ms-r | Mdr mc | BB: Gude mi | ? Msg ma | McMs: Lame mi` || ECh: Mb {J} mi:, , Mjl {DB} mi Jg {J}
mc 'what?' | Ll mc` | ? McDng.: Bdy ma, EDng ma, Mkl {J} moj:, 'what?' | Mgm mc-mc 'what?' | Ke {Eb.}
ma (......mo) 'what?' (where mo is a general marker of question, which is used in all interr. sentences), minti (......mo)
'who?' ChC, ChL, J R 259, J J 115, Eb. 78, Lk. G 42, Hf. M 93, Hf. B 168, 182, RK 92, 163, Ro. 358-9 (pMM 'ma), BLB 219,
Brr. MG II 419, J LM 141, Fd. 1O8, AlJ 96, JA LM 161 , Blz. LECh #96 ll U 'mi 'what?' > F mi-Ia (gen. mi-n-Ia, prt.
mi-ta, ill. mi-hin, iness. mi-ssa) 'what?', 'which?', Krl K mi (gen. mi-n, prt. mi-da), Vp mi (gen. mi-n, prt. mi-da), (gen.
mi-n-Ia, prt. mi-ta, Es mi-s [with additional -s, as in Ic-s 'who?'] (prt. mi-da), mi " mc, Es SW mca 'what?', Lv mi-s: (prt.
mi-da) [cp. Ii-s: 'who?'] | Lp: N {N} mi / obl. ma- 'what?', 'which?', 'what kind?', L mi| id., S {Hs.} mi|, Kld xn, {Kert} mi
(obl. mc-, e.g. gen. mcnn) 'what?' | Er xc:c 'mc-zc, mcyc, xcncy mcy-sc 'with what?', 'in what?', xcn mcn 'which?',
'what kind?', Mk xc:c 'mcza 'what?' | Chr: L xo mo 'what?', Uf/B mo, H xa id. | Prm: Vt xa ma 'what?', Z xin mIy,
msy " muy " muya, Yz mny id. || ObU {Hl.} 'mc- (a reg. reflex of FU 'mi) 'what?' (or 'which?') > pOs {Ht.} 'mc- > Os:
V/Vy moi, Ty mc"o, Y mcvo, D mcy, Nz/Kz muy 'what?', V/Vy mctta, Ty/Y mctta', D/K mcta', Nz/Kz
mata, O ma'ti 'which?'; pVg {Ht.} 'ma-na 'which?' > Vg: P/NMV/SV/LL man, UL man, Ss mana id. | OHg, Hg mi
'what?' Chr xo - xa, Vt xa and Z mIy " msy " muy are likely to go back to N cds (possibly 'mi ?a'ha 'what thing?', cp. CS
'mah and B maH 'what?') Sm {Jn.} 'ms- 'what? > Ng {Ter.} xa, {Cs.} ma id., En {Cs.} mi? (gen. milo) id., Kms {KD}
mo, mo? 'weshalb?', Koyb {Sp.} xona 'what for?', Slq Tz {KKIH} mI 'something'; also possibly Ne T {Ter.} xi, T O {Lh.} mI
'something to eat', Ne F {Lh.} mI id., 'merchandise', Ne T d xix 'a useful thing' Coll. 34-5, UEW 296 ('mV 'what, thing'),
Laan. 2OO-2, N 654, Hs. 127-8, SaR 188-9, Kert 174, ERV 371-7, LG 181, MF 445-6, EWU 975, Ht. #375, Jn. 91 (+ unc.
'ms- 'give, be'), KKIH 134 ll A 'm'i 'what?' > T 'min > Chv xcAn min 'what?', d : xnc mizc, {Rm. Ash.} xnnc
minsc 'how much, how many?' ({Rm.}: < 'mica), xcAnnc monlc 'what kind, which?', xcA( n) cicp mo(n)sIcr 'what?' Chv
xa ma 'why?', 'what for?', 'what (do you want to say)?' [in a dialog: Hnan! - Ma? 'Ivan! - What?'] Ash. VIII 151, 249, 334-48,
Lvt. IM 35, Jeg. 133-4 Chv xa may be akin to Chr xo - xa, Vt xa, CS 'mah and B maH 'what?' (< N 'mi ?a'ha '') S AJ
255 [#99] pKo {S} 'mi 'what?' > MKo mi id., in modern Ko cds : PhN miot, Ph muot, Chs muot, Ks muot, Hm mvot,
Chj moiqga, Sl buot, Kw mo 'what?'; NKo mi_ot 'how many?' ({Rm.}: < 'mi-ca) S QK #99, Nam 225, MLC 663
?? pJ {S} 'ms-si ({S} "interrogative-dubitaive pc.") > J mosi 'if' The A suffix '-a in Ko mi_ot and Chv xnc
miz_c " minz_c 'how many\much?' (Jeg. 134) is identical with NaT 'Ia- 'how many?' The comparison with pJ {S} 'ms-si
is legitimate because the latter means 'if (provided that)' (possibly from 'when') Rm. EAS II 79 [ 43] (pA 'mi 'what?'),
Rm. SKE 147, S AJ 297 [#581] [A 'mV (interr. stem)], DQA #1379 (A 'mV id.), Hmb. 75 ll D: Brgd mi 'what?', Kkd
mida id. Grr. 334, 343 ll K: [1] 'may 'what?' (< 'mi ?ay- < N 'mi 'what?' + '?ayV 'which?', 'what?' [q.v.]) > Mg, Lz mu-,
Sv: UB/LB may " ma, L may, Ln ma 'what?'; ? in the OG and G cd romc-l- 'which' K 124, K
2
112 [2] K (att. in Zan)
'min 'who?' > Mg, Lz mi / (before a vw.) min Q O47, Marr 28, K 135, FS K 124 and FS E 135, Mrtr. N 183, TK 554-5,
GP 211, Dn. s.v. may ll IE {Ped., IS} 'mo- 'what?' > NaIE: Clt: MBr ma 'which' (rel. prn.:
ar guchcnn arc`hant m`oant dcnct da glasI 'la somme dargent quils taient venus chercher', bon tat ma cmaouch cn n
'pater noster qui es in clo'), 'that' (cnjc.)', (possibly also the obscure OBr ma in trc ma > Br drc ma 'par ce que'; Br Vn
trc mc viv 'tant quelle vit'), Br ma 'where?', ma 'that' (cnjc.), OIr ma, ma 'if', Br mar, {Vn.} ma 'if', Crn mar 'if' | ? Tc: A
mant, B maItc 'how?, A maIsu 'who?' Ht masi- 'how many?' ({Ped.}: < gen. 'mo-syo-), mahhan 'how?', cnjc. 'when,
as', man 'how?', cnjc. 'when, if, as', Lw {Mlc.} man 'if, when(ever)', {Lar.} man 'if', ? Lc {Mlc.} mc 'if' (condition), {Carr.}
mci id. Acc. to AD, not here Tc: A mant, B maItc 'how? and A maIsu 'who?' (the element ma-~mc- being akin to Gk
cv and not to an interr. stem) Flr. DVB 248, 319-2O, Ern. 382-3, 711, Vn. M 1, Hm. 537, 547, KT I 168, Wn. 286-9, Ped. H
38, Ivn. OPA 193, Ts. E II 86-9, 116-7, 158-9, CHD L-N 1OO-11, 143-61, 2O5, Lar. DLL 67, Mcl. CL 135, Mlc. L 43, Carr. SP
76, Ad. 186-8, 439-40, 451 (denies connections of the Tc words with an interr. stem), EI 457 ('mc/o, interr.\rel. prn.) ^ (
Rm. EAS II 79, DQA #1379, IS) the T interr. verbal sx. '-mi-(a typologically improbable semantic change 'what?' general
interr. indicator 'does [he] ?'). The same is true of the Sml interr. indicator ma ^ IS II 66-8 ('mi 'what?' in HS, K, IE, U, A and
D), Schrd. DU 1O7 (D, U), Gr. I 229-31 ("interrogative M" in IE, U, A, ChK, Ai, qu. EA).
1356. ?? Ll 'mA'?a(-yV) 'mother' > IE: NaIE 'ma-, 'ma-ya 'mother' > OI A {MW} ma id. || Gk o 'mother!' (o
o 'mother Earth' [Aischylos]), 'nurse', Gk I/A oio 'mother, nurse' || MLG mo|c 'mothers sister', OHG
holz-mova - holz-muva 'female wood-goblin, wood-witch' ( '"wood-mother") (holz 'wood') d NaIE 'ma-'tcr
'mother' > OI ma'tar- (nom. 'mata), Av matar-, KhS mata-, NPrs rda'M modar || Arm majr mayr (gen. mr mor <
'mavr < 'matr-os) || Gk A t, Gk D ot || L matcr (gen. 'matr-is), Osc gen. maatrcis, Um gen. MATRER id. || Gl
{Billy} MATIR, OIr mathir id., W modrydaf 'beehive' (with bydaf 'nest of wild bees') || Lt motc' (gen. motcrs) 'wife,
mother', Ltv matc, Pru muti, mothc 'mother' | Sl 'mati (gen. 'matcr-c) id. > OCS mo:u mati (gen. mo:cpc matcrc), Blg
'xarn, SCr ma`ti (gen. ma`tcrc), Slv mati (gen. matcrc), Cz mati (gen. matcrc), Slk mat` - mati (gen. matcrc), OP, P
mac, R xar (gen. 'xarcpn), Uk 'xarn (gen. 'xarcp ) id. || Gmc 'mo'Ocr > ON moir, OHG muotcr, NHG Muttcr, OSx
modar, AS modor id., NE mothcr || pTc {Ad.} 'maccr > Tc: A macar, B maccr id. || pAl {O} 'matcr > Al motcr
'sister' ( *'elder sister', because elder sisters assumed the role of child-rearing in the household {My.} or because in the
framework of certain kinship systems of ancient Albanians the word for 'mother' was extended to [elder] sisters and female
cousins {Huld}) WP II 221-2, 229-3O, P 694, 7OO-1, EI 385-6 (''mch_tcr), M K II 619-2O, M E II 345-6, Horn 213, MW
771, Bai. 328, F II 154, 159, 232, WH II 49-5O, Bc. G 317, 338, Me. EAC 81-2, Billy 1O4, Vn. M 25, Vr. 391, Ho. 224, Ho. S
53, Kb. 477, 7O4, OsS 415, 629, KM 497, Tr. 168, 17Of., Frn. 465-6, En. 212, ESSJ XVII 237-69, Glh. 4OO-1, O 275, My. 287-
8, Huld 95-6, Slt. 5O-1, Wn. 283-4, Ad. 447, Ad. H 2O, 44, 124 ll HS: Eg mv.t 'mother' (= {Spg.} 'ma:vct, {Vc.} 'mavi-t
[possibly acp.]) > DEg mv.t > Cpt: Sd moo maav, B mo mav id. Eg -t is a sx. of the fem. gender EG II 54, Vc. 126, Spg.
LMS 1O4-5, Crn. 95 B 'ma (< 'ma'??) > Gd ma, Ah ma, matt 'mother'; but Izd mma 'mother', Awj {Prd.} mma, Snd
yomma, Zww imma id. and similar forms are likely to represent pB 'yV-mma 'my mother' ('yV- 'my') with the element
'-mma which may go back either to the in question or to N '?cmA 'mother' [q.v.], or to a merger of both roots; the possessive
sx. may be added after the : Si ummai_ 'my mother' Fc. 1434, Lf. II #O95O, La. S 259, Prd. 168 C: SC: Asa {Fl.} mai_
'wife', mayito 'woman' Fl. AA 13, Blz. CWL Ch: WCh: NrBc: Wrj {Sk.} mahai_, Kry {Sk.} mahs, My {Sk.} maxs,
Sir {Sk.} ma 'mother' | Ngz {Sch.} mai_ || CCh: Gudu {ChL} msi_ | HgB/Kps {ChL} ma | ?? Tr {Nw.} manIi | Mdr
{Mch.} mu | Gzg {Lk.} ma- | Db {Lnh.} ma- | Gdr {Srp.} moIo | Bdm {Lk.} ma-, Lgn {Lk.} ma- || ECh: Mgm {J}
mcdc id. The element xV - hV-hV in the NrBc lgs. is a sx., cp. the words for 'father': Kry bahs, My baxs and probably
Wrj basna Stl. ZCh 259 [#159] (pNrBc 'ma'ha 'mother'), ChC, ChL, Sk. NB 32 ll D 'maj:,y > Gnd mai " mai " mayi
'woman, wife', Krx mai 'female child', way of addressing girls, ? Kdg mayma 'cross-niece, daughter-in-law' D #4791 and p.
513 [#53] ll ? A: T 'bc - 'bEyE (< 'mayjE,) 'mare' ( ''female, mother animal', cp. Muttcrlamm 'ewe-lamb') [ A 'bcyV 'an
ungulate animal' < N 'bEIjV,V 'ungulate animal (deer and sim.)', q.v. ffd] ^ The variant 'mA'?a-yV (> Gk I/A oio, MLG
mo|c, D 'may, Ngz {Sch.} mai_ and possibly T 'bc - 'bEyE) may be a form with an endearment morpheme ('Mtterchen')
or a form with a possessive of 1s ('my mother').
1357. 'mA?V 'ruminant (deer, antelope?)' > HS: Eg fP m: 'antelope' EG II 11 ll D {Pf.} 'ma, 'ma-II- ' ungulate
(deer, antelope?)' > Tm ma 'animal, beast' (esp. 'horse, elephant'), man 'deer, beast', Ml man, Kt mav, Td mof, Klm mag
'deer', Tl mavu 'horse', Gnd mau " mav(i), Knd mav, Png maqgcs, Mnd maqgch, Ku mayu 'sambar', Kui ma:u (pl.
maqga) 'elk', Krx maI 'antelope, red deer', Mlt maIu 'stag' D #478O, Pf. 23 [#93] ll ?? A: Tg 'mcq- 'deer' > Ewk
msqstu (" msqsti " msystu " msqqsIu " msqti " msqsti) 'wild reindeer', Ewk Ald msqstu, Ewk Skh msqti 'elk'
Alternatively, Tg 'mcq- may have developped from Tg 'mcq 'gray' (of animals) [> Lm msqti, Ork msqguri id.] STM I 57O-1
If Tg 'mcq- belongs here, the vw. was 'a. Did Tg '-q- go back to '?-n- ('ma?V nu with genetival 'nu > marker of obl.
cases > generalized part of the stem)?
1358. '`mU?E 'cut, reap ( 'mow') > HS: Eg m: (phonetic meaning of the character H that represents a sickle) EG II 6
CCh: Bcm {Sk.} ma 'cut', ? Lgn {Bou.} miyo 'knife' ChC ll IE: NaIE '`mc- v. 'mow, cut' > Gk ooe 'I reap, cut (reeds,
etc.)' || OHG macn 'to mow, cut', NHG mahcn, MDt macycn, Dt maaicn, AS mavan 'to mow', NE mov WP II 259, P
7O3, F I 88, Kb. 649, OsS 584-5, KM 453-4, Ho. 216, Vr. N 419, Mn. 474, GI II 691 ['mcH(i)-], EI 258 'hmch- 'mow') ll A:
Tg 'm'ui_- ({Bz.} 'mu-) v. 'cut' > Nn Nh mui- 'cut oneself, cut ones hand with a knife', Ul, Nn qui-, Ewk, Neg, Ork mi-,
Orc mi-, Ud {Shn.} mins-, Ud Sm Krm.} minds- 'cut', WrMc mcylc-, mcyclc- id., mcytc- 'cut an animals carcass into parts'
STM I 535, Krm. 26O pKo {S} 'mii_- 'tear a hole', 'to get torn' > MKo mii_ 'to get torn', NKo mii_- id., mi- id., 'tear a hole'
S QK #1137, Yu 344, MLC 687 DQA #2758 (A 'muyV 'to cut, tear') ^ T: OT bi 'knife', which belongs to N 'P'i?V
'point, blade, sharp edge' [q.v.], unless A Chn `i 'split' [as supposed by Cl. 291] ^ In IE the labial glide (< 'U) was lost after the
sonant 'm ('mc?- < ''mu_c?-, cf. AD NVIE) ^ BmK #517 ('mi?/'mc?- 'to reap, harvest': Eg, IE) ^ On N and IE '`- see
Introd. 2.2.
1359. 'maga 'good' > HS: C: LEC {Bl.} 'ma- > Af {PH} mcc 'be good, be right', Sa {R} ma-'c 'Gte, Edelsinn;
Schnheit', ma'om 'was gut\schn ist', -ma 'Gutes erweisen, edel\gut sein', Sml ma-an-, Dsn mc? 'sweet', pOr {Bl.} 'mc-
> Or {Grg.} mi?-av- 'be sweet\flavoured', Or H {Ow.} mi?av- 'be sweet', Or B {Sr.} mia / miofta id., mia 'sweet, tasty',
Kns/Gdl {Bl.} mc?-av-, Bss {Bl.} mi?-av-, Turo {Bl.} mc-ay- 'taste good' Bl. 111, 136, 2O3-4, PH 167, R S II 254-5, Grg.
28, Ow. 264, Sr. 366, To DL 517 ll IE: NaIE 'ma- 'good, in due time', (?) 'great', d 'ma-no- 'good, early' > OL manus 'good',
manc, mani 'in the morning' ( *'early'), manic-o / -arc 'get up early'; d 'ma-tV- > L Matuta 'the goddess of the early
morn', matutinus 'pertaining to the morning', maturus 'timely, ripe, mature; grown up' || OIr maith, Gl {Evn.} mati- (in
proper names), Brtt {RE} 'mati-s > OCrn mat, Crn mas, OBr, MBr mat 'good', Br mat 'good, well', mad 'well', MW mad
'happy, lucky', W mad 'good, seemly, lucky' || ? unspecfied lge. (Gk ?) [Hs.] oti) co) 'great' FBS II 199, WP II 22O-1, P
693, EI 235-6 [? 'mch_(t)- 'good'], WH II 25-6, 53-4, F II 185, Vn. M 12-3, Evn. 228-32, Billy 1O4, RE 1OO, Flr. 251-2, Hm.
537, 554, YGM-1 32O ll ?? D (in SD) 'ma 'bravo!' (an exclamation of admiration) > Tm ma (an expletive), Ml, Kn ma
'bravo!' (interjection of wonder) [unless an intejection without etymology or a sd from D 'ma 'great' < (?) N 'mEIE
'mEIE 'big', q.v.] D ##4787.
136O. 'mUc`V v. 'press, squeeze' > HS: S: [1] WS 'mcvy 'squeeze out, wring out' > BHb ecm mcy G 'wring out
(wet fleece), slurp (from a cup)', IA, JA msy G , D 'squeeze\wring (esp. blood)', Sr msy G 'draw\suck out (esp. blood)' [ S
'mss 'suck'], D 'squeeze out', SmA msy T 'be drained' (blood), 'expire', ? G 'shed (blood)', Ar msv D - mss
'schlrfen', Tgy msy G v. 'suck'; [2] S 'mvy'c v. 'squeeze out' < BHb im5 mic (< 'ma'vic-) 'pressing (for milk),
pressing the nose for anger', MHb im5 mic 'juice, sap' KB 547, 587, KBR 578, 621, Js. 825-6, Lv. III 2O9-1O, Sl. 699, Br.
398, JPS 293, Tal 482 ll K 'muc`c- > G I/G muc- 'zusammenkneifen, zusammmenpressen (Lippen)', ? G (A Zan?) muc-
'ballen (Faust)' Chx. 859 If the G verb muc- is a loan from Zan, the pGZ rec. must be 'muc`-, ergo N 'mUc`V ll U: FP
amb
'mUcV v. 'squeeze; fist' ( N 'mujV,yV 'fist; to squeeze with a fist', q.v.) > F muscrtaa v. 'crush, smash', Krl A muuo
v. 'press, crumble', Vp mucoida v. 'twist (fingers)' | ? Lp Sw {SK ?} mocctct, moccot v. 'break, be breaking off' | Z
msIr 'clenched fingers, fist', {W} msIrt- 'clench ones hand\fist' LG 176, SK 353 ll ?? D (in SD) 'muc(c)- v. 'be torn,
crumpled' > Tm muci v. 'be torn\crumpled (as a garment), Ml musiyuIa v. 'frow faint, weary, be worn out', Tl musincu v. 'be
spoled' D #49O3.
1361. 'muc`V(-IV) v. 'immerse, wash' > HS: S '-muc- ('mvc) - ? 'msH (= 'msh?) v. 'wash, clean' > Ar
mvs (ip. -musu) id., ?? Ak A masau(m), Ak B mcsu(m) id. BK II 1168, Sd. 647-8, CAD X/2 3O-5 C ({AD}
myc) > EC: Sml {ZMO} maydo 'wash, bathe', Sml N {Abr.} mayd- v. 'wash', Or {Grg.} micca v. 'wash (clothe,
objects)', Or B/O/W {Sr.} mica id., v. 'squeeze', Kmb {L, Hd.} mccc-, Qbn {L} mccciyo`, Sd {Hd.} mcc- v. 'wash', ?
Ged mic- v. 'squeeze', ?? Or {Sr.} micira- v. 'wring out [clothes], squeeze' (1 Brj {Hd., Ss.} micir- v. 'wring out') AD SF
3O8, Grg. 285, Sr. 366-7, Hd. 164, 212, 255, 333, 385, Ss. B 144 NrOm: Omt (= Gf?) {Mrn.}, Wl {C} mcc-, Kf {C} mac-
v. 'wash', Ym {C} mc?-, {Wdk.} mc?u` / mc?u, maso` / maso id., Bnc {Wdk.} ma`s(I)- vt., vr. id. AD l.c., Wdk. BY
1O7, 131 (the verbs in Omt [= Gf?], Wl, Kf may be loans from Or) Ch: CCh: Msg {Lk.} mas-, {Mch.} mas id., {J} musna
v. 'wash (things)' | Ms {Cat.} mus, BnnM {ChL} mbusa, Azm {Pc.} mbu`sa v. 'wash' | ?? Mrg {Hf.} ncu v. 'immerse,
plant' ChC, ChL, Hf. GML 126, 131, Cat. 1O9 s.v. mu`s 'laver', Pc. 292-3 ll IE: NaIE 'mcsg- v. 'immerse', {EI} 'dip under
water, dive' > OI 'ma||ati 'sinks' || L mcrg- v. 'dip, plunge [into liquid], immerse' | Blt iter. 'mazg- v. 'plunge in, wash' > Lt
mazgoti, Ltv mazgat v. 'wash' P 745-6, EI 16O, WH II 76-7, M K III 548-9, M E II 291, WH II 76-7, Frn. 421 ll U 'musIc
v. 'wash' > FP {UEW} 'musIc > Es mosIc id. | pMr {Ker.} 'musIo- > Er xyc ic- musIc-, Mk xyc io- musIo- v.
'wash (clothes)' | pChr {Ber.} 'musI- > Chr: L xymi- musI-, H ximi- m+sI- v. 'wash' | Prm {LG} 'mu's-, 'mu'sI- > Z
mIsIInI v. 'wash', mIssInI v. 'wash (oneself)', Vt misIInI v. 'wash, bathe (so.)', mistasIInI v. 'wash (clothes, oneself)' (Vt i
for 'I due to the infl. of s) || Hg mos- v. 'wash', mos(aIo)d- v. 'wash oneself' Sm 'mas+- v. 'wash' > Ne T xacaA-c , Ne T
O {Lh.} masa id., Ne F {Lh.} imv. 2s mas?, En {Cs.} 1s aor. obj. masuabo, Slq Tz {KKIH} musIltIqo v. 'wash, wash
oneself', Slq Tm {KLD} muz-, mus-, Kms {KD} bazalam, buz
o
lom id., Koyb {Sp.} 6i:na 'washes', Mt {Hl.} 'maso-
'wash' (Mt: M {Sp.} 1s xa: x, K {Pl.} maa`sisin 'I wash') UEW 289, It. #189 ('musIc), Coll. 35, Sm. 538 (U 'mosII-,
FU 'mosIi-, FP 'mousIi-, Ugr 'mosIi-, Sm 'maso- 'wash'), MF 45O-1, Ker. II 91, Ber. 39, MRS 337, 343, LG 184, Jn. 89,
KKIH 133, Hl. M #642 ll ??? D {IS} 'muc(c)- v. 'wash' > Kui musa v. 'wash the head', misa v. 'bathe, wash (another person)',
? Krx mu:- v. 'wash the face of', Gnd micna, mih- v. 'bathe another'; the D cognate is valid unless this is a derivate from D 'mi-
'wash' (< N 'muhi 'water, fluid', q.v.) D 4878, Pf. 41 (Krx mu:- < D 'mi-nc-) ^ Cf. IS II 71 ('mucn v. 'wash'), UEW 189
and P 745-6 (both draw attention to the U-IE parallel). U 's for the expected 'c is due to its precons. position. In IE mcsg- the
element '-g- belongs together with U '-I- in 'musIc (a N sx.?).
1362. ? 'mVc`VvV ' rodent' > HS: C: pAg '?sncsv 'mouse' > Bln {Ap.} ?snssva, Xm {Ap.} scva 'mouse',
Q/Km {Ap.} snsava id., 'rat'; Ag 1 EthS: Gz ?ansava, ?anscva, ?ansova 'mouse, weasel', Tgy aN( ?ancsva,
Tgr aNY ?ansay - 0NY ansay; EthS 1 Sa {Wlm.}, Af andava || ? EC: Or {Grg.} hantuta, {Brl., Th.} antuta 'mouse,
rat', Or B/O {Sr.} hantuta 'rat' R WB 41, Ap. AV 3, Ap. WLQ 13, AD SF 142, 222-3, G L 32, LH 476, Brl. 24, Th. 2O, Grg.
2OO, Sr. 323 NrOm: pGng {Ap.} 'inc- > Kf {C} icco, Mch {L} iccc, Anf inco 'mouse', Shn {Lm.} i`nca id., 'rat',
Bnc {Wdk.} uc, She uc, Hrr crccc, Cha {C} uca, Wl {C} ccarc, Zs {C} cccrc, Dwr {Ap. ?} cccrc, cccria,
Bdt {C} crccc 'mouse' Ap. AV 3, AD SF 142, Wdk. BY 112, Lm. Sh 269-7O ? CCh: Gzg D {Lk.} mocod, Gzg Mj {Lk.}
mocod 'mouse', MfG {Brr.} macad, mocod ' mouse', ? Db {Lnh.} masay 'mouse' ( N 'muIs'a
'mug'a ' rodent') Lk. G 13O, Brr. MG II 163 ll K: G {DCh.} mcav-i ' beaver, otter', cav-i, cvav-i 'beaver, otter',
{NCh.} mcavi, cavi, cvavi 'otter', {GL, Chx.} cav-i 'otter, Fischotter' DCh. 927, 1629, NCh. 3O6, Chx. 2O99, SSO I 534 &
II 362, GL 57O.
1363. 'mcc`XA 'forest, tree, wood (Holz)' > HS: Eg MKL mh v. 'hew timber', Eg OK mh(v) 'carpenter', Eg XXVI
mh.t 'behauenes Holz' EG II 189-91, Fk. 124 EC: Kns {BlSO} missa 'bush, bush country', ? Hr, Dbs, Gwd mando 'forest'
(acc. to Lm. Sh 36O, mt from 'mid-an-) BlSO 116, AMS 174, 278 Om ({Blz.}): NrOm: Kf {C} mito 'tree, wood (albero,
legno, legname)', Mch {L} mito 'wood, tree', Anf {C} micco, misso, Shn {Lm.} mitta, Omt (= Gf?) {Mrn.}
mita - mica (miza) 'tree, wood (legno), firewood', Bdt {C} mitsc, mitsi, Wl {C} mitta, Cha {C} mitsa, Gf/Bdt {C}
mitsc - mitsi 'tree, wood (Holz)', Zl {C, CR} micca, Malo mica, {Lm.} micci, Male {Si.} 'mici, Dwr miti, Gnj {Si.}
'mtc, Krt {Si.} mtcc, Zrgl {Si.} 'minca 'tree', Zs {Si.} mtn'ca 'tree', {Lm.} minca 'tree, firewood', Kcm {Si., Lm.} 'mici id.,
Dumo {CR} micc 'plant, tree, wood (Holz)', Dc {Lm.} micc 'tree', minca 'wood (Holz), firewood' Blz. OL #117 (Om.
'mit- - 'mic- 'wood'), AD SF 25O, C SE III 172 & IV 475-6, C SO 33, 44, 62, Mrn. O 152, L M 43, Si. ACh 21, Si. M 11,
Lm. Sh 36O ?? S 'maish- > Ak mcs-u ' a native tree and its wood' CAD X/1 33-4 The deglottalization 'c > Ak s
may be due to regr. as (caused by 'h) AD SF 25O (Om, Eg; S: Hb mat'tc 'stick'), Blz. OL #117 ll ? K 'mic`ca- >
OG mica-y, G mica 'land, earth' Ser. 1O1, Chx. 782 ll U: FU {Coll.} 'mccca, {UEW} 'mcca 'forest' 'remote place' >
F mctsa 'forest, wood (Wald, Forst)', Es mcts 'forest' | pLp {Lr.} 'mcccc 'far away; go far way' > Lp: L {LLO} michtt|cn,
A mich'ti|cn, I {It.} mcccin 'weitweg', S {Hs.} mictt|ic- - micttsc- 'sich entfernen' ( mictscnc 'behind, far in the northern
side'?) || OHg, Hg mcssz-c 'far off\away' (-c is a sx. of lat.) Coll. 98, UEW 269-7O (semantic interpretation of the FU word as
'Rand'), Lr. #654, Lgc. #3811, Hs. 925, EWU 97O.
1364. 'mucj,V 'damage, (physical) defect, illness' > HS: S 'mO > Ar mO (ip. -mOu- - -mOa-) 'avoir une
dmarche disgracieuse' (se dit dune femme qui marche comme une oie) BK II 1O6O ll U: FU 'mucV '(physical) defect,
illness' ( 'guilt') > pChr {Ber.} 'muz+ 'evil spirit causing illness; illness' > Chr: L 'xyo 'muzo, H 'xi 'm+z id. | Prm
{LG} 'mu'z 'illness as punishment' > Z ximIz 'guilt, fault (npocrynoi), crime', Yz {Gn.} mnz 'guilt', {Lt.} mn'za 'guilty',
Prmk mIza 'punishment \ illness sent by God \ by the deceased parents', Vt S mIz 'unkept sacrifice vow; illness inflicted by
deities as punishment', mIztInI v. 'send illness' || pObU {Ht.} 'mac - 'moc > pVg 'mas 'illness, defect' > LK mas, UK
mas, LL mas, Ss mos id. ({Mu.} 'scrofula, illness, deficiency', {BV} 'illness'); pOs 'moc 'illness, wounds' ({Stn.} "general
name for illnesses and visible wounds") > Os: V moc, Ty moc, Nz mus, Kz mus, O mos id. | ? OHg maz 'epilepsy', Hg
hagymaz 'hitziges Fieber, wobei man immer phantasiert', 'typhus' Coll. 97, UEW 283, It. #225, Sm. 553 (FP 'musV
'illness'), Ber. 4O [#2O2], MRS 333, 34O, Ep. 73, 124, Lt. 194, Lt. J 148, LG 181, Ht. #378, MK 315, BV 56, Stn. D 89O-1 ll
D (in SD) 'muc- > Tm muci v. 'faint', Ml musiyuIa v. 'grow faint', Kn muccuru v. 'become torpid\stupified, lose
conciousness, faint away' ( D 'muc(c)- v. 'be torn, crumpled' (< N 'mUc`V v. 'press, squeeze', q.v.) ^ IS II 72 [#3O5]
('muCn, i.e. 'muccV 'nopua, nc(ocraroi': U, D).
1365. 'muo'csjV,V 'cut, cut into pieces, tear off' > HS: Eg XX ms 'cut off (abschneiden) [?]' EG II 156 S
'ms > Ar ms G (ip. -msa- - -msi-) {Fr.} 'eripuit', {BK} 'arracher\enlever violamment', {Hv.} 'steal (a th.) away',
'cord (cotton)' BK II 1262 C: EC: Sml N {Abr.} mudh- 'strip off, undress, despoil', Sml {R} mudah- 'strip off the skin'
The devoicing ' > h id probably due to as (pC 't > 'th) | Bj {R} ms? pcv. (1s: p. 'amsa?, prs. amansi?; prtc. 'mcs?a)
'tear to pieces, split, divide', {Rop.} ms? pcv. vt. 'split' || SC: Irq musa {MQK} 'pestle, mortar stick', {Wd.} 'mortar', Kz {E}
musiIo 'pestle' Abr. S 182, R WBd 175, Rop. 219, E SC 159, Wd. #611, MQK 75 NrOm: Kf {C} macc- 'tagliare,
incidere', Gm {Hw.} muco C SE IV 468, Hw. EG ll U 'muCjC,a > Sm 'm+ca- 'cut' > Nn: T xa(a- v. 'cut', T O {Lh.}
maoa- 'durchschneiden', F Nl {Lh.} matta-s id.; Slq: Tz {KKHI} matI- v. 'chop, cut, cut to pieces', Tm {KD} maab_
'cut'; Kms {KD} 1s prs. baO'om - ba"'om - buO'om 'cut' Jn. 84, KKHI 129, KD 7 ll D (in NED) 'moc- 'cut into pieces'
> Krx moc-na 'cut up into convenient pieces any object too large for use, give a cut in\through', Mlt {Drs.} mocc 'cut (as
meat)' D #513O, Pf. 195 [#194] ll A: Tg 'mosa- v. 'grind' > Nn B moso 'millstone', Nn B/KU mosola-, WrMc moscla- v.
'grind (cereals)', Nn Nh mosolaqu, Ul mosoloqt - maysalaqu, WrMc mosclaqu 'mill' STM I 547 ? T 'bi- - 'bi- v.
'cut; cut out a garment' ( N 'bicV 'cut, crumble, crush', q.v. ffd.) ^ SC, Bj and Tg seem to suggest '-s-, while EC, Om and U
suggest an affricate. The exact sound corrs. are still to be elucidated.
1366. 'mucV 'cupped\clenched hand (fist)' > HS: B 'jv,mVz- > fist, cupped hand' > Kb {Dl.} tummozt (pl.
tummaz) 'fist', Sll {Ds.} amoz id., tummozt (pl. tummaz) 'cupped hand (poigne)', Izd {Mrc.} tummizt (pl. tummaz), Gd
{Lf.} tammost (pl. tommas, tommazcn) id., umoz 'prendre poigne' Dl. 529, Mrc. 196, Lf. II #1O54 ll K 'muc- >
G muca 'hollow of the hand, handful', muc-i id., 'fist', muc- 'ballen (Faust), eine Handful von et. nehmen, in der Hand halten'
DCh. 911-2, Chx. 859 ll U: FU 'mucIV 'fist' > pMr {Ker.} 'musI+ id. > Er xoimna moIsna, Mk
xoimcn(a moIsonda (i.e., acc. to Ker., the mt occurred in the prehistory of Mr) | pChr {Ber.} 'musI+nd+ id. > Chr: L
xymiin(o 'musI+ndo, H ximiin(i m+s'I+nd+ | Prm {LG} 'mu'iI id. > Vt xiii mIzII id., Z LV mIzII n. 'blow
with the fist, cuff, punch (y(ap iynaiox, ryxai)' || pOs 'mccoI ({Hl.} 'micoI) 'fist' > Os: Ty/D mccoI, O ma'soI id.
UEW 7O4 (unc. : Os A Z), Coll. 99, It. #221, Sm. 553 (FP 'muIsV 'fist'), Ker. II 89, Ber. 39, MRS 338, 343, LG 181, SZ
23O.
1367. 'mucV 'end' > HS: S 'mO > Ar oa70Ma mao-at- 'la fin, le reste du discours' BK II 1125 ll U: FU
'mucV 'end' > pChr {Ber.} 'muc-aIs ('-aIs is a nominal sx.) > Chr: L xyuammu'cas, V mucaIs, H xiuam'm+cas
'end ('Ende, Spitze)'; pChr muc- with a locative ending > Chr H xiuni'm+c-n+ 'at the end of' || pObU 'm'oc (/ 'moc- ?)
'up to' > pVg 'm'ac id. > Vg: T mis, LK mas, MK/UK mas, P/NV/SV mos, LL mas, UL mos, Ss mus; pOs
'moco ({Hl.} 'maco) id. > Os: V/Vy moco, Ty/Y moco, Km masa, O masa' Coll. 99, UEW 283, Ber. 38, MRS
33O, 342, Ht. #78O ll A {DQA} 'm'uc`i > AmTg 'mua 'end, edge' > Ul muca, Ork mutca - mucca, Nn moca id.
STM I 561 T 'mu-gaI, 'mu-maI {DQA} 'external angle' > OT [MhK] {Cl.} bucyaq 'corner', MQp XIV, Chg XV, OOsm
XIV buaq, Tk bucaI id., Az buag, ET bucI " bucI, Chv ismcx id. Cl. 294, ET B 282-3 pKo {S} 'mnc"-
v. 'finish' > MKo mns-, mnc"-, mnc"n-, NKo mac"i- id.; pKo {S} 'mnc"- n. 'finish, end' > MKo mnc"nm S QK #661,
Nam 198, 2O5-6, MLC 568 S AJ 76, DQA #1372 (pA 'moc`auo 'end, edge') ^ Resh. NNE #5 (U, A).
1368. ?? 'm'acVgV 'be foolish, mad, intoxicated' > HS: S 'msy > Ar [Qam.] {Fr.} (a'5WMa maooay-at-
'fatuus', {BK} (a'5WMu muooay-at- 'sot, imbcile', {Bel., Hv.} (a'5WMa maooay-at- 'mad, insane' ('fou, insens')
Fr. IV 188, BK II 112O, Bel. 774, Hv. 724 EC: Or {Grg.} macca(v)a 'be\get drunk', macci 'drunkenness', Arr
maccc id., maccov- 'get drunk', Ged {Hd.} (A Or?) macco?- 'be drunk', Sd {Gs.} maccarara 'be mad\crazy', Hd/Kmb
{Hd.} maccar- 'be crazy'; Or 1 (?) Kf {C} mas-, Mch {L} masa 'be drunk' AD SF 3O5-6, Grg. 272, Brl. 286, Hw. A
383, Gs. 217, Hd. 45 (HEC 'maccarar- 'be crazy'), 254, 293, 331, 384 ll A: Tg 'moV 'awkward, stupid' > WrMc moco
'slow-witted, dull, awkward', Ul moco 'it is awkward, unconfortable', Nn Nh/KU moco 'awkward', B moco nat 'an awkward,
clumsy man', Orc moola- 'be unable, clumsy', Ork motcotlt 'awkward, uncomfortable' STM I 547 The vw. 'o may be
due either to the infl. of the second syll. (a rounded vw.?) or of the initial 'm- ll D 'mac- 'be intoxicated; intoxicating beverage'
( D 'may- 'mix, be\make unsteady' < N 'magy'E 'to swing, wave, sway', q.v.) > Mlt mcca 'an intoxicating beverage prepared
of corn', Krx maya 'malt prepared for making beer, beer in its preparatory stage, arrack made of rice', Tl mai_Iamu
'intoxication, inebriation', mai_da 'intoxication', Tm macaIIu vt. 'charm, bewitch, confuse, perplex', macaIIam 'dullness,
swoon', macaIIai_ 'morbid longings of a pregnant woman', mayaIIu v. bewilder, make one swoon', myaIIu n. 'mental
delusion', mai_yal 'infatuation of love, madness', Ml mayaqquIa 'be drowsy, giddy' D #47O6.
1369. 'madu (or 'ma Vq u??) 'honey' > IE: NaIE 'mcd"u- 'honey' > OI madhu- 'honey, mead', Av mau 'berry
wine', Sgd acc. mv 'wine', Oss I msd, D mud 'honey' || Gk cu 'wine, alcoholic drink' || OIr mid (gen. mcdo), W mcdd, Br
mcz 'mead', OCrn mcdd 'sicera ( alcoholic drink)' || ON m|or, AS mcdu - mcodu, NE mcad, OHG mctu " mito, NHG
Mct 'mead' || Lt mcdus, Pru mcddo 'honey', Ltv mcdus id., 'mead' | Sl 'mcd+ (gen. 'mcdu) 'honey' > OCS mc+ mcd+, Blg
xc(, Cz, Slk mcd id., SCr mcd, P miod, R xcc(, Uk xc( id., 'mead'; the ancient root-final 'u is preserved as 'v in derived and
compound words [as ChS mcaiu+ mcdvin+, R xc('n nin 'made of honey', Sl 'mcdv-cdi 'bear' ('honey-eater'), etc.] || Tc B
mit [mit] 'honey' P 7O7, M K II 57O-2, M E II 3O2-3, Bai. 34O, Ab. II 134-5, F II 191-2, Vr. 39O, Ho. 218-9, Kb. 68O, KM
476, Frn. 425, En. 2O9, ESSJ XVIII 62-72, Vs. II 588-9, Glh. 4O2-3, Vn. M 48, Wn. 298, Ad. 461, Ad. H 17, EI 271
(*''mcd"u 'mead') ll D (in SD) 'matt 'honey, sweetness' > Tm mattu 'honey, toddy, sweet juice', Ml matu 'sweetness,
honey', mattu 'nectar', ? Tu mitti 'sweetness' D 4662 ll HS: ECh: Mkl {J} maddc 'bee, honey' J LM 136 NrOm
{Blz.} 'mat/t/C- 'bee, honey' > Shn mac'ca 'honey', Kf mato 'bee', Mch mati 'bee, wasp', Anf macco - masso, Zs,
Dc macc 'bee', Gm {Hw.} macci, Wl matta, Cha mcca id. Lm. Sh 363, C SE III & IV 475, Blz. OL #177, Hw. EG [ ??
S: Ar w3i'Na maoiy- 'miel blanc' Ar maoa_- 'substance sucre sur les fleurs des abricotiers sauvages' BK II 1O8O, 1166
1O82 Ar w3i'Na maoiy- 'miel blanc, vin' (BK II 1O8O, 1166), which is likely to go back to an Iranian source (cp. Phl mao
'wine') [^ If Ar maoiy- maoa_- belongs here, it suggests a N rec. 'mau 'maVqu. Alternatively (and rather plausibly),
Ar maoiy- may go back to an unattested Aram word ''maj:,d < S ''maj:,d- 'honey' ] ^ The S root 'mtI 'sweet' does not
belong here (against the opinion of some scholars) and seems to be connected with Ht mitgaimi- 'sweet, sweetened' [acc. to Ts. E
II 221, originally a Lw word [ Lw 'mitga(i_)- 'sweeten'] ^ AD NM #79, S CNM 14 (IE 'mad"u- 'honey' A NrCs
'hvmiu 'honey'; therefore S rejects the N et. in question) ^ In the chart "Main phonetic correspondences in the Nostratic
languages" in AD NM 1O2 and in AD NMI 21 there is a misprint: the IE reflex of N '-d- is misprinted as 'd for 'd", which
caused Colemans remark (Clm. R 117): "The derivation of PIE 'mcdhu- 'honey' from PN 'madu is incompatible with the table
of reflexes".
137O. 'mAdU 'lake, pond' > HS: B '-md(v)- id. > Sll {Ds.} 'tamda (pl. timdu_in), BMn tamda id., Kb tamda (pl.
ti-modv-in) 'mare, rservoir, bassin', Tmz {MT} amda - anda (pl. imdvan - indvan) 'pond (tang), lake', tamda " tanda (pl.
timdvin - tindvin) 'small pool, puddle' ('mare, flaque'), mdu (pf. mdi - mda) v. 'be filled with water' (of a basin, well, pit,
ditch), 'stagnate' (of water) Ds. 165, Ds. B 19O, La. S 234, Dl. 486, MT 4O2-3 ? CCh: Bu {ChL, Hf.} manda, Ngx {ChL}
manda 'lake' ChL, Hf. B 76 ll D 'matu ({GS} '-d-) 'pond, lake' > Tm matu 'lake, pond', Ml matu 'deep place, pool', Kt
mar`v 'deep pod in a stream', Kn madu - mada 'water', Tl madugu 'pond, tank, lake' D #4658.
1371. 'muda 'finish' (vi.) > HS: B 'mdH (most probably 'md?) > Ah {Fc.} omdu (3m pf. imda, Fcj. 14 = Pcj. 1 A 8)
'finir, achever', 'tre fini, se finir', Ty +mdu (= {GhA} amdu) 'tre complet \ entier \ fini \ achev', ETwl +ndu id., Kb
timmad 'le fait dtre entier', Gd {Lf.} omdu (3m pf. imda) 'achever, complter', Izn {Rn.} omoa 'tre pass \ termin'
(secondary emphatization of 'd?), Sll {Ds.} S smod / pf. ismod 'vt. 'achever', Zng {Nic.} 3m pf. i-mad 'was finished' Acc. to
Pr.s morphonological rec., verbs of this conjugation have a final lr. (here '-mduH / pf. '-mdaH); the S cognate ('mdy)
suggests that the lr. was secondary, most probably '? (as in Ar mida?-) Fc. 1154-7, 2OOO, Pr. M VI-VII 118, Rn. 385, Lf. I
265 & II #O966, GhA 123, Nic. 2O6 S 'mdy > Ar Yad0Ma mady-at-, dAMa mada(n) 'terme, limite', U"dayMi
mida?- 'terme, limite extrme' BK II 1O79 Coh. EC 18O ll A: Tg 'mudan 'finish' > Ewk mudan, Ewk Tkm/Hng
modan, Neg modan, Sln muda, Lm mtd+n " mudon " mtdon, Nn moda, Ud muda(n-), Ul mtda(n-) SDM I 55O, Vas.
258 Rm. SKE 139 (Tg, Ko mac"i-da 'finish', but SDM97 rejects the Ko cognate as containing '-s- [MKo mns-ta]) ll D
'mutji,- ({GS} '-d-) vi. 'end, terminate, be completed' > Tm muti (p. -v-) id., 'to die', muti (p. -) vt. 'end', Ml mutiyuIa
'come to an end', mutiIIa vt. 'finish, spend, destroy', Kt mur`c` v. 'fiish (work)', Kn mudi vi. 'end, come to an end, become
extinct', Tu mudusu- vt. 'eat up, consume', Tl mudu, mudu vi. 'end, terminate', Gnd mur`i 'end, termination', Ku {Isr.}
mut-, {Slz.} muth`nai v. 'complete' D #4922 ^ In Tg and D (due to the merger of N '-d- and '-t-) the merged with the
reflexes of N 'mutV 'go away, die' [q.v.]) ^ IS II 72-3 ('mudn in B, D and A [Tg + Ko matci-]), IS MS 344 ('mutn 'finish'
[vi.] in A, D and HS) Gr. II 4 ('muta 'all', untenable comparison of Tg with forms of other lgs., like MM moci 'just
enough').
1372. 'mV'hudV 'speak' > HS: Eg mdv v. 'speak', mdv 'word, speech', md.t 'spoken words, speech', DEg mt 'speak;
speech', Cpt: Sd me:c mutc, B me[ muti v. 'call, speak' EG II 179-82, Er. 184, Vc. 124 Probably positional loss of the
expected lr. ('h?) B {Pr.} 'muhud- / pf. '-muhad- 'prey' > Ah muhod 'rciter en priant' (Fcj. 39, Pcj. XII A 1), ETwl
mud (Pcj. XII A 4), Ty {ABs.} mud, Gh {ABs., Nh.} muhod, Gd, Awj mud 'prier' Fc. 1137-8, 2OO3 (on Fcj. 39), Pr. H
#516, Pr. M VI-VII 242, GhA 122-3, 268, Lf. II #O965, Prd. 172 Ch: WCh: P {MSk.} mundc, Dir {Sk.} nda (< 'mdV)
'say' || CCh: Mdr {Eg.} ndaha id. | Msg G {MB} mud - msd- id., Msg P {Trn.} inf., pl. midi / sg. msda 'say, speak', Mlw
{Trn.} midi (m d ) id. | Mrg {Hf.} nds (< 'mdV) id., Br {Hf.} ndir 'word' || ? ECh: Jg {J} mad- 'ask (a question)' | ?
EDng {Fd.} indc 'ask for, ask (a question)' ChC, ChL, Hf. M 226, Hf. B 57, 151, Trn. LM 1O6, Trn. MVM 3O6 OS #387
('mud- 'speak' in Eg, EC, Ch, B) ll IE: NaIE 'mcu_d"-/'mou_d"-/mud"- 'speak' ( 'think') (semantic infl. of NaIE
'mcd- 'think' < N 'mctV 'feel, realize'?) > Gk uo) 'speech, word, talk; tale', ucooi 'I say, speak' || Gt (ga)maud|an
'remind' || Lt mausti (prs. maudziu) 'long for', 'miss' ( mausti 'to ache') | Sl: Cz mdliti (o...) 'desire (sth.)', Sl d 'mIsli f.
(gen. 'mIsli) 'thought' (< 'mud-tli-s) > OCS mtai mIsli, Blg 'xncn, SCr misao (gen. misli), Slv miscl, OCz, Cz mysl,
Slk myscl, P mysl, R ' xicn , Uk ' xncn id. WP II 255-6. P 743, EI 158 (? 'mou_d- 'desire strongly'), F II 264-5, Tr. 171-2,
Fs. 35O, Frn. 42O, ESSJ XXI 44-51, Vs. III 25, Glh. 412 The intonation in Lt mausti (suggesting an IE short diphthong) is
probably secondary (due to the merger with mausti 'to ache' of a different origin?) ll ? U (possibly) 'muoV > Sm: Slq UTz
{Hl.} mulI-mI- 'speak' ^ The primary meaning may have been 'speak' (whence 'think', as in Hb &Bl5B6 rm3a7Iv@
vay'yomcr bolib'bo 'and he said in his heart' 'he thought') ^ IS II 76-7 ('mUdn 'think' in Eg, Ch, IE, Sm + unc. S
'?md [> Ar ?amad- 'extreme point', Aram ?md 'form an approximate estimate, guess', etc.]).
1373. 'mcdjV,XV ' fig tree' > HS: S: Ar mudah- 'Ficus religiosa' BK II 1O77 ll D 'mctji, ({GS} '-d-?) ' fig-
tree' > Kn mcdi 'glomerous fig tree (Ficus racemosa Wall. = Ficus glomerata Roxb.), opposite-leaved fig tree (Ficus
oppositofolia)', Tl mcdi, Klm mcr`i 'glomerous fig tree' D #5O9O.
1374. 'magE 'earth, land' > IE: NaIE 'mag"g"- 'land, earth' > OIr mag 'plain, free field, field', NIr mag 'earth', Gl n. l.
Argantomagus, d 'magcstu > W macs 'field', Crn mcs 'open field', Br macz 'champ, campagne' || ? OI ma'hi 'earth, ground,
soil, land; earth (as substance)' ( adj. ma'hi 'magna') P 7O9, M K II 61O, M E II 337-9 (OI ma'hi 'earth' ma'hi 'magna'),
MW 83, Vn. M 8, Hm. 54O ll U 'mac 'earth, land' > F, Es maa 'land' | ? pChr {Ber.} 'muy 'ground, earth' > Chr: M
mu-no - mu'-no - muy-no 'unten, auf dem Boden, auf der Erde', mu'-o 'auf die Erde, auf den Boden hinunter', K
mulanoo, U m+lanoc 'earth, ground', B m+lanoc, mclanoc 'land' | Prm {LG} 'mu 'earth' > Z, Vt mu 'earth, ground, land' ||
ObU 'mVy- 'earth, land' > pVg {Hl.} 'ms > Vg: T ma, LK/UL/Ss ma, MK/UK/P/NV/SV/LL/ML ms id. 'place'; pOs {Hl.}
'mcy > Os: V/Vy/Ty/Y/D/K mc, Nz mi, Kz muv 'earth, ground, land' Sm {Jn.} 'm+ya 'Erde, Gelnde', {Hl.}
'm+ya 'land, landscape' > Ng {Ter., Mik.} msu, {Cs.} mou 'earth' ('Erde, fld'), Slq Tz {KKIH} macI 'forest', {Pr.}
maci 'forest, tundra', Slq Nr/Yel/B/Tz {Cs.} mac, Slq Kar mat, Slq Ke mattc, Slq Ch mattca 'forest', Kms {KD} msyc,
{Cs.} mi|a 'mountain', Koyb {Sp.} xi , {Pl.} mui|a, Mt {Hl.} 'biya id. (Mt: A {Msr.}, M {Pl.} bia, M/T {Mll.} bic, K
{Mll.} buic) Coll. 33, UEW 263-4, Sm. 546 (FU 'mIxi, FP 'mcxi, Ugr 'mIgi 'earth, land'), Ber. 41, LG 177, Lt. 2O3, Ht.
2O2 [#775], Hl. rHt 74, Hl. MTKV 57, Trj. S 272, BV 5O, Jn. 85, Cs. 75, 172 (equates Slq mac 'forest' with F mctsa), 192, Hl.
M #124 (misprint: 'bi|a for 'bi|a) ^ IS SS 334 [#6.25], IS MS 342 ('magn ':cxn) ' > IE, U) Gr. II #118 ('mag 'earth') [IE,
U, Ai, EA + err. Y + qu. Gil].
1375. 'magu 'bad' > HS: C: Bj {R} -mag (1s p. a-'mag, prs. at'mig) pcv. md. 'schlecht, bse werden', caus. -so-mig
'Schlechtes zufgen' || Ag: Bln {R} muq''la (= mox"'la) 'Vergehen, Verbrechen; schlecht, unbrauchbar, verdorben' || EC: Or
{R} mag-, magu- 'schlecht sein', {Brl.} mog-accu 'avvilirsi, corrompersi, guastarsi', ?: Or O {Sr.} moga 'idiot', Arr {Hw.}
moI 'stupid, ignorant' R WBd 163-4, R WB 268, Brl. 3O7, Sr. 369, Hw. A 385 WCh: Hs mugu 'bad, evil', Gw {Mts.}
mugu 'bad' | NrBc (A Hs?): Cg {Sk.} mugunti`, Kry {Sk.} mugunzshs, Jmb {Sk.} mu`gunta`u 'bad' Ba. 797, Abr. H
68O, ChC s.v. 'bad' OS #17O5 ('mag- 'be bad'; forms of Bj, Or and Hs quoted earlier in IS) ll A: M 'mayu 'bad' > MM [LV]
{Pp.} mayui, [HI] mau 'bad', [S] maou(n) 'schlecht, bel', [IM] {Pp.} mau 'stingy, damned; bad', WrM magu, HlM xyy
mu, Ord, Brt, Kl, Mnr H {SM} mu, Dx mau 'bad, evil' Pp. IM 83, Pp. MA 441, Pp. L III 69, KW 269, Ms. H 74, H 1O7,
MED 52O, SM 243, T 346, T DnJ 128 ^ IS II 38 [#275] ('magu > HS [C, Ch], M).
1376. 'migV 'give as present' > HS: S 'mgn 'give as present' > Ph mgn D 'offer', BHb mgn D (pf. NG4m5 mig'gcn) 'give
up, hand over', Ug mgn G 'give as present, donate', {OLS} id., 'show hospitality', Ug, Pun, Plm mgn 'gift, present', Pun mgnh
'gift, offering', JPA, SmA, MHb NG1m2 mag'gan '(undeserved) gift, present; gratis', Ar 'jaMa maggan- 'gratuitious, jolly',
'NA'jaMa maggan-an 'free of charge, gratis', Ak NA/NB/Bg/Nz magannu 'gift, present', ana maganna 'gratis' (the unexpected
-nn- may be due to reborrowing, possibly pre-Ak or Archaic Ak 'magan- 1 Hur {Lar.} maganni 'gift, present' 1 Ak
magannu); the hyp. (Sd., CAD) of an IIr origin of the word [cp. OI magha-] is hardly acceptable (Laroche is right to reject it and
to suggest that the word is of S origin), also because no word resembling 'mag"ann- is known in IIr KB 517, A #1513, OLS
264, HJ 593-4, CAD X/1 31-2, Sd. 574-5, Lar. GLH 164, Speiser H 39 ll IE: NaIE (att. in IIr) 'mcgj","- 'present, gift',
'mcng"- prs. (with a nasal if. of prs.) 'give as present, grant' > OI ma'gha-h 'gift', Av maga- 'gift, grace'; OI 'mam'hatc
'gives, grants, bestows', Av maza.raii- 'Reichtum spendend' (the variation 'g" - 'gj"," is not yet explained, though it has many
parallels in IE) M K II 538-9, 545-6, M E II 286, 289-9O ll U 'mic- ({Jn. 'mcxi-) 'give, sell' > F myy-, myo-, Es muu-
'sell', Lv {Ktn.} mi- " mu- id., mimoz, Lv I {Ktn.} mim - mum 'gifts of a bride to the retinue of the bridegroom' | pLp {Lr.}
'mcIs- 'sell' > Lp: Kld xniiy, {TI} mi,Iv-, Nt {TI} mi,I:v- id. | Er, Mk xnc- miyc- 'sell' | Prm d 'mcd ({LG} 'mcd) > Vt
xc( mcd 'wages', Z xc( mcd id., 'reward' || ObU {Ht.} 'mi-, 'miy-/'miy- 'give' > pVg 'mi-, 'mi-, 'may- > Vg: T
ma- / may- " mav- / may-, LM/MK/LK mi- / mi- / may-, P mi- / may- / may-, LL mi- / may-, UL/Ss
mi- / mi- / may-; pOs {Ht.} 'mc- / 'mcy- > Os: V/Vy/Ty/Y/D/K mc- / mcy-, Nz/Kz ma- / miy-, O ma'- / miy- id.
Sm {Jn.} 'mi- 'give, sell' > Ne: T d inf. xn-n , T O {Lh.} mi-c, F mi?s; Ng d 1s aor. obcj. mi|icma, p. misicma; En inf.
xn-r , {C} d 1s aor. obcj. micbo; Slq Tz {KKIH} inf. mi-qo; Kms {KD} 1s p. mclcm " molcm " milcm, Koyb {Sp.} 1s
prs. xcn x id; Mt {Hl.} 'mi- 'geben, hingeben' ({Sp.} x x 'I give') Coll. 37, UEW 275, Sm. 538 (U, FU, FP 'mcxi-, Ugr
migi-, Sm 'mi- 'give, sell'), SK 356-7, Ktn. 226, Lr. #663, SaR 189, TI 25O, LG 171, Ht. #378, Jn. 94, KKIH 13O, KD 4O, Hl.
M #667 ^ BmK 636 (IE, S, U) Gr. II #194 ('ma-n - 'ma-I - 'ma-r 'hand/give/mrasure') [U, Gil + err. IE, A, Ai, Y, Ko, J,
CK].
1377. 'mUj?i,gV 'snake' > HS: C: LEC 'mag-a > Kns {BlO} maI-a, Gdl {Bl.} maI-a 'snake', Or {Th.} maga,
{Brl.} maga 'intestinal worm(s)', {Grg.} maga 'ascaris (roundworm)' BlO 1O4, Bl. GD 77, Th. 231, Brl. 287, Grg. 27O
NrOm: She {CR} mag ' snake' CR NGS 621 CCh: Lgn {Lk.} mai 'snake, worm', {Mch.} magi 'snake' | ? Msg {Mch.}
vala mogo id. || WCh: ? Ngz {Mk.} miIda, {Sch.} mbiIda id. ChC, ChL, JS 242, Lk. L 1O6, Sch. DN 114 Blz. OL
s.v. 'snake' ll A 'mUyKV 'snake' > M 'mogayi id. > MM [MA, IM, IsV, LM] moyai_, WrM mogai (pl. mogas), HlM, Brt
xoion, Ord mogo, Kl xola moya, {Rm.} moya - moya, Mnr H {SM} mug_uc, {T} muguc, MMgl {Iw.} moyai_,
Mgl {Rm.} mayoi_, Dg mog`o_, Dx mogi, Pa mogui_ id. Pp. MA 238, 442, Pp. L III 7O, Lg. VMI 54, MED 541, Chr. 297,
SM 244, T 346, T DnJ 128, T BJ 142, Iw. 116, KW 263, Rm. M 33, Mr. D 183 T 'moIac > OT QU [MhK] {Cl.} boIa
'a big snake' Cl. 324, TL 18O Tg 'mui_Ii ({DQA 'muIu) 'snake' > Neg L mixi, Neg {PSchm.} miyIi, Orc miIi, Ul
mui, Nn Nh/B/KU muyIi, WrMc mcyxc, Mc Sb mci_c 'snake', Ork mui - muyi id., 'worm', Ud miIi {Shn.} 'small snake',
{Krm.} 'adder' S AJ 217 [#181] (pTg 'muIu), STM I 537-8, Krm. 26O pJ {S} 'muIatai_ 'muIati_a 'centipede'
> OJ muIadc, J: T muIadc, K muIadc, Kg muIadc S QJ #344, Mr. 487 S AJ 36, 257 [181], 293 [437] and DQA
#1332 adduce Ko Ph moI-Iuri ' big black snake' (NKo moI Iuroqi), but the latter is obviously a cd of moI '[black] ink' and
Iuri, Iuroqi 'snake', cf. Rm SKE 145 and MLC 6O9 s.v. mcI Ivulcngi [moI Iuroqi]) S AJ l.c., SDM97 (A 'muI`o
'snake'), DQA #1332 (A 'mi_uIo id.) ^ The long vw. in C and the Tg diphthong 'ui_ point to the presence of a lr., while the
glottalization '-g- > '-I- underlying Tg 'mui_Ii suggests that the lr. was '?.
1378. 'mEhgE 'young, small' > IE: NaIE 'mcg"-/'mog"-/'mog"- 'young (person), little, small' > Clt 'magus > Gl
'magu- 'young', magulus 'servant', OgIr maguno- 'slave, servant (?)', OIr mug (gen. mog-a) 'boy, servant', {IEC} 'male
slave\servant', Crn mav 'youth, servant', MW mcu-dvy cd 'Gods servant, ascetic, hermit'; f.: Crn movcs 'maid-servant, girl',
Br maoucz 'woman' || Gmc: Gt magus, OSx magu 'son', ON mogr 'son, young man', AS mao (pl. mcas) 'son, man,
servant'; d : AS m 'wife, mother, maiden', NE may; Gmc {Wt.} d 'magadi- (< NaIE d {Wt., P} 'mag"o-ti-) > Gt maga|-s
'young woman', OSx magath, OHG magad 'maid, girl, virgin', NHG Magd (- dim. Madchcn 'girl'), AS m(c) 'girl,
maiden, wife', NE maid; dim. 'magadin- > AS mdcn 'virgin, maiden, female servant' > NE maidcn || Lt maz-as 'small,
few', Ltv maz-s 'small', Pru massais 'less', Lt mozis 'smallness' | Sl 'mczin+ / 'mczin+-|i 'small', 'young' (of a child) > OR
m1uuu mcziny| 'smallest, youngest', R 'xn:nn 'small, little (klein)', OUk xn':nnin 'youngest (xna(mnn)', Blr
'xc:nnin 'little finger, smallest, youngest', Slk mczcni al`cc 'little finger' (al`cc 'finger'), OCz mczcny rst 'the fourth
finger (adjacent to the little finger)' (rst 'finger'), P micziny 'smallest' (of fingers); - [1] 'mczin+I+ 'youngest son', 'little
finger' > SCr mczinaI, Slv mczincI 'favourite son (the youngest one)', P mizyncI id., 'little finger', Uk xn':nnoi 'little
finger', x :nnoi 'youngst child'; [2] 'mczinici 'youngest child, little finger' > OR m1uu+i mczinici 'youngest son', R
xn':nncn 'little finger', SCr mczimac 'youngest son', m|czinac, mizinac, Slv mczincc id., 'little finger' Not here ( Jokl
and P) Al T maIth 'leveret' [{Or.}: Al T maIth, Al G maIth id. Al mang 'small (of animals), urchin' (supposedly A L
mancus 'maimed, infirm')]; Av mayava- 'unmarried' WP II 228 ('magj",- 'sth. small', 'mag"u- 'boy, unmarried'); AHDI
38 ('mag"u- ), P 696 ('mag"-os, f. 'mag"-a), EI 656 ('mag"us 'young man', 'mag"vih_- 'young woman') [all of them do not
take into account BSl]; Vn. M 7O-1, Billy 1O2, Vr. 4OO, Fs. 339, Ho. 21O, 214, Ho. S 49, Kb. 649, OsS 582, KM 452-3, Frn.
422-3, En. 2O8, ESSJ XVIII 227-31, Srz. II 24O, Vs. II 62O, O 242-3 ll HS: S: Ar mahI-at- - muhI-at- 'young age' (-hI- <
'-hg- [Ll ]); less probably ?amhaqu 'petit, qui na pas grandi' (presumably ?amhaqu 'unprosperous' from mhq 'efface, deny
blessings of God' BK II 1O68-9, 1162 B 'miI (< ''miHI- < ''miHg-??) 'few' > Sll {Ds.} imiI(I) (imiII vaman 'un peu
deau'), Izd imiI 'few' (originally 3s m. of the verb 'miI-), ? Tmz imiq 'peu, un peu, un peu de' Ds. 218, Mrc. 191, TM 415 ?
Eg XVIII mg: 'young warrior' EG II 164 ^ D 'maIja, 'young person, child', which is likely to be connected with N 'maIU
'bay, son' [q.v.] ^ Bm. 443 (IE, D).
1379. '`muyga 'mist, fog, cloud' > IE: NaIE '`mci_g"- / '`mig"- id. > OI mc'gha- 'cloud, cloudy weather', 'mih- 'mist,
fog', Av macya- 'cloud', Phl, ClNPrs {Vl., Sg.} yM mcy, NPrs {BM} yM miy 'mist, fog, cloud', Oss I miy, Oss D mcya id. ||
Arm mg mcg (gen. migi migi) 'mist, fog, haze' (A Irn?) || ON mist-r (Gmc 'mixstaz) 'cloudy weather', NNr mistr, mostr,
Sw, Dt mist, AS mist (< 'mihsta-) 'fog, mist', NE mist || Sl 'miga > 'mist, cold fog' > R xia 'hoar-frost, snowstorm, cold
mist', 'fog in warm summer', SCr xcia 'drizzle', Cz mha 'mist, fog', R xnr , P mz'yc, Cz mziti 'to drizzle' d NaIE
'mig"-jV,la > Gk oi_ (" Gk A oi_) 'mist, fog' || pAl {O} 'mcgju,la > Al m|cgull 'cloud' || BSl: Lt migla, Ltv
migla 'fog' | Sl 'mi'gla 'fog' > ChS, OR mirao migla, R, Uk xina, Blg x'ina, SCr magla, Slv mogla, Cz mlha, mhla, Slk
hmla, P mgla 'mist, fog, haze' || here?: Gmc: Dt miggclcn, micgclcn, NGr WF miggcl|c v. 'drizzle' WP II 246-7, P 712,
EI 11O ('hmci_g"-, 'hmig"lch_- 'drizzle, mist'), M K II 68O-1, M E II 374-5, MW 831-2, Horn 226, Vl. II 1256, Ab. II 117,
Bai. 341, F II 387, O 269, Vr. 389, Vr. N 446-7, Ho. 223, Vs. II 587-8, ESSJ XXI 92-7, 182-3, Ma. CS 3O1, 315, Glh. 394, Slt.
186 ll ?? U: FU 'muIV > Es SVl {W} mugar 'large thin clouds' (unless Es mugar 'protuberance') W EDW 7O4 ll HS:
C: Bj {R} 'mag"a 'cloud, rain-cloud' || ?? EC: pSam {Hn.} 'mugdi 'darkness' > Rn mugdi, Sml {ZMO} mugdi 'darkness,
dark days of the month (period of the waning moon)', pBn {Hn.} 'mugts 'darkness' (> Bn: Bi mutts, Sa mugti, J/Kj mugts,
K mu?utts) R WBd 164 , Hn. S 91, Hn. BD 1O1. ZMO 295, PG 228 ll A 'mUIV 'cloud' > M {S} 'moIi > Ba {BuL)
moIs 'cloud' S AJ 239 [#125] T 'mug 'steam, fog, cloud' > Tkm buy 'steam', Osm {Zen.} buy, Tk buy " boy 'cloud,
steam', ET {Nj.} buy, Qrg 6yy bu, Nog 6yn buv 'steam', Qzq 6y buv, Chg {Rl. VZ} vM muy 'steam, perspiration (Dampf,
Audnstung)' ET B 229-3O, Rl. 1799, 18O4, 2174, TkR 116, Jud. 163, Nj. 22O S AJ 295 [#532], SDM95 (A 'moI`V
'cloud' > Ba) and DQA #1341 (A 'moI`V > Ba) ll D 'muIVl- ({GS} '-g-) 'cloud' > Tm, Ml muIil, Tu mugal+ - mugal+, Tl
mogulu - moyilu, Klm morgar, Prj malgur, Gnd moyol " muyol " moyycl id., Td nis_ muxulm 'mist on hills in morning', Kn
mugil, Gdb mogul - moggul 'cloud; sky' D #4892 ^ The cns. 'I in FU and M is accounted for by their original postcons.
position (postcons. 'g > 'I). The element '-lV in IE 'mig"-jV,la and in D 'muIVl- may belongh to the ancient heritage: a
derived (< compound?) word 'muyga-lV ^ On N and pIE `- see Introduction, 2.2.6 ^ Blz. LB #63 (suggested to adduce
Sam 'mugdi) .
138O. 'magji,za 'liver' > HS: Eg fP myz.t 'liver' ({DW} id., {EG}: 'ein inners Organ, neben Lunge und Milz; vermutlich
die Leber') > DEg mys 'liver' > OCpt moet maus id. DW I 357-8, EG II 44, Er. 187, Vc. 127 NrOm {Blz.} 'mayz- 'liver' >
Bnc {Wdk.} ma`y 'heart, liver', She {Fl.} may 'liver', Cha {Fl.} mayya, Bdt, Kcm mayyc, Gdc mayyc, Gnj, Zs, Zrg mayc,
Male mayzi, {Fl.} mayz, Bsk maysz, {Fl.} mauz, Dk mayz 'liver' Blz. OLBD #78, Wdk. BY 1O7 Tk. I 8O The origin
of 'y for the expected guttural is not clear ll U 'maIsa 'liver' > F maIsa, Es maIs | pLp {Lr.} moIsc > Lp: S {Hs.}
muoIsic, U {Schl.} mucIsc, Vfs {Lgc.} mu'oI`si | pMr {Ker.} 'maIs+ > Er maIso, Mk xaica maIso | pChr {Ber.}
'moIs > Chr: L/H xoimmoIs, E/U/B moIs, M moIs | pPrm {LP} 'musI- > Z, Vt xyc mus || pObU {Ht.} 'mIoO > pVg
'mIyot / mayt- > OVg S Vt xar, OVg S Ss maat, OVg N SoO xa nr, OVg W Sol xc r, Vg: T mayot, LK mat,
MK/UK/SV/LL mst, P mat, NV mst " moyt, UL/Ss mayot, nom. pl.: LK/P moyt-ot, MK/UK maytot, NV/LL maytot;
pOs 'muyo > Os: V/Vy muyol, Ty muyo, Y muvo, D/K/Nz mu_ot, Kz mo_o, O ma_ol | Hg ma| id. Sm {Jn.}
'mIt+ id. > Ne: T xi(, T Sd {Lh.} mIo, T O {Lh.} muo, F {Lh.} mIt; Ng {Mik.} 'mito; En X {Cs.} muro, En B {Cs.}
mudo; Slq Tz {KKIH} mItI, Slq Tm {KD} mI:d_; Kms {KD} mIt, Koyb {Sp.} xc'rr UEW 264, Coll. 33, Db. OS xxxi,
Sm. 538 (U, FU 'mIIsa, FP 'mcIsa, Ugr 'mIIOa, Sm 'mIto 'liver'), MF 417-8, It. #27, Lr. #688, Schl. 98, Hs. 95O, Ker. II
83, Ber. 37, MRS 328, Ep. 7O, PsS 72, Lt. 2O8, LG 179, Ht. 163 [#382], Jn. 93-4, Lh. 266, KKIH 134 ^ T 'bagIr 'liver'. It is
not clear if the is connected (through mt ) with N 'mVssCIa'hV 'marrow, brain' [q.v.].
1381. 'magy'E 'to swing, wave, sway' > HS: S 'mymy > Ar mymy D (+ prp. fi) 'shake sth. in (water)' Hv. 727
ll IE 'mcH(i_)-/'moH(i_)- 'wave, swing' > Lt mo-ti (1s p. mo|au) 'to wave (ones hand, etc.)', Ltv ma-t 'to wave, beckon' | Sl
'ma|a-ti (1s prs. 'ma|o) 'to wave, beckon' > SCr ma`|ati 'to beckon (with the hand, head), move quickly to and fro', Slv
ma|ati 'to move to and fro, swing, shake', OR moo:u maati 'agitare, vibrare', mom:u ma|ati id., 'to wave (hand)', Uk 'xa rn vt.
'to wave', vi. 'to flutter'; Cz mavati 'to wave' || Gk io) 'imitator, mimic; actor, mime' IS III 35-44 (with further details),
ESSJ XVII 132-4 (against distinction between Sl 'ma|ati 'to wave' and 'ma|ati 'to linger' [in fact from NaIE
'mao(i_)- 'be\make tired\exhausted' < N 'maXyV 'to lose force, weaken, be worn out']), Frn. 466-7, F II 241 (no decision about
the et. of io)) ll A {AD} 'mayi-, {IS} 'mayi- > M 'mayi-: 'mayimar > WrM maimar, HlM xanxap, Kl {Rm.} mamr
'unsteadily' (of gait), 'mayimari- > WrM maimari-, HlM xanxpa-, Kl x` ` xp- mamr- v. 'walk unsteadily, reel'; WrM
maimagar, HlM xanxiap, Kl {Rm.} mam
a
y+r adj. having an unstady gait'; 'mayiga > WrM maiga, HlM xania 'bandy-
legged, crooked-legged, intoed', Kl x` ` li may+g 'crooked' (of legs)', {Rm.} 'kuhbeinig'; Brt xan:aiap 'bent, crooked' MED
522-3, KRS 346, KW 259, Chr 29O T: [1] 'may- 'bend, swing' > Tkm mayi 'cripple', adj. 'crippled', maymiq 'curved\bent',
Qzq mayis-, Qrg mayis- vi. 'bend oneself\itself'; [2] 'may-r- vt. 'bend, sway' > Tkm mayir- vt. 'cripple, mutilate', Qzq mayir-
vt. 'bend', ':a-\ c-in6ar ', Qrg mayriy- 'get crooked\bent' (' ipnnnr c) '); [3] 'may-la- vi. 'bend, get unsteady'; [4] 'may-ba- 'to
walk unsteadily, have an unsteady gait' > Qrg mayay- v. 'waddle, walk slowly', mayar 'having sick legs, stumble' (of horses);
[5] Qrg maytar- vt. 'bend (a point\spike)' (' :ainyr ') Cl. 348, 772-3, MM 233-4, Sht. 139, Jud. 511-2, TkR 439-4O Tg
'mayi - 'mcyi- 'sway, swing' > Ewk msy- vi. 'swing, rock', Lm msi- - msyi- vt. 'swing', WrMc maymada- - maymida- vi.
'stagger, hobble', miya_udc- - miyc_udc ({STM} ma_udc - mc_udc) vi. 'frisk, jump' (of animals), 'rush about, rush (to attack
sb.)' STM I 543, 564, Z 863 pK {S} 'mui_-/'mui_`u- v. 'shake, sway' > MKo mui_-/mui_`u-, NKo mu_i- S QK
#563, Nam 224, MLC 685 DQA #127O (A 'mcyu 'to shake, sway') ll D 'may- 'mix, be\make unsteady' > Kdg mcI- vt.
'mix thoroughly' D (in SD) 'may- 'be bewildered, confused' ( D 'mac- 'be mad, intoxicated' < N 'm'acVgV id., 'be
foolish', q.v.) > Tm maya v. 'mistake, misunderstand', Ml mayaIIu 'perplexity, doubt', Kn mayamu, maymu 'bewilderment,
perplexity' D #47O6 ^ IS III 35-48 ('mahy'c in IE, D, A + [with a query] S roots 'my + cns.]) [with detailed information
on the reflexes in individual lgs. within IE, A and D]; the D cognate (absent in IS MsN) was proposed by the editors of IS III.
1382. 'muhi (or 'mAvhi, 'muhyV) 'water, fluid' > HS: S: [1] with loss of 'h: S 'may- - 'may- (- ''mavja,y-??)
'water' > OAk {G} nom. pl. t. ma?u, Ak OA {Sd., CAD} ma?u, Ak B/fMA mu nom. pl. t., Eb (SumSc) {Co., Rnb.} ma-u
6
(=
{Co.} [mayu], ma-vu ({Frnz.} [mavu]), OCn (AkSc) abs. du.t. or pl. t. mcma, mumi, BHb Mi5m2 'mayim pl. t. (cs. im4
,mc), Ug my, pl. mym, OA cs. my (+ ppa. 3m mvh), IA abs. myn, IA, Nbt em. my?, JA, Sr em. may'y-a, Md mia, mai, Ar
nom. sg. ma?-u (- mah-un) (-?- < '-y- reg. , cf. Br. AG 64e), Sb mv sg. (< 'ma?u?), - (?) Sb/Mn pl. mvy, Gz may, Mh
{Jo.} hc-moh (dim. miyahcn), Hrs {Jo.} ho-'myoh, Jb {Jo} C 'c-'mih, Jb E {Jo.} 'c-'mi, Jb C/E dim. 'miyoh, Bth {Jo.}
muh The alt. S reconstructions 'mavy- and ma'vay- are highly qu., because the reg. reflexes of 'av or 'a'va are at variance
with those attested (e.g. the reg. Gz reflex of 'mavy- and 'ma'vay is moy rather than may) G OA 166-7, Sd. G 54b,
61a, CAD X/1 149-56, Co. SQF 172, Frnz. EL 145, 156, Rnb. 92, KB 546, HJ 62O-1, A #1559, OLS 266-7, Sl. 662-3, Br. 383,
DM 242, 265, BK II 1169, BGMR 88, MA 63, L G 376, Jo. M 274-5, Jo. H 92, Jo. J 176 In several lgs. the word was
reinterpreted as du.\pl. due to its stem-final 'y (resembling the sx. of du.) [2] with preservation of 'h: WS 'mhv 'be
watery\clear' (of a liquid)' > Ar mhv G (pf. vaaeuMa mahuva) 'be watery' (of milk), (pf. 'eaMa maha) 'be white-haired' (of a
beast)', ve0Ma mahv- 'clear milk', Gz mhv G (pf. mohva - mahava, js. yomhav) vi. 'melt, be liquefied \ dissolved', ? Ug
mh 'water' (a variant form) L G 334, Hv. 738-9, OLS 266-7 Eg , DEg mv ({Vc.} < 'mvy) (= {Vrg.} 'mavy-), myv
'water' (originally pl. t.) > Cpt: Sd mee mou, B mwe mou [= {Vc.] mov], F mo mav id.; Eg Md mvy 'be wet' (of a wound),
Eg fMd mvy.t 'moisture, wetness', possibly also Eg Md mvy, mvy.t urine' (which is uncertain, because the reflexes in DEg
m: and Cpt: Sd/B mu mc, Cpt Sd mt mi 'urine' are different from those of mv 'water') EG II 5O-3, DW I 353-68, Er. 147, 154,
Vc. 1O7, 126 C: Dhl {To., EEN} ma?a, {E} ma?a 'water' || SC: Irq {Wh.} ma?ay, {E, MQK} ma?ay, Grw {Wh.} ma?ay,
Brn/Alg {Wh., E} ma?ay, Kz {E} ma?aya, Asa {E} ma?a, {Fl.} maya 'water'; SC 1 Mb {E} ma?i id. || Bj {R} mu? (pl.
mi?) 'Feuchtigkeit, Nsse', {Rop.} mi?a 'damp', {R, Rop.} mi?- scv. 'feucht\na\flssig sein', 'be\become damp' || ? Ag: Xm {R}
mav- 'flieig werden' ( EthS?) R WBd 161, R Ch II 83, Rop. 213, Wh. IC 26, E SC 156, MQK 68, EEN 36, To. D 142; Sml
mah 'water that accumulates in a well; spring' (ZMO 266) [adduced in IS II 62-3 in Rs innacurate transcription mah-i 'fresh
flowing water' (R SS II 289)] hardly belongs here because of its lr. h; it may rather belong together with Ar pf. maha (ip.
yamihu) 'descend into a well for drawing water' (Hv. 741) Ch: WCh: SBc: Grn {Sh.} ma 'water' | AG: Ang {Flk.} mvc
'sap, milky juice', yitmvc 'tears', Su {J} yit-mvan 'tears' (in both lgs. cd with yit, yit 'eye[s]') || CCh: BB: Gude {IL in ChC}
ma`?i`n, FlM {ChL} ma?i, FlB ma?'in 'water' Flk. s.v. mvc and yit, J S 89, JI II 34O-1, ChC, ChL It is tempting to
adduce here the B word for 'water' (Ah aman, Kb, Shl etc. aman), but in the light of the Gnc glossas AHEMON, AEMON 'water'
(where H is a sign for hiatus, acc. to the spelling norms of Sp and Fr) the stem is not 'm- 'maH-, as reconstructed by Pr. (Pr. M
IV 146), but '-'?ama- (i.e. '-'?amaHvy-) related to S 'yamm- 'body of water' and Ch 'Ham- 'water' < N 'yamV 'body of
water' [q.v. ffd.]; but the HS 'majy,v- may have contaminated with 'yam- and is likely to account for the long vw. of the last
syll. (as reflected in Pr.s rec. ''Ha-maH-an, that in the light of the Gnc data we modify to '?a-?ama-an) ll IE: NaIE
'mcu_o- / 'mu- 'plunge, wash' > BSl: Sl 'mI

-ti (1s prs. 'mi|o - 'm`I|o) 'to wash' > OCS m:u mIti / mm mI|o, SCr
mi``ti / mi`|cm, Slv miti / mi|cm, Cz myti, P myc, R xir / ' xo id., Blg 'xn v. 'plunge, wash' | Ltv maut 'to plunge,
swim', Lt maudyti 'to bathe', Pru aumusnan 'Abwaschung' || Arm -mojn -moyn 'plunged in' || Gk Cpr uoooooi vi. 'to
wash oneself' || ? MDt moy, Dt mooi, LG moi(c) 'beautiful' ( *'clean' *'watery, clear') WP 249ff., P 741, F II 268, Frn.
417, ESSJ XXI 76-9, Vs. III 26, Glh. 413, Kar. I 573-4, Vr. N 453-4, EI 108 ['m(c)uH- 'wash (in urine)'] ll A: Tg 'mu 'water' >
Ewk, Sln, Neg, Orc, Ork mu, Lm mo', Ul mu - mus, Nn Nh mus 'water', Ud mu- 'water' in ds muds 'inundation', muds sins
'water-rat', Jrc mu ({Lg.} = [mu]) 'water', WrMc d muIc id. STM I 548, Krm. 262, Kiy. 1OO [#O51] ?? JK: Kgr {Lee}
'mic 'water' || pJ {S} mi(-n-tu) 'water' > OJ midu, J: T miu, K miu, Kg mi], Ns mui, Sh mii, Ht miI, Y miN
Lee GKS 37, S AJ 268 [#87], S QJ #87, Mr. 483 S AJ 28-9, 69, 86, 278 and SDM97 (s.v. 'mu:ri) suggest to connect the Tg
and J words with M 'morcn 'river', which is hardly convincing. On the M see N 'moRE 'body of water' ll D {GS} 'mi- 'wash'
> Td miy- v. 'bathe', Kn mi, miyu v. 'take a bath, bathe', Tu mi-ini id., v. 'wash oneself', Prj mi-, Gnd miy-, mi- to bathe', Kui
miva v. 'lave\bathe\anoint oneself', Ku miali 'bathe (oneself), mi- 'bathe', ? Krx mu:- v. 'wash the face of' (Pf.: < D 'mi-nc-),
Mlt mun:c v. 'wash anothers face', mun:rc v. 'wash ones own face' GS 49 [#121], D 4878, Pf. 41 ^ IS II 62-3 ('mEvV
'water, moisture': HS, IE, Tg), AD GD 1 ^ An alt. hyp. is to distinguish between N 'mUyV ('mAvyV?) 'water' and 'muhi
'clear liquid', the second being represented in HS (S, Bj), in D and IE only.
1383. 'maIE, -tE 'top, head, hill' > HS ( N 'muIV id.?): CCh: McMsg: Msg {Rlf.} magc-ni 'his head', {Ov.} muI
'head', Mnj {Trn.} moI id. AMS 253, Ss. B 148 ?? C: EC 'mug- 'head' (unless to 'muIV) > Cm {Hw.} muga?-tc, Brj
{Ss.} mug-a id. Blz. CWL, Ss. B 148 ll U: [1] U 'maIc 'hill' > F maIi (gen. macn) 'hill, mountain', Es magi (gen.
mac), Krl, Vp magi id., Lv ma`g_ 'mountain' || Os: Vy mu, Ty mi", Y miv 'grassy hummock' ('Blte, kleiner
Rasenhgel', 'iouia'), as well as Os Sl moosto id. ( moy 'earth') ? Sm: Slq Tz {KKIH} maIIa 'small woody hill', Slq
{Cs.}: Tz/Ke/Ch/NP/UO/B maIIa, Nr maIa 'grassy knoll (Rasenhgel)', d Tz/Ke/Ch/NP/UO/B maIIal, Nr maIal 'hgelig, mit
Rasenhgeln versehen' Y: OY Ch {Mat.} xaia 'stone', ?? ( N 'muIV ''?): pY {IN} 'mug- 'hill, (?) rock' > K T mug-il
'high ground, eastern side of a ridge of hills' [2] U 'maItc 'hill, grassy knoll' > F matas (gen. mattaan), Es matas
(gen. matta) 'hummock, tussock' | Lp N {N} micI'ta 'a species of Carex which forms tussocks and grows on bogs' Sm {Jn.}
'mcIt+ 'small hill, grassy hillock' > Nn F Nl {Lh.} mi_c`t id., Slq Tz {KKIH} mcItI 'hummock, hill', LTz {KD} maItc
'small hill', Slq Tm {KD} mcg_d_o 'grassy hillock (kleiner Rasenhgel), Slq Ke maIto 'heap, pile', Kms {KD} mcI'tc
'grassy hill, hillock (Rasenhgel, Erdhgel)', ? Koyb {Sp.} 6airi'hillock', ? Mt M {Sp.} nccxrcc 'grassy hummock' UEW
266 (FU 'maIc 'Hgel, Berg', U 'maItc 'Rasenhgel, Hgel'), Set. FUS 37 (equates BF with Slq maI(I)a), SK 358, ZM 342,
Ktn. 238, Stn. 9O3-4, Trj. S 259, KKIH 128, 13O, Cs. 171-2, 261, Jn. 92, KD 88, Hl. M #769, IN 236 ll A: Tg 'mcgdin 'steep
river-bank' > Lm msydin, Neg msgdin, Orc, Ul, Ork msgdi(n-), Ud {Krm.} mogo?, Nn Nh/KU msgi, Nn B msgi(n-)
id., Ewk msgdin 'terrace bank', WrMc mudun 'mountain slope with a low ridge' STM I 553-4, 563, Krm. 26O ^ Rs. UAW 33
(U, A), IS MS 371 ('maIn 'hill' > Tg, BF), IS MsN s.v. 'maIn (BF, Slq, Tg).
1384. '`miIU 'bring, give in exchange' > HS: C: Ag: Bln {R} muI-r- (moI"-r-) 'carry', muxra (pl. muIor) 'load,
burden' NrOm: Kf {C} miy-, Mch {L} miya- 'carry on the back', Kf miyo, Mch miyo 'load' C SE IV 476, L M 43 ll IE:
NaIE '`mci_g"- 'exchange' > Gk oci|e v. 'exchange', ooi| n. 'requital, recompense' ({Ch.} 'don en retour') || L migr-o /
-arc ( 'mig"-ros 'wechselnd') 'change' (omnia migrant 'all things change' [Lucretius]), 'remove from one place to another'
WP II 245, P 712, F I 9O, Ch. 73-4, WH II 86-7 ^ On N and pIE `- see Introduction, 2.2.6.
1384a. 'muIV 'top, head, hill(ock)' > HS: C: EC 'mug- 'head' > Cm {Hw.} muga?-tc, Brj {Ss.} mug-a id. Blz. CWL,
AMS 253, Ss. B 148 CCh: McMsg: Msg {Ov.} moI, Mnj {Trn.} moI 'head' ChC, Lk. DQM 1O2, Trn. LM 1O6 ll U: pY
{IN} 'mug- 'hill, (?) rock' > K T mug-il 'high ground, eastern side of a ridge of hills' ll A: Tg 'muIujl, > Lm O mtItl 'steep
slope, precipice (on the seashore), WrMc mu_u 'hill'; NrTg 'muI- 'grassy hillock' > Ewk muIs id., Lm mtq+lr+ id. STM I
563 ll D 'muIat-, 'muIal- 'top' > Tm mulatu 'top, highest part, ridge of roof, hump of a camel', Ml muIatu 'head-end of a
cloth', muIal 'top, summit, ridge', Kt moyl, Td muxul, Kn mogadu, mogalu, Tl mogadu 'ridge of roof', Tu mugili 'turret,
top as of a temple', Gnd muIur 'comb of cock'; D 1 Sk muIuta-, OI BHS, Pali maIuta, Prkr maula 'crest, diadem' D
#4888, Tu. #1O144 ^ Is this etymon a var. of N 'maIE, -tE 'top, head, hill' with the vw. 'u due to the labializaing infl. of 'm-?
^ Blz. DA # 153 [#5] 4 (D, HS).
1384b. 'mU'?IV 'tree, (piece of) wood' > HS: EC 'muII- > Or muIa {Grg.} 'tree, bush, woody plant', {Th.} 'tree,
wood (legno), plant', Sml {DSI, ZMO} muIay ' large tree that grows along a stream\river' || Bj {E [ Mz.?]} moI"a 'curved
tent pole' || SC: pRt {E} muIa 'stem, stalk' > Brn muIa 'chaff', Asa mogcqgcra 'root' Grg. 293, Th. 249, ZMO 296, DSI 445, E
PC #1O1 (pC 'muI"- 'stick'), E SC 343 ? Eg P m:c.t ' plant, tree' EG II 34 ll D 'moII- 'piece of wood' > Tm
moIIai_ id., 'stump', Tl moIIa 'stub of wood', Gnd mcIa 'stump' D #51O9 ll A: Tg 'muI- (+ sxs.) 'stick, club' > Neg
mtIoan, Sln mtxsa: 'club (weapon)', Ul mtIca 'stick (part of fishing device)', WrMc {Z} muqsan 'stick, cudgel, fishing-
stick (ncnna)', Lm moqol, mtqamt 'harpoon haft' STM I 553, Z 9O1 T: ? Qrg buqa 'stick (of wood or horn) used to untie
knots' Jud. 156 ^ EC '-II- (evidenced by Sml -I-), Tg -I- and D -II- and Eg -:c- suggest the presence of a lr. ('??) within a
cns. cluster ('-?I-?) ^ Blz. DA #159 [#76 (incl. EC, SC, D).
1385. 'mUIE 'press' > HS: S 'mI 'press, squeeze' > BHb mI G (inf. -moI) 'press, squeeze', MHb mI G , D ,
JA mI D 'crush, dissolve by rubbing', Ar mI G vt. 'rub' KB 579, BDB 59O, Js. 816, Fr. IV 193, Hv. 727 ll IE: NaIE
'mog-/'mog- 'knead, smear' > MBr mczaff 'knead (ptrir pte)', Br mczan 'ptrir, faire du mortier', W macddu 'beat, foul,
mix by pushing', OIr maistr- v. 'churns' ('il baratte') || Gk o- (prs. oooe, aor. ps. cov) 'knead dough' || Sl 'maza-ti
(prs. 'maz-o) 'to smear' > OCS moo:u mazati, SCr ma`zati, Slv mazati, Cz mazati, Slk mazat`, P mazac, R ' xa:ar ,
Uk 'xa:arn 'to smear', Blg 'xaa 'I smear' WP II 226, P 696-7, Mn. 725 (all of them include here Gmc 'maI- 'make', cf.
N 'mcjh,Ic 'make, work'), F II 18O-1, Vn. B 11-2, Flr. 256, Ern. 414, Hm. 567, YGM-1 321, F II 18O-1, Ch. 67O, ESSJ XVIII
21-37, Vs. II 557-8, Glh. 4O1-2, EI 649 (Sl, Clt, Gk < ? 'mag- 'work with the hands, form, shape', cf. N 'mcjh,Ic '') ll D
{tr., GS} 'muII- v. 'strain, make great efforts, press' [ 'muqKaU (= 'muqIaU?) 'make great efforts, (?) be heavy'?] > Tm
muIIu, Kt muI- v. 'strain as a woman in travail, make great efforts', Ml muIIuIa v. 'strain, grunt, make an effort as in travail or
when easing nature', miIuIa v. 'press, strain at stool', Kt muI- v. 'make a strenuous effort, strain to deliver child', Td muI- v.
'grunt when defecating when constipated', Kn muIIiri, muIIarc v. 'strain, make violent efforts in pain', Tu muIIuru- v. 'snort,
grunt, growl', Tl muIIu- 'strain', Png muI- v. 'lift with effort' D #4896(a) ll A: T 'bog- ('mog-) v. 'strangle, choke (so.),
tighten (a knot), squeeze' > OT boy- 'strangle, choke', MQp XIII boy- 'strangle', Chg XV boy- 'strangle, squeeze (the throat)', Osm
{Rh.} boy- 'choke, strangle, suffocate; constrict by binding', Tk bog-, Tkm, Az, CrTt, Kr, ET, Ln boy-, Alt b_u-, Tf b_oy-, Xk
oy- 'strangle, suffocate', VTt bu-, Bsh b+v- id., 'tie up', Tv b_oy- 'strangle, choke, tighten (a knot)', Nog buv- id., 'fasten (a
loop)', Qzq buv(i)-, Qq buv- v. 'tie, tie together, pack', Qrg bu- 'tie up, constrict by binding', Chv naAn- +v- 'strangle,
suffocate' (with irreg. -+v- due to morphological generalization [ffd. Md. 44]), I-maI 'constricted \ narrowed place (ncpcxnar,
cycnnc)' (with a reg. -I- < T '-og-) Cl. 311, Rs. W 78, Rh. 4O4, ET B 164-5, TvR 112, Ra. 163, Sht. 58, Jud. 163, Md. 44,
174.
1386. 'mcjh,Ic 'make, work' > IE: NaIE 'mogg- > Gmc 'maII-on 'to make' > OHG mahhon, NHG machcn, OSx
maIon, Dt maIcn, AS macian 'make, build', NE maIc || ?? Gk o- (prs. oooe, aor. ps. cov) 'handle' [unless
o- 'press' < NaIE 'mog- < N 'mUIE 'to press'] WP II 226, P 696-7, Mn. 725, Ho. 2O9 (all of them do not
distinguish this from 'mogg- [their 'mag-] 'press', cf. N 'mUIE), F II 18O-1, Vr. N 424, Ho. S 49, Kb. 652, OsS 585, KM
451, Hth. AE 2O9, EI 649 (? 'mag- 'work with the hands, form, shape'; includes reflexes of NaIE 'mog-/'mog- 'knead,
smear' < N 'mUIE 'press') ll U 'mcIc- v. 'make, do, work', n. 'work, thing, deed' > OHg miu 'Handlung, Arbeit, Werk', Hg
mu (acc. muvct), Hg miv 'work', Hg muvcl- v. 'work' Sm 'mcy- 'make' > Ne T xn-c , Ne T O mi-s, Ne F {Lh.}
mi_cdsa, Ng {C} 1s aor. obcj. mc`ama, En {C} 1s aor. obcj. mcbo 'make', Slq Tz mc- 'make, build' UEW 27O, MF 454-
5, EWH 1OO9, Jn. 92, KKIH 129 ll ? HS: CCh: Mdr {ChL} msgunamsga 'do' ChL ?? S 'mhI > Ar mhI TD (pf.
aeWmaTa tamahhaIa) 'perform the work becomingly' (unless derived from mhI G v. 'pound, bruise') Hv. 738 ^ BmK
67O-1 ('maI`-/'moI`- 'to handle, work with the hands': IE, U + err. HS: Hd miIcss- 'to touch', Kmb mcIcss- 'to snatch', Irq
minqis- 'to squeeze') ^ The meaning of Gmc 'maIIon 'make' is usually explained by a semantic change 'knead, press'
'make, build' in the history of IE (or Gmc), but the exact parallel in FU and WCh make that hyp. less probable (presupposing
either a parallel semantic change in Gmc, FU and WCh or a casual coincidence).
1387. 'mEIE (or 'mEIE) 'big' > IE 'mcgL-/'mcgoL-/'mcgL- 'big' (acc. sg. m. ''mcg-oL-m, nom.-acc. sg.
ntr. ''mcgL, gen. sg. 'mc'g-L-os, in cds : mgL-) > NaIE 'mcg- / 'mcg"- 'big' (acc. sg. m. ''mcg-o-m > Vd acc. sg.
m. maham; nom.-acc. sg. ntr. ''mcgo > Vd 'mahi, Gk co; gen. sg. 'mc'g"-os > Vd ma'ha-h Av G mazo [ffd. Rsm.
AT 84]). Representation in lgs: Vd 'mahi ntr. 'great, big'; IIr {M} d 'maz"ant- / 'maz"at- > OI ma'han / acc. sg.
ma'hant-am /nom.-acc. ntr. ma'hat 'great, large', Av acc. m. mazant-om, ntr. mazat_ id. || Gk m. co), ntr. co, f.
co 'great, big', sprl. cioto) || Arm mec mcc 'great, large, big' || L magnus 'big' (< NaIE 'mcg-no-s), magis, [Plt.]
magc 'bigger' || pAl {O} 'maa > Al madh 'big, large, tall' || OIr maigc 'great, large', mochtac 'big, powerful' || Gt miIils, ON
miIill, OHG mihhil, OSx miIil 'big', AS miccl, myccl 'big, much' > NE much || pTc {Ad.} 'maIa > Tc: A maI, B maIa
'many, much' Ht mcII(i)- 'much, numerous' (< IE 'mcgL-iL-) (nom.-acc. ntr. mcIIi, adverbial abl. mcqqayaz),
mcIIi adv. 'greatly, much', Lw {Lar.} maia- id. ({Lar.}: IE '-g-, -g"-, '-gH- > Lw --; Mlc. CL 145 rejects the existence
of the word), ? HrLw {Ts.} man (< 'mayan-) 'much' (not in Mer. HHG) WP II 252, P 7O8-9, EI 344 ('mcgh_-), M K II
6O9-1O, M E II 337-9, F II 189-O, WH II 1O, EM 378-9, Vn. M 58, Fs. 358-9, Vr. 386-7, Kb. 684, OsS 6O8, Schz. 212, Ho.
221, Ho. S 52, Huld 88-9, O 24O, Slt. 7O-1, Ad. 446-7, Ts. E II 181-5, CHD L-N 245-9, Lar. DLL 65 , Ivn. SA 153 (accepts
Lw maia) ll HS: S 'mI > Ar mq 'be deep' (of a well), 'be far away' BK II 129 Ch: WCh: Jmb {Sk.} maIs` 'long (a
long time)' || CCh: Msg G {BM} mogo, Msg P {Trn.} mogo (f. muguviy,, pl. mogoIay - mogovay), Msg Ng {Ov.} mo'go
'long', Msg {GKrs.} mogva (f. mugu'i, pl. mo'gvaIai) 'long, high', {Rlf., Rd.} 'mogo 'large, big (gro)', a-na 'mogo 'it is
large\big', Mlw {Trn.} mugo (f. muguvi, pl. mugoIay) 'long, deep', ? Msk {Trn.} mava 'large\big (grand)' JS 169,
Lk. DQM 68, ChC s.v. 'long', ChL, Trn. LM 1O6, Trn. MVM 286, Trn. Musk. 22 ? EC: Rn mig 'strength, heaviness' ( N
manVga 'maqga 'strong, numerous') PG 224 ll A: Tg 'mcIV > Lm A msIs 'big' STM I 566 ll D [1] {tr., GS}
'miI(I)- 'exceed, grow, great; increase' > Tm miIu v. 'exceed, grow; increase', miIIa 'great, much', Ml miIuIa v. 'surpass,
abound', miIIa 'the greater part', Kn miIIu 'grow abundant, increase', Tu migguni, miIIuni 'surpass, exceed', Tl miIIili 'great',
Knd mis- 'increase' D #4838; or [2] ?? 'ma- 'great' > Tm, Ml ma id., Ka ma id. in: ma-gclasa 'great work', ma-mayi
'great mother', Kn Hv ma 'big, great', Gnd may(i) 'very big', mayali 'big' D #4786 ll ? K 'maIc- - 'manIc- 'heavy'
[{IS}: < ''mvanI-] ( N 'muqKaU 'make great efforts, (?) be heavy'??) > Mg moIa- - monIa-, Lz monIa- 'heavy', G
maIc 'heavy with young' (of a female animal) [ N 'maKU (= 'maIU?) 'baby, son; (?) be pregnant', q.v.]; - GZ 'maIcn-
'get heavy\pregnant' > OG, G maIcn-/maIn- 'be conceiving', Mg, Lz monIan- 'grow heavy' The additional '-n- in Zan may
have been induced by contamination with N 'manVga 'maqga '' [q.v.] K 125, K
2
113-4, FS K 2O7, FS K 228, DCh. 662,
Chik. 242, 3O4, Q 281, Schm. 122 ^ N 'I 'I > S 'I, K 'I (positional glottalization?) ^ IS MS 331 ('magn 'big' > IE
+ K 'magar 'strong', D 'ma), IS SS 334 [#6.24] (K 'magar-, D 'ma).
1388. 'mXIjV,ha 'nape, back' > HS: C: Bj {R} moI '(pl. maIa) 'nape, throat', {Rop.} 'front side of the neck' || Ag: Bln
{Lm.} moII"a, {R} ma'I"a 'buttocks', Ag 1 Amh {R} maI"a 'id. (?)' || EC: Af {PH} maIuh - muIuh 'spine, spinal cord',
Ya {E} muI 'lower side of the body', Rn {PG} moIIolo '(bones of) the lower spine; small of the back', Bn J/Ba {Hn.} muIIo
'buttocks' R WB 267, R WBd 167, Rop. 215, Hn. BD 97, PH 162, 171, PG 227 Eg fXVIII mIh 'occiput, hind part of the
head' > DEg mIh 'Hinterkopf, Nacken, Hals' > Cpt Sd mok maIh {Vc.} 'nape, neck', {Crn.} 'neck' EG II 159, Er. 183, Vc.
111, Crn. 8O ll U 'muIa 'back (dorsum)' > FP 'muIa 'back, hind part, back side, following (seuraaminen)' > F muIa- in
fossilized case forms: muIaan 'according to', muIaa 'accordingly', muIana 'with, together with', muassa 'with, accompanying',
d : muIaincn 'agreeing with, in accordance with' Sm {Hl.} 'msIa, {Jn.} 'msIa 'back (Rcken)' > Ne T xaxa, Ne T O
{Lh.} ma_a, Ne F {Lh.} m_ao, En {Cs.} maha, Ng {Ter.} msIu, Slq Tm {KD} moy, Slq Tz {KKIH} d moqal id., Kms
{KD} d bcgo, Koyb {Sp.} d 6 ian, Mt {Hl.} 'baga id. (Mt: K/M {Mll.} baga 'dorsum', T {Mll.} bagada 'his nack') Jn.
UK 223 (U 'muIa), Sm. 538 (U, FU 'muIa, FP 'muIa, Sm 'moIa), SSA II 175-6, SK 35O, Jn. 85, KKIH 131, KD 9, Hl.
M 213 [#9O] ll A: pKo {S} 'moI 'neck' > MKo moI, moIai_, NKo moI id. S QK #987, Nam 214, MLC 821 Tg:
Ewk muIa n. 'hide from reindeers neck' STM I 551 T 'baIan > OT baqan 'necklace'; ??? NaT 'bogmaI 'necklace' [>
OT, Osm XIV boymaq] (unless derived from 'bog- 'choke, tie around', as supposed by Cl.) Cl. 315-6 DQA #1242 (A
'mi_aI`u 'neck': T, Tg, Ko + unc. pJ 'muI- 'turn ones head'), Rm. SKE 15, STM I 551 (Tg, Ko) ll D (in CD) {tr., GS}
'maII- 'neck' > Klm maI, Nkr maII id. D #4622 ll IE: Irn: Pmr: Shgh, Wx maI, Srk moI, Ish maI 'nape of the neck,
neck' Mrg. EShG 44, Blz. LNA #38 (supposes that the Pmr word is due to "a Dravidian-like substratal influence") ^ The
equation between D, HS, U and A was suggested by Blaz ek (Blz. DA 154 [#22] AD #21 and Blz. LB #6a (Eg, C, U, Ko, D +
T 'bogmaI), Blz. LNA #38 (N 'muIIa - 'maIIu 'neck'). .
1389. 'mAIs'a 'give, reward' > HS: S ''miIjV,s- - ''maIjV,s- 'tribute' > Ak miIsu 'tribute', BHb xk3m3 'mcIcs, Sr
maI's-a, Md maIsa id., IA, Plm mIs 'tax', JA miI'sa 'toll, tax', SmA mIs 'toll', Ar (A Aram) maIs- 'market-tax, custom-
duty' KB 55O, Js. 783-4, Sl. 676, Tal 468, Sd. 165, Hv. 73O, HJ 625 The Aram and Hb words may be (but not necessarily are)
loans from Ak (cf. Zmr.
2
1O, Kfm. AIA 72) ll U: FV 'maIsa 'give, pay' > F, Es maIsa- v. 'pay, reward'; BF 1 pLp {Lr.}
'maIsc- v. 'pay, cost' > Lp: N {N} maI'sc- / -vs-, S {Hs.} maaIscdh, L {LLO} maIsc- 'pay, reward', Kld {SaR} xaii cy
v. 'pay', xaiic 'payment' | Er, Mk xaico- 'give' UEW 698, Lr. #644, Lgc. #3747, Hs. 888, SaR 18O-1.
139O. 'muIs'a 'mug'a ' rodent (mouse, mole, or sim.)' > IE: NaIE 'mus 'mouse' > OI muh (obl. mus-) id., Blc
musI, MPrs, NPrs vM mus {Vl.} id., {BM} id., 'rat', Psh mazaI 'mouse, maza 'rat', Oss: I msst, D mista 'mouse' || Arm
mukn mu-In (gen. mkan mIan) 'mouse' (on the nominal sx. -In [dim.?] see Ld. A 82-3 and Mn. 821) || Gk u) (gen. uo)) id.,
'rat' || pAl {O} 'mu(s) > Al: T mi, G mi id. || L mus (gen. mur-is) || ON mus, OHG, OSx, AS mus, NHG Maus, Dt muis
'mouse', NE mousc || Sl 'misi f. (gen. 'misi) id. > OCS mmi mIsi f. (gen. mmu mIsi), Blg xnmf., R xim f., Uk
xnmf. (- 'xnma), SCr mi`s (today m.), Slv mis (gen. misi), Cz, Slk mys, P mysz || Tc B pl. mascitsi 'mice, rats' WP II
312-3, P 752-3, EI 387 (''mus - ''mus-s / gen. 'mu's-os), M K II 668, Mn. 821-2, M E II 369-7O, Horn 223, Vl. II 1228, BM
542, Ab. II 142-3, Bai. 337, F II 275-6, WH II 132-3, Ho. 227, Ho. S 54, Kb. 7O8, OsS 631-2, KM 469, Vr. 396, Vr. N 458, O
265, Huld 91-2 (O and Huld: the Al G nasalization is secondary), ESSJ XXI 55-72, Glh. 412-3, ZVSZ 258, Vs. II 27-8, Slt. 189-
9O, Ad. 143 The compensatory lenghthening of the vw. 'u is due to the loss of the velar stop in the cluster '-g- ll U: FU
'maoIsa > Er xaica:cn maIsa-zcy, xaicaia maIsa-Ia 'mole', Mk xaicaia 'maIsa-Ia 'hamster' Coll. 97, UEW
264 ('maIsa; adduces Os may " ma_ 'beaver', but he does not mention Os -qq - -q_ and does not take it into account; cf. N
'mVqKV 'beaver'), ERV 358, KC 128, PI 154 ll A: Tg 'muItu-jr/n, 'mole, mouse' > Neg muItuy 'short-tailed mouse', Ork
muItuli 'mouse, mole', Nn KU muItur 'mole', WrMc muqdun - muqtun 'taillless field mouse, mole' STM I 552 Tg '-tu-
seems to be a derivational sx. (cf. Ewk -do in nouns for insects: lorc-do 'butterfly' related to loruIi 'small butterfly [xorincci]' -
see Vas. 239, 754) pJ {S} 'munIura 'mole' > ltOJ [RJ] uguro-moti, ugura-, J: T mogura, mugura, K mugura,
mugura, Kg mugura S QJ #1459, Mr. 484, 56O DQA #1362 (A 'muI`V 'mole') ll ? K 'mu`- > Sv {Ni.} muzulid
'bat' (a cd ?) Ni. s.v. ncryua) xim ll ?? HS: CCh: Db {Lnh.} masay, ? Gzg D {Lk.} mocod, Gzg Mj {Lk.} mocod
'mouse', MfG {Brr.} macad, mocod ' mouse' ( N 'mVc`VvV ' rodent' [q.v.]) ChC, Lk. G 13O ^ The unexpected
FU vw. 'a (unless it was 'o) may be due to the ass. infl. of the final vw. If Sv muzulid belongs here, the N rec. is 'mug'a,
otherwise it must be 'muIs'a. Tg '-It- and pJ '-I- (reflexes of N '-Is- or '-g-?) are still to be explained.
1391. 'maKU (= 'maIU?) 'baby, son', (?) 'be pregnant' > IE: NaIE 'maI"- > Clt: OgIr gen. maqq"i, OIr macc, NIr
mac 'son'; Gl MAPO- 'son' (in proper names: Mao-no-s, etc.), Crn ma / mab 'son', OBr {Flr.} mab, ma 'child', OW ma,
MW, W, Br mab 'son, boy' P 696, Vn. M 1-2, Dnn. 454, Billy 1O3, Flr. 249, ECCE 268, SEv. 31, Loth 18O, YGM-1 32O,
Schm. KGP 244 ll ?? K: OG, G maI- 'make\get pregnant\conceiving', MG, G maIc 'heavy with young' (of animals), Mg
monI-at-al-a 'pregnancy' [ K 'maIc- (or 'manIc-) 'heavy' < 'mEIE (or 'mEIE) 'big', q.v. ffd.] ll HS: S 'mII > Ar
mqq G (pf. WMa maqqa, ip. -muqq-) 'impregnate (a female palm-tree)' BK II 1134, Hv. 728 ll D 'maI(I)- 'child, son' >
Tm maIa 'child, infant, young of animals; son\daughter', Ml maIan 'son', maIIal 'children; the young of animals', Kt mog
'child', Td mox 'child, son\daughter', EpOKn maIan 'son', Kn maga 'son, male person', Kdg maIIa 'children', mo-von 'son',
mova 'daughter', Tl maga, moga 'male', Gnd maga sindu 'boy child' (sindu 'son'), Kng moga Ior`o 'boy child', Mnd gar` (<
'mgar`) 'daughter', na-mgar` 'my daughter', Krx maIa (voc. used to daughters\sisters), Mlt maqc 'boy' D #4616, Zv. 12O ll
?, A 'muI`u 'male' > Tg 'muIc- - 'muIa- 'male person, male animal' > Neg muxsti " muIsti 'male (dog, fox, sable)', Orc
musti, Ud mugsti, musti 'male' (of some animals), Nn B mo_a(n-) 'male animal, male person', WrMc mu_an 'male (tiger,
leopard)' STM I 543, 554, Krm. 262 pJ {S} 'muIu_a 'son-in-law, bridegroom' > OJ muIvo, J: T muIo, K muIo, Kg
muIo id. S QJ #933, Mr. 487 M 'muqa- > WrM {MED} muqali, {Gl.} muquli, WrO mu_ala, mu_alai, mu_uli, Kl
xyxna, {Rm.} mo_la 'slave, serf'; the variant bugul id. (Gl.} is a re-borrowing of the M word from some ancient T lge., where
m- > b- and the final vw. is lost [cp. Chg {Rm.} bulyun 'slave, servant']; SDM97, not here Kl {Rm.} mu_
u
r 'penis'
( mu_
u
r 'blunt, blunted') [Rm.: "Penis, eig. abgerundet"] MED 553, 12O9, Krg. 611, KRS 363, KW 263, 268, Gl. III 314
?? T 'buIa 'bull' ( N 'buKa 'bovines' [q.v. ffd.]) S AJ 293 [#452], DQA #1375 ('muI`V 'male' > T, M, Tg, with
unjustified long 'u in T) ^ If the K belongs here, we reconstruct pN '-I-, otherwise it is 'K (= 'Iq) ^ ( Tromb.
CL) OHg magv, Hg mag 'Nachkomme, Nachkommenschaft', which is obviously from mag(v) 'seed, kernel' (see EWU 92O-1,
MF 414) ^ Blz. DA 156 [#43] (incl. D, IE), BmK # 545 (IE, D).
1392. 'maKV 'mVKV 'plain, steppe, field' > HS: Eg XVIII-XXII mII ' arable land' EG II 159 ? S
'maI- > Ar maq- 'a tract of land without vegetation (terra omni carens planta)' [unless sd from maq- 'distance'] Fr. IV 193
ll IE: NaIE 'maIIo- 'moI-/'moI- 'plain, steppe' > ON mor (< Gmc 'moxa-z) 'sandy plain, open woodland', NNr mo
'sandy land', Sw mo 'sandy heath' || OIr macha 'pasture land (pture pour le btail), fenced field (champ clos)', in nomina loci
macha 'plain, field', NIr macha 'lawn; a field where cows are kept at night' WP II 226, Vr. 392, Torp N 429, Hlq. 654-5,
Vn. M 3-4, Dnn. 454.
1393. ?? 'maK'U (or 'maK'UjXV,, 'maXaK'U) 'bend, turn' > A 'maI`V > M 'maIiyi- > WrM {Cev.}
maIii-, HlM xaxnn- vi. 'bend, curve ( inyr c) , n:-\ ni-in6ar c) )', Kl x` in- maIi- id., 'be bent', Kl D {Rm.} maIi-
'verrenkt \ verdreht \ ungelenk sein' (Kl -a- due to the infl. of r` in- taIi- 'huddle oneself, cip unnar c) ') Cev. 335, Luv.
239, KRS 346, KW 258 Tg 'maIti- > Neg maItnda-, Orc maIcinda-, Ul maqttla-, Nn B ma_ctra- v. twist a rope', Orc
maIci, maIcixi, Ul maItt(n-), Ud maItigi, Nn B {Sem} maxctxt, Neg maItxtn 'rope-twister (a device)', ? WrMc maci-
'tuck up (roll up) ones clothes' STM I 523, Sem BD 172 pJ 'maI- v. 'wrap, wind around, tie into' > OJ, J K/Kg maI-, J T
maI- S QJ #675, Mr. 72O SDM97 (A 'maI`a > M, Tg, J) and DQA #1263 (A 'ma'I`o 'wind, twist, bend', incl. M, Tg)
A 'mEaI`V ('mE_aI`V?) > M 'mcIuyi- v. 'bow, incline, bend' > WrM mcIui-, HlM xyxnn-, x' xnn- id.; WrO d
mcIclc- v. 'tuck up, bend the neck under the load' MED 534, Krg. 598 Tg 'mi_aIu-r- 'bow (before so.)' > Neg {PSchm.}
mi_a_uru- 'kneel', Neg L mi_srst/- 'bow (before ), pray', Orc maxurana- id., {PSchm.} mi_axurana- 'kneel', Ud {STM}
maula(si)- 'bow (before), Ul mc_oraci- id., mc_oron-, {PSchm.} maIurandi- 'kneel', Ork mc_oran- id., Nn Nh
mt_oran(go)- id., mt_oract-, Nn KU mtaIora- 'kneel before so.', WrMc naIura id., naIun n. act. 'kneeling', Chj miyaIuru
v. 'kneel' STM I 536, Kiy. 123 [#466] ??? pJ {S} 'manIa- v. 'bow, bend' > OJ maga-(r-), J T magaru id., J Sh {Mr.}
magar-, J Ht {Mr.} manIgar- 'bend, turn' S QJ #927, Mr. 719 SDM97 (A 'maI`o 'to bow'), DQA #13O1 (A
'mi_oI`'u id.) ll D 'maIjI,-, {GS} 'mag- 'turn' > Tm maIiti 'be overturned', Kt mavn`- vi. 'overturn', mavt- vt. 'overturn,
roll over', maIir- '(tree) is unrooted and falls', Kn magur, mogar vi. 'turn round', Tu mag+u-, maguu-, magucu-, mogau-
vt. 'turn round', Tl magudu 'turn back, return', Klm magud- " magur`- " magul-, Nkr magur` 'vomit', Knd maI- 'turn
over\upside down', Ku mcg- 'fall down\off', (of a tree) 'fall' D #4617, GS 188 [#48O], 31-2 [#36, 4O] ll HS: C: Af {PH} maIc
scv. 'bend, distort, twist' PH 161 ? Eg fXVIII mh v. 'tie (a band\diadem\garland) round ones head', Eg OK/MK mh
'girdle', Eg fMK mh 'head-band' EG II 189-9O ^ The rec. 'maXaK'U explains better the diphthong 'i_a in Tg, but
involves mt in Eg. If the Eg words belong here, the N rec. includes final '-XV, otherwise the etymon is 'maK'U ^ Cf.
'muKE, 'muKE-rV 'a bend, corner, hump'.
1394. 'moKV 'blunt' > A: M 'moqu- 'be\become blunt' > WrM moqu-, HlM, Brt xoxo-, Dg mogo- id.; d M 'mouqur-
'blunt' > WrM muqur - moqur, HlM xyxap, Ord {Ms.} mu_ur, Mnr H {SM} mug_ur, Kl {Rm.} mo_r " mu_
u
r id., Kl
{KRS} xoxp mo_or 'short, blunt', Brt xyxap '-less' (xn xyxap '[a person] withour legs'); d M 'moqudag 'blunt' > [HI] {Ms.}
moqodaq, [MA] {Pp.} "d'qvM moqadaq, WrM moqudag, HlM xox(oi id.; d M 'moquya- 'make blunt' > WrM moquga-,
HlM xoxoo- id., WrO {Krg.} mo_o- 'get dull'; d M 'moquya 'blunt' > WrM moquga, HlM xoxoo, WrO mo_o, Brt xoxoo, Dg
mogo; d Dx mogutu 'blunt'; MM d [S] {H} d muqutqa- 'abschneiden' Ms. H 76, H 111, Pp. MA 238, MED 544, 553-4,
KRS 356, KW 263-4, 268, SM 244, T DnJ 128-9, Krg. 6O2-3, Chr. 3O1, 3O4 ll D {tr., GS} 'moII- > Tm moIIu, moIIai_
'bluntness', moIattai_ 'that which is blunt', Tl moIIa 'blunt, pointless, not sharp' D #51O6.
1395. 'muKE, 'muKE-rV 'a bend, corner, hump' > HS: S: Ar {Fr.} I'Ma maqi(n), maqy-at- 'internal corner of the
eye', {Fr., BK} ma?q- id. ( m?q 'weep'), Ar maqi?- - muqi?- 'the front\back part of the eye' Fr. IV 197, 199, BK II 1O53
ll U: FP 'm'uIIV(rV) [= 'mEIIu(rV)?] 'hump; bent' > F {Lnr.} myIIy 'hump', Es mugar 'protuberance, tuber' | Chr: L
xyiip mu+r, H xiiip m++r 'hump' | Prm {LG} 'mu'Iir > Z xiiip mIIIr n. 'humpiness, stoop', mIIIra 'stooping', Vt
xiiipcc mIIIrcs id., Z Izh/Ud, Vt mIIIrt- v. 'incline, bend' LG 182, SK 355-6, UEW 7O5 (considers Chr m++r and
similar words to go back to onomatopia) ll A: Tg 'muIc- > Ewk muIs 'humpbacked, 'hump', muIs- vi. 'stoop, arch ones
back', WrMc mc_u- id., 'bow ones head, be bent'; - Tg 'muIc- v. 'stoop, bend (under a load)' > Ewk msIsls- vi. 'bend
under a load', msIsms 'hump', Lm mo'Itsl- v. 'stoop', Ul moqcot/t- - mtqctt- 'stoop, bend ones back', Ork
moqcoron- - muqcursn- id., Nn Nh muIcursn-, muIcursqgu- id., Nn KU muIcursns- vi. 'bend oneself' STM I 553,
565 pJ {S} 'manIa- v. 'bow, bend' > OJ maga-(r-), J: T magar-, macg-, K magar-, magc-, Kg magar-, magc- id., J
Sh {Mr.} magar-, J Ht {Mr.} manIgar- 'bend, turn' S QJ #927, Mr. 719 T 'buI ('muI) 'corner' ( N 'buK'a 'to bend,
bent') > OT buI id.. the corner post of the house', Tk buI, Alt {Verb.} uI id., StAlt 6yci b_uI, Yk buI 'bend of a
river'; T 'buI- v. 'bend' > OT {Cl.} buI- id., etc. ( N 'buK'a '' [q.v. ffd.]) SDM97 (s.v. 'maI`o 'to bow' (A
'maI`o 'to bow'), DQA #13O1 (A 'mi_oI`'u id.) [equates the Tg and T roots with M 'mcIuyi-, Tg 'mi_aIu-r- and pJ {S}
'manIa-, cf. N 'maK'U 'to bend, turn']) ll D {tr., GS} 'muII- 'corner' > Ml, Tu muIIu 'corner, lane', Tm muIIu id.,
'hook', Td muI 'edge', Kui mudgu 'corner', Krx muxa 'edge, brink, margin' D #4898.
1396. 'm'a?jV,KV 'cry' > HS: S 'm?I > Ar m?q G 'sob' BK II 1O53, Hv. 7O5 ll A: T 'maIir- 'shout, bellow'
( N 'vaKU 'to call'??) > OT {Cl.} baqir- id., Osm XVIII bayir- 'shout', Tkm bayir-, Tk bagir-, Ggz bair-, Az bayir-, Bsh,
Qrg baqir- 'shout, bellow', CrTt bayir-, Alt b_ayir-, Qmn mayir-, Qzq, Nog, Qq, VTt baq+r-, Uz baqir-, Kr baqir- " maqir-,
Chv xaiaAp- mag_+r- 'shout' Cl. 318, ET B 2O-2, B DK 231.
1397. ?? 'mUjHa,Ka 'frog' > A: M 'mcIclcyi - mt 'mclcIcyi id. ( N 'mqURV ' reptile\amphibian') > WrO
{Krg.} mcIclc, Kl xcin` mcIla, {Rm.} mcIlc 'frog', WrM mclcIci, HlM xynxnn 'frog, toad', Ord mclc"xi, Dg {T} mclcI,
{Mr.} mclcIc 'frog', ? Brt xynxyn 'tortoise'; WrO {Krg.} mclcIci 'frog, amphibian' (A WrM) Krg. 597-8, MED 534, Ms. O
461, KRS 348, Rm. 26O, T DgJ 154, Chr. 311 ? Tg: Ewk Brg moIoloi 'bat' STM I 544 T 'baIa ('maIa) 'frog,
tortoise' ({ADb.} 'baIIa 'frog') > OT baqa, MQp, XwT baqa, Chg baqa - baqqa, Tk baga, Az baya id., Tkm gur-baga
'frog', Xlj {DT} baqa 'tortoise', Uz, Qmq, Qzq, Qq, Nog, VTt, Qrg, Qmn baqa, QrB maqa, ET baqa " aqa, Alt b_aqa, Ln
aqa, CrTt, Kr baqa " baya, Xk aya, Yk baya, Tf b_aya, Tv `aya, SY, Slr aya 'frog' The vw. a in Tkm gur-baga and
Xlj baqa suggests pT 'a (but cp. Yk baya with a short a) Cl. 311-2, Rm. W 58 (pT 'baIa), ET B 4O-2, TL 179-8O, TkR
211, Hs. 3O, Shch. Zh 152-3, Ra. 72, Pek. 323-4, DT 86 pKo {S} 'moIuri 'toad' ( N 'mqURV '', q.v. ffd.)
SDM97 (A 'moI`o 'frog') & DQA #1299 (A 'mi_aI`o id.) (both: T, M, Tg, Ko) The vw. 'c in M (and 'o in Ko?) is due to
the merger with N 'mqURVll D (in NED) 'muI- 'frog' > Krx muxa, Mlt muqc id.; ? D 1 OI muIaIa- id. [unless an
independent onomatopia] D #5O23, Pf. 194 [#185], M K II 662 ^ The long vw. in T and NED suggests the presence of a lr.;
the pM vw. 'c points to an adjacent front vw. (after 'H?), while the quality of T 'a may be due to vowel harmony (infl. of the
final '-a).
1398. ? 'ma'XKE 'thin\lean and long' > IE 'mchI-/'mhI-/'mhcI- 'thin and long, slender' > NaIE
'maI- / 'moI- / 'maI- > Av mas- 'long' (cmpr. masya, sprl. masista); masah- 'Lnge, Grsse', masita 'gro,
umfangreich', OPrs ma0ista- 'greater', KhS masta- 'great', masc 'in size\greatness\amount' (acc. of reference) ( Av maso 'in
size') || Gk A ko), Gk D oko) 'length', Gk oooov cmpr. 'longer, greater' (-oo- < '-I-y-) || L macics 'leanness, thinness',
maccr 'lean', macc- 'be lean', maccr 'lean, meager, thin' || ON magr, OHG magar 'meager', NHG magcr, AS mcr 'lean', NE
mcagcr Ht maI-l-ant- 'thin, meager' (of animals) WP II 223, P 669, Bks. IELG 183, Bn. CH 14O, 295, Brtl. 1154-5, Bai.
325-6, 333, F II 164-5, Ch. 66O-1, WH II 2, Vr. 375, Ho. 21, Kb. 65O, OsS 582, KM 453, Ts. E II 98-9, CHD L-N 121-2, Kron.
EHS 265, EIc 357 ('mch_I-), 574 (mh_'Iro-s 'thin, long') ll HS: ? S 'mhI > Ar mahiq- 'very sharp, sharpened' (Fr.:
'extrematus et acutus') [ acp. of mhq 'efface, erase'] Fr. IV 155, BK II 1O69 ll ?? A: M 'mcgdc- > Kl {Rm.} mcgdo-
'be\become lean', {KRS} xci(o- 'be lean ( 6ir no(r) nyrix, xy(ix)'; bf : WrM {MED Rm.} mcg 'lean' (of domestic
animals), WrO mcq tcq 'thin, scrawny', Kl {Rm.} mcg_ 'ganz abgefallen, mager (vom Vieh)'; M 'mcgdc- may have been
influenced by the homonymous verb, represented by WrO mcqdc- 'to suffer, hunger' MED 533, Krg. 598, KW 26O ^ If Ar
mahiq- belongs here (i.e. unless it is derived from mhq 'efface, erase'), the N lr. was 'X, otherwise the N rec. must be 'maHKE
(with an unspecified lr.).
1398a. 'mUKjV,HV 'mouth' > HS: C: Ag 'mVIyV 'mouth, lip' > Xm {R} 'miI-a, Dmb {R} moIiya, Q {R}
maIiya, Km {CR} moIoy 'mouth, lip' R Ch II 392, R Q II 98, CR K 228 CCh: Gdr {Srp.} moIo, Mln {ChL} magi,
Msk {Lk.} magu 'mouth' JI II 245, Lk. ZSS 143, Trn. LDM 18 ll IE: NaIE: IIr: OI muI"- 'mouth, face' (infl. of D?), Orm, Prc
mu_, Psh M ms_ 'face', Oss: I muIu (usu. pl. muIuta), D moIo ab 'face, snout' (possibly infl. of NC lgs., like Gunzib
moIo 'beak') M K II 648-9, Asl. 8O1, Mrg. 48-9, Ab. II 131 ll D 'moI- 'face, mouth' > Tm muIam, Kn moga id., Ml
muIam id., 'front', Tu moga 'the front', Tl moga 'the front part, mouth of a river', Klm, Nkr moIam, Prj, Knd moIom, Gnd
muIam " muIum " moIom, Png mum, Mnd mumb, Ku muIa 'face' D #4889 ^ Blz. DA 153 [#9] (Ag, CCh, D, IE), LB
#112f (Ag, CCh, D) lll Another semantic var. of this N etymon (or a different etymon?): N 'mUKjV,V 'eat\drink (greedily, in
large mouthfuls)' > HS: S: Ar mq G 'avaler avec avidit (un liquide), tter sa mre (un petit)', D 'boire tout le lait qui se
trouvait dans le pis' BK II 1135-6 ll A {DQA} 'm'uI`c {AD} 'fill ones mouth with fod\water' > T 'boI- (= 'moI-)
'eat ones fill' > OT {DTS} boI- id., 'be fed up with', {MKD} buI- 'be fed up with, be filled to nausea', Tv oI-, SY cI- 'eat
ones fill', Qrg boI-, Tf o'I- 'be sated with fat food', Qzq, Nog boI- 'eat too much', Bsh bugc- 'overeat' DTS 117, ET B
211, MKD 83, BR 124 Tg 'muIu- 'fill ones mouth with water' > Lm muq-, Neg moxon--moIun-, Ud muIun- id., Ewk
muIu-, WrMc muIu- 'hold water in ones mouth', Ewk muIu- 'swallow', Sln moxo- 'swallow water' STM II 552 pKo {S}
'moI- 'eat' > MKo moI- 'eat', NKo moI- 'eat, drink' QK #19, Nam 211, MLC 6O9 pJ {S} 'maIa-na- 'feed, provide
meals' > OJ maIana-, J: T maIana-, K maIana-, Kg maIana- S QJ #1233, Mr. 719 ??? M: Dg {T} mcIc-, {Pp.}
mcIc- 'suck' (unless derived from Dg {Pp., Mr.} mcIc 'womans breasts') T DgJ 154, Mr. D 19O, Klz. D II 12O DQA 1384
('m'uI`c 'suck') ll D 'muII- 'eat in large mouthfuls' > Tm muIIu 'eat in large mouthfuls', Kn muIIu 'put food into the
mouth with the hollowed hand and gobble', Tu muIIu- v. 'gobble, swallow, devour', Kui muIa 'cast food into the mouth with the
hand'; D 'muIIVl- 'mouthful' > Kn muIIul(c) 'mouthful of water for rincing the mouth', Tu muIIuli - muIIuli 'mouthful of
liquid', Kui muIal 'mouthful' D #4897 ll ? E: ma-aI-, ma-IV 'verzehren', ma-qa 'Verzehrtes' HK 848-5O, 875, 861-3 ^
The semantic pre-history of the latter root var. may be: 'mouth' 'mouthful' 'eat\drink in large mouthfuls'.
1399. 'muKcjVh,V 'arrive' > HS: S 'mOy - 'mO? - ? 'mOh 'arrive', ? 'go' > Ug myy G 'arrive, come to', BA
mty (pf.: 3m ay1m6 - ey1m6 mo'ta, 3f ty1m6 mo'tat; ip. ay4m6i% yi-m'tc) 'reach, come, arrive', IA mt? (i.e.
'mtyv) (2m pf. mtt), JA mty G (pf. iy4m6 mo'tc, ay1m6 - ey1m6 mota, SmA mty G 'arrive, reach', Sr mty G
(pf. 'to mota, acp. m. '999teo matc, acp. f. 'joto matya) 'come, arrive, reach', Md mty G (pf.: 3m mta, 3f mtiat)
'arrive, reach', Sb {BGMR} mO? G 'go, proceed, march', Mn mO? 'se trouver dans un endroit', mO? Sh (pf. smO?)
'arrive', Qt {Rk.} mO? G (b-mO?) 'enter, go through', Gz ms? G 'come, happen to', ? Ar [Qam.] moh G (pf. a7aMa
maoaha) {Fr.} 'abiit (per terram)', {BK} 'sen aller et senfoncer dans lintrier des terres' A #1627, OLS 265-6, KB 1735,
BDB 11OO, HJ 616-7, Js. 767, Sl. 658-6O, Br. 381-2, JPS 266, Tal 462-3, DM 264, BGMR 89-9O, MA 64, Rk. D 14O-1, L G
369-7O, Fr. IV 191, BK II 1125 ll U 'muIca- v. 'walk, cross (a river, a place)' > pLp {Lr.} 'moIsc- (- 'moIcc?) > Lp: L
moI'sc- / movsc- 'come, arrive, take ones course', I mohcc-, Kld {TI} moxsc- 'cross rapids (rowing), T {Gn.} moI:sc-
'cross a water' ('ber ein Wasser fahren') Sm: Ne T xa(a- 'cross (a place, water-course), go through', Ne T O {Lh.} mada-
'cross (a water-course)', Kms {Cs.} maItcr-lam 'schreiten' Coll. 35, UEW 284-5 ('muIca- 'ber das Wasser fahren'), Lr.
#674, Ter. 214, Cs. 192 ^ The rec. of N 'h is valid only if the Ar root moh preserved the ancient lr., which was lost in Ug, in
the Aram and SS lgs., but replaced in SS by a hiatus-filling ? ^ IS MsN (S, U).
1399a. ??? 'm'aKVRV 'big, long' > IE: Gk oko) 'long, large' F II 164-5, Ch. 66O-1 ll HS: B 'myr > Izd
myr id., maqqor 'grandir', Gh omyor 'be big', moqqor 'big', Gd {CM} mcqqur 'be big', {Lf.} omqur (pf. mcqqur) 'tre grand,
vieux, notable', Ah myr (imyar) 'be big', Kb myr (imyur) vq. 'be big, grow', Zng {TC} pf. ycmu?r (aor. yumu?r) 'grandir'
Mrc. 13O, Fc. 1235-8, Dl. 5O8-9, Ds. B 156, CM 124, Lf. I 288 & II #1O19, DCTC 296 ^ Highly doubtful. Valid unless Gk
oko) is a d that goes back to IE 'moI- / 'maI- 'thin, slender' (cf. N 'ma'XKE) and unless B myr goes back to N
'KERV 'to grow, be(come) big'.
14OO. ??? 'malE 'another, second' or 'two' > HS: C: Bj {R} 'mallo " 'malo, {Rop.} 'malc 'two', {R} before m. nouns
mal'lc; construct forms: {Rop.} 'malo-b 'two' m., 'malo-t 'two' f., Bj A {AD} 'malo-b m., 'malo-t f. 'two', Bj {R} 'maly-a,
{Rop.} 'mali-a 'the second', Bj {R} malho-'yan 'two of us', malho-'yaI 'two of you', malho-'yas 'two of them' || ?? EC: Af
{PH} malhin, Sa {R} malchon 'seven' (if derived from the word for "two" in the framework of the quinary numeric system) R
BedS III 6-11, R WBd 168, Rop. 21-3, PH 162, R S II 266, AD SF 196 ll D 'mal 'other, next, second' > Kn mala id., Tl malu
'next, second' D #4732 ll ? EA 'mallaQ- 'two' > Esk: SbY mal(u), CSbY {Rb.} maly(uI), CAY, WGI maly(uI), MkI
malloy(oI) || Ale {Men.} allax 'two'.
14O1. 'malV 'incline, bend' > HS: WS '-mil- > Ar pf. mala / ip. ya-mil-u 'lean, incline to', Jb E/C {Jo.} myl (pf. mcl,
sbjn. yil) 'turn sidewise, incline to one side', Mh {Jo.} myl (pf. msyul, sbjn. ysmycl) id., 'look sideways', Hrs {Jo.} myl (pf.
msyol) 'turn away\asdide' BK II 1174-5, Jo. M 276, Jo. J 179, Jo. H 92 ll A: Tg maj:,lt- v. 'bend, fold' > Ewk maltu-, Lm
malt+- id., Sln malta-, Neg maltt- v. 'fold', Ork d malttma 'folding knife' STM I 524-5 ll D (in SD) mal- 'bend, turn\look
sideways' > Kn malu 'bend', mala, malu 'sloping, slanting', malisu 'look obliquely, bend to one side', Td malf- 'look sideways'
(of a buffalo), Tu malu- v. 'lean, incline' D #4825 ^ The long vw. in Tg and D may suggest the presence of an additional
element, which in the light of the S ev. is likely to be identified as 'y (N 'maylV?).
14O2. 'm'aLV (= 'm'alV?) 'to hide' > K: MG [VTq.], G mal- v. 'hide, hide oneself' Chx. 7O8-9, DCh. 662-3 ll HS:
? EC: Sml maldah- v. 'hide, veil, conceal', ? Rn {PG} mallada (imv. mallav) 'get\be lost', Or {Brl.} milliI-, {Th.}
miliI- 'schivare, evitare, usar sotterfugi' ZMO 274, PG 218, Brl. 3O4, Th. 244-5 ll IE: NaIE 'mcl- ('(s)mcl-?) v. 'deceive; be
mistaken' (possibly N 'mcjy,lV 'mind, be clever' [q.v.]) > Av mairya- 'betrgerisch, tckisch, schurkisch' || ? OIr mcllaid 'il
flatte, sduit, trompe' (unless mcll 'pleasant' [acc. to Vn.]) || Lt mclas, Lt Z malas 'lie, falsehood', Ltv mcli n. 'lie', Lt
mcluoti, Ltv mclot 'to lie' | Sl 'mIliti 'to involve in error, mislead' > P, HLs mylic, Cz myliti, R ' xinnr , LLs mylis id.,
P mylic sic, Cz myliti sc, Uk xn) nnrnc 'to err, be mistaken' ({Frn.:} the irreg. 'I is due to the infl. of the synonymous verb
'xIb- [> Cz chybiti 'to err', P chybiac 'to miss, fail']?) || Arm me mcl 'sin, fault' || ?? Gk |oo- (*'falsehood') in |oo-o)
'evil-speaking, slanderous', |ooce 'speak ill, slander' (- 'speak'), ? cco) 'miserable, fruitless, vain' || ? Tc A smalc 'a
lie', smaloI 'liar' WP II 291. P 719-2O, Brtl. 1151-2, F I 241-2 (no et. of the Gk words), Vn. M 31-2, Frn. 43O, Ma. CS
314, ESSJ XXI 39-4O, Vs. III 23, Slt. 181-2, Wn. 431, EI 155 ('mcl- 'fail', 'mclos 'bad', ''mclcs- 'fault, mistake') ll A: Tg
'mcl- vi. 'hide' > WrMc mclc- vi. 'hide', steal away', Ewk PT msltils- vi. 'hide, shrink into ones shell' (' np) rar c) ,
ccunr c) , ynrn n cc6) ') STM I 567 ^ If the Tc words smalc, smaloI belong here, they suggest an IE '-(s)m- and
therefore a palatal element with the N (hence 'm'alV) ^ It is tempting to adduce here the obscure FP word, represented by Z
xinocc mIls 'a piece of bark used to cover the load of a boat (to protect it from the rain)' and Chr mcloz " mal+z 'lid of a bee-
hive (in a hollow of a tree-trunk)' (LG 182, UEW 289-8O). If the FP word belongs here, the original meaning of the N etymon
must be 'cover' (whence 'to hide').
14O3. ??? 'm'LV 'eye' > HS: Eg fKD mr.t 'eye(s) (of a god)' EG II 1O7 ll IE: NaIE 'mVl- > Clt: OIr mala (gen.
malach) 'eyebrow', NIr mala id., mala-orc 'eye', MBr {Ern.} malvcnn 'eyelid' Vn. M 14, 33, Dnn. 461, Ern. 386-7 ll ? A:
M: WrM hon mclmci 'eye(s)' (unless mclmci- 'be full, shine') MED 535 ^ Qu. because of the honorific (hence originally
metaphoric?) character of the WrM and Eg words.
14O4. 'molV 'to pound, gnaw/smash into pieces' > IE 'mcl-, 'mclh- 'to grind, pound' > Ht malla/i-, malliya/i- v. mill,
grind' NaIE: Arm malem malcm vt. 'bruise, mash, crush, break to pieces' || Gk u 'mill' || pAl {O} 'mclva > Al micll
'flour' || L mol-o, -crc v. 'grind' (- Al bluan| id.) || OIr mcl-, W malu, MBr malaff, Br, Crn mala v. 'grind' || Gt malan to
grind', OHG malan id., 'rub', NHG mahlcn, ON mala 'to grind'; Gmc 'mulvi_an > ON myl|a 'to grind, crush', OHG mullcn 'to
oppress, break into small pieces, grind, destroy' || Lt malti 'to grind' | Sl 'mcl-ti id. > OCS ma1:u mlcti (1s prs. mcl|o), Blg
'xcn , SCr Cr ml|c`ti / mc`l|cm, SCr Sr xnc`rn / xc`ycx, Slv mlcti, Cz mlcti - mliti, P mlcc / miclc, OR meae:u, R
xo' nor / xc' n || pTc {Ad.} 'mclv- > Tc: A malyv-, B mcly- {Wn.} 'presser fortement, broyer, craser', {Ad.} 'crush,
squeeze', {JGH} 'press' || ? OI mrnati 'crushes, grinds' ( IE 'mcr- 'crush' < N 'murV 'to break, crush') P 716-7, EI 247
('mclh-), F II 268-7O, WH II 1O4-6, M K II 673, M E II 319-2O, Ch. 721, Vr. 377, 397, Schz. 2O6, 216, Kb. 654, 699-7OO,
OsS 586, 625, KM 454, Vn. M 32, Hamp AIEW 147, O 3O, 265-6, ESSJ XVIII 89-91, Vs. II 597, Glh. 417, Wn. 278-9, Ad. 47O,
Ad. H 73, JGH 2O3, Slt. 99-1, CHD L-N 125-6, Ts. E II 1O2-3, Ivn. OPA 1O8-9 ll HS: CS 'mll 'crush, squeeze (e.g., for
husking the grain)' > MHb, JA, Md mll v. 'crush, squeeze, rub ears for husking the grain', BHb el1il5m6 moli'la, JA at1l6il5m6
molilo't-a 'ears of corn for rubbing, Reibhren', MHb {Js.} el1il5m6 moli'la 'ripe ear of corn', Ar mll D 'presser, activer'
KB 558, KBR 598, Js. 79O-2, BK II 1141 ll U 'mollV 'to crumble, break to pieces', 'crumble' > pLp 'molV > Lp N {N}
moallo 'crumb, little, bit, piece, morsel', moallani- - mollani- vi. 'crumble away' Sm {Jn.} 'm+lV- v. 'break' > Nn T Ym
xaAn A-c , Nn T BZ xaAn c-c , Nn T O {Lh.} mala v. 'break, smash'. Slq Tz {KKIH} mala- v. 'gnaw ( ipi:r )', Slq Tm
{KD} 1s aor. malaab id., Kms {KD} boldola'm - buldola'm vt. 'break', Koyb {Sp.} 6nanax 'I gnaw', Mt {Hl.} 'balo- v.
'gnaw, bite' (Mt M {Sp.} 6an x 'I gnaw', 6anL x 'I bite') - Mt {Hl.} 'bilabto- v. '(?) break' Coll. 35, UEW 278, Jn. 86,
KKIH 128, Hl. M ##97, 125 ll A 'molE ({IS} 'molV, {DQA} 'molc) 'to bite, gnaw' > M 'mol:i- (< 'mol-di-) 'gnaw, eat
the bones clean' > MMgl moli- 'gnaw', WrM moli-, HlM x' nn-, Brt xny-, Kl x' n'- mol
i
- 'gnaw, eat the bones
clean' MED 546, Chr. 3O5, KRS 357, Iw. 116 Tg 'mul- > WrMc muliyan 'jaw', ? {Z} muliya- v. 'swallow' Z 9O8, Hr.
677 pKo {S} 'mir- v. 'bite' > MKo mir-, NKo mul- S QK #7, Nam 229, MLC 677 ?, pJ {S} 'musir- v. 'pluck out,
pick out' > OJ musir-, J: T musiru, K musir-, Kg musir- S QJ #844, Mr. 72O DQA #1343 ^ In the light of the S
cognates the lr. in IE 'mclh- cannot belong to the N and is likely to be a root-extension ^ IS II 69-7O ('moLn
' pa:(po6n) r ', AD NM #63, S CNM 7 (suggests the Mc, Ko and J cognates; ST), Vv. AEN 18 (the segmentation of M
'mol:i- as 'mol- + '-:i- is considered a "teleological rec.", AD NMI-2 7.7), Glh. 417. J '-s- seems to suggest pA and N
'l, which is at variance with the U evidence. Hence our N rec. is with 'l (= 'll) Gr. II #186 ('mcli 'grind') [IE, U, EA +
unc. Ko, CK + qu. A {Gr.} 'moli 'cut', J].
14O5. 'm'aHlV (or 'm'aylV) 'little, young' > IE: NaIE 'molo- - ?? 'smclo- 'small, little' > Sl 'mal+ adj. (dadj.
'mal+|i) 'small, little' > OCS, OR moa+ mal+, Blg d xani, SCr ma`o (f. ma`la), Slv dadj. mali, Cz, Slk dadj. maly, P dadj.
maly, R dadj. 'xanin, pradj. xan (f. xa'na) || ?? Gmc 'smal- 'small, narrow' > Gt smal-ista sprl. 'smallest', OSx smal 'small,
little' ('klein, gering'), OHG smal 'small, narrow', NGH schmal 'narrow', AS sml id., 'slender, small', NE small || ?? Lt
smulIus, smulIus 'small, fine, thin', Ltv smalI-s 'fine, thin' WP II 296, P 724 (does not distinguish it from 'mclo-
'sheep and goats', cf. N 'mUjv,lVyV ' meat, animals'), ESSJ XVII 167-83, Bern. II 13-4, Vs. II 564, Vr. 519, Ho. 3O1, Ho.
GEW 93, Ho. S 68, Fs. 439, Kb. 916, Sw. 156, Kar. II 238-9, Frn. 849-5O, EI 23 ('mchl- 'small animal') ll HS: SC: ? Brn {E}
mcla 'house of unmarried young men', ? SC 1 Mb {E} milo 'child', mili 'heifer' E SC 17 ll U: FU 'm'olV *'child' or 'little'
> ObU: Vg K moli 'boy, dear boy'; pOs 'molV ({Hl.} 'mulV) 'little' (in cds ): Os: Ty molI, K/Kr -malo, Nz -molo, Kz
moli, e.g. Os: Ko/K cvo-malo 'little girl', a_-malo 'little boy', K mo_-malit 'children', Nz ay cq-molo, Kz cq-moli
'kleiner, eben ein wenig aus dem Zahnfleisch hervorgekommenner Zahn' Ht. #777, Stn. D 927 ll A: T 'bala ('mala) > NaT
'bala 'young bird, nestling; young of an animal' > XwT XIV, Chg XV bala 'young of an animal', Tk bala, Tk , Tkm, Uz , ET
bala, CrTt bala id., 'child', Az, Qmq, VTt bala, Uz 6ona bola, Slr b_ala id., 'nestling, young bird', QrB, Qzq, Qq, Nog, Bsh,
Qrg, ET bala 'child, baby' Cl. 332, Rs. W 59, ET B 47-9, TL 3O6-7, TkR 69 ^ The N vw. 'a (suggested by T) becomes ''o in
FU due to the labializing infl. of 'm-? ^ If the Gmc and Blt roots (and hence IE 'smcl-) belong here, it suggests a palatal element
in the N , which cannot be 'l (on the FU and T ev.), hence the N rec. 'm'aylV. If so, the long 'o in IE does not go back to a
vw. + lr., but represents the apophonic L- gr. (Dehnstufe), the element 'y being lost in IE due to its presonantic position. If IE
'smcl- does not belong here, the rec. is 'm'aHlV [corrobotated by the long vowels in NaIE 'molo- and T 'bala).
14O6. 'mUhLV (- -Lh-) 'slow, quiet' > HS: WS 'mhl 'be slow, quiet' > Ar mhl {BK} id., {Hv.} 'act at leisure, without
haste', Mh mhl Sh (pf. amohsl), Jb mhl Sh (pf. ohsl) vt. 'ease, lighten', Mh GT (pf. msthul) 'become easier\lighter', Sq {L}
'muhclc 'delay', {Jo.} 'mchsl 'delay, respite' BK II 1162-3, Hv. 738, Jo. M 262, Jo. J 169, L LS 239 ll IE: NaIE 'mcl- 'linger,
delay, be slow' > Gk ce 'delay, intend to do' || L [Fest.] ro-mcll-o / -crc 'litem promovere, adjorn a (legal) action', [Pl.}
rc-mcligo 'delay (Verzgerung)' || OIr mall (< 'ml-so-) 'slow, lazy', W {Vn.} mall 'lent, mou, fltri' WP II 292, P 72O, F II
2O2-3, WH II 37O, 427-8, Vn. M 15 ll A: Tg: Ewk mulu- 'be silent' STM I 555.
14O6a. 'mcH'alV 'a person (of egos generation?) from the other moiety' > HS: C: Bj {R} mc'?ali - 'm?ali, {Rop.}
m?ali 'brother\sister-in-law' R WBd 162, Rop. 216 ECh: Kwn M {J} molo - molo, ? Kbl {Cp.} magslsq, Ll {Grgs.}
malgyi 'female relative-in-law', Mkl {J} malsa, Tmk {Cp.} msla` 'sister-in-law'; Kwn M {J} Iu-malc - Is-mali:, Kbl
{Cp.} Ia-mslsq, Ll {Grgs.} Iu-mali 'male relative-in-law', Mkl {J} mclc 'brother-in-law' ChC, J LM 211, Cp. 1O5 ll D (in
NED) 'mcllI- > Krx mclI"o 'husbands brothers wife; concubine', Mlt mclqo, mclqor 'two or more contemporary wives'
D #5O81, Pf. 195 [#19O] ll A: T: [1] 'bola 'cousins' (children of two sisters)' > Qzq, Qq, Tv Tj bolc, Qrg bolo - bulo,
Xk, Shor olc id., Nog bolc, Uz bula, bola, Tk bola " bulla " bulcm " bclc, Qmn bolo 'cousins', Alt {BT}
b_olo 'children of sisters; cousin', Yk {Pek.} ayma_-bila 'relatives, neighbours' [Tk bola " bulla " bulcm " bclc, Ggz
bulu, Bsh bula, Nog, Qq nolo, Qzq bolc, Qrg bolo - bulo, Alt b_ulo, b_ilc, Uz bula, bola, Xk, Shor
olc, Tv b_ilc, Tv Tj bolc, Yk bilc id.]; T 1 M: WrM bulu - bolc, HlM 6n 'cousins' (of children of two sisters only)
[2] T: Tk {THDS} bal 'girl; brother'; - T 'bal-tir 'wifes younger sister' > OT, Qzq, Qq, Qrg baldiz, Bsh baldio id., Tkm
baldio 'husbands sister', Tk baldiz 'wifes\husbands sister', Az, CrTt, Kr Cr baldiz, Uz boldiz, Chv uld_+r 'wifes sister'
ET B 53-4, 217-8, TL 293-4, BT 34, Pek. 463. MED 14, Cl. 334, THDS II 495, Jud. 1O4 ^ The equation between D, Bj and Ch
was suggested by Blaz ek (Blz. DA 157 [#48] .
14O7. '`mihLi '`miLhi 'be weak' > HS: CS 'mhl > Sr mhl G 'weaken', Ar mhl G 'be barren (land, year)' Br. 381,
BK II 1O69-7O, Hv. 71O ll IE: NaIE '`mlci_-/'`mli- / ? '-mlcj:,u_- 'weak' > W blin (< 'mli-no-) 'tired', OBr blin {Flr.}
'mou, incertain, ngligent', MBr {Ern.}, Br {Hm.} blin 'faible, dbile' || Ltv {ME} blinis 'a tired person who cannot move' | Sl
'mlit- 'weak, flabby' > McdS xnnran 'flabby, languid, apathetic', SCr mli`tav, mli`t, mli`taI 'feeble, slack, lax', mli`tati 'be
lazy' || ? Gk o|u) 'blunt, weak' and possibly ooo) 'soft, weak, feeble' ( N 'mcil' V 'soft' [q.v.]) Ht malisIu- -
milisIu- 'weak; 'light, unimportant (?)' P 716-9, Flr. 86, Ern. 71, Hm. 87, YGM-1 47, ME I 316, ESSJ XIX 68, F I 85, 89-9O,
CAD L-N 13O, Ts. E II 1O6-7 ll A: M: WrM milmcrc- 'grow weak \ feeble' MED 539 ^ The N etymon in question may be
identical with 'mcil' V 'soft' (which in that case must be reformulated as 'mcilhi).
14O8. 'mUjv,lVyV ' animals, meat' > HS: C 'mal- 'livestock, meat' > HEC {Hd.} 'mala 'meat' > Brj, Ged, Kmb, Sd
mala, Hd mara id. | Rn {PG} mal 'female camel on loan', Sml N {Abr.} mal 'livestock', Sml {ZMO} mal 'goods, wealth'
( A Ar mal- 'flocks, wealth'?) Hd. 98, 21O, 257, 292, 331, 383, Ss. B 137, C SE II 213, Abr. S 172, ZMO 264, PG 214-5
NrOm: Bdt {C} malc - mali 'cow' (A or 1 HEC?) C SO 62 B 'malVy (pl. 'mulVy) > Ah a-mali (pl. i-mulay),
ETwl o-maloy (pl. i-mulay), Ty omclay (pl. imulay) 'male (non castrated) domestic animal' The long vw. goes back either to
'VH or to 'Vv Fc. 1199, GhA 128 S '-mVl- ('-mul-?) - 'ma'val- 'having flocks' > Ar mal- 'a rich \ wealthy person',
mvl G (pf. mala, ip. -mul-) 'be rich in flocks', mal- 'flocks; wealth, personal property' (originally a n. coll., derived by means
of the -a-infix) BK II 1168 ll IE: NaIE 'mclo- 'sheep and goats, young domestic animal' > Gk Ep, D, A o pl. id., sg.
ov 'sheep, goat' || OIr mil 'animal, small animal', NIr miol 'louse', Brtt {RE} 'milon > MW mil-cit, W -mil, OCrn, OBr, Br
mil, Crn myl 'animal' || Gmc: OFrk [LxS] mala 'cow', Dt maal, Dt G maolc 'young cow' || Arm mal mal 'wether, mutton'
( malcm v. 'castrate, geld' 'bruise, break') Ht {Ivn.} miluli- 'meat' ({Ts.} miluli--maluli- 'Krperteil, Weichteile')
But not here ( P 724) Uk xan 'sheep and goats, young sheep' (coll.) and R xa'nnu ' a Crimean sheep', which are loans
from a Turkic lge., most probably from CrTt mal 'livestock' (A Ar mal- 'flocks') [see Rl. IV 2O35-6] WP II 296, P 724
('mclo- 'kleineres Tier'; + err. Sl and Gmc words for 'small, little' and L malus 'bad'), F II 226-7, Vn. M 51, Flr. 256-7, RE 79,
Vr. N 419, Bern. II 13-4, ESSJ XVII 156, 176 (Uk xan , P xa) nnu Sl 'mal+ 'small'), EI 23 ('mchl- 'small animal') ,
Ts. W 53, Ivn. SL 153 ll A {DQA} 'mula ' deer' > T 'bulan 'elk' > OT bulan ({Cl.} bulan) ' large wild animal which is
hunted' (Cl.: obviously 'elk'), MQp XV bulan 'wild ass, onager', Qzq 6nnan bulan, VTt, Bsh 6onan b+lan, Xk ulan, Qb
{Cl.} bulan 'elk', Tv b_ulan, Qrg bulan 'elk, deer', Uz hist bulon 'wild horse', No, Qrg bulan ' gazelle', Chv L naAnan
+lan, Chv H +lan 'stag', 'elk' Cl. 343, ET B 26O, TL 154, BT 35, Rl. IV 1374, Shch. Zh 141, Dr. TM II #81O, Jud. 157,
NogR 9O, BT 35 NrTg 'mul- (dim. 'mul-Ian) 'deer, elk' > Ewk mulIan 'castrated reindeer (of 1.5 to 2 years), mul-Iaan
'male reindeer, elk, Manchurian deer (of 2 to 3 years)', Lm mtlqan 'domesticated\wild reindeer (of 1 year), mtlqaan 'wild
reindeer, elk' (of 2 to 3 years)', Neg molIan 'wild reindeer' (of 1 to 2 years)', Ewk mul-ta 'herd of wild reindeers, a wild
reindeer', Ewk PT mclclc, Ewk Nr mclan 'young elk, small reindeer' STM I 534, 555 DQA #1363 (A 'mula, incl. T,
Tg) ll ? U: FU 'mXllyX 'breast; breast (meat)' (semantic infl. of the paronymous U 'malc 'breast' < N 'malgc id.,
'udder' [q.v.]) > Vt msla, msl 'breast, breast (meat) of an animal (ox, etc.), Vt S msla, K mu`l`a 'Bauchteil unter den Rippen' ||
OHg XII-XIII malos, maly 'breast', Hg mal " ma| " maly 'Bauchfell eines Pelztiers' pY {IN} 'mol- > Y K mol-il 'trunk of
body' (nominal sx. -il) UEW 289-9O, MF 418-9, EWU 928, IN 246, Rd. UJ 48 [#75] (Y U) ^ The factor of lengthening in
B has been interpreted as a N 'v (rather than a lr.) on the ev. of S (absence of a lr. and presence of 'u/v). The palatalized l in Vt
and OHg points to the presence of a palatalizing element, but T '-l- rules out a pN 'l, so that a N '-LVy- remains the best
solution (supported by the B ev.): in T the former intervoc. '-y- was lost, while in U the cluster '-Ly- yields Vt l and Hg -ly-.
14O9. 'mcjy,lV 'mind, be clever' > HS: EC 'mal- > LEC {Bl.} 'mal- > Sml mal-c 'a thought, guess', mal-ay- caus. v.
'think (about sth.), Rn {PG} mal 'thought, idea', mal-d-a v. md. think, plan', Bs {HL} maj:,ll- 'reflect, think about', Or {Grg.}
mal- vt. 'plan, design', Or Wl mal- {Bl.} 'come up with a plan', {Brl.} 'pensare, escogitare, ordire, macchinare', Kns {Bl.} mal-
'apply a tactic', Gdl mal- 'prepare a plan of action' | HEC: Sd {HL} mal- 'give advice, ponder, consider' Bl. 163, Brl. 291-2, Grg.
275, ZMO 274, Abr. S 172, PG 217-8, HL 127 EthS 'myl (A C?) > Tgr e mcla 'trick, wile, artfulness', Tgy e 'mcla
'prudence, habilit' [(?) 1 Bln {R} mil- 'zum Besten halten, in schalkhafter Weise hintergehen, betrgen; geringschtzig
behandeln'], Amh mvla 'prediction, opinion, occasion' ( EthS , represented in Gz mly malaya v. 'separate, divide, distinguish'
- lclaya 'separate, disjoin'?); Amh ? 1 Or {Th.} mala 'avviso, parere, opinione, idea'; Har {L} mvla 'ways and means', Grg
Ez/Gt/Mh/Sl/So mvla, Grg Ch mvlla, mcla, Grg Wl mvlv, Grg Ed malv, Grg En mala 'chance, guess, ways and means' LH
138, CS 123, R WB 269, Th. 233, L CAD 15, L G 346, L EDG III 4O1 ll IE: NaIE 'mcl- 'deceive' WP II 291, P 72O ( N
'm'aLV 'to hide' [q.v. ffd.]) ll U: FU 'mcllc > FP 'mclc 'mind, sense' > F micli, Es mccl id. | pLp {Lr.} 'mcls 'mind,
sense' > Lp: S {Hs.} miclc, Vfs {Lgc.} mIsls 'wish, will, sense', N {N} miclla / -l- 'disposition, temper; desire, wish;
opinion', (pl.) 'sense', L {LLO} miclla 'mind, temper; understanding; opinion', Kld xnnn mill 'mind' | Mk x n mal 'wish,
opinion', Er xcn mcl id., 'thought' | Prm 'mu'l > Vt xin mIl 'wish'; Prm cd 'mu'l-Iu'd > Z xinii( mIvIId, Yz mnl'Int
'mind', Vt mIlIId 'temper, desire' ('Iu'd 'mind, conscience'); Prm (d ?) mo'l- v. 'think' > Z msvav- " mslal- " mso-, Vt
xannani mal- The Prm vw. 'u' (unlike 'o') is irreg. and still unexplained UEW 7O1-2, Sm. 553 ('mccli 'mind'), LG 173,
18O, Lt. J 148, It. #356, Lr. #665, Lgc. #3875, Lgc. SL 85, Hs. 92O-1, SaR 189-9O, ERV 374, PI 17O-1.
141O. 'mal?V 'full, much' > HS: S 'ml? G 'be full' > BHb, Ug, Mh, Hrs, Sq ml? G id., Jb E/C ml? G (pf. 'misi)
id., Ar ml? G (pf. mali?a) id., ml? G (pf. malu?a) 'be rich\wealthy', ml? G (pf. mala?a), BA ml? G 'fill', JEA mly G
'be full\complete; fill', Md, Gz ml? G 'be full, fill', Ak ml? G (inf. malu) 'be full'; - S 'ml? D 'fill' > Ug, OA, IA,
BHb, JA, Sr, Ar, Ak ml? D id.; - S 'ma'li?- 'full' > BHb al4m1 ma'lc, Ug ml, JA [Trg.] il4m6 mo'lc, JEA il4m6 - al4m6
mo'lc, Sr \e mo'lc id., Ar pf. (< pred. adj.) mali?a 'was full', Sb ml? n. 'total sum (of money)', Ar NY T malan 'much', Ak
malu 'full, covered, complete'; Qt d ml?t 'period, duration' KB 552-4, 1735, A #568, OLS 273, Lv. II 118-2O, Lv. T III 39, Sl.
678-9, Br. 388-9, HJ 627-8, DM 272, BK 1141-2, Hv. 731, Bns. NJ I 171, BGMR 85, MA 6O, Rk. 96, L G 342, Jo. M 265-6, Jo. J
171, Jo. H 88, CAD X/1 173-89 ll IE 'mclj?,- 'much, very, (?) strong' > NaIE 'mcl- 'much, very' > Gk oo 'very', cmpr.
oov 'more', sprl. oioto 'most' || L cmpr. mclior / ntr. mclius 'better', mult-us / -a / -um / pl. mult-i / -ac / -a 'much,
many' (< {Mul.} 'ml'to-), Osc MOLTO nom. sg. f. 'multa', MOLTAS gen. sg. f., MOLTAM gen. sg. f. 'multam', Um MOTAR
gen. sg. f. 'multae', muta nom.-acc. sg. || Ltv {ME} milns 'very much' ?? Ht {CHD} malant- 'powerful (?), vigorous (?)',
mal n. (a quality desirable for men in combat, such as boldness, ferocity, skill) WP II 292, P 72O, EI 235 ('mcl- 'good'), F
II 165, Bc. G 32O, 338, WH II 63-4, 124-5, Mul. 274, ME II 627, Ts. E II 1OO, CHD L-N 124-8, Frd. HW 133 [mal 'viel' (??),
'Flle' (??)'] ll A: [1] ? M 'mcl > WrO {Krg.} mcl 'complete, whole', Kl xcn 'completely, quite', {Rm.} mcl 'gerade, ganz' (unless
< 'mcn-l mcn 'gerade', as suggested by Rm.), Ord {Ms.} mclu' - mclc 'beaucoup, trs, en grand nombre, en grande
quantit'; M 'mclmcyi- > WrM mclmci-, HlM xynxnn-, Kl {Rm.} mclmc- 'become very\completely full', WrO {Krg.}
mclcmclc- 'be full, overflowing' MED 534-5, Krg. 597, KRS 349, KW 26O, Ms. O 462 pJ 'msr- 'fill, heap up' > OJ
mor-, J: T mor, K/Kg mor- S QJ #1152, Mr. 277 Tg: Nn B malda- v. 'fill' ? T 'mol 'abundant' > Tkm , Qmq, Qzq,
Qq, Nog, Qrg, ET {Rl.} mol, Tk bol, Tkm, Az Ggz, CrTt, Qmq bol, Uz mul, VTt, Bsh mul The T rounded 'o is due to the infl.
of 'm- ET B 184-5, Rl. IV 1669, 2125, Bu. II 287-8 [2] d ?: A 'milt`V ({DQA 'milt`ci) or 'mclt`V > M 'mcltcyi- >
WrM mcltci-, HlM xynrnn-', Kl xcnr` - mclta- 'be full to overflowing', Ord mclc`irmc 'rempli jusquau bord' Tg: Lm
miltors 'full, whole', Ork milts-milts id. 'full' (A M?) pJ 'mit- 'full' > OJ mit-, J: T mici-, K/Kg mici-, Ns mic-, Sh
mi-, Ht nc- S AJ 111, 268 [#94], S QJ #9, Mr. 725 S AJ 111, 278 [#88] (A 'milt`V 'full, to fill'), SDM97 [A'mil(t)c
'full, fill'], DQA #1312 (A 'mi_olo 'full, to fill, thick'; incl. M, J, T) and #1294 (A 'milt`ci 'full, fill') ll D (in SD?) 'mal- v.
'abound, become full' > Tm malar- id., mali- 'abound, be full\plentiful', Ml maliIa 'v. 'abound, overflow', Kn malya, Tu malla
'great, big', ? Tl malayu 'spread' D #4729 ^ The vw. 'i in Tg and J still defies explanation ^ ( IS): Ar mlh 'be good'
hardly belongs together with IE 'mcl- 'much, abundant', it is most probably a sd of mlh 'be salty' (from pS ''milh- 'salt'), cp. Ar
malih- 'salty, good'. Neither does Eg mn_ 'convenient' belong here ^ IS II 41 [#273] ('maln 'numerous, abundant': IE, D +
unc. HS: Ar mlh, Eg mn_); IS MS 331 ('malV 'big' > IE, D + unc. HS 'ml'h 'good'), OS #1816 (Ar mlh, Eg
mn_) Gr. II #262 ('mcl 'many, much') [IE, A, Gil + qu. J + unc. Ko, CK, EA].
1411. 'mAlj,V 'hill, mountain, sth. protruding' > IE 'mcljH,- 'high bank, mountain' > NaIE 'mcl- > pAl 'mala > Al
mal 'mountain' and 1 Rum mal 'bank'; pAl d 'mal-ya > Al ma|c 'summit, peak || Ltv mala 'bank, river\lake-side, beach;
edge, rim', Lt mala 'Land, Landschaft', d a-mal-is 'edge', Lt |ur-mala, Ltv |ur-mala 'sea-side, sea-shore' (Lt, Ltv |ura
'sea') | ? Sl: RChS umea1:u iz-mol-cti 'to protrude', Slv molcti molcti 'to project, jet out, overhang' || ?? OIr mcll (<
'mcl-no-) 'round object (hill, ball, etc.)' [semantic infl. of OIr mul {Vn.} 'masse ronde, boule'?]; ? ( N 'm'LV 'eye'): OIr,
NIr mala 'eyebrow', MBr {Ern.} malvcnn 'eyelid' [possibly from 'protuberance'] P 721-2, Bc. 219, Vn. M 14, 33, Ern. 386-7,
O 243, Frn. 4OO-1, ESSJ IX 49, Bern. II 74 ll D 'mal, mal-ay 'hill, mountain' > Tm malai_ id.. Ml mala 'mountain, raised
land, hill-land', Kt mal ar`, Td mas_ or` 'high downs on western half of Nilgiri plateau', Td mal 'the Nilgiri mountains', Kn malc
'mountain, forest', Tu mal 'forest, hill overgrown with forest', Tl mala 'mountain', Klm malc - malc 'hill', Prj malaqg 'forest',
Gdb marc " marc 'hill(ock)', Brh mas 'hill, mountain' D #4724 ll HS: B 'mul- > Mz a-mul (pl. i-mul-on) 'crte
(suprieure, dun coq, etc.)' Dlh. M 118 Ch: Kwan {J} moldo 'mountain' ChC Eg MK/XVIII m: 'bank of river\lake'
EG II 25, Fk. 1O2 ^ IS II 51 ('mALn; IE, D) ^ The long vw. in B and the lr. in Eg suggests a N lr. '.
1411a. 'mELVy_V 'lizard, small reptile' or sim. > HS: EC 'mulV- > Af {Clz.} mul'uita 'worm', {R} mul'luit
' lizard', Sml {ZMO} mula ' small lizard', Sml N {Abr.} mula ' lizard', {Lm.} mula, Sml My {Lm.} mula?, Sml Db
{Lm.} mulu?, Sml T {Lm.} muls? 'lizard', Rn {PG} muluh 'small grey lizard', possibly also Sml malov, Sml N malov
' lizard' Clz. 127, R A II 89, ZMO 275, 296, Abr. S 172, 182, Lm. SD 27O, PG 228 WCh: Bks {J} mulusus 'lizard' ||
CCh: ? Nz {Srp.} malava 'chameleon' ChC, J R 144 ( Blz.) the B word for 'green lizard' (Kb a-mulab, BMn/BSlh
{Ds.} mulab id.), which is likely to be a loan from Ar Mgr (cp. Mz cd bu-lab ' green lizard', Mtm bu-lab 'green lizard' with
bu-, bu- from Ar ?abu 'father of' 'having the quality of') (see Dl. 496, Ds. B 198, Dlh. M 1O2, Bs. NLB V 174) OS #1792
(HS 'mulu- > EC, WCh) ll K: GZ (mt ?) 'm_ul- 'lizard' > OG, G m_uliv-, Mg _vi(l)ar-, _olar-, _vclar-, Lz mt_ola(r)-,
_olura- G mu_lu_-i G mu_lu_-i {Chz.} 'caterpillar (Raupe)', {DCh.} 'worm that eats leaves' [ N 'mAlaqIV 'eel', (?)
'worm'] K 144, K
2
134, FS K 232, FS E 255, DCh. 912, 939, Chx. 861 ll IE: NaIE 'mol- /? 'mcl- > Arm moz molcz 'lizard'
|| Gmc: OSx, MLG mol, OHG mol, molm, molt, MHG mollc 'salamander', NHG d Molch id. || ( N 'mAlaqIV 'eel'): ?? OI
maluIa-h ' worm' Kb. 695-6, KM 485, P 717, M K 6OO (no et. of maluIa-h) ll A: M 'mclcI(cyi) 'frog, toad' > WrM
mclcIci, HlM xynxnn id., Kl xcin` mcIla id., {Rm.} mcIlc, Ord {Ms.} mclc_i 'frog', WrM lag mclcIci, Ord
lag_ mclc_i, Kl {Rm.} yag_ mclIc 'turtoise' (lit. *'firm frog'?), Brt xynxyn 'turtoise', Dg {MYC} mslsg 'frog, toad', {Lg.}
mslcg_, {Mrm.) mclcx, {Mr.} mclcxc 'frog'; the M word was probably indluenced by the paronym 'mcncIcyi 'frog, turtoise'
(> MM mcncIci_ id., [HI] nag mcncgci_ 'turtoise') MED 534, MYC 484, Klz. D II 12O, Mr. D 19O, KRS 348-9, KW 265O,
Chr. 311, Lg. VMI 53, Ms. H 75, Pp. MA 235, Ms. O 442. 461 [ pJ {S} 'munanIi 'eel' ( N 'mEni ' fish', q.v.) > OJ
munagi_i, J: T unagi, K unagi, Kg unagi id. S QJ #34O, Mr. 562 ll D 'maljaqI,- 'eel' > Tm malaqIu 'eel', Tl maluga
' eel', malan|(i) 'eel-like fish', ?: Kui mrau (pl. mraqga), Ku mn`iya, Krx min: 'eel' D #4737 ^ D 'maljaqI,- and pJ
'munanIi 'eel' suggest a common derived etymon 'm'alaqIV 'eel' ] ^ The equation between K, HS, Arm and Gmc was
suggested by Blz. (Blz. KM 137 [#19]); Blz. DA 158 [#66] (unc. adduction of D 'maljaqI,- 'eel', see N 'mAlaqIV 'eel'). .
1412. 'mcil' V 'soft' > IE '`mcl'L- > NaIE '`mclo- 'soft' > OI 'mla-ya-ti 'withers, fades', Vd pp. mla-'ta- 'made soft
by tanning', Av mrata- 'tanned' || Gk ooo) 'soft, weak, feeble' ( N '`mihLi '`miLhi 'be weak' [q.v.]), ooko) 'soft' ||
Arm mem mclm 'soft, mild, gentle' || Gmc: OHG mol(a)vcn 'to dwindle, decay, pine away; tabere', MDt malsch - mals
'reckless, soft', MHG molvic 'weich, staubartig', NHG mollig 'soft', molsch - mulsch 'too mellow, over-ripe' (of fruit) || ? OIr
mlcn - blcn 'groin' (: NHG Wcichcn) || ? L molli-s 'soft' ( NaIE 'mldvi-s 'soft, tender' < 'mVLdV 'young, tender'?)
?? Ht miluli - maluli - mclujli,- 'soft tissue' (?), 'skin' (?), 'flesh'(?), {Gtz.} 'Weichteile' P 716-9, EI 532 ('mclh- 'soft'), M K
II 698, M E II 388-9, WH II 1O3-4, F I 85 & II 165, Vn. M 56-7, Kb. 695, OsS 619, KM 48O, CHD L-N 13O, 253-4, Ts. E II
21O-1, Gtz. T 77 ll D 'mcl(l)- 'soft, tender' > Tm, Kn mcl id., Tm mclla, mclla 'softly, slowly, gently', Ml mcl 'slender, tender',
Kt mclg- vi. 'soften', Td mcs_x- 'become soaked and softened', Kdg mcllc 'lightly, slowly', Tu mclla 'slow, soft, gentle', Tl
mclla, mclamclla 'slowly, grently', Gdb mcllaga, Knd mclcIa 'slowly', Kui mr`crna 'soft, quiet, gentle' D #5O78 ll A: ? M
'mclmcyi- > Kl xcnx` - mclma- 'be quiet' (of a person)' (unless M 'mclmcyi-, Kl {Rm.} mclma- 'be full'), ?? M
'milcayi- > WrM {MED} milcai-, HlM x nnan- 'become soft\wet' (unless M 'milcayi- 'become flat \ flat-faced' [> WrM
{Kow., Gl.} milcai- id.]) MED 539, KRS 349, Rm. 26O, Kow. 2O25, Gl. III 3O8 ^ If the Ht words belong here, they suggest
an IE weak lr. ('L) and a N ' . If we adduce here some roots for 'weak' (S 'mhl, NaIE 'mlci_-/'mli-, Ht malisIu- 'weak' and
M 'milmcrc-), we may reformulate the N rec. as 'mcilhi 'soft, weak' (cf. N 'mihLi 'miLhi 'be weak').
1413. 'mVLdV 'young, tender' > IE: NaIE 'mald"- id. > Pru maldai nom. pl. 'young men, adolescentes', maldian acc. sg.
'foal', maldunin acc. sg. 'youth' ('Jugend'), maldcniIis 'child' | Sl 'mold+ m. ('molda f., 'mold+|i dadj.) 'young' > OCS
mao+ mlad+, Blg xna(, SCr, Slv mlad, Cz dadj. mlady, P dadj. mlody 'young', R dadj. xono'(on id. / pradj. 'xono( 'is
young' || Clt: W blydd 'tender, juicy, soft' || Gk oev (gen. oovo)) 'weakling' (of a person), ooko) 'soft', ooooe
'I soften' ( ooko) 'soft', ooooe 'soften' < N 'mcil' V 'soft'), but not |oou) 'slack' WP II 284-9O, P 716-9, EI
532 ('mldu-s with unj. rec. of 'd on the ev. of Gk |oou)), F II 167, En. 2O7, ESSJ XIX 174-9, Glh. 415-6 [all of them do
not distinguish IE 'mald"- from similar stems ('mclo-, 'mcld-, etc.) for 'soft', 'weak', 'crush', etc. that go back to different N
roots] ll HS: S 'mld > Ar mald- 'tender, delicate (youth), soft (bough)', mld G (ip. -mlad-) 'be tender', {Fr.} maladan-
'iuventus, adolescentia' Fr. IV 2O5, Hv. 732-3.
1414. '`malgc (or '`malIc?) 'breast, udder' > HS: S 'mlg > Ar lM mlg v. G 'suck' BK II 1143 ? Eg mn
'female breast, breast', Eg RT/G 'udder' > Cpt B mue: omnot, mue[ omnoti 'breast'; but Vc. p.c. and Tk. EAAT suggested alt.
etymologies: Vc. interpreted Eg mn as 'm-ynI (cp. S 'ynI 'suck'), Tk. connected it with C 'nug 'suck' EG II 92-3, Fk.
11O, Vc. 117, Crn. 86, Crum 176 EC: Sml, Rn mal- v. 'milk' Abr. S 172, DSI 396, ZMO 264, PG 215 Cal. 64, Tk.
EAAT 232 ll IE: NaIE '`mclg- v. 'milk' > Gk oce 'I milk' || pAl {O} 'mclga > Al m|cl (aor. mola) v. 'milk' || L mulgc-o
/ mulgcrc v. 'milk' || OIr mlig- - blig- v. 'milk', pfc. do-om-malg || OHG mclcan, mclchan, NHG, Dt, NLG mclIcn, AS
mcolcan 'to milk'; Gmc {Zlz.} 'mcluI- - 'mcliI- > Gt miluIs 'milk', ON m|olI, OHG miluh - milih, NHG Milch, Dt mclI,
OSx miluI, AS mioluc - mcolc, AS A milc id., NE milI; - ON molIa v. 'milk'; Gmc 1 Sl 'mclIo > OCS ma1ke mlcIo,
Blg 'xn io, SCr xncio " mli|cIo, Slv mlcIo, Cz mlcIo, mliIo, P mlcIo, OR meaeke moloIo, R, Uk xono'io 'milk' || Lt
mclzu / milzti v. 'milk' | Sl 'mclzti / prs. 'mclzo v. 'milk' > RChS ma1u mlcsti / m+aa m+lzo, Blg xn': , SCr
mu`sti / muzcm, Slv mlcsti / molzcm id., Slk mlzt` 'to suck' || pTc {Ad.} 'malI- v. 'milk' > Tc A malIlunc n. act.
'milking'; pTc 'mclI-a > Tc: A malIc, B malI-vcr n. 'milk' P 722-3, EI 381 ('hmclg- 'to milk'), O 27O, Huld 94-5, Frn.
434-5, F I 91, Vn. M 57, Fs. 36O-1, Vr. 389, 392, Vr. N 436, Ho. 219, 223, Ho. S 52, Kb. 673, 686, OsS 6O1, 61O, KM 473, 478,
Zlz. II #3O.31, WH II 121, ESSJ XVIII 84-8 (tries to deny the Gmc origin of Sl 'mclIo), 95-6, Glh. 416, 429, Wn. 284, Ad.
442 IE 'g for the expected 'g" is obscure; on the prosthetic vw. in Gk and on IE and N '`- see Introduction, 2.2.6 ll U
'malc 'breast' > FU 'malc id. > F malvi, Es malv 'breast of a bird\fowl' | pLp {Lr.} 'mclIs 'breast of an animal' > Lp: L
{LLO} micl'Ia 'breast-bone, breast of reindeer', N {N} micl'ga 'breast\chest of an animal' | Er mclIt 'lungs', Mk maIa
'breast' | Chr: H/Uf/B mcl id., L mcl 'Brustffnung des Hemdes' | Vt msl 'breast' || ObU {Hl.} 'mcyol 'breast' > pVg {Ht.}
'maol > Vg: T mavl, LK mol, MK mal, LL mal, NV/SV/UL/Ss mal; pOs {Ht.} 'moyol id. > Os: V/Vy mool,
Ty ma'"o, Y ma'vo, D/K mcot, Nz mcvot, Kz mcvo, O mcvol | Hg mcll 'chest, breast, bosom' pY {IN} 'mcl- > Y
K {IN} mcl-ut 'breast' (-t is a nominal sx.), {Jc.} mclu, mclut id., OY: K {Bil.} mclud, {Lind.} mclut, Ch {Mat.} xanir , O
{Mat.} xcnyp UEW 267, Sm. 546 (FU, FP 'malIi, Ugr 'malIi 'breast'), Ht. #383, IN 234, 31O, IN RJ 9, Ang. 152-3,
Rd. UJ 48 [#75] (Y A U) ll D (in SD) {GS} 'moul-ai_ 'female breast' > Tm mulai_ 'womans breast, teat', Ml mula, Td
mis_ id., 'udder', Kt mcl, Kdg molc 'breast', Kn molc 'female breast', Tu mir 'breats, nipple, teat of animal' D ##4985, GS 79
[#252] The unexpected vw. 'o is due to contamination with D 'mol- 'waist' (D #4986, GS 74 [#241]) ^ If Sm.s phonological
hyp. and his rec. of FU 'malIi are accepted, it may point to a N 'malIc, whence regularly IE 'mclg- and FU 'malIi and a
secondary voicing in Ar mlg ^ IS II 57-8 ('malgi 'breast, udder' > HS, IE, U) ^ On N and pIE `- see Introduction, 2.2.6
Gr. II #281 ('mclI 'nurse' v./ 'breast') [IE, U, Y, EA + err. A, Ko, J, CK].
1415. 'muLVIX 'think, deliberate, come to a decision' > HS: S 'mlI G > Ak fOAk mlI (inf. malaIu) 'give advice;
ponder, deliberate, come to a decision', IA mlI G , DA mlI T , Plm mlI Sh 'promise', JA {Dlm.}, ChrPA mlI G 'decide',
JEA mlI T , JPA Bz mlI G 'consult', T (Nvklmtia ?ytmlIvn) 'reconsider', Sr mlI G 'persuade, promise'; S 'mlI G v.
'rule, hold power, possess' > Ug, BHb, Mb, Ph, Amr, Yd, OA, IA, JA, JPA Bz, Md, Tgr mlI G 'reign', Ar mlI G 'possess', Sb
mlI G 'become king; own, possess', Gz mlI G 'own, possess, rule', Mh mlI G (pf. msluI, sbjn. ysmlcI) 'possess, keep
for oneself', Jb C mlI G 'own', Ak RS mlI G (A a WS lge.?) 'rule, hold power'; - S ''maliI- 'ruler, chieftain' ( 'king') >
BHb Kl3m3 'mclcI, SmHb 'maloI (pl. ma'lcI-om), BA Kl3m3 'mclcI, em. a1l6m2 mal'I-a, Ed, Ph, Pun, Yd, OA, IA
mlI, Ug mlI, (AkSc) {Hnr.} malIu, JA [Trg.] Kl3m3 'mclcI, JA [Trg.], JEA em. a1l7m2 mal'I-a, Sr 'kola mal'I-a, Md
malIa, Ar liMa maliI-, Qt mlI, Sb, Mn mlI (pl. ?mlI) 'king', Gz d aMK ?amlaI 'Lord, God' ( pl.), Ak fOAk malIu 'king,
(foreign) ruler', Eb ma-li-gu-um or (cs.) ma-liI = maliI-(um) 'king' CAD X/1 154-8, 166-9, Dlm. 226, KB 558-61, 1736-7, HJ
633-44, G A 25, Hff. 23O-1, OLS 275-6, Hnr. 147, T II 41, Schlt. 112, A #1577, Sl. 68O-1,Sl. P 31O, Br. 391-2, DM 243, AD
PSH 93, 1O1, 1O7, 114, BGMR 85-6, MA 6O-1, LH 1O9, Jo. M 266, Jo. J 171, Krb. EG 3, Frnz. EL 145, 155 ll A: NrTg 'mulgX
'thought, quick-wittedness, wisdom' > Ewk PT mulgit/- 'use\be cunning', Lm mtlg+n 'thought, quick wits', Lm A mtlg+n
'wise', mtlg+- v. 'invent' STM I 554-5.
1416. ?? 'mVLKX 'erase, undo, not to do' > HS: WS 'mlI > Ar mlq vi. G (ip. -mluq-) 'erase', {BK} 'effacer', N
(pf. ?inmalaqa) 'escape from', Tgy mlI" G (pf. mvlvx"v) 'get loose, get disintegrated' BK II 115O, Hv. 734, L G 345 ll
IE: NaIE 'mlIj",- > Sl 'milca-ti 'keep silence' > OCS maivo:u mlicati, SCr mucati, Slv molcati, Cz mlccti, Slk
mlcat`, P milczcc, HLs m|clccc, LLs mclcas, R xon' uar , Uk xon'uarn id., Blg xn'ua 'keep silence'; Sl 'milI-no-ti
'get silent' > ChS ma+kua:u ml+Inoti, SCr muInuti, Cz mlInouti, Slk mlInut`, P milInac, HLs m|clInuc, Blg
{Gerov} ) xnina, Blg 'xnina, cds : RChS m+aku:u u-molInuti, R y' xoninyr , Slv za-molIniti id. | ?? Lt mulIis 'fool'
Vs. II 643, 648, ESSJ XXI 99-1O8, Glh. 427, Frn. 471 ll ? A: M 'molturc- (''molI-tu-rc-?) v. 'undo, detach, loosen' >
WrO moltor- 'undo, unsnap, detach', WrM molturc- 'loosen, detach; escape'; M 'moltu > WrM moltu, moltus,
HlM x' nr 'slightly, somewhat, superficially', ? in a set phrase: Brt xanra xnry 'slightly, superficially' (' uyr -uyr ,
noncpxnocrno, 6cino'), Ord g_alt`u malt`u ' moiti, incompltement' MED 546, Krg. 6O6, Ms. O 29O, Chr 539.
1416a. 'm'ElV small predator' > HS: Ch: WCh: Bg {Csp.} muli, Tala {ChL} mamalc, Zul {Grgs.} mamal, Buli
{ChL} mumalI, Sha/DfB/Bks {J} murum, Sir {Sk.} mboli, ?? Tng {ChL} amiltomi 'hyena' || ECh: Skr {Nc.} mcla
'cat' ChC, ChL, Csp. 55, J R 145, 219, 287, Lk. ZSS 36 ll K: GZ 'mcl- (< K 'mcj:,l-) 'fox' > OG mcl-, G mcl-i, mcla-i (1 Mg
mcla-, Lz mcl- id.), eMg 'mal- 1 Sv: UB/L mal, LB malv, Ln maul id. K 125-6, K
2
119, DCh. 699 TK 559 ll A: M: WrM
malur, HlM xanap 'striped wild cat, Felis sylvestris', 1 ET molun 'wild cat'; d : M 'malu-qayi (> WrM {FLD} malu-qai 'wild
cat') 1 WrMc malaxi 'wild cat', {Ha.} 'gefleckte gelbliche Wildkatze' The back vw. 'a may be due to vw. harmony MED
525, Kow. 1995, Nov. IE 122, FLD III 4919, Nj. 712, Rs. W 326, Z 871, Ha. 636, STM I 523 T 'm'ul > OT QU muj:,s
{Cl.} 'wild cat', SY mis " mis, T 1 Kl xnc, {Rm.} mis, Kl mis 'cat'; - NaT 'misiI - 'isiI 'cat' [with a dim.(?) sx.
'-iI] > MOsm, Chg isiI, Tk isiI " isiI " usuI " misiI, Xlj usuq, Az, Tkm isiI, misiI, Slr
misix " musuI " mcsux, Qmq misiI, VTt m+z+q, Bsh bisay, Nog, Qzq misiq, Qq isiq, Qrg misiq, Uz musuq,
ET mosuI, SY misiI " misiq, Chl miziq " miziq 'cat' The variations may be due to the infl. of the child lge. and to
foreign influences (cf. Sgd mvsIysc 'wild cat') ET 191, Rs. W 332, Cl. 774 (supposed that OT mus is a loan from an
unidentified lge.), KRS 353, KW 263 DQA #1243 (A 'malc 'wild cat': T, M, Tg + unc. pJ 'musasa(m)i 'flying
squirrel' ll IE: NaIE {EI} 'mcli- > L mclcs - mclis 'marten, badger' || Sl 'mclici > Kshb {Lrn.} mslc 'badger' Blz. IZT 15-
7, EI 45 (Sl. 'mclici-), WH I 474, EM 394 (no et. of mclcs), Lrn. P I 5O1, Ma. C I 225 ^ If ET molun is not a Mongolism,
but an inherited cognate (while NaT 'mus, 'misiI do not belong here), the N rec. is likely to be 'mVlV. The short 'c in the
Sl root suggests that IE 'c was short (the L long c representing the L-grade of apophony?), hence tehre was no lr. in teh N word
^ Blz. KM 136-7 [#17] .
1417. 'mAlHo (+ ...) 'head, (?) skull' > HS: B 'mlyy > Ah tamolyiq (pl. timclyay) 'part of the skull over the forehead',
Kb a-molyiy 'sommet de la tte, os de la crne' Fc. 12O4, Dl. 5OO ll IE: NaIE 'm,lod"-/'molod"- 'head, top' > OI mur'dha
(/ murdhan-) 'head', Av Ia-morooa- 'head of a supernatural being (dae va-)' (lit. '[sth.] like head ') || Gk coov 'ceiling of
a room, beam that bears the ceiling', ? |eo) 'tall, stately' (of trees) || OFrs mcldc-Ic 'head' (with dim. sx. -Ic), AS molda 'top
of the head', NE mould id. || OIr mul {Vn.} 'masse ronde, boule, tte', mul-lach 'top of the head', Br {Vn.} mcllc 'sinciput',
mcllcnn an cnn 'top of the head', MBr {Ern.} mcllc-gouzouc 'cervix', mcll-gouzouI, Br {Hm.} mcll-ar-c`hil 'nuque',
mcllcnn(-gcin) 'vertbre' || Tc A malto 'at first' ({Wn.} 'en premier lieu, dabord') WP II 295, P 725, M K II 666, M E II 368, F
I 246 & II 198 (no et. for coov), Ch. 182, 68O, Ho. 225, Vn. M 74, Ern. 4O2, Hm. 558, Wn. 278 ll A 'malV
- 'm'alV > T {Md., DQA} 'bal 'head' > NaT 'bas > OT, Az, ET, Ln, CrTt, Qmq, QrB, VTt, Bsh, Qrg bas, Tk bas, Qzq,
Qq, Nog, Yk bas, Alt, Slr b_as, Uz 6ombos, Tv ba's, Tf b_a's id. || Chv L ny us 'head' Cl. 375-6, ET B 85-8, Ra. 159,
Md. 3O, 173, TL 194 ({ADb.} 'bal 'head') M: [1] M 'mala-gayi 'headgear; head (of a nail, pin, etc.)' (derived with the M sx.
'-gayi / '-qayi) > WrM malagai, HlM xanian, Ord {Ms.} malaga id., Brt xanian, Kl {Rm.} mal_a, WrO {Krg.}
mala_ai - malaya - malayai, MMgl {Iw.} malyay 'cap, hat', Mgl malycy - malya'y id., with mt : MM [IM] {Pp.} la9aMa
mayala, [S] {H} maqalay 'headgear', WrO {Krg.} ma_alai - ma_ala 'hat, cap', Kl xaxna, Kl D/ {Rm.} ma_la, Mnr H
{SM} marg_a, Dg {Pp.} magal id., possily also M {Rm.} 'malayi- > Brt xanan-, Kl {Rm.} mala-_o 'be bald' [2] M
'mal:an 'bald spot (on the forehead of a horse), broad forehead' (semantic infl. of the rhyming stem 'qal:an 'bald-headed, blaze
on the forehead' < N 'Kalu 'bare, naked' [q.v.]) > WrM malan, HlM xan:an id., Ord _al_a mal_an 'having a bald spot
on the forehead' (of a horse \ camel \ ox \ goat), Dg malin 'bald' MED 524-5, KRS 344, Ms. O 327, T DgJ 153, Pp. GMPJ 1O1-
2, 1O9-1O (on the sx. -gai / -qai), Pp. MA 441, H 1O6, Iw. 115, Krg. 589, 591, KW 254-5, Chr. 291 pKo {S} 'mori 'head' >
MKo mori, NKo mori, Ko : PhN mori, Sl mori, Chs mori, Ks mori, Hm mo_ri id. S AJ 253 [#4O], S QK #4O, Nam 21O,
MLC 6O8 Tg 'mcli- 'sinciput, nape of the neck, spine' > Lm mslimIi 'jugular vertebra', Ork mslimu id., "orifice of the skull"
(= 'foramen magnum'?), 'nape of th neck', Ul mugc 'sinciput', Nn Nh/KU mulgiIts, Nn B msygiIts, Orc muggiIta 'skeleton
of a fish' STM I 549-5O, 567 S AJ 31-2, 282 [#174], SDM97 s.v. 'mclA (T, M 'mal:a-, Ko, Tg; A 'c is reconstructed on
the ev. of Tg), DQA #1274 (A 'mcl:ua 'head'; incl. T, M 'mal:a, but does not explain Ko, Tg, M 'mala-gayi & 'malay-).
1417a. 'mAlaqIV 'eel', (?) 'worm, snake' > D 'maljaqI,- 'eel' > Tm malaqIu 'eel', Tl maluga ' eel', malan|(i) 'eel-
like fish', ?: Kui mrau (pl. mraqga), Ku mn`iya, Krx min: 'eel' D #4737 ll A: pJ {S} 'munanIi 'eel' ( N 'mEni '
fish', q.v.) > OJ munagi_i, J: T unagi, K unagi, Kg unagi id. S QJ #34O, Mr. 562 ll IE: ? OI maluIa-h ' worm' ( N
'mELVy_V 'lizard, small reptile' or sim.) P 717, M K 6OO (no et. of maluIa-h) ll HS (mt ): B: Skn i-moIlom
'worm' ?? Eg G mIr.t ' a holy snake' ( N 'mqURV ' reptile\amphibian', q.v.?) EG II 159 ll K: ?? G mu_lu_-i
{Chz.} 'caterpillar (Raupe)', {DCh.} 'worm that eats leaves' ( N 'mELVy_V '') Chx. 861, DCh. 912 ^ Blz. DA 158 [#66]
(suggested to equate the D word with the reflexes of N 'mELVy_V '') ^ The eel is likely to have existed in South-West Asia
(proto-Nostratic habitat), to judge from the presence of words for 'eel' in JEA {Sl.} ah1b&lc6 colob'h-a, {Lv.} ah1b6l1c6
colabo'ha, MHb hf1&lc6 colo'ah and Ar silbah-, giriy- 'eel', see Ln. 4O1, Sl. 964 and Lv. IV 19O.
1418. 'mAn`V 'herd\flock, gregarious animal(s)' > HS: Eg fMK mnmn.t 'herd, domesticated animals (Herdenvieh) and
birds', {Fk.} 'cattle' EG II 81, Fk. 1O9 NrOm: Kf {C} mimo, Mch {L} mimi 'cow', {Lm.} min-o 'cow, bovine cattle
(Rindvieh)', Shn {Lm.} min-za id., Anf {MYTY} min-o 'cow', {C} min-co 'bovine cattle', Kf {C} mino id. (in min-ifo
'cowdung'), Wl {LmS} miza 'livestock, cattle', Bsk {C} miza 'bull', Gm {Hw.} mizi, Zl/Dwr {LmS} miza, Gf {LmS} mizza,
Dc {LmS} mizz
i
'cow' Lm. Sh 355, LmS 477-8, C SE IV 471-3, L M 41, MYTY 118, Hw. EG ll U: FU (att. in Ugr) 'man`V
'herd, gregarious animal(s)' > Os Nz man`oq 'herd (of reindeer, horses, bovines)' | OHg XIV, Hg mcn 'stallion', OHg
mcncs 'horse', Hg mcncs 'stud(-farm)', mincs id., 'horse' UEW 869, Stn. D 937, MF 433, EWU 959-6O ll A: Tg 'manj-,
'flock of birds' > Ewk, Neg man, Orc mani, Ud mani, Ul mandt, Ork mandt, Nn Nh/B mando - mandt id., Ewk Skh 'crowd'
STM I 526, Krm. 259 ll D 'mantajy, ({GS} '-nd-) 'flock, herd' > Tm mantai_, Tl manda, Prj, Gnd, Ku manda id., Kn mandi,
mandc 'flock of sheep\goats, herd of cattle\buffaloes', Knd manda 'herd' D #47OO (a) ^ Km {CR} miyon 'young cow'
(CR K 235); obviously not here Eg mn.t 'Milchkuh' [mistranslated in OS #1773 as 'cow'], which is derived from mn 'to milk'.
1419. 'maonV 'many, much' > HS: C: Ag: Aw {Hz.} mcnc 'many, much', Knf {TBZAC} mcnci 'many' Hz. NSA
139, TBZAC s.v. mcnci ECh: Mgm mani, Bdy man(i) 'beaucoup' AlJ 97, JA LM 1O5, Blz. LECh s.v. 'many' ll U:
FU 'monn`c 'much, many' > F moni (gen. moncn) 'many a, numerous', pl. monct 'many', Es moni 'some, a few' | Lp: N {N}
pl. moanaI 'more than a couple, a good many', L {LLO} manah 'some, a couple', Klt muanas 'some' | Prm 'mu'n 'quantity' >
Z, Vt xin(a mIn-da 'about (approximately)', in cds : Z iixin II-mIn 'how many?', cixin sI-mIn 'so many', ioxin Io-mIn
'3O', ncn xin '4O', ncrixin '5O', inanrixin '6O', Vt iyaxin Iua-mIn '3O', Prmk mun-da 'how many?' || ObU: Vg: (in cds )
-mon " -man / -on, e. g. LK/P nalmon, Ss naliman '4O', K/P aton, N aton '5O', etc. | ? Hg -van / -vcn in compound
numerals: ncgyvcn '4O', otvcn '5O', hatvan '6O', etc. FU 'o < 'a (labializing effect of 'm-?) Coll. 133, UEW 279-8O, It.
#1O3, TI 262, LG 182-3, Kn. WV 147 ll A: pKo {S} 'manjh,- 'many, much' > MKo man-hn-, NKo {MLC} manh-(ta) 'be
many\much', manh-i 'many, much', man-, Ko {Rm.} manhi id., man-t"a 'be many' Rm. PKE 1O6, MLC 578, S QK #52, Nam
199, MLC 578 pJ {S} 'manai_- 'many' > OJ manc- S QJ #47 T: Chv xaAn m+n, xaAnaA m+n+, {Md.} m+n+
'big, great' [ N 'manVga (or 'maqga?) 'strong, numerous'] Jeg. 13O ??? M 'mandugur > WrM mandugur, HlM
xan(iap 'big, fat, stout', Brt xan(aiap 'large, big' [unless M 'mandu- 'rise, become higher', *'grow' (> WrM mandu- 'rise,
become higher'), cp. MM [HI] caus. manduyul- 'faire crotre', WrM mandugul-, HlM xan(yyn- 'raise, lift up'] MED 526, Ms.
H 74, Chr. 292 Rm. SKE 1O6 (Ko, Ch) DQA #1249 (A 'mana 'many, big', incl. Ko, T, M) ll ? D 'mcn`t- 'much, full' >
Tm mcndu 'abundance, plenty, much', Gnd mcnd 'full' D #5O6O The D vw. is puzzling ^ The N vw. of the first syll.
may be either 'a (in this case FU 'o is due to the infl. of 'm) or 'o (in this case A 'a is due to the partial merger with N
'manVga, q.v.) ^ Coll. IUS 13 & Coll. HUV (U IE 'mcng"-''m,nog"- 'numerous'), IS II 41-2 ('manga > HS, IE, K, A)
Glh. 418; in all these sources there is no distinction between this etymon and N 'manVga; DQA #1249 (A, D, U + unc. IE).
142O. 'mAnV 'house, dwelling' (sd of N 'manV 'remain, stay'??) > HS: C: EC {Ss.} 'min-/'man- 'house' > pSam
{Hn.} 'min > Sml N min 'bridal house', Sml S {Ss.} min 'room', pl. minan 'house', Sml C {ZMO} min 'house, hut, room', Sml
J {Hn.} miq 'house', Rn {PG} min, pBn {Hn.} 'miq (> Bn: Bi/Kj/K miq, J muq) id.; Bs, Elm min, Arr {Hw.} min, pOr
{Hn.} 'mana - 'mina_, Or {Grg.} mana 'house', Or B {Sr.} mana, Or B/O {Sr.} mina id., 'hut', Or Wt {Hn.} mina_, Kns, Gdl
mana, Gwd, Gln, Dbs, Grs mano 'house', HEC {Hd.} 'minc > Sd, Ged, Hd, Kmb minc, Alb mino, Brj mina id. Ss. B 145
suggests that 'man- goes back to the pl. form with an '-a-infix (cf. Or AM {Hw.} mina 'house' man 'houses') || Dhl {To.}
mini 'house' || ?? SC: Kz {E} munalimo 'young mans house' || Ag {Ap.} 'qsn- 'house' > Xm, Km qsn, Aw qsn, Bln (dis )
lsq Ss. PEC 24, Ss. B 145, ZMO 291, Hn. S 69, Hn. BD 113, PG 225, Grg. 276, Sr. 364, 368, Hn. W 6O, 68, HL 128, Hw. A
385, Hd. 81, 212, 255, 294, 386, AMS 247, To. D 143, E PC #436, E K 4, Ap. AV 16 WCh: BT: Tng {J} mana 'house, home',
Dr {J} msna, Pr {Frz.} mina, Kwm {Leg.) mana, Kpt {Leg.} man 'hut, house' JI II 2O2, J T 119, Frz. P 42, Leg. KK 21-8,
Leg. KYB 172 ?? Eg P ymn 'create; bilden, schaffen' (if *'build a house') EG I 83 Tk. SCC 99 [#29.5], OS #1723,
Tk. I 395 (C, Ch Eg ymn) ll D 'man_- 'house' > Tm manai_ 'house, dwelling', Ml mana, Kdg manc 'house', Kt man dcvr
'household god', mantanm 'affairs of household', Td man 'family, household', Kn manc 'habitation, abode, house', Tu man
'house, home', Knd on`dcq manc 'cowshed' D #4776 ll A: T 'man 'fence, enclosure' > StAlt {BT} man 'fence', QK/Tb
{Rl., B} man id. ('Zaum'), QK/Tb/Sg {Rl.} mana- v. 'fence in' BT 1O8, Rl. IV 2O15-6, B DChT 136, B DLT 177, Rs. W 325
pKo (< d ) 'mnnnrh 'village, vicinity' > MKo 'mnnnr ('mnnnrh-), NKo mail S QK #383, Nam 196, MLC 564
?? pJ (< d ) 'mura 'village' > OJ mura, J: T mura, K mura, Kg mura S QJ #394, Mr. 488 ? M 'mayi-qan 'tent'
(unless A Chn, as supposed as a possibility in KW) > WrM maiqan, HlM, Brt xanxan, WrO {Krg.} mai_an, Kl
x` ` xn ma_n, Kl /D ma_
a
n, Dg {T, Mr.} maiIan id., Ord ma_un 'tente de voyage'; M 1 WrMc mayIan 'tent'
MED 523, T VM 166, Chr. 29O, Krg. 592, KRS 346, KW 259, T DgJ 153, Ms. O 45, Z 862 DQA #1279 (A
'mcn'o 'dwelling place, village'; incl. Ko, T, J) Ko '-n- and M '-y- ({DQA}: < 'n-) go back to '-n-y- with '-y- of a sx.
Acc. to DQA, the Ko and J stems are derived with a '-rl-sx. ll ? K: MG [VTq], G {DCh., SSO} mcna 'dwelling, abode ( nnn c)'
(unless a loan from an Iranian lge) DCh. 7O2, SSO I 463 ll ? IE: Psh {Mrg.} mcna 'house', Ygn {ALP} mayn, mcyn, mcn
'village', KhS muna 'abode' Mrg. 44, ALP 285, Bai. 335.
1421. 'mana 'remain, stay' > HS: Eg mn 'remain; be firm \ established \ enduring; reside', DEg mn 'bleiben', Cpt Sd/B
meu mun 'stay, remain' EG II 6O-2, Fk. 1O6, Er. 159, Vc. 114 ?? NrOm ( N 'manVga 'strong, numerous'): Hrr {Abb.}
mono 'forte', Gf {Mrn.} min- 'be strong \ firm (essere forte)', mino 'forte', Dk {CR} minn-irc 'forza, fu forte', Malo {CR}
mino 'forte' (unless exclusively from 'manVga) Mrn. O 152, CR H 654, CR LLR s.v. Ch: WCh: DfB {J} mun 'sit down,
reside, live; remain', Sha/Klr {J} mun n. 'place' ( N 'mAnV 'house, dwelling'), ? Bks tc-mun 'sit down' (tc 'an einem Platz
sitzen, leben') || CCh: Msg Ng {GKrs. Lk.} minc 'sich befinden' J R 146, 219, 287, 354, Lk. DQM 67 Coh. 83, Cal. 63
(Eg, S '?mn 'be faithful, true') ll IE 'mcn- (prs. 'mimnc/o-) 'remain, stay' > Vd man- 'wait, stay, hesitate', {EI} 'delay, stand
still', Av man- 'bleiben, warten', OPrs amanaya 'er erwartete', MPrs man-dan, NPrs dan'M mon-dan 'remain', KhS
manata 'he stays', manda- 'remained' || Arm mnam mnam 'I remain, wait' || Gk cve, ive 'stand, stay fast, abide' || L
manco / mancrc 'remain, stay' || OIr ainmnc, MW anmyncdd, W amyncdd 'patience' (F: all < 'an-mcni_a?) || ? pTc
'masI- > Tc A, B masI- (< 'mn-sIc/o-) 'be, become' Ht mimma- (< 'mimnc/o-) 'refuse' WP II 267, P 729, EI 482, M
K II 573, M E II 3O6-7, Horn 215-6, Bai. 327, F II 2O8-9, WH II 26, Slt. 262, Vn. A 37, Ad. 458-9, CHD L-N 263-5 ll D
'man_-, {GS} 'man- 'remain, be permanent, stand fast' > Tm mannu 'be permanent, endure, remain long, stay', Ml mannuIa
'stand fast, ersevere', Tl manu 'live, exist', mannu v. 'last, be durable', Nkr, Png, Mnd, Ku man- 'be', Prj mcn-, Gdb man- 'be,
stay', Knd man- id., 'dwell', Gnd man-, Kui manba 'remain, abide, be', Krx man- 'become, come off, be', Mlt mcnc 'be, become,
grow or be produced', Brh manning 'become, be' D #4778, Pf. 1O8 [#814], GS 34-5 [#54] ll A 'mana- > Tg 'mcn- 'remain,
lead a settled life' ( 'nomadize') > Ewk msns- 'lead a settled life', 'remain in the same place for a long time' (of a nomad
camp), msns adj. 'settled' ( 'nomadic)', Lm msnsv|sI id., msns 'a settled Lamut', Ork msnsi- 'remain', Neg msns|s- id.,
caus. msnsv- vt. 'leave, abandon', Ud {Shn., Krm} msns- 'remain at home, remain working in the settlement' [ 'go hunting
to the forest'], ' (oxonnnuar ' STM I 569, Shn. 5O, Krm. 264 ? M 'mana- 'keep vigil' > MM [HI] mana- 'veiller', WrM
mana-, HlM xana-, Ord mana- 'keep vigil, hold a night watch', WrO mana- v. 'guard, watch', Dg mana- v. 'guard, keep watch
over ( crcpcu , oxpan) r , iapaynnr )', Brt xana- id., 'graze herds in the night', Kl xan-x id., {Rm.} man+- 'Nachtwache
halten' Ms. H 73, MED 525, KRS 342, Krg. 586, T DgJ 153, Ms. O 452, Chr. 292, KW 256 DQA #1279 (A
'mcn'o 'dwelling place, village': equates Tg with M, Ko and J roots that belong to N 'mAnV 'house, dwelling', q.v.) ^ IS II
51-2 ('mAnn 'ocranarc) na xccrc, npouno cro) r ' > HS [Eg, Om, Ch], IE, D, ? Tg, ? G mcna 'dwelling' [cf. N 'mAnV
'']; + err. S '?mn 'be faithful, true').
1422. 'manu 'man, male' > HS: B: Zng {MHNic.} min (pl. man), man 'person', {Bs.} min 'homme', man 'gens', ? B
'-man 'soul, oneself' ( N 'mcynU 'oneself, one's own', 'body' [q.v.]) Nic. 2O5, Bs. MS I 245, Msq. Z 515 EC 'mVn-
'man, male' > HEC {Hd.} 'mana 'man, person' > Sd, Hd man-co, Kmb man-cu, Ged mano), pl. 'manna 'men, people' (>
Sd, Hd, Kmb, Tmbr manna id., Brj {Ss.} 'mcna 'people', {Hd.} mcna 'people, man, person'; Sml {DSI} mun '(adult) male
monkey, (young) male ass', Sml Hw {C} mun 'male (animal)' Hd. 96, 212, 254, 293, 384, Ss. B 143, 133, Ss. PEC 24 (unc. :
'man- < EC 'nam-), DSI 453, ZMO 3OO, C SE III 8O NrOm {Blz.} 'man- 'male; people' > Wl {C} mino 'warrior', Ym
{C} mono 'people (gente)'; not here Kf {C} mano 'brother' and Ym {Lm.} mano 'male twin' (probably loans from Nilotic, cp.
Masongo {C} maqa 'brother') Blz. OL 85, C SE III 8O, C SO 33, Lm. Y 365, C SE IV 472 Ch: WCh: SBc: Zul moni 'man',
Plc msni, Grn {Sh.} mandan, Gj mmani`, Tale maqs, Dw mani (pl. min) | Krkr {Lk.} mun 'people, persons', Pr {Frz.}
manna 'spouse' | Ngz {Sch.} manamin (term for Hausas, Kanuris, Fulanis used in order to conceal their commonly known
names when speaking to other Ngizim) [cp. MHb Mii5&G go'yim 'gentiles', Modern Hb Mii5&G go'yim and Yid 'goyim 'non-
Jews' 'peoples'] || CCh: Lgn {Lk.} mcni id., {Mch.} mcni 'man' | BB: FlM {ChL} mundu, FlB {ChL} mundIn, Gudu
msndu, Nz {ChC} mtndc 'person' | Ms: ZmD {ChC Srp.} manyi, ca-manyi 'person', {ChL} sou-man|i 'man' ({KNC}
su` 'un homme') JI II 266-7, ChC, ChL, KNC 23, Frz. P 41, Sch. DN 11O, Stl. ZCh 232-3 [#8O1] OS #1722, Blz. BKTA
1O5 ? sd HS 'man- 'who?' (< 'mi man- 'what [for a] person?', cp. Itl cosa 'what?' < chc cosa 'which thing?') > S 'manjn,-
'who?' > OAk man, Ak mann(u/a/i-m) 'who?', Sb mn rel. prn. 'who, whosoever', Qt mn 'he who, whoever', Mn {MA} mn rel.
prn. 'qui, quiconque', Gz mann-u (acc. mann-a), Tgy mvn - msn, Tgr mvn, Amh man 'who?', CS 'manjnV, > DA, Yd, OA,
IA, Plm, Nbt mn, BA, JA, Sr, Ar man, Md man, pCn 'man > Amr {G} manna 'who?', ? Ug mn 'which?', 'that, which, who' rel.
Lip. 328-9, CAD X/1 213-8, G A 24, G OA 177-8, L G 348, HJ 648-9, KB 1738, OLS 281-2, Lv. T III 45, Sl. 636, DM 246,
BGMR 86, MA 61, Rk. 97 Acc. to Ai. MCB 5O, there is a B prn. (reconstructible as 'mVn 'who?' opposed to 'matta, etc.
'what?') > Mz man, manai_n, Shw msn, Jrb, Snd man 'who?', although there are alt. possibilities of analysis of these pronouns.
For the time being, the question of B interr. pronouns remains open ll IE: NaIE 'moanu- 'man, person' > OI 'manu-, 'manus-
'person, man', Av, MPrs Manus 'Manush, ancestor of mankind' || Gmc 'manvaz 'man' > Old Gmc [Tacitus] Mannus p.n.
('ancestor of the Germans'), Gt manna, mann- (gen. mans, dat. mann), ON mar - mannr,OHG man, NHG Mann 'man', OSx,
AS mann 'man', NE man; d : Gt mann-isI-s, ON mcnnsIr, AS mc'nnisc, OSx mcnnisI, OHG mcnnisc adj. 'human, of a
person', OSx mc'nnisIo, OHG mcnnisco 'man, person', NHG Mcnsch 'person' || Sl 'mozi (< d ) 'man' > OCS
mai mozi, OR mi muzi, Blg x, Slv moz, OCz, Cz, Slk muz, P maz' 'man, husband', SCr muz, R xy
'husband', 'man (vir)' WP II 266, P 7OO, M K II 575-6, M E II 3O9-1O, Fs. 344-5, Vr. 374-5, 384, Ho. 215, 219, Ho. S 5O-1,
Kb. 656, 675, OsS 587, 59O, KM 459-6O, 471, ESSJ XX 158-61, Glh. 429-3O, Vs. II 67O-1, EI 367 ('manu- 'Man, ancestor of
mankind') ll U: FU (att. in Ugr) 'mancc 'man, person' > pObU {Ht.} 'manc - 'manc 'a person (man?) of egos tribe \
moiety' > pVg 'mansi 'a Vogul' > Vg: T mansi, LK/MK mons, P/LL mons, UL/Ss mansi id.; pOs {Ht.} 'manc
(name of one of the Ostyaks phratrias) > Os: V mant, I mont, Kz mos, O mas | OHg, Hg magyar 'Hungarian'; the var.
Mcgycr (in n. l.: BcIasmcgycr, Pusztamcgycr, Mcgycrcs, Mcgycrcd) goes back to the name of an old Hungarian tribe
known in Byzantian sources as Mcc The variant with a palatal vw. (pVg 'mansi, Hg Mcgycr) is due to vowel harmony
Coll. and UEW unconvincingly suppose an Ir origin of the word (cf. Av Manus) () F mics and Es mccs 'man (vir)',
that can be traced to N 'mcXaz`V 'male' [q.v.] ( Tv. Coll., SK, IS a. o.) Coll. 99, UEW 866-7, MF 415-7, Ht. #398, SK
345 ll D: [1] D 'man_ 'man (vir), warrior, chief (of a family \ clan \ tribe)' > Tm man 'king, kshatriya, warrior, chief, husband',
mannan 'king, lord, chief, husband', Ml mannan 'king', Kn manncya 'chieftain, commander', Tl manniya 'lord, suzerain,
chief(tain)' D *4774 [2] D 'mantji, 'persons, people' > Kn mandi, mandc, Tu mandi, mand id., Tl madi 'crowd,
collection of persons', Klm mandi 'men' - mandi 'man', Png mananaIar 'people belonging to the same side or party', ? Krx
mct - mct 'adult man, husband', ? Tm mantar 'persons, male persons' D #47OO (b), D #4791 [3] D 'mancV > Prj
man:a " manna 'man', Gnd man:a 'man, person' D #4791 ^ In FU 'mancc, D 'mancV, Ged mano (and OI
'manus-?) one may see reflexes of an ancient cd ( 'manu CE) possibly with an adjective-forming (or individualizing) pc.
'CE, cf. above Gt mann-isI-s and NHG Mcnsch ^ IS II 58-9 ('mann 'man, male') Gr. II #294 ('mon 'person') [IE, U +
unc. J, Ai].
1423. 'mcnc 'walk, go' > IE: NaIE 'mcn- 'go, walk, tread' ( N 'm'an`j?,V 'to rumple, bend', q.v.) > OIr mcn-, W
myncd, Crn moncs, OBr (in a cd ) -minct, MBr monct, Br mont v. 'go', Br trc-mcn 'passer', W trc-myn 'walk, wander', Crn
trc-mcnc, MBr trc-mcn v. 'pass' || ? L mino, -arc vt. 'drive (cattle)', ltL [LxS] mino, -arc 'to lead' (> Fr mcncr, Prv, Ctl
mcnar, It mcnarc 'to lead', Rum mina 'drive [cattle]') [ NaIE 'mci_- 'go, pass' < N 'mVyV 'come' or 'go, pass', whence L -i-]
For the semantic var. 'tread' cf. N 'm'an`j?,V Vn. M 35-6, Flr. 257, Hm. 578, WP II 263, ML #5585 & K. # 6185
(Romance lgs. < L minarc 'drive cattle'), P 726 ll HS: pCh ({JS} 'mn 'come'): WCh: pAG 'mvan 'go, walk' > Gmy
mvan, Kfr {Hf.} mvan id., {Nt.} mvan 'go', Mpn {Frz.} muan 'walk', Ang {Hf.} mvcn 'go, walk', {Brq.} mvcn, Su {J,
Hf.} mvan v. 'travel' | SBc: Zar {IL} mnn, Zar K/L {Sh.}, Sy Zk/B/Z {Sh.} man, Sy {Csp.} man 'come' JI II 82, ChC, JS 74,
Hf. AG #54, J S I 76, Nt. 28, Frz. DM 38, Sh. SB 34, Csp. 45 ll U 'mcnc- 'go' > F mcnc-, Es minc- 'go' | pLp {Lr.} 'msns- 'go'
> Lp: S {Hs.} mnncdh, Vfs {Lgc.} ma'nnnt 'go, walk', L {LLO} mannat, N {N} manna- / -n- 'go, journey', Kld xynny,
{TI} inf. mnnna- / mnna- 'go' | pChr {Ber.} 'miyo- 'go, come' > Chr L xncx/ inf. xn mmi'y-as 'come, arrive', Chr H inf.
{MRS} xnam, {Ep.} xnacm'mias, {Rm.} mias id., Chr {} miycm 'I go (gehe, fahre)', Chr E {Ps.} miycm 'I go, visit,
come' | Prm {LG} 'mEn- (Lt. 22O-3: Prm 'E < 'u?) > Vt mIn- (Lt. 222: unstressed I < 'u), Z, Yz mun- 'go', Z Ud muns 'goes'
(Lt. G: Z Ud -s suggests FU '-c) || ObU {Ht.} 'min- 'go' > pVg 'min- > Vg: T min, LK.MK/UK/P/NV/SV/LL, UL/Ss min-;
pOs {Ht.} 'mcn-, {Hl.} 'min- > Os: V/Vy/Ty/Y/D/K mcn-, Nz/Kz man-, O ma'n- id. | Hg mcn- (3s pres. mcgy) 'go
(gehen, fahren), pass' Sm {Jn.} 'min- 'go' > Ne: T xnn-: , T O {Lh.} min-c, F {Sm.} min-s; Ng {Ter.} xinci, {C} 1s
aor. 'mcndcm id. | Kms {KD} moqgcm 'I go' - (?) Sm {Hl.} 'mcntV- 'go past\by' > Ne T xcnc-n 'to pass' (of a misfortune,
danger)', 'dwell for a long time (in one place)', Slq Tz {KKIH} d mcntI- 'go past\by, overwalk', Mt {Hl.} 'mindo- 'pass, elapse'
(Mt T {Mll.} o`ha mindunga 'annus' ( 'one year has passed', cf. o 'one', ha 'year') ? pY {IN} 'mcn- > Y K
mcn-mo-go-y- inst. 'jump up ( no(npiinyr )', mcn-i-n- iter. 'jump, leap' Coll. 34, UEW 272, Db. OS xxxii ('mcnc-), Sz.
31, Sm. 538 (U, FU, FP 'mcni-, Uhr 'mini-, Sm 'min-), SK 34O, Lr. #636, Lgc. #3692, Lgc. SL #1188, Hs. 93O-1, LLO 493-4,
SaR 2O1-3, TI 246, MRS 323, 325, Ep. 7O, 119, Rm. BT 78, PsS 71, LG 178, Lt. KG 56, Ht. #392, MF 428-9, EWU 954, Jn.
92, 94-5, KD 4O, Hl. M 3O6 [#677], 425, Rd. UJ 4O [#33] (Y A U) ll A: T 'maq n. 'running, trot' > Alt {BT, Rl.},
Tlt/QK/Shor {Rl.} maq id., Tv maq 'running, speed' Rl. IV 2OO6, BT 1O8, TvR 288 Tg 'mcq- 'hurry' > Lm msn- vi.
'hurry', caus.: Lm msnu-, Ewk msniv- " msqiv- vt. 'hurry\hasten (so.)'; ? 'munq- (or 'mulq-): Lm munqon-, Lm Al
mulqsn- 'run around', 'run away from its owner' (of a dog), Lm Okh munqsnsssn 'run away to look for a game', WrMc
muqgirc- - muqrc- vi. 'gambol' (of cattle) STM I 556-7, 569 DQA #1281 (A 'mcqa 'to run, trot', incl. T) A '-q- may
go back to 'n-K- ('K belonging to a sx.) ^ AD GD 1, IS II 61 ('mcnc ' crynar ' > IE, U) ^ Gr. II #41O ('mcn 'walk') [IE, U,
Y, A, CK, EA).
1424. 'mEni ' fish' > IE: NaIE 'm,ni- ' fish' ({EI} 'mnH- 'minnow, small fish') > Gk oiv ' a small sea-fish,
which was salted', {EI} 'Maena vulgaris' (1 L macna id.) - oivi) 'sprat' || Sl 'mini 'burbot, Lota lota' > SCr ma`n|, OCz,
Cz mcn, Slk micn, P micn, OR mcui mcni, R, Uk, Blr xcn id. | ?? Blt d : Lt mcnIc' 'cod' (unless a fem. form of the adj.
mcnIas 'poor, small'), Ltv mcnca, mcncc 'cod' || ? Gmc d : OHG {Ho., KM, Vr.} muniva, munuva, MHG {KM}
munvc, NHG Munnc, Dt mcun, AS mync 'minnow', NE minnov WP II 367-8, P 731, EI 2O5, F II 16O, WH II 8, Ho. 228,
Vr. N 441, Kb. 7O1, KM 494, ESSJ XXI 117-9, Frn. 438, Kar. I 581-2 ll HS: B 'mVn > ETwl c-m+n (pl. i-m+n-an), Ah
c-mon (pl. i-mon-an) 'fish', Shl Sm {Ds.} a-mun ' gros poisson comestible' PGG 218, Fc. 12O7, Ds. 225 ll D 'min_ 'fish'
> Tm min, Ml, Kn min, Kt, Td, Gdb, Gnd, Knd min, Kdg mini, Tu min+, Tl minu, Prj mini, Png, Mnd min, Kui, Ku, Mlt
minu; D 1 OI mina- id. D #4885, Zc. CDPh 5O, 175, Tu. #1O14Oa ll ?? U: FU 'maNV ({Coll.} 'manV) > Lp Klt {TI}:
Lp Pa manni, Lp Snk manc`I 'Coregonus, lavaretus (big white-fish)' ({TI} 'siika; Schnpel, Felch'), Lp Klt {Coll.} moan|i
'Coregonus' Coll. 99 mentions Mr, Chr and Hg nouns for 'Lota lota': Er mcntuI, Chr H mcn 'Lota lota', Hg mcny-hal,
mcny-hal id., 'Namacheilus barbatulus' (hal 'fish'), but they are certainly loans from Sl (Er mcntuI A R xcnr i [Dal II
318], etc., Chr H mcn A R xcn , Hg mcny-, mcny- A Sl source of Slk micn and Cz mcn) Coll. 99, 131, MRS 321, TI
238, EWU 963 ll A {DQA} 'manuI`V (< ''man-yuI`-) ' fish' > T 'manaI- > Yk mayagas - mayayas 'white-fish
(cni, Coregonus), oiyp (Salmo lavaretus Berg)' Pek. 15O7 M {SDM97} 'munig 'Alburnus [bleak, ablet (a kind of fish)]' >
WrM munig, HlM xynni, Kl xyyn i munog id. Luv. 249, Cev. 35O, KRS 363 Tg [1] {SDM97} NrTg 'manma 'trout' >
Ewk mayma, Lm manma - manma, Neg manma id., Tg 1 Yk mayba ' salmon'; [2] Tg 'ma'ngu 'ncnoi' ( 'trout') >
Ewk maygu, Ud msysu; [3] Nn mcnsIss ' fish', [4] WrMc moqgosun 'crucian (carp)', [5] WrMc muqIu 'frozen cn) rin
( fish)' STM I 531-2, Z 892, 898 pKo {S} 'moi_yuIi 'trout' > MKo {S} moi_yuIi id., NKo {S} mcgi id., {MLC}
mcgi 'catfish, wels, horned-pout' S QK #291, Nam 213, MLC 616 pJ {S} 'muna(n)Ii 'eel' ( N 'malVy_V 'lizard,
small reptile, eel' or sim., q.v. ffd.) DQA #1254, S CNM 8 (suggested to adduce the A word to the N et.) ^ IE '-n- rules a
N '-n-, hence A '-n- is likely to go back to 'n-y- (with '-y- of the sx. '-yuI`-) ^ AD NM 62-3 ]#75] (IE-D-U), Blz DA
158 [#67] (added B to the D-I-U equation), S l.c. ( ST 'maj:,n 'eel, shark', Yn 'boq 'herring').
1425. ?? 'mEnV 'front' > IE 'mcn- 'front' > Ht mcni-, mcna- 'face, cheek', cd mcnahhanda - mcnahhanda adv.,
prep. 'before, against, in front' [< 'mEnV qaNtV 'face to face, vis vis' [see N 'qaNtV 'forehead, front')])'; Ht mcni- 'cheek'
may have been influenced by 'mcnt- 'chin' < N 'mANtV 'jaw, skull, chin' [q.v.] NaIE 'mcn- v. 'protrude, project', ?? 'mouth'
> L c-minco / -crc vi. 'project, stand out', ro-minco / -crc id., 'jet out' || ON mona 'stand out, project (emporragen)', ON
monir, NNr mona, BNr monc 'ridge of a roof' || Av {Brtl.} fra-man- 'Vorsprung gewinnen' || ??? Clt: OIr mcn 'opening of the
mouth, open mouth', Crn myn 'mouth', Br min 'museau, mufle' CHD L-N 274-9O, Ts. E II 194-8, WP II 263, Vn. M 36, P 726,
WH II 1O8-9, Brtl. 1125, Vr. 4OO, Ark. 557, Po. LmanE (Ht mcni/a- Lw mana 'see') ll D 'mun_- 'front' > Tm mun 'in
front, precious', munai_ 'front, face', Ml mun, munnam 'priority in space and time; first, former; before', Kt mun- 'front, fore',
Td mud-I 'in front' (-I, sx. of dat.). mudal 'first', Kn mun 'that which is in front \ before', Kdg minna 'in front', Tu mundana
'priority, first', Tl muni 'first, former, front', Klm mut, Nkr mund 'before', Nk mur`, Knd muqgal, mundala 'in front (of)', Prj
mundi id., muna vanda 'forefinger', Gdb mundcl 'the front', Gnd munnc 'before, in front', Ku muu 'point (of needle, etc.), Krx
mundd", mund 'first, ahead of, before', Mlt mundi 'formerly' D #5O2O(a), Zv. 51 ll HS: EC: Rn {PG} min 'forehead', Kns
{Bl.} min-ta 'forehead, face', Gwd {AMS} min-tc, Hr/Dbs {AMS} min-cc id., 'front', Cm {Hab.} mtn-tc, Alb, Kmb
minc 'face', ? Ya maqa 'eyebrow', ? Af minin id. PG 223, Lm. SKE 533, BlO K s.v., AMS 175, 244, 271, 278, PH 169 CCh:
Db H {Srp.} mancno 'forehead' Blz. DA #7 ll ? A: M 'maqlayi 'forehead' (d or cd with the vw. 'a [of the first syll.] due to
as to the vw. of the next syll.) > MM [LM, IsV, HI, S] maqlay, [MA] maqqlay, [IM] manlay 'forehead', WrM maqlai, HlM
xannan id., 'front', Mnr H {T} manli, {SM} maqlay, Dg {Pp., T, Mr.} maqgil, Dx {T} manlcu_ 'forehead', WrO {Krg.}
maqlai - maqnai id., 'top', Klm xa na maqna, {Rm.} maqna, Kl {Rm.} maqna 'forehead' Pp. MA 233, 441, Pp. L III
7O, Lg. VMI 53, H 1O7, Ms. H 74, MED 527, T 344, T DgJ 153, T DnJ 128, Mr. D 183, Krg. 588, KRS 342, KW 257 J Y
mimburu 'head'; but pJ {S} 'mimi 'ear' (> OJ mi_imi_i, J T mimi) cannot be reliably adduced here (the semantic is too
distant) Not here ( DQA) T 'bcyqi 'brain' (see N 'banE 'head') AED1239 (A 'ma`yni` 'temple, forehead, ear'; incl.
M, J Y mimburu) ^ WP and P suggest (at the pIE level) that 'mcn- 'protrude' is the of the stems 'mn-ti, 'moniyo-
'mountain(s)' (i.e. N 'mUnV 'mountain, hill'). If they are right, both N etyma are identical. In that case the semantic development
may have been: 'hill' 'hillock' 'protrude as a hillock' 'front'. The vw. 'u in D may be due to the labializing infl. of 'm- ^
Blz. DA 153 [#7] (D, C, Ch, IE), BmK #533: 'mun-/'mon- 'protrude, stand out'; 'be first', etc. [IE, D, + err. Eg mn
'mountain, stone hill' (in fact, from N 'mUnV ''); adduces words with highly doubtful semantic ties, such as L mcntum 'chin'].
1426. ??? 'mcn`V 'tear, tear into pieces, divide' > U: FU (in Ugr only) 'mcn`V 'tear, tear into pieces' > ObU 'mcn`-
({Ht.} 'mcn-) v. 'tear' > pVg 'man- > Vg: ML manit-, UL maniyt- id., T manom, Ss manom- id., T/MK manomt-, LK
manomt- id.; pOs {Ht.} 'mcn`-, {Hl.} 'man`- > Os: D mcncmo-, K ma'nimo-, Nz/O mcnom-, Kz mcn`om- 'abreien',
D mcnc-, K ma'nc-, Nz manso-, Kz man`si-, O {Hl.} ma'nsi- 'zerreien' | Hg Ii-mcnyul- 'verrenkt werden, sich
verrenken', Ii-mcnyit- 'ver-/aus-renken' UEW 87O, Ht. #391, Hl. rHt 71, 75 ll HS: S 'manay-, 'manat- share' [ S 'mny
'count'] > BHb en!m1 ma'na, Ug mnt, IA/Plm mnh 'share, part, portion', JEA em. at1n!m6 mona't-a (cs. tn!m6 mo,nat)
'share', Ar nAMa mana-n 'fate' ( 'death'), du. manavani - manayani 'two pounds (unit of weight)', Ak fOAk manu
- mana?u 'mina (unit of weight)', Ar mnv TL (pf. Na'maTa tamana, ip. Na'mataYa yatamana) 'se partager qch. en
sparant avec les doigts', Ak mnvy G (inf. manu), D 'assign', BHb mnyv D (pf. en`!m5 min'na) 'assign (a share),
zuteilen', Mn {MA} mnv 'attribuer', ? Sb mn 'bnifice' KB 567, A #16OO, OLS 264, HJ 657, Lv. T III 49, Js. 8O2-3, Sl. 688-
9, BK II 1158-9, Hv. 735, CAD X/1 219-27, MA 62 ^ The comparison is valid unless the S words are derived from S 'mny 'to
test, count' (< N 'monV 'to test, think' [q.v.]).
1427. 'mENV (= 'mEnV?) 'from' > HS: S 'min (or 'minu?) 'from, out of' > BHb, BA, JA min - mi-+gmc., Ph mn - bn,
OA, IA mn, IA (AkSc) mi-in, Sr Ne mcn, Md mn, min-, Ar min, Sb mn, Tgr msn, ? Gz omonna ({Rgr.}: < rdp
'minmin), om, Mh {Jo.}, Jb E/C {Jo.}, Sq {Jo.} msn, Hrs {Jo.} msn, m, Eb {Krc.} minju,, {Lmt.} minu id. Br. G II 494,
497-8 [ 252], KB 565-7, 1738, Br. 393, Js. 796, Sl. 683-5, BGMR 86, LH 126, L G 22, 25, Rgr. B 22, Jo. M 267, Jo. H 89, Krc.
72-8, Lmt. 69-7O Eg fP m 'aus etw. heraus, von einem Ort an', ?? Eg fP m 'in' EG II 1 ll K '-man, ending of the ergative
case > OG -man, G -m, -ma, Sv -m id. K SKJ 49-67 ll IE: NaIE '-mos, ending of abl./dat. pl. > Lt -mus, -ms, ? Pru -mai
({En.}: -ai from sg.), Sl '-m+ (> OCS -m+, etc.) id.; NaIE '-mis instr. pl. > Lt -mis, Sl '-mi (> OCS -mi, etc.); NaIE
'-mis '-mos > Gmc dat./abl./instr. pl.'-miz > OWGmc {Kluge} -m(i)s (in n. pr. Vatvims 'Vatviabus', Aflims 'Afliabus',
Saitchamim(i)s 'Saithamiabus'), Gt, AS -m, ON -mr Brg. KVG 396-8, Bks. 117-8, 173, Kluge U 197, En. APG 159 The final
'-s in '-mos, '-mis may go back (through the infl. of other cases of pl.) to IE '-(c)s of pl. (see N ''?Vsa 'they') ^ The loss of
'-N- in IE may be accounted for either by the reg. change N 'n > IE 'i_ (if the N etymon is 'mEnV) or by reduction in a
grammaticalized (hence unaccented) word morpheme ^ Gr. I 139-44 ["locative M" in IE, Y, Tg, Gil, CK + err. U 'mac
'earth' and qu. the Vg -ma sx. for place of action, that probably belongs to the U derivational sx. '-ma/'-ma of deverbal nouns
(see N 'mA, marker of relative constructions, nominalizer) and is cognate to the 'm-sx. of the same meaning in IE and other lgs.].
1428. ? 'minV 'tell a lie, deceive' > HS: WS '-min- 'tell a lie, deceive' > Ar myn (pf. mana, ip. -minu) 'tell a lie',
mayn- n. 'a lie', Gz min 'cunning, fraud, trickery, ruse', myn TD (pf. tamayyana) 'deceive' BK II 1175, L G 376 ll IE: NaIE
'mcn- 'tell a lie, lure' > L mcndax / -ac-is 'lying, mendacious' | Sl 'mani-ti - as 'mami-ti 'to deceive, lure, entice' > ChS
mouu:u maniti 'decipere' - momu:u mamiti 'to lure, deceive', SCr mamiti, maniti 'to lure, entice', Slv mamiti,
maniti id., 'to tempt', HLs manis 'to deceive', P manic 'to delude, beguile', P mamic id., 'to dazzle', Cz mamiti, Slk
mamit` 'to deceive, entice', Blg 'xax 'I beckon' AdS of Pru mcntimai 'we lie (lgen)' and L mcntior / mcntiri 'to tell a lie'
(both from IE 'mcnt- < N 'mcNq'tV 'to miss one's aim', q.v.) WH II 68-9, Vs. II 569, ESSJ XVII 197-9, Chrn. I 5O8, Mikl.
E 182, Glh. 397-8, Frn. 454-5, En. 21O.
1429. 'monV 'to test, think' > HS: S 'mny - 'mnv vi. 'test, reckon, count' > Ar mny - mnv G (pf. 'naMa - naMa
mana, ip. yamnu - yamni) vt. 'test (so. by sth.)', Ak mnvy (inf. manu) 'consider (sth., so. as belonging to a certain class),
count', Sr mnv G (ip. 'neme ncm'nc) 'reckon (be of the opinion), count', BHb, BA mny G (BHb pf. en!M1 ma'na, ip.
en#m6i% yi-m'nc, BA pf. en!m6 mo'na, JA [Trg.] in$m6 mo'nc - an!m6 mo'na), Md mn? vi. 'count', Qt {Rk.} mtn-n 3p
'agree, consent'; Ug mnt {A} 'Aufzhlung', {OLS} 'reparticin, recuento, lista'; Ak fOB min-u 'number, amount'; IA, ChrPA
mnyn, JA [Trg.] Ni!nm5 min'yan, JEA {Sl.} an!i!n^m5 minya'na, Sr 'nojone mcnya'n-a, Md miniana, MHb Ni!n^m5
min'yan 'number' BK I 1158-9, KB 567, 1739, A #16OO, OLS 284, Lv. T III 47-8, Js. 8O1, Sl. 687, DM 268, 274, Nld. MG
176, 179, Dlm. 24O, Br. 394, JPS 281, CAD X/1 221-7 & X/2 96-7, Rk. D 142 B 'mVn- > ETwl/Ty {GhA} tc-mcn-t (ann.
t+-mcn, pl. ti-mcn-cn) 'esprit, intelligence' GhA 129 EC: Sml man, Sml N man (pl. manan) 'mind, intelligence' Abr.
S 172-3, ZMO 265 Ch: WCh: pAG 'man 'know' > Ang {Brq.} man, Gmy {Hf.} man, Kfr {Nt.} ma`n id., Su {J} man id.,
'recognize (so.)', Mpn {Frz.} ma`n 'know, be able to' | BT: Krkr {Lk., J} mcnt-, Bl {Lk.} mon- 'know' | SBc: Buli {Sh.} man,
{ChL} msnI, Zem {Sh.} -mani, ? Bot {Sh.} minsi id. || ?? CCh: Lame {Sa.} man 'observer, analyser (pour le devin)';
???: Lame {Sa.} mun 'hear, understand', ZmD {KNC} mu`n 'hear, understand, listen' JI II 216, ChC, ChL, Hf. AG #41, J S I
73, Nt. 26, Sh. SB 36, Sa. L II 317, KNC 17, Stl. ZCh 153 [#84] (combines WCh 'mn and 'bn and reconstructs pWCh
'm-ban-; a view rejected later by Stl. in OS) OS #1721 ('man- 'know, test': S, Ch, Sml) ll IE: NaIE 'mcn- 'think', {EI} id.,
'consider' > OI 'manyatc, manu'tc, Av malnyctc 'thinks', OPrs maniyaiy 'ich erwge', MPrs mcnitan 'think' || Gk v
'remembrance, memory', ivoke 'remind, put in ones mind', Gk A vo, Gk D voo 'memorial, remembrance' || Arm
imanam i-manam 'I understand, know, conceive' (< 'm,na-mi) || L mcmini 'I remember, recollect' || OIr mcn- 'think', mcnmc
'spirit, mind', do-moiniur 'I believe, think (am of the opinion)', cuman, cuimnc, MW covcin 'memory', W co-f ('Iom-mcn) id.,
mynnu v. 'will, wish' || Gt inf. munan / p. munda 'believe, be of the opinion', munan, ga-munan 'remember', ON muna id., OSx
munan prt/prs. 'think', AS munan prt/prs. (prs. man, p. mundc) 'be mindful of; think, esteem', c-mun 'remembering'; Gt muns
'thought, opinion, ON munr 'mind', AS mync 'memory'; Gmc d 'mai_n-|-an > MDt mcncn, Dt mcncn 'to mean, think', OSx
mcnian, OHG mcincn 'think, have an opinion, mean', MHG, NHG mcincn, AS mnan 'have an opinion, have in mind', NE
mcan || Lt minti (prs. mcnu) 'to recall, remember', manyti 'to think', mcnas 'memory' ( 'art'), Ltv minct 'to guess,
mention' | Sl 'mincti - 'miniti (1s prs. 'mino, 3s prs. mini-ti) 'to think (esteem)' > OCS, OR miu1:u mincti / mium
min|o, SCr mni`ti, Slv mnc'ti - mniti, Cz mncti id., R xnnr 'to imagine', Blg xn , xn 'I think (esteem)'; Sl
'o-mincti 'to remember' > OCS uemiu1:u omincti, R ' noxnnr , P omnicc, Slv omniti id., Blg 'noxn 'I remember' ||
Tc: A mnu 'spirit, appreciation, desire', B manu 'desire' ( IE 'mcn- < N 'mAynV 'ask, desire' [q.v.]) NaIE d
'mcn-os / 'mcn-cs- > OI 'manas- 'mind, intellect, understanding, thought', Av manah- 'mind' || Gk cvo) (gen. cvco)) 'spirit
(Geist), intent, purpose' - ouo-cv) 'full of ill-will' || ? pre-L 'mcncs-va > OL Mcncrva, L Mincrva (name of the goddess
of handicraft) d 'mn-t-s (- 'mcn-ti-s) 'mind, thought' > OI ma'tih 'thought', Av -malti- id. (in anu-malti- 'in Gedanken
Wiederholen') || L mcns (gen. mcnt-is) 'mind' || d : Gt gamunds 'remembrance, memory (voouv, vcio)', OHG gimunt
'memory', AS cmynt 'intention' || Lt mintis 'thought' | Sl d 'amcti 'memory' > OCS uoma:i amcti, R ' nax r , P
amicc, Cz amct`, Slk amat`, Blg 'naxcr id., SCr a`mct, Slv amct 'intellect, sense, mind' Lw {EI} mimma- (<
'mimnc/o-) v. 'regard, favour' NaIE cd 'mcns-d"c-/'mns-d"c- 'learn, become wise' (lit. 'to put the mind') > Av/OPrs {M}
mazda-, Av mazdra- 'wise', Av maz-da- - maz-da- 'to notice, bear in mind' | OI mc'dha 'wisdom' || Gk ovove (aor.
ociv) 'learn' || Sl 'modr+(|i) 'wise' > OCS map+ modr+ 'ovio), ooo)', OR mp+ mudr+, R pradj xy(p, dadj
) xy(pin, Blg ) x(p, SCr mudar, dadj. mudri, Slv modcr modor, P madry, Cz moudry, Slk mudry 'wise' WP II
27O-1, P 73O ('mcnd"- < 'mcn-d"c- 'seinen Sinn worauf richten, lebhaft sein', 'm(o)nd"-ro 'munter'), EI 575, M K II 583-4,
685-6, M E II 296-7, 3O5-9, 378-9, Brtl. 116O-1, 1181, F II 17O-1, 2O8, 238-41, WH II 65-7O, Vn. M 35, 37-8, YGM-1 95,
34O, Fs. 194, 366-8, Vr. 395-6, Ho. 211, 227-8, Ho. 51, 54, Kb. 361, 669, OsS 258, 599-6OO, KM 472, Trt. 181, Frn. 455-6,
ESSJ XX 126-34 & XXI 112-5, Vs. II 633, 67O & III 195, Glh. 417-8, 427-8, 466, Ad. 437 ll U 'monn`V > FV 'monV > pLp
'mons- 'suppose, guess' > Lp: L {LLO} manna- id., S {L} muonc- 'nominare', {Hs.} muoncdidh v. 'guess', {Fri.} moanna-
'guess (conjicere, divinare = udtyde, sinde Udtydningen paa, gjette)' | pMr {Ker.} 'muno`- (i.e. 'muns-?) > Er xyn - muna-,
Mk {Ker. ?} muna- (Mk {UEW} 'mona-) 'conjure, bewitch' UEW 29O-1, Coll. 33, Szin. 33, Lr. #69O. Lgc. #4O13d, Fri.
436, Hs. 95O, Ker. II 91 ll ? A 'manV 'try, learn' ( N 'mAynV 'ask, desire', q.v. ffd.) > pJ 'manajm,- 'learn', Tg
'man'su- 'try, attempt' DQA #125O (A 'mana 'to learn, try') ^ IS II 42-3 ['manu 'think' > HS, IE, U, ? D] BmK #519
('man-/'mon- 'divide, apportion': IE 'man-/'mon-/'mn- 'reckon, consider, think', U 'mana- or 'mona- 'consider', S
'man-/'mon- [i.e. mnyv] 'divide, count, reckon']) ^ Gr. II #127 ('mcn 'think/say') [IE, U, A, J + err. Y, CK] (< 'monV
'manjVy,V 'speak').
143O. 'mun`a(-tdV) 'egg' > U 'mun`a 'egg, testicle' > F, Es muna 'egg' | pLp {Lr.} 'monc > Lp: S {Hs.} munnic, L
{LLO} mannc, N {N} mannc, Kld {SaR} xann mv'n'n'(o) 'egg' | Er/Mk mona 'testicle' | Chr: H xini mono, L/Uf muno
'egg', B muno id., 'testicle' || ObU {Ht.} mon` 'testicle' > pVg {Ht.} 'man id. > Vg: T/LL man, LK/MK man, P/UL mon, Ss
muqi id.; pOs {Ht.} 'mon` 'penis' > Os: V/Vy mon`, Ty/Y mon, D/K/Nz mun, Kz mun`, O mon id. | Hg mony 'egg,
testicle' Sm {Jn.} 'm+na, {Hl.} 'm+na 'egg' > Ng {Mik.} msnu, En {Cs.} mona, Kms {KD} munoi_ - munui_, Koyb
{Sp.} xyni'egg', Slq Tz {KKIH} manI, Slq Tm {KD} man, Slq B {Cs.} manc, Slq Y (Cs.) man 'penis' Coll. 36, UEW 285-
6, Db. OS xxx, It. #191, Sm. 538 (U, FU 'muna, FP 'muna, Ugr 'muna, Sm 'mona), Lr. #677, Lgc. #369O, Hs. 949, SaR
182, MRS 334, 341, 125, Ht. #394, MF 449-5O, Jn. 86, KKIH 129, KD 41, Hl. M #639 ll HS: CCh: Msg {Rlf.} muq
'testicles' (unless a faulty transcription [1856] of a word identical with Msg G {Trn.} mohom id. [= Msg {Rd.} mohom,
{Mch.} mohom]; but Rohlfs record may represent a dialect different from Msg G recorded by Trn. and probably by Rder and
Mouchet); on the other hand, Msg G mohom may belong here as well Lk. DQM 99, ChC, Trn. LM 1O7 EC: ? Or {Grg.}
mundo 'penis' ( N 'mANVyV or 'mAnV ' genitalia') Grg. 295 ll D (in SD) 'mon`t- - 'mott-, {GS} 'mon`t-ai_ 'egg'
> Tm muntai_ - muttai_, Ml mutta, motta, Kt mot, Td muty, Kn/Tu mottc 'egg', Kdg muttc id., 'testis' D #4939,
GS 83 [#258] (err. 'mot-ai_), 195-7 (on the reflexes of pD '-n`t-) The D cognate is valid only if the variant 'mon`t- is
original; in this case '-t- is likely to go back to a sx. equatable with Sl '-d- in 'modc 'testicles' ll IE: NaIE 'mondj",- > Sl
'mod-o 'testicle' (du. 'mod-c) > ChS mae modo, Blg xa'(o (new spelling x(o), SCr mudo, Slv modo, OCz mud, Cz
moud, HLs/LLs mud, OP mado, mcdo, P mado, OR me mudo (du. m1 mudc), R xy'(o (du. xy'(c), Uk 'xy(o id.
ESSJ XX 123-5, Glh. 428 ll A: Tg: Lm A maqa 'testicle', ? (mt ) Ewk Y nama id. STM I 53O, 581 ^ Glh. 428 (IE, U, D)
Gr. II #127 ('mun 'egg') [IE, U, CK, EA + unc. A, Ko, Ai].
1431. 'munV 'defect, damage, deformity' > IE 'mcnd- 'defect' > L mcnda, mcndum 'fault, bodily defect' || OI
min'da id. (M: < 'man'da dur to contamination with nin'da ''), Kshm mi_ond
u
'leprous, leprosy' || ? OIr mcnnar 'stain, defect'
('macula', {Vn.} 'tache, faute', W mann 'stain on the skin' AnIE: Lc mctc- 'damage, harm' WP II 27O, P 729-3O, EI 155
['mcnd-o-, -ch_- '(bodily) defect'], M K II 637, M E II 356, Tu. #1O122, WH II 69, Vn. M 39 ll ? HS: WCh: Hs
muni 'ugliness; vice, evil', {Ba.} munana` 'render ugly, spoil', muna`na 'be[come] ugly \ unpleasant \ spoiled' | Su {J}
mvcn 'stupidity' ( N 'mcNq'tV 'miss one's aim' [q.v.]?) Ba. 8OO-1, Abr. H 683-4, J S 2O7 ll A: [1] T: (a) NaT 'muj:,n >
OT {Cl.} bun 'defect', Qzq x n min 'shortage, deficiency, defect, roughness', Qq, Nog xnn min, Qrg mun - mun 'defect,
deficiency' Cl. 347, Sht. 145, Jud. 543-4 M 'munda- 'lack, be(come) insufficient, come to an end' > WrM muqda-, HlM
munda- 'become insufficient; come to an end', WrO munda- 'exhaust oneself, finish off', Kl {Rm.} mund
a
- 'fehlen, mangeln, zu
Ende sein' MED #551, Krg. 61O, KW 268 pJ {S} 'ma`ntu`- 'poor' ( N 'mana 'to cease, delay (tr.), finish') > OJ
madu-si, J: T/Kg mau-si-, K musi- S QJ #1334, Mr. 834 DQA #1365 (A 'munc 'defect, lack') [2] ?? pJ {S}
'muna-si- 'empty, useless' ( N 'mana '', q.v. ffd.) [2] ? A {DQA}'munu 'wrong, mad, uneasy', {AD} 'stupid, mad'
( the A reflex of N 'mcNq'tV '') > T 'mun- 'be mentally deranged \ disturbed' > OT mun- (mun-) id., 'be senile, feeble-
minded, lose control of oneself', MQp bun- 'be senile', Tk bonul- 'be feeble-minded', Yk mun- 'lose ones way, roam'; T d
'mun-dur > OT {Cl.} munduz 'senile, feeble-minded', [QB] munduz 'ignorant, stupid man', [MhK] {Dnk.} bunduz 'simpleton',
MQp XIV [CC] munduz 'simple-minded' Cl. 348, 767-8, Pek. 162O, MKD 119, Rs. W 344 M 'munu- > WrM {Kow.}
mono- (i.e. munu-) 'become weak \ senile', {MED} munu-, HlM xyna- 'become weak \ feeble-minded', Ord {Ms.} munu-
'become stupid', Kl xynx mun-_+ 'become senile', {Rm.} mun
a
-_o 'become stupid, old'; WrM {Ms. ?} munuq, Ord
munuq 'stupide, qui a lintelligence obtuse', Kl {Rm.} munag_ 'altersschwach (krperlich und geistig)'; M 'muqqag 'stupid' >
MM [HI] {Ms.} muqqay, [S] {H} munhah [mun_ay] id., [IM] {Pp.} 9nM munyaq 'ignorant', WrM muqqag, HlM xynxai,
Ord. {Ms.} muq_aq 'stupid, stupidity', WrO muq_aq - muq_uq 'stupidity, 'ignorance', muqyaq 'ignorance', Brt xynxai
'ignorant, stupid', Kl xy xi muq_+g id., {Rm.} muq_u 'stupid', Kl {Rm.} muq_ag_ 'dumm, bldsinnig', WrO muq_ar- 'get
disturbed', WrM muqqara- 'be[come] stupid \ ignorant, 'become dull' (of the mind), Ord muq_ara- 'be disturbed \ perplexed,
lose memory' H 112, Ms. H 76, Ms. O 475-6, Pp. MA 442, Kow. 2O28-9, MED 551-2, Krg. 61O-1, KRS 362, KW 268-9, Chr.
3O2 Tg: Ewk moqnon 'stupid', Ul mont, Nn Nh/KU mont_a 'uncomfortable (unbequem, ncy(o6nin, ncnoninn)' STM I
544-5 MKo {Lee} moqt"oq`i 'stupid' ??? pJ {S} 'muntu-Ia- 'difficult' > OJ mutuIa-si, J: T
muuIasi- - muuIasi-, K muuIasi-, Kg muuIasi- S QJ #942, Mr. 835 The M (and T?) forms may have been
influenced by MChn {S} 'muq 'dark, stupid, ignorant' DQA #1366, KW 268, Pp. VG 35 ^ IS III 55-6 ('munE 'drawback,
defect, feformity').
1432. 'mUnV (or 'mUnjV,TV?) 'mountain, hill' > IE: NaIE 'mnt-, 'moniyo-, {EI} 'mcn- 'mountain' > Av mati (<
'mnti-), {Brtl.} matay 'foothills', {Brtl.} 'promuntorium, Vorsprung des Gebirges' || L mons (gen. montis) 'mountain' || Brtt
{RE} 'moniyos id. > W mynydd, OCr mcnit, Crn mcncth, OBr monid, MBr mcncd, mcncz, Br mcncz WP II 263, P 726,
EI 27O, Dv. #8O2, Mn. 781-2, RE 113, Flr. 259, GI 666, Brtl. 1112-3, WH II 1O8-9 ll HS: Eg G mn.ty du. 'the two mountain
ridges on both sides of the Nile valley', ? mn.t 'sky' ( 'height, high place') EG II 69, Fk. 1O8 ll A: Tg: WrMc muqgan, r.
muqga 'hill, burial mound' Z 898, STM I 557 ? M: WrM {Kow.} mondaga 'high ground, steppe, ?? {MED} mundurgc
'embankment, bank', {Koz.} mondug 'mountains, peaks', Brt xyn(apia 'woodless rocky summit (ioncn)' Kow. 2O28, MED
551, 554, Gl. III 31O, Chr. 3O2, KW 268, Ms. O 475 ^ WP and P suggest (at the pIE level) that the in question is identical with
IE 'mcn- 'protrude' (i.e. N 'mEnV 'front' [q.v.]) ^ BmK #533: 'mun-/'mon- 'protrude, stand out'; 'be first', etc. > IE, Eg, D
(adduces words with very loose and doubtful semantic ties, such as L mcntum 'chin', as well as ghost-words like Eg mn, mny
'mountain, stone hill' [Bm.s interpretation of Eg MK {Fk.} mn 'kind of stone', {EG} 'Art kostbarer Stein'?]).
1433. ?? 'mAynV 'ask, desire' > IE: NaIE {Vn.} 'mci_n-/'moi_n- > OIr mian 'desire, object of desire', W ar-o-fun
'avoir lintention, se proposer', go-funcd, damunav (< 'do-am-mun-) 'wish', ? mvyn 'pleasure' NaIE 'mcn- (loss of the
glide 'i_ preceding a sonant) 'wish eagerly' ( 'mcn- < N 'monV 'to test, think' [q.v.]) > OI ma'na 'devotion, zeal', manah /
manas- ntr. 'will' || Gk covo 'wishes eagerly, yearns', cvoiv 'eager desire', cvoivoe v. 'desire eagerly', ? voeoi 'woo
for ones bride, sue for, solicit' || AS mync n. 'desire, love', OFrs minnc, OSx minnca, OHG minna, NHG Minnc 'love', MHG,
NHG mcincn 'to love', ? ON munr 'pleasure, joy' || Tc A mnu 'esprit, apprciation, dsir', B manu 'dsir' (cf. N 'monV
'')|| ?? OIr mcnmc n. 'wish' (unless 'mind, thought' < N 'monV '') WP II 264-6, P 726-8, M K II 583-4, F II 2O6-8, 238-
41, 247, Ho. 228, Kb. 687, KM 472, 48O, Vn. M 37-8, 47, Wn. 3O1, EI 410 (Clt 'mci_no- < IE 'mci_no-/'moi_no-
'opinion'), EI 575 (words for 'desire' 'mcn- 'think, consider') ll HS: S 'mny 'wish, desire' ( N 'monV ''?) > Ak mcnu
inf. 'to love, be(come) fond (of so.)', Ar mny G 'let flow sperm (as in copulation)', mny G ps. (pf. aniMu muniya) 'be
favoured in', TD (pf. nWmaTa tamanna) 'desire, wish', Gz mny TD (pf. tamannaya) 'wish, desire, be eager for', monuy 'who
wishes ardently; wished for, desired', Mh pf. 'matni, Hrs pf. nmtoni, Jb E/C pf. 'mutni (Jb C sbjn. ysm'tin), Sq {Jo.} pf.
'motcnc? (sbjn. l-im'tcns?) v. 'wish' L G 352-3, CAD X/2 19, Sd. 645, BK II 1158-9, Hv. 737, Jo. M 268, Jo. H 89, Jo. J 172,
MiK I #2.41 CCh: Ms {Cat.} min 'wish, desire, love', Azm {Pc.} minda v. 'will, desire, like' Cat. 1O4, Pc. 296 ll D 'man_
'petition, request' > Tm manu 'petition, request, prayer', Kn manavc, manuvc 'petition, request, solicitation', Tl manavi 'humble
\ respectful representation, request, prayer' D #4775 ll A 'manV > pJ 'mana(m)- 'learn' ( N 'monV ''?) > OJ manab-,
J: T manabu, K manabu, Kg manab- S QJ #935, Mr. 72O Tg 'man'su- 'try, attempt' > Ewk mannuv- - manduv-,
Lm manru- - mandt-, Ork mandt- DQA #125O (A 'mana 'to learn, try') ^ Cf. also N 'mANdV 'excitement, wish, desire'
^ BmK #541 (IE, S + qu. D 'man`- 'be united, mingled' 'marry').
1434. 'mcjy,nU 'oneself, one's own', 'body' ( 'alone, one') > IE: NaIE 'monvo-/?'mcnu- 'alone' > pGk *ovo) > Gk
A ovo), Gk I ovo) id. Ht minu {Frd., Ot.. Neum., Ts.} 'alone' Frd. HW 143, Ot. T 48, Ts. E II 212-3, CHD L-N 29O-
1 (rejects the meaning 'alone' for Ht minu without proposing anything instead), F II 253-4 ll HS: ECh: 'mVn 'one' > Kwn
{Mch., J} min, min, msn, Ke {Eb.} msna, Smr {J} msn, Nd D {J} man, Tmk {Cp.} msn JI II 263, Eb. 81, Cp. 83
Eg fP mn 'a such and such' ({Vc.} 'un tel') ( N 'manu 'man, male') > Cpt B -mou -man in uoqmou a"man, uomou
at"man, etc. 'a certain person \ thing' EG II 64-5, Vc. 114 C: Dhl {To.} moni 'self' || EC: Sd mann-imma 'body' Hd.
384, To. D 142 ? B '-man 'soul, person' ( N 'manu '') > Ah iman pl. 'soul, person', iman in 'myself', Kb iman, Nf
iman +ppa. '-self' (myself, himself, etc.', Gd {Lf.} iman (reinterpreted as grammatical pl.) 'person', '-self' Fc. 1138, Dl. 5O3, Lf.
II #1OO7, Beg. 3OO The B form is conceived as pl. because the final -n is reinterpreted as sx. of pl. But if this final -n is a
genuin ending of pl., B '-man does not belong here S: [1] ? S '-ma (emphatic enclitic pc.) ( N 'mujvV, 'this, that', dem.
prn.?) > Ak {Sd.} -ma 'and then', 'only', Ug -mV (emphatic pc.), Amr {G} -ma, -mi, Sb -m. -mv, -my (enclitic pc., {Bst.}:
"which is facultatively added to the end of a word, without perceptibly modifying the sense of the word or the sentence"), Gz
-mma 'precisely, quite' (emphasizes the word to which it is attached) OLS 251-2, G A 24, Sd. G 123, Dilm. 142, L G 323, Bst.
47-8 [2] ? S 'min- 'kind' > BHb min' n. 'kind (of)' (att. with ppa: &nim5 mi'n-o 'his kind', En!im5 mi'nah 'her kind'), MHb
Nim5 min 'kind (of)', Ug {Drv.} mn 'kind', {OLS} 'especie (animal)' KB 547, DrG CML 161, OLS 282 ll A: Tg
'mcn 'oneself, ones own' > Ewk msn 'ones own', msnsIsvn 'oneself', Sln ms: id., Lm msn 'ones own', Neg msn id.,
msn + ppa. 'oneself (sich, cc6) )', Orc msmi id., msn 'ones own, to oneself', Ud msniqi, Ork msns 'ones own', Ud, Nn
msns, Ul msn(s) id., 'oneself (selbst, cax)', WrMc mcni mcni 'anyone, each, by oneself (nc) inn, ia(in, cax no cc6c)'
STM II 568 M 'mon 'the very same, real, true' ( 'moun 'this, that', dem. prn. < N 'mujvV, id., q.v. ffd.) pKo 'mom
'body' > MKo mom, NKo mom S QK #137, Nam 218, MLC 645 ? pJ {S} 'msns 'thing, method, being' > OJ mono, J:
T/Kg mono, K mono S QJ #11O2, Mr. 485 DQA #1293 [A 'mcno 'self, body'; incl. Tg, M, Ko, J], S AJ 28O [#125]
ll D 'mcn_i 'body' > Tm mcni, Ml mcni 'body, shape, beauty', Tl mcnu, Klm mcn, Nkr, Nk, Prj mcn, Gdb mcnu " mcn,
Gnd mcndur, Krx mcd - mcd, Mlt mcO 'body', Knd mcndol 'human body' D #5O99 lll This N rot may underly
reflexive-passive formatives in the IE and HS verb: IE: NaIE {Brg.} mcno-/'-mno-, sx. of medial-passive participles > OI
bodha-mana-h 'wachsam', Gk tcuo-cvo-) 'aware', participia prsetis mediopassivi from OI bodh-, Gk tcu-; L
fc-mina 'woman' ( *'sucked one'), alu-mn-us 'nursling, foster-chuld' ( *'fed one'), as well as 2p passivi -mini (finite verb
for, participle); Sl '-m+ m., '-ma f., '-mo ntr. (OCS acem+ vczo-m+, prtc. prsentis passivi 'transported'), Lt ncsa-ma-s
'carried'; possibly AnIE: Lw Ics-ama- 'combed', HrLw asima- 'loved' Brg. 316, M K II 449, Szem. IEL 32O-1 ll HS: C 'm-,
prefix of the passive-reflexive (and collaborative) form (stirp) of verbs: Sa -umuug- 'be burried' -uug- 'bury', -imfitch- 'be
untied' -iftch- 'untie', -ommoIom- 'take part in a race' -uIum- 'win'; in Bj it means 'do together with sb., help doinf sth.'
( reflexive'): -molav- 'burn sth. together (with sb.) -liv- vt. 'burn', -mdabal- 'gather together (with sb.)' -dbil- 'gather';
in Af this affix is a sx.: fiyyimc 'be swept' fiyc 'sweep', Iamadimc 'be tied tightly' Iamadc 'tie tight;y' PH 247, AD KJ
94-5 B 'm- , px. of the reciprocal-reflexive-passive stirp: Rif m-zarn 'ils se sont vus' -zar- 'see', Tw {Pr.} m+nI+d 'tre
coup' onIod 'couper', m+Is 'be eaten' +Is 'eat', maI+r 'be stolen' aIor 'steal', with the meaning of reciprocity:
m+g+n 'faire halte' ('kneel together with the camels') ogon 'kneel' (of camels) Cadi 48-5O, Pr. M VI-VII 61-2 ll A: NTg
'm- > Ewk -m-, verbal sx. of the passive voice: Ewk uIa-m- 'be broken' uIa- 'break', Ewk PT yaqgu-m- 'be broken'
yaqgu- 'break', Lm -m-, sx. of the passive voice Vas. 769 || Gr. I 237 mentions M sx. of reflexivity -|cn, that I have not
been able to find in the available literature ^ The long vw. in Tg, D and B may be due to the loss of 'y. Lack of lengthening in IE
rules out the presence of a lr. ( mcHnu) ^ Cf. Gr. I 237 ("reflexive M" in Tg, M reflexive marker '-|cn, EA refl. possessoris
-mi/-mi-I).
1435. 'm'an`j?,V 'rumple, bend' (tr.) > IE: NaIE 'mcn- 'squeeze, press, tread' ( N 'mcnc 'walk, go' [q.v.]) > W mathru
v. 'trample', W {Vn.} mantalon, Gl 'mantalo- 'road' [ *'trampled (ground)'] [in n. l. Pctro-mantalon ('four roads') and
Mantalo-magus ('road field')], MBr, Br mantra- 'accabler, navrer', Br {Mn. ?) mantra 'way, road' || Ltv mit (prs. min-u)
'tread, tan', Lt min-ti (prs. min-u) 'tread, trample down', 'brake (flax, hemp)', Pru mynix "Gerber" 'tanner, leather-dresser' | Sl
inf. 'mc-ti /prs. 'min-o vt. 'rumple, crumple; tan' > ChS ma:u mcti / miua mino, Slv mcti / man-cm, OCz micti / mnu,
Slk mat` / mncm, P miac / mnc, R x r / xny, Uk 'x` rn / xny || OI carma-mnah 'tanner' (carma 'leather') || Gk otce'
'tread': Gk Ae [Sph.] otciooi prs. prtc. pl. f. 'those who tread', Gk [Hs.] otci totci 'treads' WP II 263, P 726, Mn. 756
(adduces here Ht minu-, micnu- {CHD} 'make mild \ pleasant; heal', interpreted by him as meaning 'to soften', but Ts. E II 214
believes that this is a factitive d of miu- 'mild, weich'), Vn. M 35-6, Billy 1O3, Frn. 454-5, En. 211, Ern. 392, Hm. 546, Vs. II
634, F II 184-5; M K I 379 & M E I 537-8 (rejects the connection of OI carmamnah with this ), CHD L-N 291 ll HS: B
'mnd > Sll mnd M (mmunod, pf. immunnd) 'be rumpled', Tmz {MT} mnd (imv. munnod) 'tre tordu, enroul,
entortill' Ds. 125-6, MT 423 S 'mn? > Ar mn? 'macrer la peau avant de la tanner', mani?-at- 'peau qui reoit la
premire prparation; la macration' The meaning 'soak hide' is likely to go back to 'soften the hide by pressing' (cp. below Tg)
BK II 1156 B 'mnd (< 'mnt) may go back to 'mn?- + sx. '-t-ll U: FU 'm'an`V- 'bend' or 'be bent' > Er mcnc, Mk
manc- vi. 'be bent' || pOs 'man`oy- v. 'bend' > Os: V/Vy man`i, Ty frq., Kz, Sn ma'n`i-, D ma'noy-, Kr ma'noy- - mcnoy-,
K mcnoy-, Nz maniy-, O ma'ni- 'be bent' ('sich biegen, sich [ber]beugen', Os 'min` > Os V/Vy/Ty min` 'Krmmung, Knick (an
einem Baum)', Kz mcn`a 'Krmmung, Biegung' | ? Hg mcn, mcny 'Brunnenschwengel' Sm {Jn.} 'munV - 'mInV- 'bend'
> Ng {Cs.} 1s aor. obcj. muni'?cma, p. muni|uama, En {Cs.} 1s aor. objc. 'munuabo " munabo 'bend sledge runners', Slq
{KKIH} mInni- 'be bent' (' coinyr c) '), Kms {KD} mu'nam vi. 'bend', d mu'nu'lom vt. 'bend', Koyb {Sp.} xyny6n x vt.
'I bend' Stn. D 932-3, PD 126, Ht. 1O1 (Os 'man`oy 'be bent' 'min` 'Krmmung' + '-oy-), UEW 275-6 ('minV with 'i
based on the Os E forms like Os V min` 'Krmmung', which to my mind is the secondary [high-vowel] grade of the East Ostyak
apophony, cf. Ht. 73-1O3), Jn. 95-6, KKIH 134 ll A: Tg 'monjq,- 'soften (hide) by pressing, rumple, knead' > Ewk moni- v.
'mash (berries)'. msnqi- " monqi- " moqi- vt. 'soften hide or sinews by pressing (preparing leather and threads)', Lm monq+-,
Orc moq(n)ici-, Ul moqtct- - moqtct- - msqici- 'soften hide by pressing (to dress leather)', Nn moqgtct- id.,
mongtctn- 'be rumpled', Neg monqt- - moqnt- 'soften hide by pressing, rumple', Lm moni- ~ mcni- 'soften (hide) by
pressing, rub, knead (dough), trample' STM I 545 pJ {S} 'msm- mu_am- knead, rumple' > OJ mju_,om-, J: T mom-,
K/Kg mo`m- S QJ #576, Mr. 726 ? M 'muna 'wooden club, mallet' > WrM muna, HlM, Kl xyna id., Kl mun
u
'Keule,
Streitkeule', Brt xynca 'mallet, pestle' MED 551, KRS 362, KW 268, Chr. 3O2 ? T 'moq 'mallet' (A M?) > Tv moq
'mallet used to beat skin in order to soften it (to dress leather)', Tf moq 'mallet, stick used to knock down cedar cones' TL 383,
Ra. 2O7 The M and T words belong here if their primary meaning is 'a mallet for beating skin (in leather-dressing), for
pounding, etc.)' TL 383 (T, M, Tg), DQA #1346 (A 'monqo 'to knead, press, stroke'; incl. Tg, M, J) ^ The rounded vw. in
A and '-u- in Sm 'munV may be due to the labializing infl. of 'm- ^ The OI, Ar and Tg ev. suggest that this was used, i.a., to
denote the first phase in preparing leather (softening by pressing) ^ If Ar mn? belongs here, the N rec. is 'm'an`?V,
otherwise it is 'm'an`V. Tg '-nq- may represent pN '-n`?- ^ IS MS 35O s.v. x) r 'mann (IE, U).
1436. ? 'mana 'cease, delay (tr.), finish' > HS: WS 'mn 'withhold, refuse' (partial merger with N 'mEna 'hold,
carry', q.v.) > BHb, Yd, IA mn G 'hold back, withhold, refuse', JA [Trg.] {Js.} mn G 'withhold, refuse, refrain', JEA {Sl.}
mn G 'deprive, prevent, refrain', Md mn? G 'keep away, withhold, refuse', Ar mn G 'hinder (so.) from, deny (sth.) to', Sb
{BGMR}, Mn {MA} mn G 'prevent, ward off', Tgr mn D 'withhold, refuse' KB 57O, HJ 61, Js. 8O2, Sl. 687-8, DM 274,
BK II 1157, LH 129, BGMR 86, MA 61-2, Jo. M 267, Jo. H 89, Jo. J 172 ll A: Tg 'mana- 'spend all, come to an end' > Ewk,
Neg, Orc, Ul, Ork, Nn mana- 'spend all, wear out', Ewk mana n. 'end', Sln mana- 'come to an end', WrMc mana- 'be worn out,
come to an end', Jrc manala 'destroy' STM I 526-7, Kiy. 144 [#839] pJ {S} 'ma`ntu`- 'poor' ( N 'munV 'defect, damage,
deformity', q.v. ffd.) [2] ? pJ {S} 'muna-si- 'empty, useless' (possibly also a merger with 'munV) > OJ muna-si-, J: T
munasi-, K munasi-, Kg munasi- S QJ #923, Mr. 835 DQA #1267 (A 'man'u 'useless, insufficient'; incl. Tg, J
'muna-si-) ll D 'ma'n_- > Tm mantu 'be ruined, perish, die, be extinct', Kn mandu 'stop, cease; stop, ward off', Tl manu
'cease, stop' The stem-final cns. '-n_- (required by D morphophonemics) yields Tl n and Tm/Kn precons. n D #4811 ^ IS II
41 ('mana ' npcipa ar , :a(cpnnar ').
1437. ? 'mEna 'hold, carry' > HS: WS 'mn id. > Jb E/C {Jo.} mn G (pf. 'mina) 'hold, take hold of', Mh {Jo.}
mn G (pf. muna, sbjn. ysmnc) 'catch, get, take', Hrs {Jo.} mn G (pf. mona, sbjn. ysmnc) 'take, catch, hold', ? Sr
mn G 'bring, lead, arrive' Jo. M 267, Jo. H 89, Jo. J 172, Br. 395, JPS 282 Ch: WCh: pAG 'maq- 'take' > Gmy/Ang {Hf.}
maq, Kfr {Nt.} maq 'take, grasp', Su {J} man 'auf-\ber-nehmen, in Besitz nehmen', Mpn {Frz.} maq 'pick up, carry' Hf. AG
#42, Nt. 26, J S I 73-4, Frz. DM 35-6 OS #1725 (HS 'manV- 'hold, take': SES, WCh) ll A: NrTg 'mcn- > Ewk NB msnIs-
'bring', Sln msnsu- 'carry, carry\drag over' STM I 569 ll ??? IE: NaIE: it is tempting to adduce here L mino, -arc vt. 'drive
(cattle)', ltL (= proto-Romance) [LxS] mino, -arc 'to lead' (> Fr mcncr, Prv, Ctl mcnar, It mcnarc 'to lead', Rum mina 'to
drive [cattle]'); the L word has no satisfactory IE etymology, but a connection with NaIE 'mcn- 'go' (represented in Clt) and N
'mcnc 'walk, go' [q.v.] is rather plausible WH II 9O, EM 4O3-4, ML #5585 ^ The cns. '-q- in AG 'maq- suggests that the
N lr. was 'y ('mEnyV) rather than '.
1438. 'man`y'u 'paw, foot\leg of animals' > HS: Eg fP {EG} mn.t 'Schenkel' (mostly du.), Eg MK mnt {Fk.} 'thigh of
man' (usually du.), Eg Md {DW} mn.t 'Oberschenkel' [ *'leg'?], {EG} mny du. 'die beiden Oberschenkel' EG II 68, 76, DW I
37O-1, Fk. 1O7 SC: Asa {E} mongoI 'arm' E SC 16O, Blz. CWL s.v. 'hand' ll IE: NaIE 'manju,- (or 'monju,-) *'hand' > L
manu-s (gen. manu-s) 'hand', Osc acc. sg. MANI-M, Um abl. sg. MANI, mani, loc. sg. MANUVE id.|| W mun 'hand' (Ped.: <
du. 'mcnu) || ON, AS mund, OHG munt 'hand' ?? Ht maniyyahh- 'hand over' WH I 34-59, 338, Mul. 256 (L -u- is
secondary), Bc. G 125 (abl. sg.: Um -i, Osc -id), 132 (Osc -I- for '-u- on the analogy ofabl.'man-id), 319, 338, Ped. VG I 384,
Vr. 395, Ho. 227, Kb. 7O2, WW 2O5, WP II 272, DEv. #27O, Mn. 732, CHD L-N 163-7, EI 254-5 (''mch_r / 'mh_'n-os
'hand') ll A: Tg 'mana - 'mana 'paw, leg of animals' > Ewk mana " mana id., Lm mana " mana id., 'flipper (of seals,
walruses, etc.)', Neg mana 'bears foreleg', Orc manaIa, Ul mat - mana, Nn Nh mat - maya 'bears paw', Ud mana 'paw
of waterfowl'; some Tg lge. (or lgs.) 1 Ne T xana 'bears foreleg, front flipper of seals and walruses', T O {Lh.} mana 'paw,
foot (of wolves, bears, etc.)', T {Lh.} man 'flipper' STM I 526, Krm. 259, Ter. 226, Lh. 253 T 'man 'foot' > ds : Xk
mayma_, Sg/Qb {Rl.} maymaq 'footwear', Tkm maytiq 'lame', ET {Nj.} maytuq 'bow-legged', maymaq 'in-toed, bow-legged',
tas maymaq 'walking with toes outward', ic maymaq 'walking with toes inward and heels outward', ET Tr {Rl.} maymaq 'mit
auseinandergespreizten Beinen', Qzq {Rl.} maymaq 'beim Gehen auf die Sohlen tretend' The rec. of '-n (rather than '-y) is
suggested by the preservation of 'm- as m- (conditioned by the presence of a nasal cns. in the stem) TkR 44O, Rl. IV 1991, Nj.
699-7OO, Rs. W 323 DQA #1252 (A 'mana 'paw, thigh') ll D 'man`ji,- *'forefoot or *'hand' (in a compositum with
'IattV 'knot, bundle' [D #1147], : NHG Hand-gclcnI 'wrist'): 'man`ji,-IattV 'wrist, ankle' > Tm maniIIattu, Ml
maniIIantam, maniIIcttu, Kn maniIattu, Tl maniIattu, maniIattu 'wrist', Tu manigantu 'ankle', Klm
mcncIti, Gdb manda, Gnd matta, Krx mulguta 'wrist', Tl manda id., 'back of the hand'; D 1 Mrt man`gat 'wrist,
ankle', OI mani-bandhah, Pali manibandha- 'wrist' (bandha- is an OI translation of D 'IattV), OI (late) mani, A mani-
'wrist' D #4673, M K II 555-6 ^ IE '-n- rules out a N '-n-. Therefore T and Tg '-n- must go back to a N cluster '-ny-. D
'-n`- suggests a N '-n`-. The original meaning is likely to have been 'animals foot\leg' (whence 'hand' in one dialectal area of IE
and possibly in D) rather than 'hand' (that would have involved a semantically implausible change 'hand' 'thigh'). The anatomy
of animals was sometimes more important for ancient hunters than that of humans Gr. II #194 ('ma-n - 'ma-I - 'ma-r
'hand/give/measure') [IE, A + qu. Ai + err. : U & Gil (both from N 'migV 'give as present'), Y, Ko, J, Gil, CK].
1439. ? 'manjVy,V 'speak, call, invoke magic forces' > IE: NaIE 'mon- 'warn, admonish; remind' ( IE 'mcn- 'mind' < N
'monV 'to test, think' [q.v.]) > L monco / monc-rc 'admonish, warn, remind' || Gmc: OHG manon 'admonish, remind, call',
NHG mahncn 'remind', AS manian id., 'claim, advise' WP II 265, WH II 1O7, KM 454, WW 19O, Sw. 11, EI 575 (L
monco < 'mcn- 'think, consider') ll U 'mann`V 'say, call, invoke magic forces' > F manaa- v. 'summon (to appear), conjure,
exorcize, swear', Es mana- 'evoke, call up; exorcize, conjure, curse' | Chr L/H xana- mana-, Uf/B mana- 'say' || Hg mond- v.
'say, name', Hg mond- 'speak' Sm 'man- > Ne: T xan: , cngt. xan' man?, T O {Lh.} manc, F {Lh.} mans; Ng
{Ter.} -xynca in iy-xynca 'what to say'; En xa( ma, cngt. xan' man? | Slq Tz {KKIH} moma pc. 'they say, man sagt' |
Kms {KD} 1s prs. malcm, molcm 'I say' The variant stem 'ma- (in Slq and Kms) may be due to the loss of the precons. 'n
pY {IN} 'mon- 'say' > Y K {IN, Jc.}, T {IN} mon- id. UEW 29O-1 (does not distinguish this from FU 'monn`V (cf.
N monV '') and therefore fails to reconstruct the U vw. of the initial syll.), Coll. 33, SK 332-3, Szin. 33, MF 448-9, Jn. 88,
KKIH 13O, IN 235-6, Ang. 164-5, Rd. UJ 4O [#34] (Y A U) ll D (in SD) 'man`ji, v. 'talk, speak' > Irl man`i id., Kt mayn` v.
'talk, scold, abuse', Tu maniuni, maniuni 'speak, utter' D #4671 ll ? HS: Ch: ECh: Ke {Eb.} mantc 'call, require' ('rufen,
verlangen') || CCh: Gdr {Mch.} mna 'talk' Eb. 79, ChC ll A: T (< cd ?) 'maqra- 'shout' > OT {Cl.} maqra- id., MQp XIV [CC]
maqra- v. 'bleat', Chg XV maqra- v. 'to low, bleat' (of a cow, sheep, etc.), Osm XIV baqla- 'shout, call to prayer', Uz xapa-
mara- v. 'bleat, low', Qmq, Qzq, Qq, Nog maqira-, Qrg, Alt mara-, Xk mara- 'bleat', Yk maqira- v. 'low' The meaning 'low,
bleat' is due to the infl. of the paronymous verb 'muqra- id. Cl. 77O, Rs. W 327, UzR 256, Jud. 5O7, KrkR 446, BT 1O7,
Pek. 1526 ^ D '-n`- < ''-n- < 'N -njV,y- Gr. II #127 ('mcn 'think/say') [IE, U, Y, CK + err. A, J] (cp. 'monV 'to test,
think').
144O. 'mANVyV or 'mAnV ' genitalia; copulate' > HS: EC: Bs {Hw.} man-to 'penis', man-titi 'vagina', Ged {Hd.}
mi?no 'penis', Or {Grg.} mundo id. [ HS 'muNd- 'testicles' (> Msg muq id.) < N 'mun`a(-tdV) 'egg'], Brj 'munn-a
'vagina', ? Or {Grg.} munnc 'anus'; Ss. B 149, Grg. 295 ? B 'mny > Ah {Fc.} monoy v. 'copulate' ( mo-noy 'meet
together' oni [< B 'nHy] 'see') Fc. 1357 S 'mny ('minay-?) > Ar naMi - nAMi mina(n) 'sperme; liqueur de la
femelle qui se mle au sperme', maniy- id. BK II 1159 ll D (in SD) {tr., GS} 'man`i 'penis' > Tm, Ml, Ka mani id. D
#48O5 ^ S 'minay- (?) and B 'mny and the long vw. in D suggest N 'mANVyV ^ Blz. DA 155 [#33] #32 (D, EC).
1441. 'minji,ya (or 'mina) 'woman, female relative' > HS: C: EC 'm'cnt- 'woman' (< ''m'cn- + '-t- [sx. of fem.],
(partially) 'man- 'man, person') > Dsn {To.} min-ni (< 'min-t-i) 'woman', Brj {Ss.} man'd-c, {Hw.} man'd-ay (pl.
man'd-anna) 'virgin, young umarried girl, young woman', HEC {Hd.} 'mcnto 'woman' > Hd mcnto id., mcnt-icco - {Hd.
294} [misprint?] mcnt-ic(c) 'female', Kmb mcnt-iccu(-ta) (pl. mcnto) 'woman', Sd pl. mcnto 'women', Alb {L}
mcncu-ta, Qbn {L} mancu-ta 'woman' Ss. B 14O, Hd. 17O, 254, 294, 385, L M 39, To DL 518 NrOm: Bnc {Wdk.}
mayn 'woman', She {CR Mnt.} mainn, Shn {Abb.} man id. Wdk. BY 1O7, CR NGS 621 Ch: WCh: BT: Bl {IL}
mondu, {Mk.} mundu, Krkr {Lk.} mcndo, {IL} mcndau_, Ngm {ChL} mandu, {Mk.} mcndu - mandu 'woman', Gera
{Sch.} mundu, Grm {Sch.} mana, Bele/Krf {Sch.} mondo, Glm {Sch.} mandi (pl. manna) id., 'wife'; Ngm {IS ?}
mino 'one of the wives (in polygamy), mano woman!' (addressing ones wife or female relative) || CCh: Gude {Hsk.} mins (pl.
maIins) 'woman, wife', {Mk., IL} min, {Srp.} mina 'woman' | Msg P {Trn.} msniy, Msg Ng {GKrs.} muni 'woman', Mlw
{Trn.} muni id., 'wife' JI II 346-7, ChC, ChL, Sch. BTL 3O, 57, 86, 118, 137, 157, Mk. II 283, 286, Lk. DQM 69, Trn. LM
1O5, Trn. MVM 2OO, Hsk. 243 Gr. LA 64 ll U 'miNji,ya 'daughter-in-law, young woman' > FU: F minia, Es minia
'daughter-in-law' | pLp {Lr.} 'msnc 'daughter-in-law' > Lp: S {Hs.} mann|aa, Vfs {Lgc.} ma'qqa 'younger brothers \ sons
wife', Kld xann mann 'sons wife', N {N} mann|c / -n|- 'daughter-in-law, wife of ones siblings son', L {LLO} mann|c
'daughter-in-law, sister-in-law, nephews wife' | Prm 'mon ({LG} 'mon) 'daughter-in-law' > Z xon mon, Z US mon,
Yz 'mun id., Vt nunxcn ici-mcn 'younger brothers wife' (lit. *'little daughter-in-law') || ObU {Ht.} 'mcn 'daughter-in-law'
> pVg 'man > Vg: T min, LK man / +ppa. 1s manom, MK man / manom, UK/P/NV/SV/LL man, UL/Ss
man; pOs {Ht.} 'mcn, {Hl.} 'man > Os: V/Vy, D/K/Nz/Kz/O mcn, Ty/Y ma'n id. | OHg mcny 'daughter-in-law, bride,
young woman', Hg mcny 'daughter-in-law' Sm {Hl.} 'mcna, {Jn.} 'mcnya 'daughter-in-law' > Ne T xc , Ne T O {Lh.}
mcyc id., Ne F L mi_cdo; Ng {Cs.} mcai, mcac; En {Cs.} mc id., 'sons wife'; Kms (d ?) {Cs.} mc|i id., Koyb {Sp.?}
xcnx; Mt {Hl.} 'mana, 'maya 'daughter-in-law' (Mt M {Sp.} xacx 'my daughter-in-law') Coll. 35, Db. OS xxxi,
UEW 276 ('mina), Sm. 538 (U, FU, FP 'mina, Ugr 'mina, Sm 'mcna), Lr. #637, Lgc. #3695, Lgc. SL #1225, Hs.
9O6-7, SaR 182, It. #373, LG 174, Ht. #396, Hl. rHt 68-9, MF 436-7, EWU 962-3, Jn. 92, Hl. M #65O (misprint: 'mana,
ma|a with a for a)ll A: pKo {S} 'mi_oniri, OKo {Lee} 'mi_anori, MKo {S} mi_oniri - mi_onnri, NKo
mycnuli mi_oniri ({Rm.} mi_onnri - mi_oncri), Ko Ks S {Mazur} minuri 'daughter-in-law' S QK #894, Nam 213, MLC 619,
Rm. SKE 147, Mazur KD 212 IS II 68-8 ({IS}: Tg 'bcnc < ''mcnc) ll D 'min`t- ({GS} '-n`d-) 'woman of nubile age,
lusty female' > Kn mindi id., Kdg mun`do id., mun`digarati 'mistress', Tu mindi 'incontinent woman', Tl mindata
'unchaste woman, adulteress', Brh {Bray} min`d 'female dog'; derived words of this denote libertine men as well: Kn minda
'man who does not restrain the animal passion, libertine', Kt min`dn`, mun`dn`, Tl minthudu 'paramour'; D 1 OI 'mcna
'concubine' D #4858, Bray II 2O6, M K II 686, M E II 379 ^ The dental (rather than postalveolar) 'n in ancient D (as
suggested by the OI Dravidism 'mcna), the forms of BF (F minia), of Ko and of some HS lgs (Msg P msniy, Bnc mayn)
point to the presence of 'y (pN 'minji,ya) rather than of '-n- ('mina); the cns. -n- in most FU lgs. goes back to contraction
of the cluster '-Ny- ^ The cns. 'd (> Ch 'd, D 't) in some Ch and D lgs. may represent a sx. or the second component of a cd
^ IS II 68-9 ('mina: HS, U, D, Ko + err. Tg 'bcnc '(male\female) relative-in-law', which is most likely to belong to N
'van`V 'relative of the opposite moiety' [q.v.]).
1442. 'mANdV 'excitement, wish, desire' > IE: NaIE 'mcnd"- 'be excited, wish' > OHG mcndi 'joy, pleasure', mcndcn 'to
rejoice', mcndon 'be glad', ON munda 'to aim (with a weapon)', Gt mundrci 'goal' || W mynnu 'to want', Crn mcnnaf 'I want'
Gk ovove (aor. ociv) 'learn' and Sl 'modr+ 'wise' (cf. N 'monV 'to test, think'), as well as NaIE 'mcn- 'wish
eagerly' (see N 'mAynV 'ask, desire') WP II 27O-1, P 75O, F II 17O-1, Fs. 367-8, Kb. 674, EI 348 [Gmc & Clt <
'mcn(s)-d"(c)h- 'learn' place in the mind'] ll D 'man`t- {GS} 'man`d- v. 'like, wish' > Gnd mand- v. 'like', Kui
manda 'intend, aim at, desire, wish', Ku mandinai_ v. 'profess', mandinai_ v. 'agree, sanction, wish', man`d- 'marry', ? Krx
man`d- v. 'select' D #48O7 ll ? K: Sv: UB {TK} mand, L {Dn.} manda n. 'wish, will (cnan c, non) ) ', Sv {Ni.} mand
'love' (unless px. ma- + nd- 'wish', cf. N 'NidV 'eye, to look') Ni. s.v. n 6nr , Dn. s.v. manda, DCh. 977-8.
1443. 'manVga (or 'maqga?) 'strong, numerous' > HS: C: EC 'mang- > Af {PH} mango 'be many\much', Sa {Bnd.}
mango 'many', {R} man'go - man'go 'Flle, Menge', -mang- pcv. (p. 'o-mcngo) 'be full, numerous', ???, Rn {PG} mig
'strength, heaviness'; ?? EC {Ss.} 'mig-/'mug- 'full(ness)' > Sa migc 'fullness', Sml {R} mug 'Flle, Vollheit', {ZMO, DSI} mug
'capacity, volume, amount a vessel can contain', Bs {HL} mig- 'be full', {Ss.} mig-i 'full', Or {Ss.} moga 'fullness', {Ss.}, Or B
{Sr.} mi-u, Or M {LLC} miu 'full'; ? EC {Ss.} '-mg- pcv. 'fill'; ( N 'mEIE 'mEIE 'big' [q.v.]?) > Sa {Ss.} -mcg- id.,
Or Wt {Hn.} imcI-, Kns immaI- 'fill'.; the loss of the stem-medial '-n- may be due to morphological levelling in the system of
EC verbs; Ya {Hn.} -moI (pl. -'moc?) 'many' may belong either to EC 'mang- or to EC {Ss.} 'mig-/'mug- PH 163, R S II
258-6O, R SS II 288, Ss. PEC 25, Sr. 333, 367, LLC 82, DSI 444, ZMO 295, PG 224, HL 127, Hn. W 59, Hn. Y II 129 NrOm:
Shn {Lm.} manga, Anf {MYTY} mango, Kf {C} maggo, Mch {L} maggo 'heavy', Kf magg-, Mch maggi- 'be heavy'; ( N
'maonV 'many, much'): Hrr {Abb.} mono 'forte', Gf {Mrn.} min- 'be strong \ firm (essere forte)', mino 'forte', Dk {CR}
minn-irc 'forza, fu forte', Malo {CR} mino 'forte' Mrn. O 152, CR H 654, CR LLR s.v., Lm. Sh 349-5O, MYTY 118, C SE
IV 47O, L M 4O, AD SF 256-7 ll ? K: Mg mangar-i 'firm, strong', mt marg- v. 'strengthen', OG, G magar-i 'strong, firm',
magr- 'be strong, firm, steady' DCh. 358, Abul. 211-2, Chx. 7O1-4, Q 275-6 ll IE: NaIE 'mcng"-/'m,ncg"-/''m,nog"-
'numerous' > OIr mc(i)nic adj. 'abundant, frequent', W mynych, Crn mcnough 'frequent; often' || Gmc: Gt manag-s, ON mangr,
Sw mangcn, Dn mangcn, OSx manag, OHG manag, manig 'numerous', AS mani id., pl. manic, mania 'many', NHG pl.
manchc 'several', NE many; Gmc 'managin 'multitude, great number' > Gt manag-ci 'Menge, Volk', OSx mcnigi 'Menge,
Schar', OHG managi(n), mcnigi 'multitude, crowd', NHG Mcngc 'great number', AS mcniio, ON mcngi id., 'crowd' || Sl
'm+nog+(|i) 'numerous' > OCS m+uer+(u) m+nog+(i), SCr, Slv mnog, Cz, Slk mnohy, R 'xnoinn; adv. 'm+nogo 'much,
many' > OCS m+uere m+nogo, Blg, R 'xnoio P 739, EI 3 ('mcncg"- 'abundant'), Vn. M 37, Fs. 343-4, Vr. 378, 384, Ho.
214, Ho. S 5O-1, Kb. 656-7, KM 458, 471, Vs. II 633-4, Glh. 418 ll A: Tg 'maqa 'strong, firm, hard; very' > Orc maqga 'strong',
Ud {Krm.} maqga - maqa 'strong, firm; strongly, very much', Ul maqga id., 'difficult', Nn maqga id., 'firm', Ork maqga id.,
'hard', Ewk maqa, Lm maq 'hard, firm', Sln mandc, mandi 'difficult (adv.), very', mandi| 'very', WrMc maqga, mcqgc 'hard,
strong', Mc Sb {Y} maqo, {Mrm.} maqa 'difficult, hard to', Jrc {Kiy.} maqga 'difficult' STM I 529-3O, Krm. 259, Y ##1845,
2516, Kiy. 136 [#7O2], Klz. MS 221 pJ {S} 'manIi- 'big' > J: Sh magi-, Y mai- S QJ #151 T: Chv xaAn m+n,
xaAnaA m+n+, {Md.} m+n+ 'big, great' ( 'maonV 'many, much') Jeg. 13O DQA #1256 (A 'maqgao 'big, strong':
Tg, J) ll Gil: Gil: A {ST} maqg-| '(be) strong, firm, difficult', ES {Krn.} maqg-d '(be) strong, vigorous' (A Tg?) ST 175, Krn.
N 677 ^ Coll. IUS 13 and Coll. HUV (IE, U), IS II 41-2 ('manga > HS, IE, K, A) Glh. 418; in all these sources there is no
distinction between this etymon and 'maonV 'many, much' ^ Gr. II #26O ('manIa 'many') [IE, A, Ai, Gil, EA + qu. Ko + err.
U].
1444. 'miNt'u 'to jump, run away' > A: NTg 'mundu- 'jump' (as < 'mindu-?) > Ewk mundu- id.; d 'mundu-Ian 'hare'
> Ewk munnuIan " munduIan, Lm mtnrtqan " mtndtqan " mtnntqan, Neg monoxan " monoIan 'hare' STM I 556 ll
D 'min`t-/'mitt-, {GS} 'min`t- 'jump' > Kn mintu v. 'jump, bounce', mudi v. 'leap, bounce, hop', Tl midiyu v. 'jump,
leap forward, flash\fly off (as a chip), mittu v. 'jump, leap', Klm mit- v. 'leap', Nkr mitt- v. 'jump', Gnd mirr- " mir- 'run,
flee' D #485O (a) ll ? HS: S 'mtn > Ar mtn G 'sen aller, sloigner pour un voyage' BK II 1O58.
1445. ? 'mVNtV 'mVtnV 'to last, be slow' > IE: NaIE 'mcondo- > OI manda-h {MW} 'slow, tardy, moving slowly,
idle, lazy', OI A mandara- 'slow, tardy' || Sl 'mod- > OCS maiu+ modin+ 'slow', mau:u moditi 'to delay, linger, tarry'
(unless a secondary variant of OCS miu+ mudin+ 'slow', mu:u muditi 'be slow', as suggested in ESSJ XX 167-7O)
WP II 3O5-6 (Ary, Sl), StSS 341-2, MW 787-8; M K II 581 & M E II 312 (no IE et. for OI manda-) ll HS: CS 'mtn 'stay, be
immobile, slow' > MHb mtn G 'be slow \ long; wait', Sh (pf. NiT5m6e5 him'tin) v. 'last, wait', Sr N4.ia mat'tin, 'no4.ia
matti'n-a 'slow, sluggish, dull, inert', Ar mtn G (pf. matuna) 'tre ferme, solide', (pf. matana) 'sarrter dans un lieu' Js.
8O3, Br. 41O, JPS 319, BK II 1O58-9 ll ?? D 'mot-/'mott- ({GS} 'mon`t-?) 'dull' (of a person)' > Tm motu, mottai_
'stupidity, dullness of intellect', monnai_yan 'dullard, idiot', Ml mottu 'obstunacy', Kt mcd 'dullness of senses', mcdn` 'dull
man', Kn mota 'stupidity', Tu modc 'ignorant man, silly fellow', Tl motu 'rough, rude, dull, stupid', Brh mot 'foolish' D
#5135.
1446. 'mANtV 'jaw, skull, chin' > IE: NaIE 'mcnto- 'chin' > L mcntum id. || OIr mant {Vn.} 'gum, jaw', {P} 'the place
of a tooth that has fallen out; gum', W mant 'jaw-bone, mouth' ({Vn.}: A OIr) || Gt mun|s, ON mur, munnr, OHG mund,
NHG Mund, AS mu 'mouth', NE mouth Connection with Ht mcni- {CHD} 'face, cheek' [not 'chin' ( EI)] is not plausible
enough the of L mand-o / -crc 'chew, bite' and Gk oooooi id. (Ps unjustified rec. 'mcnt"- v. 'chew', 'mouth', based
on the err. comparison of these words with OI math- 'entreien, rauben' [that P translates as 'fressen']) P 726, 732 (Gmc
'munO- 'mouth' < 'mcnth-), EI 1O7 (?'mcn- 'chin'), 453, WH II 72-3, Fs. 868, Vr. 396, Ho. 227-8, Kb. 7OO, KM 493, Vn.
M 17, CHD L-N 289-9O ll U: Sm {Hl.} 'muntcoyItcVn, {Jn.} 'muntc+yItcVn or '-nc- 'beard' (cd or d ) > Ne: T xynon ,
T O {Lh.} munoc, F Nl munnus:oq; Yr {Pl.} xy' (yr ; En {Cs.} muddutc?; Ng {Mik.} mundusa, {Cs.} munduisaq;
Kms {KD} mu?z_cn, {Cs.} mui?zcn; Mt {Hl.} 'munducVn 'beard' (Mt: M {Mll.} mundutschcn, {Sp.} xyn(yucn , Mt K
{Mll.} munduts|in, {Pl.} mundutin id., Mt T {Mll.} mundutschcnda 'his beard') Jn. 96, Hl. M 311 [#7O3] ll D (in SD)
'man`t-(ai_) 'skull, cranium' ({GS} 'mand- 'cup, vessel') > Tm mantai_ id., 'head, begging bowl', Ml manta 'skull', Tu
mand 'skull, head, large earthen vessel', Kt man`d, Td mad, Kdg man`dc, Krg man`da " man`dc 'head', Kn mandc id.,
mandagc 'big jar'; D 1 OI A manda- 'head' D #4682, GS 28 [#18] ll ? HS: EC: Bs munc {Hw.} 'mouth', {HL} 'lip,
mouth' (unless akin to Sa/Af {R} min'gaga 'jaw, cheek') HL 128, Hw. B II 127, R S II 269 ^ The apparently irreg. D 't (for
the expected 't < N 't) still needs explanation (a special development within a cns. cluster?).
1447. 'mcNq'tV 'to miss one's aim' ( 'pass by', 'be mistaken') > IE: NaIE 'mcnt- '(in) vain; liar, deceit' > Gk otv 'in
vain, fruitlessly', ot 'fault' ( N 'minV 'tell a lie, deceive'): L mcntior / mcntiri 'to tell a lie', mcntitus 'false' || Pru
mcntimai 'wir lgen', cmcntimai 'wir belgen' IS II 52, WH II 68-9, F II 185, Frn. 455, En. 21O ll U 'mcnta- > FU
{UEW} 'mcnta- v. 'miss ones mark, be mistaken' > pLp {Lr.} 'mcntc- id. > Lp: Lp N {N} md'dct v. 'miss (not hit),
mistake (ones way)', S {Hs.} micddcdh 'fehlen, irren, sndigen', L {LLO} micddc- - maddc- 'fehlen, Fehler machen,
fehlgreifen, sich irren', Lp Kld {TI} mc'a'nda 'weg, fort' ( *'vorbei') || Os V/Vy mintoto- v. 'miss ones aim (in shooting)'; ?
Vg: ML {Mu.} mant - manta - manti, K {Mu.} mant - mont, P {Kn.} mantl 'lngs, entlang', Vg {IS without
specifying the dialect & source} am mantsom 'passing by me' ('npoxo(cnnc xnxo xcn) ') pY {IN} 'montc- > Y K {IN}
mudcdo- 'pass (away), elapse' (' npoxo(nr , xnnonar '), {Jc.} mudcdc- 'elapse' (malyi|cloIun ozcr'xo mudcdcigc 'when 8
days will elapse' Coll. 97-8, UEW 272, Lr. #657, Lgc. #3812, Hs. 917, TI 244, Trj. S 256, MK 298, WVD VII 197, IN 235, Ang.
167, Rd. UJ 48 [#76] (Y A U) ll ? HS: Ch 'mnt ({Nw.} 'mn) 'forget' > WCh {Stl.} 'mant- v. 'forget' > Hs {Ba.}
mancc` / manta`, Gw {Mts.} moci | Gmy mcn, Mnt mun, Su {J} mandcr | Bl mont-, Krkr mantau, Bele montu, Krf
mund-, Gera mons-, Grm mun-, Ngm {ChL} montct, Glm {Sch} nund- | My {Sk.} man- || CCh: Tr {Nw.} mona, Pdl
{ChL} m"oncha | Bcm {Nw.} mycnts Ba. 767-9, Stl. ZCh 233 [#8O2], Nw. 26 [#53], ChC, ChL ll ? A: M 'mcqdc > WrM
mcqdc-, HlM xyn(y-, xyi(y- 'be(come) excited \ worried \ embarrassed; become stupid', Brt xyi(y- 'get excited \ embarrassed,
lose ones head', Ord {Ms.} mcqd_c- - mcg_d_c- 'avoir des soupons', d caus. mcqd_c- 'faire perdre contenance', Kl {Rm.}
mcqdo- 'aufgeregt sein (ber etw.)', {KRS} d xc (ip mcqdoIur 'sorrow, distress' (the unexpected voiced 'd [for 't] needs
explanation; M 'mcnc- > WrM mcncrc-, HlM xynypy- 'become stupid \ dull, faint', Kl {Rm.} mcnr- 'lose conciousness,
faint', {KRS} id., 'grow numb', Brt xynyp- 'grow dull, lose sensitivity'; WrM mcncq - mcncg, HlM xynyn, Kl {Rm.} mcnog_
'stupid', Ord {Ms.} mcncn, mcncI (in mcncn t`anan 'stupid', t`cncI mcncI id. [infl. of MChn {S} 'muq tuq 'stupid'])
MED 536, Ms. O 462, Chr. 3O9, 312, KW 261, KRS 35O T 'man- > Chv man- 'forget' Jeg. 128 ^ IS MS 357 s.v.
npoxaxnyr c) ('mcntn; IE, U), IS III 52 [#357] ('mcnn id., 'nponrn xnxo, 6ir r crnix \ 6c:paccy(nix \ nonix' >
IE, U, Ch, M 'mcqdc, 'mcn-; A 'munV 'be mistaken, mad' [actually belonging to N 'munV 'defect, damage', q.v.]) ^ If M
'mcqdc- belongs here, the N rec. is 'mcqjt,V, otherwise it is 'mcNjt,V.
1448. ? 'movE'nV 'intestines, belly' > HS: C {AD} 'mVn- 'intestines' > Bj 'mana {Rop.} 'viscera, bowels, intestines',
{R} 'Darm, Gedrme, Eingeweide', Bj A {AD} 'mana 'guts' || EC: pSam {Hn.} mindi'qar 'intestines' > Sml {Hn.}
mindiqir id., Sml C {ZMO} mindiir 'viscera, part of the intestine', Sml N {Abr.} mindiir 'the large intestine', Rn {PG}
minda_ar 'intestine', Bn {Hn.} mini'?ir id., minc?cr 'part of intestines', Bs {Hw.} mcn?cr, {HL} min?cr 'intestines'; Arr
{Hw.} mcrdc id. || Dhl {EEN} mani 'large intestine' EEN 37, AD SF 182, To. D 142, R WBd 170, Rop. 217, ZMO 291, Abr.
S 180, PG 225, Hn. PS 69, HL 128, Hw. B II 125, Hw. A 384 CCh: ?? FlB mancvIn 'intestines' ll U 'm'unV 'belly' > Sm
'm'unV > Ne T xin 'fish belly ( 6p mna) uacr pi6i)', 'smoked belly of sturgeon (r[mia)', {Klp.} myn 'Bauch', T O {Lh.}
mun 'Fischmagen', munc 'stomach', {Klp.} mun 'Bauch', En B {Cs.} 'muncdi, En X {Cs.} 'munori 'Magen', En T {Klp., Pl.}
mu'nuri, En M {Klp.} munadc, {Pl.} mun|adc 'belly', En {B} munobo, En X {Cs.} munabo 'Fischmagen', Ng {Cs.} mina,
minaiIu 'Fischmagen', minada 'Magen', {Klp.} mino'va 'Bauch' pY {IN} 'mon- 'belly' > Y T {IN} mon-il 'belly' ('-il is a
nominal sx.), {Ku.} monil 'belly, {Krn.} monil 'belly; stomach (Magen)', {Jc.} monil 'Magen', OY Ch {Mat.} xan no 'belly'
Coll. JU 83, Ter. 266, KP 13O, Klp. SA vii, SWV 36, Cs. 75, IN 236, 311, Ku. 15O, Krn. JJ 275, Ang. 165 ll A: {DQA}
'mobina > NaT 'mogan ({DQA}: < ''mobcn) 'entrails, intestine' > OT [MhK] buIan (= '[bougan]?) ' part of
the entrails, coecum', XwT XIV buIcn (= '[bougcn]?) 'entrails', Tkm bovcn, Qq buycn 'large intestine', Qrg, Alt, Tv
mon, Bsh buian 'duodenum', Xk on 'coecum' Cl. 328, ET B 2O5, DTS 132 NrTg 'momana (as from
''mobana) ' intestine' > Ewk momana 'large intestine, stomach (Magen)', Lm momtna 'sausages (reindeers intestines
filled with suet)', NrTg 1 Yk momunai_ 'suet on guts' STM I 544 ??? Ko manhva 'spleen and pancreas' MLC 578
DQA #1349 (A 'mobinV 'large intestine' > T, Tg) ^ U and Tg point to a N '-n-, while T suggests '-nn`-. In U and Tg there
is infl. of the reflexes of N 'mE?avunV 'chest, heart' ^ IN 236 (Y, Ko), Blz SNE I #16 (C, U, Ko) Gr. II #37 ('man
'belly').
1449. 'mE?avunV (or 'mUnV?) 'breast, chest, heart' ( 'middle') > HS: SC: Irq {Wh.} muna (pl. munc), {MQK}
muna, {Mgh.} muna, Brn {Wh.} muna 'heart', {E} muna?i 'chest', Grw/Alg {Fl.} mona, Kz {Fl., E} munaIo, Asa {E}
munoI 'heart'; SC 1 Mb muna id. || Ag: Bln {R} mangu (mang") n. 'middle' 1 Tgy N 'mango 'middle, centre' E SC
159, Mgh. 115, MQK 75, R WB 271, Blz. ADB 21, AD SF 182, CS 161 S: Ar ma?an-at- (pl. mu?un-) 'part of the belly
surrounding the navel; fat covering the inner surface of the peritoneum' ( *'middle'?) ( N 'movE'nV 'belly, intestines'?)
BK II 1O54, MiK I #1.183 [Ar ma?an-at- < S 'mV(?)n(-at)- 'tendon, sinew, muscle'] But Eg mn 'breast' is more likely to
go back to N 'malgc 'breast, udder' (q.v. ffd.) ll A: Tg 'mi_aban 'heart' > Ewk, Neg mcvan, Lm mavtn, Orc
mava(n-) - mi_ava(n-), Ud mava(n-), Ul, Ork mcva(n-), Nn mt_ava " mt_at 'heart', Sln mcya - miya id., {Iv.}
ma'van - mcvan 'breast' The depalatalization 'n > Tg 'n is still puzzling WrMc naman 'heart' hardly belongs here
(unless one reconstructs pTg 'mi_abanam), but is more likely to be akin to MKo ni_om-t"oq 'heart' (acc. to Lee) and
possibly to FU 'jn,imc- 'to suck the breast' (Coll. 15-6, MF 153, It. #368) pKo {S} 'mnnnm 'heart' > MKo mnnnm,
NKo maim S QK #42, Nam 196, MLC 564 pJ {S} 'muna-i 'breast' > OJ munc, J: T munc, K munc, Kg munc S QJ
#2O2, Mr. 488 DQA '1315 (A 'mi_onu 'heart, breast'; unjustified rec. of the Tg root as 'mi_anam) ll D (in SD)
'mUn`n`i, ({GS} '-nc-?) > Tm monni, monci 'breasts', Tu munna, munn 'breast' (as called by children) D #5111 ^
If Ar ma?an-at- and Tg 'mi_aban do not belong here, the N rec. may be 'mUnV.
145O. 'moyjV,qV 'neck, nape' > HS: ECh: Kbl {Cp.} muqgo 'nape' ChC ll IE: NaIE 'mon- 'nape, neck' > OI man'ya
'nape of the neck', Av manaoOri- 'neck, nape', alri-manya- 'Nackenschutz'; d : OI ma'nih 'necklace, pearl, jewel', Irn
'manya-Ia- 'necklace' [1 Arm maneak mancaI id., 'collar', Gk [Pol.] oviok) 'necklace, torc (worn of gold by Persians and
Gauls)', JA [Trg.], JEA ak1in5m6 moni'I-a 'necklace'] || OIr muin 'neck, upper part of the back', muincl 'neck', muin-torc
'chain for the neck', Brtt {RE} 'mon- 'neck' > OW [] minci 'necklace, collar', MW mvn, W mvnvgl, mynvgl, OBr mun
'neck' || L monilc 'necklace, collar' || Gk D ovvo), ovvo) 'necklace' || d : Gmc 'mani_a- > ON mcn, OHG mcnni, AS mcnc
'necklace'; Gmc 'mano 'mane' > OHG mana 'mane, neck', ON mon, Sw man, NHG Mahnc, MLG manc, OFrs mona, mana,
AS manu 'mane', NE manc || d : Sl 'monisto 'necklace' > OCS, OR meuut:e monisto, Blg {Gerov} xa'nncro, McdS, R, Uk
xo'nncro WP II 3O5, P 747-8, EI 391 ('monis - 'monch_- 'neck'), M E II 556-7, 584-5, Dlm. 23O, Js. 8O1, Sl. 687, Vn. M
72, RE 114, Loth 19O, WH II 1O8, F I 171, Ch. 664-5 (ovvo), ovvo) [bf .] oviok)), Vr. 384, 4O1, Kb. 656, 675,
KM 454, Ho. 215, 219, ESSJ XIX 2O9-11, Vs. II 65O ll A {SDM97} 'moyjo,qV, {DQA} 'moyqo 'neck' > T 'moyuin
({DQA, TL} 'boyn) 'neck' > OT boyin - boyun 'neck', MU, MQp XIII, XwT XIV, OOsm XIV boyun, Chg XV boyin - boyn,
MQp [CC] boyin or boyun, Tk boyun, Tkm, Az, CrTt, Kr, Qmq, ET boyun, Uz 6yAnnn buyin, VTt xycn muyin, Bsh
muy+n, Alt, Xk moyin, Qrg, Ln, Tv moyun, Tf mocn id. (+ppa: moyn-i 'his neck'), Yk xoon moy (+ppa: moyn-um ('my
neck'), {Md.} moy / monn- | Chv: L/MK xaAn m+y, Chv H m+y, Chv V miy - muy 'neck' (< 'moyju,n < as
'moyju,n) 'neck' (< d ?) T 'moynaI > OT boynaq 'narrow pass', Qrg moynoq 'camels neck; mountain pass', Qzq moynaq
'skin of camels neck', Qq moynaq 'sand-hill in a desert' Cl. 386, Rs. W 8O, ET B 18O-2, TL 233-4, Ra. 2O7, Pek. 158O-1, Jeg.
129, Md. 46, 174 (pT 'boy'un), Jud. 529-3, MM 242, KrkR 462 ??? M 'mundaya 'withers, place between the shoulder-
blades (of animals)' > WrM mundaga {Gl.} id., {Kow.} 'withers of a horse\mule', {MED} 'withers of a horse', HlM, Brt xyn(aa,
Ord mund_a, Kl {Rm.} munda id. MED 351, Kow. 2O28, Gl. III 31O, Ms. O 47, KW 268, Chr. 3O2 Tg
'moqa(n) 'neck' > Ewk, Neg moqon, Nn Nh/KU moqgo, Orc moqo(n-), Ork, Ul moqgo(n-), WrMc moqgon STM I 546
Ko: [1] pKo {S} mi_o-I 'neck, throat' > MKo, NKo mi_oI id. ( T 'moy-naI); [2] MKo moq-`oi_ 'yoke, harness' (: pT
'moyuntiriI 'yoke', cf. ET B 182) S QK #58, Nam 213, MLC 619 SDM97, DQA #1336 (incl. T, M, Tg, Ko).
1451. ?? 'maq'gV 'maNji,'gV 'monkey' > HS: ECh: Mu {J} moqgo 'small black monkey' J Mu, ChC ll A: Tg
'mono > WrMc mono (spelled moniyo) {Z} ' yellowish monkey with a short tail' (' o6c: ) na, cnronara) c ioporinx
xnocrox'), {Hr.} 'kurzschwnziger Affe', but on p. 511 Zaxarov refers to mono as 'common monkey' ('o6iinoncnna)
o6c: ) na'), Mc Sb {Y} /moni/ [mon] 'monkey', {Mrm.} monu, Mc N {Rdn.} xn`y msnu 'monkey'; Mc 1 Sln mono,
Orc, Ud, Ul, Nn mono 'monkey'; there is also a variant STg word 'bono 'monkey' > WrMc bono {Z} 'large monkey', {Hr.}
'monkey', Jrc dobi bonon 'monkey' STM I 94, 545, Krm. 26O, Z 51O-1, 89O, Hr. 111, 665, Y #2212, Klz. MS 226, Rdn. 7,
Kiy. 1O5 ll D (in SD) 'maqI- {GS} 'maqg- 'monkey' > Ml moqqa, Kn maqga, Krg maqgi 'monkey', Tu mangc id., 'ape' D
#4666 ^ The origin of NE monIcy and of the Romance word 'monna (> Sp, Port mona, -o 'monkey', OIt, It monna, Fr monc
'female monkey') remains obscure. They may be loans from an unknown source [but hardly from Prs (i.e. ClNPrs maymun, NPrs
maymun) 'monkey', as believed by ML #5242]. For other unconvincing etymologies (e.g., < It madonna) cf. Pian. 872-3.
Nothing is known about their possible connection with N 'maq'gV 'monkey' ^ AD NM #6, S CNM 12, Vv. AEN 7 (rejects
the Tg cognate because of the irreg. Mc -n-, which, however, may be explained if we assume pN 'maNji,'gV).
1452. 'muqKaU (= 'muqIaU?) 'make great efforts, (?) be heavy' > IE: NaIE (att. in Sl) 'monIj",- > Sl 'moIa
'torment, hard work' > OCS mako moIa, Cz, Slk muIa, R, Uk 'xyia, Slv muIa - moIa 'torment', SCr mu`Ia, P mcIa id.,
'work', R Ps/Sml/Tmb 'xyia 'hard work', Blg 'xia 'torment', 'property' ( *'result of hard work'); Sl 1 Rum munca, Hg
munIa 'work' ESSJ XX 136-8, Vs. III 7, EWU 1OO4, P 731 ll D {tr., GS} 'muII- 'strain, make great efforts' ( N
'mUIE 'to press', q.v. ffd.) ll A: T ''muqI > [1] T 'muq > OT {Cl.} buq " muq 'grief, sorrow', MQp XIV muq - bun, Osm
buq 'pain, distress', Tk bun 'crisis, difficult situation', Ggz bun- 'be tired (of travelling), be discontented', Qzq xn` muq, Qq,
Nog, Qmq, Qrg, Uz b, ET {Nj.} muq 'melancholy, sadness, sorrow', ET {Rs.} muq 'Mhe, Leiden, Sorge, Kummer, Trauer', Yk
muq 'torment, suffering ('xyia, xyucnnc, crpa(annc'), d muq-na- v. 'torment' (1 Ork muqna- vt. 'torment', Ewk muq-,
muqan-, Neg moqnan- vt. 'torment, beat'), ? Xk d xocn c moqts 'sorrow(ful), sad(ness)', xocnci moncI 'sad, sorrowful';
[2] ? T 'muI > Qrg 6yi buq 'melancholy, depression' ('rocia, yincrcnnoc cocro) nnc'), Alt/Shor {Rl.} muqan- 'sich
abqulen, abmhen, sorgen', Xk {BIG} xyxan- mu_an- 'suffer (e.g. from an illness)' (' xyunr c) , crpa(ar '), Osm {Rl.}
mY'QvM muqay-(maq) 'to suffer, toil, fatigue oneself'; here the initial m- suggests the (former?) presence of a medial
'n ('munI?) unless these words are loans from unknown source Cl. 347, Rs. W 344-5, Sht. 146, GRMS 97, Nj. 719, BIG 11O-
1, Jud. 156, 538, Rl. IV 2171-2, Pek. 1625-9, STM I 557 ? M: MM [S] {H} muq 'Schwierigkeit, Not' (muq tani-qu 'Not
erfahren, in Schwierigkeit sein'), WrM muqda-, HlM xyn(a- 'be in trouble or in difficult circumstances' (unless muqda-
'become insufficient, come to an end') MED 551, H 112 The monosyllabity of MM muq suggests a possible loan from T
Pp. VG 71 (T, M + err. Ewk mtqna|a- ''suffer' [in fact, a loan from Yk]), Nm. UT 79 ll ? K: GZ (or Zan?) 'manI- 'heavy' - ?
'maI- ( N 'mEIE or 'mEIE 'big' [q.v. ffd] {IS}: K 'manI- < 'mvanI- ^ For the semantic connection between 'work'
and 'torment' cp. L trcalium ' instrument of torture' - VL {ML} 'trialiarc 'to torture' > Fr travaillcr, Prv trcbalhar, Sp
traba|ar, Prt trabalhar 'to work' (ML #8911) and, on the other hand, travail 'labour of childbirth' Fr travail 'work', as well as
the history of NE labour ^ {IS}: the cognates without a medial nasal (in K, D, T) may be accounted for by dis ^ IS MS 369
('mu(n)In 'rpy(': IE, T, D, ?K), IS II 73-4 (K, D, T).
1453. UA 'mVqKV 'beaver, mole' (a substratum word?) > U: pOs 'maqI 'beaver, mole' > Os: V/Vy/Vrt may, Ty may
(+ppa. 1s muyom), Y may 'beaver', K ma_, Nz moq_, Sh muq_-, O maq_, {Ahl.} moqI 'mole', Kz muq_, Sn mo_ 'rat,
mole' For '-qI > V/Vy/Ty/Y -y/-, K -_/-x cp. Ht.s reconstructions: pOs 'moqI 'Axtrcken' (> Os: V/Vy moy, Ty moy", K
mo_), pObU 'cV:qI 'Eiskruste' (> Os V/Vy toy, Ty ta'y" 'thin ice'), pObU 'cuqI 'fog' (> Os V/Vy cu, Ty ci"), pObU
'OoqIol [i.e. 'OoqIol] (> Os V loyol, Vy yoyol), pOs 'coqI- 'ausschlagen' (> Os V/Vy coy-, coy-, Ty/Y coq-), etc., cf.
Ht. ##8O, 1O7-8, 149. 4O1 Stn. D 897, UEW 264 (equates Os may " ma_ 'beaver' with Mr maIsa- 'mole' and reconstructs
FU 'maIsa without taking into account the Os forms with -q_) ll A: M 'miq:in 'beaver' > WrM miqin, HlM xnnmin,
Kl xn ' miqo id., Brt xynyn xan yn 'water mole, desman' ( xan yn 'otter') MED 539, KRS 352, Chr. 312 ?? T: Tv
mondclc 'young of a marmot' TvR 3O1, Shch. Zh 148.
1454. 'muqi'HorKV (or 'muqi arKV?) 'gristle, horn' ( 'muscle', 'sinew') > HS: EC murI- (- 'morg-) 'gristle,
tendon, sinew' ( N 'm'urIV 'root, root-crops, edible roots', 'sinew') > Or {Brl.} morga 'tendon', {Th.} morg-aya id.,
'nerve', Or B {Sr.} morga 'tendons, muscles', Kns murq-a 'tip of the nose', Gdl {Bl.} morI-a 'bone of nose, kneecap, soft part of
ensete', Sml muruq- 'muscle', Arr {Hw.} morgi 'tendon, sinew', Brj mor'ganIa 'mica 'ankle', Rn {PG} morogo 'string', Ya
{Hn.} mor-i? (pl. mor-ci) 'sinew of neck' Bl. 198, Ss. PEC 54 (EC 'murI- 'gristle'), Ss. B 148, Th. 248, Brl. 3O9, Sr. 369,
PG 227, Hw. A 385, Hn. Y II 133 Ch: WCh: SBc: Zar {Sh.} K/GL mori, Zar L {Sh.} ncri, Sy {Csp.} ncri, Grn {Hrn.}
myav, {Jgr.} m'av, {Gw.} miyav 'horn' | ? NrBc: Jmb {Sk.} mu`vi | ? Ngz {Sch.} maIIm 'horn blown in hunting to
call other hunters; trumpeting with horn' || ? CCh: Msg P {Trn.} miyoI, Msg {MB} amiyoI, Mlw {Trn.} amoI, Msk {Trn.}
miyot | Ms {Cat.} mi`yoI (df. mi`yo`I-qa`), {J} myogga, {Mch.} myoI, ZmD {KNC} mi`c`I, ZmB {Sa.} mc`Ic`, {J}
mcI 'horn' JI II 192-3. MB 59, ChC, ChL, Sh. SB 25, Sch. DN 1O9, Csp. 54, Hrn. #141, Jgr. 185, KNC 17, Cat. 115, Trn.
LDM 2O, Trn. LM 1O6 ll U: FU 'norIc, {Db.} 'norIc 'gristle' ( 'naXji,rU(-KE) 'cartilage of the vertebra', q.v. ffd.) ll A: T
'muyqur 'horn' > NaT 'muyquz (> 'muquz) > OT {Cl.} muquz " muyuz " buyuz, MQp/MOg XIII buynuz, Chg
XV buquz, Tk boynuz, Ggz, CrTt boynuz, Tkm buynuo, Az buynuz, Uz mugiz - muguz, Kr, ET muquz, ET munuz,
Slr {Kk.}, SY moqus, Ln mugus - muyus, VTt x' ic: migiz, miqis, Bsh x' i' & migio, Qzq xn : muyiz,
Nog, Qq, Qrg muyuz, Tb munus - mus, Alt, Xk mus, Tv miyis, Tf mis, Yk muos " moyuos ({Md.} moyos) id. ||
Chv m+yrag_a, Chv : V {Md.} miraga - muraga, MK {Md.} miraga 'horn' The variant with back vowels suggests the
rec.'muyqur (with the front-voweled NaT variant 'muquz due to the infl. of y) Cl. 352, Rs. W 347, ET B 243-5, TL 148
(NaT 'buyquz), Jeg. 13O, S AJ 179 [#42], Ra. 2O7, Md. 46, 174 (pT 'bo'nqor), Pek. 1584 M 'mo(q)gcrc-sun
'cartilage' > WrM mogcrcsun, HlM x' i' ' pc( ' n) , Ord moros(u'), Brt {Chr.} xyni) yply( n) , {SM} moqorohon,
WrO morsun, Kl x' ' pcn morson, {Rm.} morsn, Mnr H {SM} muqg_ir_s, Dx {SM} muqorson id. MED 545,
Ms. O 471, Chr. 312, Krg. 6O8, KRS 358, KW 268, SM 248 Pp. VG 73, S AJ 282 [#177] Tg: Ewk muqi 'sinew at the end
of a muscle; muscle' STM I 557 ??? (adduced by DQA) pKo 'mii_`im 'gums' > MKo
ni-s-mii_`im - ni-s-mi`i_om - ni-s-mi`im - ni-s-mii_`i_om 'gums' (ni- 'tooth') S QK #316, Nam 127 DQA #1359 (A
'muyqi 'horn; cartilage, tendon'), Rm. EAS I 12O, Pp. VG 73, S AJ 282 ll Gil: Gil A (murgi) murIi 'horn' ST 1O7 ^ The
presence of a word-medial velar element (surviving in M '-g- - -qg-, T '-q- and Ewk -q-) rules out an intervoc. '-n- (i.e.
'munorKV) and points to a combination of a velar nasal and palatal elements ('-qy- or more plausible '-qiH-) that later (in U)
contracted into 'n. The unusual length of the etymon suggests that it goes back to a compositum, e. g. 'muqi arKV with the
second component 'arK'u 'sinew' [q.v.], which may account for the semantic variant 'sinew' in some descendant lgs. In such a
case the vw. 'o in U 'norIc must be explained by ass. infl. of some adjacent phoneme. In Tg the second component of the
original cd was lost either by bf. or (in prehistory) by ellipsis.
1455. '`miqUj?V, 'to push, fell' ( 'to overturn') > HS: CS 'm_h? 'push, strike' > BHb mhyv - mh? (pf. eh1m1
ma'ha, ip. 3pm uah9m6i% yi-mh"'?-u) 'push, strike, clap (hands)', OA, IA ahm mh? (mhvy) 'beat', JA ihm mhy- ahm
mhv G 'smite, wound', JEA {Sl.} ihm mhy 'strike, hit', Sr 'x mhvy G 'strike, smite, beat' KB 537, HJ 61O-1, Js. 756,
76O, Sl. 655-6, Br. 38O-1, JPS 263 Eg G m_: {Vc.} v. 'pierce a prey or parts of its body' (of a spear) > ( Eg m_y 'fight') DEg
m_y - my_ v. 'strike, fight' > Cpt: Sd mtc misc, B mtt misi id. EG II 131, 176, Er. 176, Crn. 96, Ws. 1O8, Vc. 128 SC:
Irq {MQK} mux- v. 'fight, beat, spank', {Wd.} mux- 'fight' Mgw. 115, MQK 75, Wd. 42 [#4O3] Tk. SCC 99-1OO [#29.7]
ll K 'mqv- 'overturn, overthrow' > OG mqu- (aor. da-a-mqu-a, prs. da-mqu-cb-a}, G m_- / m_v- id., Mg _u- / _v- id., 'lay,
lay face down', Lz _u- 'throw, splash out', Sv nqv- v. 'overturn; fall' [msd. li-nqv-c; 3s prs. {TK}: UB/L _-anqvcm, LB
_-anqvc, Ln _-anqvc vt. 'overturns (apirKvevebs, jgada,-abrunebs)] K
2
134-5, FS K 233, FS E 256-7, Chx. 885-6, K 149
('nqv-), Q 396, TK 136 ll IE '`mcu_H- > NaIE 'mcu_(o)-, 'mi_cu_o-/'miu_- 'push away' > OI mivati 'moves, pushes', Av
ava-miva- 'remove', Oss I mi, Oss D miva 'deed, work, affair' ({Bn.} < 'miva-) || Gk D ocuooi 'surpass, outstrip; pass
over' ({P} *vi. 'push ahead'), Gk ouve 'keep off, ward off' ({F, P} *vi. 'push off') || L movco / -crc / pfc. movi / pp.
motus 'move, set in motion, stir', Um COMOHOTA (abl. sg.) 'commota (brought, offered)' || Lt mauti (1s prs. mauti) {PiesS}
'to put\get on, don; to rush, dash', movc'ti, muvc'ti 'to wear (clothes)', Ltv {ME} maut (prs. mau|u, maunu) 'an-\auf-
ziehen, zumen' || MLG mouvc 'muff', NHG Hcmds-maucn 'shirt sleeve' || pTc 'miv- > Tc: A mcv-, B miv- vi. 'shake, quake'
???, Ht mau- / mauss- / mu- v. act. & mp. 'fall' WP II 252-3, P 743, EI 388 ['mcu_(H)- 'move'], M K II 645, Ab. II 112-
3, Bn. ELO 89, F I 92, 97, WH II 116, Bc. G 331, Frn. 421, ME II 57O, Ad. 463, Ts. E II 166-8, CHD L-N 211-3 ^ The
absence of lr. in the Ht v. (if it belongs here) is puzzling ^ On N and pIE '`- see Introduction, 2.2.6.
1456. 'maqa 'humid, wet' > HS: B 'vmy (> '-mmVy) > Izd mmoy (pf. immoy) v. 'wetten (mouiller)', Tmz mmoy 'se
mouiller, tre mouill \ tremp' Mrc. 171, MT 4O7 ? S (+ext. ) mIl > Ar mql, -mqul- 'plunge (sth.) into water', maql-
'urinatio, descensus in aquam; quidam lactandi modus' Fr. IV 198, Hv. 729 ll K: G -mqaq- 'faulig\moderig werden', mqaqc
'stagnierend, faul(ig), moderig' Chx. 865-6 ll IE: NaIE 'ma(:)I- 'wet; to moisten' > pAl {O} 'maIa > Al maIc 'film that
forms on a liquid; scum\skin (on milk, etc.)' || ? Arm mr mor 'mud, mire, slime' (< 'maj:,I-ri-) || Lt maIonc' 'Pftze',
maIcnti, maInoti 'durch Kot waten' | Sl 'moIr+(-|i) 'wet' > OCS mekp+ moIr+, Blg 'xoip, SCr mo`Iar, Slv moIcr, Cz,
Slk moIry, P moIry, R 'xoipin id.; Sl 'moci-ti vt. 'wetten, moisten' > OCS, OR mevu:u, Scr mociti, Slv mociti, Cz
mociti, P moczyc id.; Sl 'moI-no-ti vi. 'get wet' > SCr moInuti, Slv moIniti, Cz moInouti, P moInac, R
' xoinyr id., L-gr.: Sl 'maIati (prs. 'maIayo) vt. 'dip' > ChS, OR moko:u maIati, SCr maIati, Cz maIati, R xa' iar id.,
Blg xaiax'eat by dipping sth. in a liquid' P 698, Frn. 339-4O, ESSJ XVIII 138-9 & XIX 81-2, 129-3O, 144-7, Glh. 419-2O, O
242.
1457. 'mqURV 'frog, toad' (or ' reptile\amphibian') > K: OG mqvar-i 'toad' [Ex. 8.3], G mqvari {GL} id., {Chx.}
'spade-footed toad (Pelobatid, Krtenfrosch)' DCh. 916, GL 374, Chx. 866 ll A: pKo {S} 'moIuri 'frog, toad' ( N
'mUjHa,Ka 'frog') > MKo {S} moIuri id., Ko {Rm.} mogiri 'frog' Nam 2O9, S QK #179, Rm. SKE 144 M 'mcIclcyi -
mt 'mclcIcyi id. ( N 'mUjHa,Ka, q.v. ffd.) SDM97 (A 'moI`o 'frog') & DQA #1299 (A mi_aI`o 'frog') (both
SDM97 and DQA incl. Ko, M), Rm. 144 (Ko, M) ll HS: ? Eg G mIr.t ' a holy snake' ( 'mAlaqIV 'eel', (?) 'worm,
snake', q.v.) EG II 159 .
1458. 'marV 'sand, dust, earth' > HS: SS: Gz marct 'earth, dust of the ground, dirt', mrt G 'become soil\rusty', Sb
{Bll.} mrt 'clay, clayey soil', Qtb {Rk.} mrt 'limestone, gypsum' L G 361, Bll. 285, Rk. 99 ll A: pKo 'mor`ai_ 'sand' > MKo
mor`ai_, Ko: Sl/Ph/PhN/Kw mora, Chs mora, Ks morc, Hm mo_ra, Chj molla id. S AJ 254 [#7O], S QK #629, Nam
218, MLC 629, Rm. SKE I 151 ? T 'bor ' (barren) soil\ground' [ 'barE 'earth, land; (?) dust'] > Tk bor 'virgin soil', Tkm
bor 'lime(stone)', CrTt, Kr, Qmq, Qzq, Qq. Nog, Qrg bor, Uz bur, VTt, Bsh bur, Chv ur+ 'chalk', Brb {Rl.} aq or, Tv
or 'clay', Yk buor 'clay, ground', Tf b_or 'sulphureous ground (ccpnncric cononni)' The long vw. finds no explanation so
far ET B 192-3, Ra. 72, 164, Jeg. 165, TL 1OO, 375-6, Rl. IV 1269 M 'maraya > WrM {Rm. ?] maraga, Kl {Rm.}
mara 'Sodaerde, Salzsteppe', Brt xapaa( n) 'cononni(salty ground\land)' KW 257, Chr. 293 ? Tg: Ewk Ald/Urm mar
'peat-bog' 1 Yk mar 'moss-grown swamp, swampy tundra' STM I 531 ?? pJ {S} 'mana-n-Iu_a 'sand' ({S} ass.
nasalization from ''mara-n-) > OJ mana-gu_o S QJ #134 S AJ 288 [#291] and Rm. SKE I 151 (Ko, T 'bor 'chalk'),
DQA #1268 (A 'maro 'sand, stony earth, marsh').
1459. 'mar'u 'trace, path; to follow, trace' > A: {SDM97} 'mo:ri 'road, track; to pursue' > M 'mor 'trace, trail,
way, path' > WrM mor, MM (ChSc, ArSc), HlM, Brt x' p 'path, trail', Kl x' p mor 'trail, path', Ord mor 'trail', Mnr H {SM}
mor (the length is secondary), Mgl {Rm.} mo'r, {Wr.} mor, Ba mor 'way, path'; 'mordc- v. 'trail, trace, follow' >
WrM mordc-, HlM x' p(' -, Brt xp(y-, Kl x' p(- SM 24O, T 345-6, T BJ 143, MED 548, Chr. 3O7-8, KRS 358-9, KW
2O6, Rm. M 34, Wr. 173, Pp. MA 239, H 11O, Ms. H 76, S AJ 237 [#73] pKo 'mor- v. 'pursue, follow, chase' > MKo mor-,
NKo mol- S AJ [#126], S QK #126, Yu 325, MLC 641 pJ 'miti 'road' > OJ mi_iti, J: T mici, K mici, Kg mi], Ns
mici, Sh mici, Ht micI, Y amiti S AJ [#61], Mr. 481 T 'bar 'go' > Xlj bsr T 'bar- v. 'walk, go' ({Md.}
'bar--'bar) ( N 'bar_qV 'to go, go away, step', q.v. ffd.) S AJ 277 [#59] (A'mi_orV), SDM97 (A 'm ri 'road, track;
follow'), DQA #1319 (A 'mi_ori 'road, track; follow') ll D (in McTm) 'mar_uI ' road' > Tm maruIu 'street, narrow street,
lane', Ml maruIu 'street' D #477O ll HS: Eg fMK mrr.t 'street', Eg G mr.t 'way' EG II 1O8, 11O, Fk. 112 S 'mrr v. 'go
away, pass' ( N 'muRV 'go away, perish, die', q.v. ffd.) CCh: Pdl {Mk.} mirvi 'path' || ECh: Jg {J} morq-morb 'way, path'
ChC s.v. ^ Cf. AD AltAD #17.
1459a. ? 'maRjI,V 'to think, believe, be clever' > HS ''mrI > Eg fOK m:c 'erdenken, ersinnen', Eg MK m:c 'preisen'
EG II 35 (m:c 'erdenken': "eigentlich m:vc zu lesen")ll U: FU (in Ugr only) 'marV- 'believe, trust' > Vg {MK}: Vg T/P/K
mar-, LL mar-, ML mar-, mar- 'glauben vertrauen' | Hg mcr- 'dare, adventure' UEW 869, Gomb. ES 74 ll A: Tg 'mcrgc-
'think' > Ewk msrgs-, Lm msrgo-, Neg msygs- 'think', Ork msrgs 'concious ( co:narcn nin), clever', WrMc mcrIi- {Hr.} 'sich
besinnen auf, sich bewut sein' The WrMc vl. I needs explanation STM I 571, Hr. 653 M 'mcrgc-: 'mcrgcn 'wise,
sagacious' > MM [hP] {Pp.} mcrgcn id., WrM mcrgcn, HlM xypiyn 'a good marksman; wisdom; wise, learned, sage; apt', Mnr
H {SM} micrg_an 'habile, adroit, sage, intelligent', {T} mcrgcn 'wise, good marksman', Dx {T} mcrgcn id.; WrM mcrgci-,
HlM xypyin- 'become learned\wise', WrM {Pp.} mcrgc 'Treffsicherheit' MED 537, Pp. PP 127, SM 23, T 345, T DnJ 129
Pp. VG 35, 88, 125 ^ The loss of 'I in Ugr (or pFY, pU?) still defis explanation.
146O. ?? 'mcrV 'to flash, sparkle, shine' > HS: B 'mry > Sll a-morruy (pl. i-morruy-on) 'spark', s-murri v. 'sparkle
(briller)', ? Izn ta-miri 'moonshine' Ds. 46, 118, Rn. 386 ll IE: NaIE 'mcr- v. 'sparkle, glitter', {EI} 'shine, shimmer' > OI
'marici-h 'particle of light, shining mote, ray of light' || Gk ooie, ooie v. 'flash, sparkle' || L mcrus 'pure,
unmixed' ( *'clear') || AS (a-)mcrian 'to purify (esp. melted metals), test' || ? Sl 'mar+ ( 'mar+ 'mirage, dream') > R Sib
xap 'blaze of the sun (conncunin ap, conncunin :non)', d Blg xapa'n 'very hot weather', xapnna 'heat', R 'xapcno
'mirage in hazy and very hot weather; haze' WP II 273-4, P 733, EI 514, M K II 589, WH II 78, Ho. 22O, ESSJ XVII 215-8,
SRNG XIII 367 ll ? A: Tg: Ul mursn- v. 'glitter' STM I 56O The unexpected vw. u needs elucidation (ass. infl. of m-?)
ll D {tr., GS} 'mcr_- 'shine, glitter' > Kn mirugu v. 'glitter, flash, sparkle, shine', miru 'shining, sparkling', mcrc v. 'shine,
gleam, glitter', Tu mcrci-, mcrcyu-, mcrcvu- v. 'shine', Tl mcracu v. 'glitter', Prj mar-, Klm mcr- v. 'lighten', Klm
mirqud 'spark', Nkr mcr-v. 'flash, lighten', Gdb mcrc(i) cr- 'glitter', mcrs 'lightning' D #5O74 (ties in D 'mcr- > Tm
mcruIu 'smoothness', etc.), GS 153 [#388].
1461. 'moRE 'body of water' > HS: Eg fP mr 'canal, artificial lake', Eg M mryy.t 'Uferdamm am Flu\am Meere; Stelle am
Ufer, wo Schiffe landen knnen', DEg mr 'Hafen, Uferland', mry.t 'Hafen' > Cpt Sd mpw 'landing stage, port' EG II 97, 1O9,
Fk. 111, Er. 169, Vc. 119 ll IE: NaIE 'mor-, 'mori / 'm,ri 'sea' > L marc 'sea' (< 'm,ri-, generalization of the originally
unstressed stem variant, as in gen. sg. 'm,r'i_-cs; the pure root stem is found in OL gen. pl. mar-um, EM 689) || Clt 'mori-
'sea' > OIr muir (gen. mora), Brtt {RE} 'mori > OW, MW, OCrn, MBr, Br mor, W mor, Crn mor id. || Gmc: Gt marci 'sea',
OHG {Kb.} mcri, {OsS} marci, NHG Mccr 'sea', ON mar-r (gen. mar-ar), AS mcrc 'sea, lake'; the L-gr. 'mor- means 'lake,
swamp': OSx mor 'swamp', OHG muor 'lake, swamp', NHG Moor 'bog, fen, swamp' || Pru mary 'the Curonian Lagoon
(Kurisches Haff)', Lt pl. marc's (gen. marios) id., 'sea', Ltv marc (gen. mara) 'the Curonian Lagoon' (and 'lake' in names of
lakes, e.g. Tuosmarc); Blt 1 F, Es mcri 'sea' | Sl 'morc 'sea' > OCS mepa mor|c, Blg xo'pc, SCr mo`rc, Slv mor|c, Cz
morc, Slk morc, P morzc, R 'xopc || Oss mal 'deep standing water; deep place in a lake\river', {OsR} 'oxyr, nya' Ht
marmar(r)a- {Ot. EI} 'swamp, marsh' (if Ot.s interpretation is right) P 316, EI 5O3-4 (''mori 'sea'), WH II 38-9, Vn. M 73,
RE 126, Fs. 346, Vr. 379-8O, Kb. 676, OsS 591-2, 628, Schz. 216, Frn. 4O9-1O, En. SPV 2O8, En. 2O8, Kar. I 557, SSA II 16O,
SK 341, ESSJ XIX 227-32, Glh. 422-3, Ab. II 68-9, HCD L-N 192 [Ht marmarr(a)- ' terrain'] ll K 'moacr- > Zan 'moar-cy
> Mg mcrc 'lake' ll A: M 'morcn 'large river, lake, sea' > MM [MA] {Pp.} gen. morcnu 'of the sea, of a large river', [IsV]
{Lg.} morcn 'large river (fleuve), stream of water', [HI] {Ms.} murin 'river (fleuve, rivire'), WrM morcn, HlM x' p' n 'large
river or lake', Kl {KRS} x' pn moron 'river (falling into a sea)', {Rm.} morn 'breiter Flu', Ord moron, Mnr H {SM}
muron 'river', Mnr M {Pot.} murun 'the Huanghe', Dgr mu'r(u') 'river' MED 548, Pp. MA 24O, Ms. H 76, Lg. VMI 55, SM
25O, T 347, T DgJ 155, KRS 36O, KW 267 pKo {S} 'mir 'water' > MKo mil, NKo mul S QJ #97, Nam 229, MLC 675
? pJ {S} 'mi(-n-tu) 'water' > OJ mi_idu, J: T miu, K miu, Kg mi], Ns mui, Sh mii, Ht miI, Y miN S QJ
#87, Mr. 483, Vv. AEN-d 2-3 (< 'mi- < 'mijri,) S AJ 28-9, 69, 86, 278, SDM97 (s.v. 'mu:ri), DQA #1335 (A 'mi_uri
'water'), Vv. AEN-d 2-3 [all of them: M, Ko, J + unc. Tg 'mu 'water' (cf. N 'muhi 'water'); in addition, Vv. adduces Tk '-mur
in '|aymur 'rain'] ^ IS II 6O-1 [#294] ('mara 'moisture, moist'; does not distinguish between this etymon and N 'mArV
'rain' [q.v.]) S CNM 3. The presence of the specific meaning 'body of water (sea, lake, river, pool)' in Eg, IE, K and M suggests
that this is not an independent parallel semantic change, but is the ancient meaning of the , so that it must be distinguished from
'mArV 'rain, cloud'. Connecting words for 'sea' and 'cloud' is hardly justifiable ^ Gr. II #415 ('mor 'water') [IE, A, Ko, J +
unc. CK]
1462. 'muri 'to twist, roll, turn round' > HS: C: LEC {Bl., HL} 'mar- {HL} 'be round \ wrapped, turn \ twirl' > Or
{Grg.} mara vt. 'wrap', Or B/O/Wt {Sr.} mara 'go round, turn, spin a tread, wrap', Or Wl {Bl.} mar-ata 'cloth wound around
head and waist', Gdl {Bl.} mar- 'coil, roll up', Kns {Bl.} mar- 'roll up, meander', Sml {ZMO} Iu mar- 'tie sth. up with sth. else',
mar(-ta) 'womans belt', {Bl.} mar-m-ad- (caus. + ben.) 'put on clothes', Rn mar- {PG} v. 'go round, circle, revolve', {HL} 'be
round', Bs {HL} mara-mut- vi. 'turn', Arr {Hw.} mar- 'be wrapped \ wound round, Af {PH} maro, marmaru 'circle',
marrovc- v. 'encircle', marrov 'encirclement', marmaritc- 'go round' Bl. 156, PG 219, HL 129, Grg. 278, Sr. 364, ZMO 277-
8, Hw. A 383, PH 164, Ss. B 14O-1 Om: SOm: Ari {HL} mar- 'to twirl' || NrOm: Ym mar- {HL} v. 'gird', {Lm.} 'einen
Verband anlegen' (A Or?) HL 129, Lm. Y 366 CS '-mur- > Ar mvr G (ip. -mur-) vi. 'move to and fro', 'move within a
wounded person' (of a sword), 'be in commotion' (sea), BHb inf. N r&m`e5 him'mor 'schwanken', N pf. (paus.) rm1n!
na''mar vi. 'he altered', Sh

pf. rim5ie4 hc'mir vt. 'he exchanged, altered', JEA mvr Sh (pf. rm4a1 ?a'mcr) vt. 'exchange'
KB 531, Js. 748, Hv. 739 Eg fMd, DEg mr v. 'tie', Cpt mep mur, mcp- mcr-, mep mor- id. EG II 1O5, Er. 1O6, Vc. 119
WCh: Pr mcru-ro, Su {ChL} muycr, Ang {ChL} mycr, Gmy {ChL} miyor 'twist' Possibly Ch 'mrd
- 'mrId 'twist' > Hs murda / murdc, Gw {Mts.} mirina, Klr {ChL} moru|i, Krkr {ChL} murdu, Ngm mardit,
Bl {Lk.} marIud-, My a murdussy, Jmb {Sk.} msrgsd-, Dir (A Hs?) msrda, Zar {Sh.} (A Hs?) murdi, Bd
msrdatu id. ChL, ChC ll K: G mor- {DCh.} 'round off ( oipyin) r )', {Chx.} 'zu Rundholz machen' DCh. 831, Chx. 8O9
ll IE: NaIE 'mcr-, (+ext.} 'mcrog"--'mcrg"- 'tie together, twist': [1] 'mcr- > Gk uooi (Gk D o-) 'zusammen- \ auf-
wickeln, winden' ({LS} 'draw up, furl [sails]; wind up [the strands of a torsion-engine]'), ci) (gen. cio)) 'cord, sting,
rope' || MDt marrcn. MLG morcn 'to tie', ON mcrr, OSw micrdcr, miardhc, Sw m|ard, m|ardc 'fish-basket
(Fischreuse)' [2] NaIE 'mcrog"--'mcrg"- > Gk |o_o) (< *o_o)) 'noose', oottov 'basket made of bark' || Ltv marga
'Gelnder, Bume zum Anbinden der Pferde', ? Lt marsIa ({P} < 'mcrog"-sIa) '(bed)sheet, fishing net' | Sl 'mcrza > OCS
mp1o mrcza 'net, snare', Blg 'xpca 'net', OR mcpco mcrcza, R xc'pcca " xc'pca, Uk xc'pca 'fishing net', R dim.
xc'pccia 'drawn-thread-work', SCr mrc`za 'net; trap, snare', Slv mrcza 'net', Cz mrizc, Slk mrcza 'grating, lattice', OP
mrzcz'a ' (hunting \ fishing) net' || OIr braga 'prisoner, hostage' P 733, EI 64 ('mcr- 'braid, bind'), F I 272 & II 211, 231, Frn.
412, ESSJ XVIII 1O2-3, Glh. 425-6, Vr. 384, Vn. B 76 (OIr braga 'prisoner' braga 'throat, neck') ll ?? U: FU 'm'or- >
Er xyp(a- murda- 'turn aside, return from ( cncpnyr , no:nparnr c) )', {Ps.} 'um- \ zurck-kehren', Mk xp(a- m+rda- vi.
'return' || OHg XVI mar|ul- 'become sprained \ dislocated (verrenkt werden)', XIX Ii-maritt 'sprain, dislocate (verrenken)' ERV
394, PI 169, Ps. M 97, MTE II 846, EWU 938, IS II 74 ll A 'murV > M 'mura > MM [MA] mura 'bent', ? Kl {Rm.} mur
'uneben'; M 'muruyi- > MM [IM] muruy- 'be bent\crooked', WrM murui-, HlM xypyn- v. 'bend, be crooked, turn, meander',
Ord mur
u
i- 'tre courbe \ tortu' Mnr H {SM} muri- 'tre inclin dun ct, tre sinueux \ tortu'; M 'muruyi > MM [MA] muru,
[IM] vrvM murujy, 'bent', WrM murui, HlM xypyn 'awry, slanting, bending', Ord {Ms.} mur
u
i, Mnr H muri 'inclin dun ct,
sinueux, tortu', Kl T {Rm.} muru 'schief, sich schlingernd, biegend' ({Rm.} < 'muruyi or d 'muri-gu) Pp. MA 241, 442,
MED 552, Ms. O 476, KW 269, SM 249-5O Tg 'mur- 'go round, turn aside' > Ewk muru- id., Lm msroI- v. 'return', Ul
muru adv. 'in the shape of a circle\sphere (ipyino, mapoo6pa:no)'; Tg d 'murju,Ii, 'murg- 'round' > Ewk
muruIu, muruIs 'circle', WrMc murgiycIcn, murgiycn adj. 'round', murIi- v. 'make round'; other derivates: Ewk mursli
'around', Lm msrsti 'circle', Ork "moroliqtt 'round; circle', morolims adj. 'round' STM I 559 T 'bur- (= 'mur-)
- 'bur- (= 'mur-) v. 'twist' ( N 'bUrV 'to turn round, rotate', q.v. ffd.) The variants with -u- - -u- are due to contamination
with different roots, e.g. N 'buryi 'to cover' [q.v.] and N 'bura 'to pierce, bore' [q.v.] Ko: [1] (acc. to DQA) pKo {S} muri
'halo, ring (around the sun or moon)' > NKo muri S QK #842, MLC 658 [2] ? pKo {S} 'miri- v. 'return' > MKo miri-,
NKo muri- id. S QK #129, Nam 226, MLC 657 pJ {S} 'mars 'round' > OJ maro, J: T marui, K marui, Kg mari, Ns
maru-, Sh maru , Ht muru-, Y maru-NIa S AJ 269 [#98], S QJ #98, Mr. 834 SDM97 [A 'murc (or '-r-) 'round; turn,
return'], DQA #1369 (A 'mura id.; rejects the adduction of pKo {S} 'miri-) ll D (d ?) 'mur_uII- v. 'twist, twirl' > Tm
muruIIu v. 'twist (as a rope), twurl, spin (as a potter his wheel)', muruIu v. 'wringle, twist', Ml muruIIu n. act. 'twining,
twisting, writhing', Kn muruIu 'twist (the face) out of its natural shape, distort (it), give a different shape (to it)', Tl
muraIatamu 'turning', Klm murgadilcq v. 'twist (a limb)', Krx murIa?a- v. 'sprain' D #5O12 ??? D 'muri- 'bend,
curve' > Tm muri v. 'bend', muri-muri v. 'curve, bend', Kn muri v. 'bend, be bent, grow crooked', Tu muri n. 'curve, circle', Tl
murincu vt. 'turn', Prj murg- 'be bent', Gdb murg- 'bend (while peeping); bend down', Gnd mur`itana 'be dislocated'; D 1 Prkr
muria- 'twisted', OMrt murad- v. 'turn, twist' The variant 'mur- (if it belongs here) must go back to an extended stem (<
'mur-Hi-, 'muvri-?), because D '-r- goes back to '-r-clusters rather than to an intervoc. '-r- D #4977 ^ IS II 74-5 ('muri
' cipyunnar ' > HS, IE, U, A, D, K).
1463. 'murV 'to break, crush, cut' > HS: EC 'mur- 'cut' > Dsn mur-, Or B, Kns, Msl, Sd, Kmb mur- id., Hd mur- 'cut,
reap', Brj mur- 'cut, castrate', Gdl mur- 'cut persons genitalia to take trophy', Elm, Arr d mur-i 'short', Arr muras- 'shorten' Bl.
294, Ss. PEC 23, Hd. 214, 294, 334, 387, 418, Grg. 295, To DL 519, Hw. A 386 ?? NrOm: Kf {C} murccco 'eunuche' ll K G
mor- v. 'trim (fallen trees)', Sv UB {IS ?} mur-in- v. 'break' (-in- is a caus. sx.) IS II 74, Chx. 8O9 ll IE 'mcr- v. 'crush,
crumb' > L mortarium 'mortar' ( 'mr-'tos 'rubbed away, pulverized') || ? Gk ooive 'make so. waste away, wear sth. out',
ps. 'die away, waste away, decay' || ON mcr|a (p. mara) 'schlagen, zerstoen' ({EI} 'prick, sting'), OSw mor| 'brckelige
Masse, Abfall', Ic mor 'dust', OHG {Vr.} mcrcn 'zerschlagen' (not in Kb. and OsS) || Sl 'mirva 'crumb(s), small bit(s)' > Blg
'xpna 'piece of meat', ' xp na " 'xpna id., 'fine dust', McdS xpna 'crumb, small piece of meat', SCr mr`va 'crumb', Slv mrva
'crumb, small bit', OCz mrva 'fragment', Cz mrva 'small pieces, litter', Slk mrva 'hash, litter', P micrzva 'short-straw, straw
litter', OR mcpao mcrva 'small waste of flax\cereals', R 'xcpna 'small waste of flax' || OI mr'nati - mr'nati 'crushes, grinds'
( IE 'mcl- 'grind' < N 'molV 'pound') Ht {Ts.} marriya- 'zerstckeln, zerkleinern' (not in CHD) P 735-7, EI 142, WH II
112, F II 174 & Ch. 666 (in both no clear et. of ooive), Vr. 385, ESSJ XXI 151-4, Glh. 427, M K 672-3, M E II 319-2O, Ts.
W 51 ll U 'mura- v. 'crumble away, crumble to pieces', 'mura 'small bit, crumb' ( N 'muhrV 'part, piece') > F murcn(c)
'crumb, particle, bit', fragment', muru 'crumb', murca 'crisp', muraIIa 'crispness', Es murc (gen. murcda) 'crumbly, friable' | Lp:
N {N} moarra- / -r- 'break to pieces (ice or frozen surface of snow)', morrc / -r- 'crumb, small bit (e.g. bread)', L {LLO}
muor'hIa- 'become brittle \ friable' (of wood, etc.)' || ObU {Ht.} 'mur- vi. 'break, be broken' > pVg 'mur- > Vg: LK/MK
mor-, UK/Ss mur- id., d : LK/MK morl-, UK/Ss murl- vt. 'break partly, murtaa'; pOs {Ht.} 'moroy- - 'maroy- > 'break to
pieces (zerbrechen)' > Os: V/Vy morI-, Ty morI-, Y mori-, D/K moroy-, Kz muri-, O mari- id., Ty mort- - imv. mIrta id., d
: V/Vy morayol- id., Ty moroqInt- id. | Hg mar- v. 'bite, corrode, mill' Sm {Jn.} 'm+rj+,- vt. 'break' > Ne: T d xaAp(a-,
T O {Lh.} maroa id., F {Lh.} vt. marta- 'stark schlagen', d T xaApia(aA-, T O marIoa vi. 'pltzlich durchbrechen', F
mar_IattIc vi. 'zerbrach pltzlich'; Ng {Cs.} 1s ocj. maru'?ama, p. mara|uama; En X {Cs.} molc?ibo?, En B {Cs.}
morc?cbo 1s ocj. 'break'; Slq MTz {KD} muralta- v. 'crumble', Tm {KD} moronnab_, Slq Ch {KD} mo'rnau_ 1s aor. id.;
Kms {KD} b+ruy|abolam 1s prs. 'I break, break to pieces' Coll. 36, UEW 288, SK 352-3, Ht. #4O6, Jn. 87-8 The
variability of the vw. (Lp N o < 'u, but oa < 'oj:,) may be somehow connected with the merger of two N roots within this U
ll A: T 'mor- > VTt xyp- mur- 'become rotten (as wood)' (' rpyxn) ncr '), {Rl.} 'mrbe werden, verrosten', ? ET {Rl.} rvP ur
'verdorben, verfault'; (+ sx. '-t) T 'mort 'fragile, brittle' > Tkm ort, Uz xyApr murt id., Bsh murt, Qzq, Qq, Nog, Qmq, Qrg
mort 'fragile, frail, brittle', StXk, Sg/Qb {Rl.} ort, VTt murt id., VTt {Rl.} murt, SbTt Tb {Rl.} mort 'mrbe, morsch', d StAlt
bortiq, QK {B} ortiq 'fragile', Chv L xyprai murd_aI id. TatR 379, Jeg. 135, TkR 532, Jud. 532, BT 33, B DLT 189, BIG
158, Rl. IV 1271, 1365, 2125, 219O, 2194, Cl. xliii (on the sx. '-t), Jeg. 135 ? Tg: Ewk PT murduns- v. 'bark (a tree)' STM
I 558 ll D: [1] (in SD) 'mur_- 'break' > Tm muri (p. -v-) vi. 'break, give way as a branch', muri (p. --) vt. 'break (as a stick),
cut', Ml muri 'fragment, piece of cloth', muriIIa vt. 'break, cut', Kn muri vt. 'break (off\down), crush, severe by fracture', Tl
muriyu 'be broken, severed', n. 'piece, crumb' D #5OO8 l [2] D 'mur- 'break' ( N 'muhrV 'part, piece' [q.v.]) > Tm muri (p.
-v-) vi. 'break off, snap off, perish', muri (p. --) vt. 'break off, snap off', Ml muruIa vt. 'cut, cut up (a hog, etc.), reap', Kt mury
vi., vt. 'break' (of stick-like things), Td mury vi. 'break in two (a stick)', vt. 'break', Kdg muri 'make a cut', Tu muri 'an incision,
notch', muruni vt. 'mince, cut up', Tl muriyu v. 'break', Klm murI- 'split (wood), break', Nkr vi. 'break', Png mur- 'cut
(horizontally)', Kui mroIu inba 'snap off, be broken off', Krx mur
u
I- v. 'abscind, amputate, cut in twain', murcr- 'get broken',
Mlt murIc 'cut in bits, cut across' D #4975 ^ IS II 75-6 ('murn 'break, crush' > HS, IE, K, U, D, A; ties in some reflexes of N
'muhrV '' and 'mVRjV,CV 'to crumb' [q.v.]), UEW 288 (U, IE).
1464. 'j`,muRV 'go away, perish, die' > HS: S 'mrr G 'go away, pass' ( N 'mar'u 'trace, path; to follow, trace'?) >
Ug mrr G 'go away',{OLS} 'partir, marchar', Ar mrr v. G (pf. rWMa marra) {Fr.} 'transivit, prterit; abiit', {Hv.} 'elapse' (of
time), 'pass', Jb C mrr v. G (pf. mirr, sbjn. 'yummur), Jb E mrr v. G (pf. mir), Mh mrr v. G (pf. msr) v. 'pass', Hrs
mrr (pf. mnr) 'continue, go', Ak mrr v. 'go away' A #1658, OLS 292, Fr. IV 163-4, Hv. 713, Jo. M 268, Jo. J 173, Jo. H 89,
Sd. 6O9 C: EC 'mar- 'pass, go' > Sml mar- 'pass (through\by\along)', Rn mar- 'move across (to one side of the house)' (of a
woman after childbirth); Af {PH} marc scv. 'continue, live'; HEC {Hd.} 'mar- 'go' > Brj {Ss., Hd.}, Ged/Hd/Kmb {Hd.}, Sd
{Gs., Hd.} mar- 'go' ZMO 277, PG 219, PH 164, Hd. 71, 211, 254, 293, 332, 385, Ss. B 14O-1 (err. : 'mar- 'go' < 'go round'
[cp. N 'muri 'to twist, roll, turn']) ll IE 'j`,mcr-/'j`,mr- 'die' > OI mri'yatc 'dies' (aor. a-mr-ta, pf. ma'mara), OI BdSk
marati, Av miriycitc (= molrycltc) id., OPrs a-mariyata 'he died' || Gk [Hs.] cotcv id. || Arm meanim mcranim 'I die'
|| L morior / inf. mori 'die' || Lt mirti (prs. mirstu), Ltv mirt (prs. mirstu) 'to die', Lt d mcris, mirc 'death', mirc' 'dead' |
Sl inf. 'mcr-ti (1s prs. 'mir-o) 'to die' > OCS mp1:u mrcti (prs. mipa miro), SCr xpcrn " mri|cti (prs. mrcm), Slv
mrcti (mrcm), Cz mriti, Slk mrict`, P mrzcc, OR mcpc:u mcrcti id., R xc' pcr 'to die' (of many people) (prs. xpy), with
pxs.: yxc) pcr , noxc) pcr 'die', Uk 'xcprn (xpy) 'to die', Blg xpa > xpa 'I die' - caus. 'mor-ci_- 'cause to die' > OI 3s prs.
ma'raya-ti || Sl 'mori

ti id. > SCr moriti, Slv moriti, Cz moriti, Slk morit`, P morzyc, R xo) pnr , Uk xo) pnrn, OCS cd
mepu:u u-moriti | Lt marinti vt. 'starve (verhungern lassen), exterminate; attend a dying person' NaIE d (pp.) 'mr-'to-
'dead' > OI mr'ta-, Av morota, OPrs marta- id. || Lt mirto|i dicna 'day of death' NaIE 'mrt-u-o (<
'mr-to 'mr-u_-o) 'dead' > L mortuus || Sl 'mirtv+(|i) > OCS mpi:a+ mritv+, Blg xprn, SCr mrtav, Slv mrtcv,
Cz mrtvy, Slk mrtvy, P martvy, R 'xccprnin, Uk 'xcprnnn NaIE 'mr-to- - 'mor-to- 'dead', 'mortal' 'human being' (
N 'mari?V 'young man'?) > Gk |oto) 'human being' ( *'mortal'), [Hs.] oto) (or oto)) id., 'dead', d : [Hs.] cotcv
aor. 'died', OI 'martah 'man, mortal', Av mar.ta id., Sgd mrt mrt 'jedermann', NPrs drM mard 'man', Arm mard mard
'person' NaIE 'n-mr-to- 'immortal' > OI a'mrta-, Av amosa-, Gk o|oto) d 'mr-'to-m 'death' > OI mr'ta- id., ON
mor, OHG mord, NHG Mord 'murder', AS mor id., 'death' d 'mr'ti- 'death' > Vd mr'tyu-h, OI mr'ti-h, Av moroti- ||
L mors (gen. mort-is) || Lt mirtis | Sl (cd ) 's+-mirti id. > OCS t+mpi:i s+mriti, Blg cxpr, SCr, Slv smr`t, Cz smrt,
Slv smrt`, P smicrc, R, Uk cxc pr d 'mr-'u_o- 'dead' > Clt: OIr marb, NIr marbh 'dead', Brtt {RE} 'marvos id. > Crn
marov, MBr maru, marf, Br marv id., W marv 'dead, die' d ''mor-o-s 'death' > OI mara- - mara- id. || Gk oo) id.,
'corpse', (here?) 'doom' || Lt maras 'plague, pestilence' | Sl 'mor+ id. > OCS mep+ mor+, Blg, R xop, Uk x p, SCr mor, Slv
mor, Cz, Slk mor, P mor Ht {CHD} mcrr-, mirr-, mar- 'disappear, go away, vanish, be\get lost, cease to exist', {Ts.} id.,
'die off' WP II 276, P 735, EI 15O ('mcr- 'die', 'mr'to-s 'dead, mortal', ''morto-s 'persdon, mortal', 'mr'ti-s 'death',
'mr'to-m id., ''moro-s id.), M K II 594, 674-5, 696-7, M E II 318-9, 327-8, 371-2, MW 811, 827, F I 27O-1 & II 257, Ch.197-
8, 713, WH II 112-3, Kb. 696, KM 487-8, Ho. 226, Vn. M 19, RE 88, Hm. 552, Frn. 4O9, 457-9, ESSJ XVIII 1O1-2, XIX 25O-1
& XXI 14O-51, Glh. 423, 426-7, 567, Vs. II 6O2, 6O6, 651, 655 & III 685-6, Slt. 18O, CHD L-N 293-5, Ts. E II 199-2O1 ll U:
FU (att. in Os only) 'murV- > pOs 'murV > Os K {PD} mur- 'be starving, starve almost to death' PD 13O3, Stn. D 953 ll
?? D (in SD) 'mur_- > Tm muri 'perish, cease to exist', Kn muri 'destroy, put an end to, do away' (unless D 'mur_- v.
'break') D #5OO8 ^ If SD 'mur_- belongs here, the N rec. must be 'murV ^ In IE the glide 'u_ (< N 'u) was lost due to
phonetic laws: 'mu_- > 'm- and '-u_ > zero before a sonant (ffd. AD NVIE and AD NGIE) ^ The phonetic discrepancy
(vowels) and the semantic difference between this and N 'mRjh,V 'wound, illness' prevent us from identifying them as the
same etymon, as long as we cannot explain Os 'u as cognate with M and Sm 'c ^ IS 59-6O ('m'arn 'be ill, die'; does not
distinguish between the reflexes of the N in question, N 'mRjh,V '' [q.v.] and N 'm'cRjV,cV 'be ill, wounded [q.v.]),
BmK #525 ('mir-/'mcr- 'to stab, pierce, cause pain', etc.: unc. equation of IE 'mcr-/'mor-/'mr- 'to die' with S 'mar-at
l
` [i.e.
'mrs] 'be[come] sick, fall ill', Eg mr 'be ill; die [a ghost-meaning]' and D 'mcr_- 'oppress, pierce').
1465. ?? 'mVRu 'ant' > IE: NaIE 'morvi- 'ant' > Av {Brtl.} maurvay- (/maori-), Sgd ?m?vrc, NPrs rvM mur id. || OIr
moirb, MW myr, pl.: MW myrion, MBr mcricn, Crn muryon id. || Sl 'morv+ 'ant' > Blg xpaq, McdS xpan, SCr, Slv
mrav, R 'xypan 'ant', Blr 'xypayA 'anthill'; d Sl 'morvi|i 'ant' > OCS mpoauu mravii, Blg xpancn, R xypa'ncn,
xopa'ncn || mt 'mou_ro- / 'mcu_ro- > Gmc: ON maurr, Dn myrc, Sw myra, Dt micr 'ant', ME mirc id., NE mirc id. (in
is-mirc) (A ON?), Gt Cr micra 'morm- ({P}: tabuistic transformation) > Gk uo), u id. || ? L formica ({WH}:
dis from 'morm-?) Arm mriyn mrivn - mrimn mrimn 'ant' WP II 3O6-7, P 749, EI 24, Brtl. 1152, Horn 222-3, Vn.
M 6O, Vr. 38O, Vr. N 442, Fs. 357, ESSJ XIX 241-5O, Glh. 425, Blz NSS 361-2, F II 272-3, WH I 531-2, Bedr. 489 ll ? K
'mVrs`- > Sv: UB {GP} morsI, UB/LB/Ln mosI 'ant' ( N 'mu'sV 'insect, fly, ant', q.v.) TK 594, GP 223, Ni. s.v.
xypancn ll HS: Ch: P {MSk.} mamari 'black ant' || MfG {Brr.} mambsrzay 'ant' Brr. MG II 177, ChC.
1466. ? 'mVRV '(hollow) hand; to grasp' > IE: NaIE 'mar- 'hand', 'mar-n- 'to grasp' > Gk o 'hand' || pAl {O} d
'mar-na- > Al marr (aor. mora) 'take, grasp' || Vd mr'nati, mr'nati 'robs, seizes' P 74O (IE 'mo-r / gen. 'mo-'n-cs,
mn'tos 'hand'), F II 175, Ch. 667, O 246, Huld 89-9O, Dmr. 257-8, M K I 673 & M E II 32O ( Gk ovoooi 'fight'),
EI 254-5 (',mch_r / 'mh_'n-os 'hand', cf. N 'man`y'u 'paw, foot\leg') ll HS: S 'mvr ('-mur-) *'acquire' (< **'grasp by
hand') > Sr mvr (ip. -mur) G 'buy (corn)', Aram 1 Ak NB maru 'to buy' Br. 377, CAD X/1 317, JPS 259, HJ 6O5 C:
Bj {R} mry (- mrv?) G pcv. (imv. mcri - mcru, 1s: p. 'amri - 'amru, prs. aman'ri; prtc. 'mcrya, 'mcra) 'take', {Rop.}
miri, mcri pcv. 'find, get' R WBd 171-2, Rop. 218 ??? Eg G m:v.ty (?) 'arms' (-ty is a sx. of f. du.) EG II 28 ll U: FU (in
Ugr only) 'mVrV 'hollow hand' > OHg XIII maroI 'hollow hand, handful', Hg maroI, marcI " moroI " maraI '(hollow of
the) hand', Hg marIol- v. 'grasp, grip, clutch, seize' | pOs 'muros > Os: K {Ps.} muros 'distance between the lower edge of the
palm of hand to the tip of the thumb (as a unit of length)', D muros 'vershok (a Russian unit of length)', Ty/Y {Trj.}
muros 'distance between stretched fingers, ucrncpr (a unit of length)' UEW 872, EWU 94O, PD 1296, Stn. D 964-5, Trj. S
27O ll E: ma(r)-ri 'grasp, hold, catch' HK 881, 884-8 ^ ADb. MRS 22 (IE, U + err. D).
1467. 'muIra 'emit vocal sounds (shout, sing)' > K: MG, G mycra 'song, singing (Singen, Gesang); play', G mycr- {Chx.}
'sing', si-mycr-a 'song' DCh. 914-5, Chx. 863-4 ll U: FU 'mura- 'shout, sing' > Er moro, Mk mor 'song', Er/Mk mora- v. 'sing,
play music' | pChr 'mur+ ({Ber.} muro) > Chr: L xypammu'r-as, H xipam'm+r-as 'to sing', B/Uf murc- 'sing', L
xypo 'mur-o, H xipi 'm+r+, B muro 'song', Uf muro 'Gesang' || Os: Vy mora- v. 'shout (at the arrival in the village of rowers,
bringing an official)', V moroy- 'make big noise' (of people)' ( N 'murV 'make loud noise' [q.v.]) Coll. 99, UEW 287-8, It.
#272, Ber. 39, MRS 334-5, 342, Ep. 73, 129, Stn. D 956-7, Trj. S 262 ll A: AmTg 'mura- v. 'shout' > Ork mura-, Ul, Ork
mtra-, Nn Nh/B/KU mora- id.; Tg moura- v. 'low, roar, bellow' (of animals) [< N 'murV ''?] STM I 546-7 ll D 'mur- >
Tm mural v. 'emit sounds, cry, sing', Kdg morad- v. 'weep', morc 'lamentation', Tu mor v. 'cry', muriya n. 'cry, weeping',
KLlm moray- v. 'produce musical sound' (bell, etc.), mor- v. 'play (flute), ring (bell)', Mlt murc v. 'speak, say yes or no',
possibly also Tl morayu, Nkr moray- v. 'sound', Ml muraluIa, muruluIa, Kn moral v. 'hum, grunt, growl' D #4973 ll ?? HS:
?? S 'mry Sh

(pf. ?amraya) v. 'chat' ( Ar ?amraya v. 'slaver') BK II 1O94 ^ IS MS 345 s.v. ' ipnuar ' 'murn (U, D)
^ If the Ar verb belongs here, the N rec. is 'murga 'mugra.
1468. 'muhrV 'part, piece' > HS: WS ''muhjV,r- 'dowry, marriage portion; property' > Ar mahr- 'dowry, nuptial gift',
mhr G (pf. mahura, ip. -mhur-) 'assign a dowry to a woman', BHb re27m 'mohar 'dowry, bride price', Ug {OLS} mhr 'dowry'
('dote, precio\compensacin por la esposa', {Grd.} 'marriage price'), IA arem mhr? 'dowry', JA [Trg.] {Js.} ar@e6um muhra
'bride price; the wifes settlement, widowhood', JEA {Sl.} ar@e6um muh'ra 'an endowment pledge collectable upon the
dissolution of the marriage', Sr mahra 'marriage portion, gift from the bridegroom to the bride; marriage dowry', Sb mhrt
'wealth, possessions', mhr Sh (pf. hmhr) (?) 'levy payment, imposer un paiement', Mn {MA} mhr 'fixer le dot', Qt {Rk.} mhrt
'possessions' Fr. IV 216, BK II 116O-1, KB 525, HJ 6O1-2, Grd. UT #1441, A #1531, OLS 267-8, Br. G I 194 [ 74b], Js.
739, Sl. 646, JPS 256, Ln. 274O, MA 6O, Rk. 94 B ''-muHr- > '-mur- 'part, portion' > Kb, Izd a-mur (pl. i-mur-on) id.,
Tmz a-mur (pl. i-mur-n) id., 'share' Dl. 513, MT 427-8, Mrc. 186 The long vw. (reflected in B lgs as u) suggests the presence
of a lr. ll D 'mur- 'piece' ( N 'murV 'to break, crush' [q.v.]) > Tm muri 'piece, bit broken off', Kt mury 'small piece', Tu murIu
'fragment, piece, bit', Tl muri, muriya 'a bit, piece', ? Nkr murndc 'a quarter (of bread)', ? Ku muIa 'small piece' D #4975
D '-r- is a reg. reflex of '-r-clusters (in this case of '-hr-) ll U 'mura 'small bit, crumb' ( N 'murV '' [q.v. ffd.]).
1469. 'mari?V 'young man, young male' > HS: S 'ma(:)ri?- 'man, male person' ( 'husband, lord', 'boy') > OA, IA, Nbt,
Plm arm mr? 'lord'; the var. 'mari?- (> 'mariy- with a '-y-, appearing in hiatus after thee loss of -?-) > BAr ar4m1
ma'rc 'lord', +ppa. ia5r6m1 mar'?-i 'my lord', Sr rooo ma'r-a - 'oro mar(o)'y-a (with the former marker of
definiteness -a, which lost its meaning), Hmr {Rb., Slw.} mariy- 'lord'; the variant ''mari?- (whence, due to the law of posttonic
syncope, ''mar?-) > Ar Ur0Ma mar?-(un) 'man, husband', Ak: OAk mar?-um - mcr?-um, Ak OA mcr?-u(m) - mar?-u(m),
Ak OB mar-u(m) 'son, boy', OAk mar?-at-um 'girl' (d with the fem. marker -at-); denom. verbs: Ar mr? 'den Mnnchen
spielen', mry v. 'be male' JH 166-7, HJ 682-9, Sd. 615-6, CAD X/1 3O8-16, KB 596, Br. 4O1, BK II 1O85, Rb. AWA 28, Slw.
197-8 ? Eg fOK mr.t 'Hrige, Untertanen' ('so.s men'), Eg MK/XVIII mr 'Angehrige jemds., seine Anhnger, seine
Parteignger' EG II 98, 1O6 Ch: WCh {Stl.} 'mar'i 'slave' ( *'so.s man) > NrBc:
Mbr mar, Sir mar-csIi, Jmb maru 'slave' | Ron {J}: DfB mor, Klr mahor (-h- is secondary?), Sha moh (-h regularly
from '-r) 'slave', ? DfB mara 'male', mar 'boy' || CCh: ? BB: Nz mu`rc, Bt {Mch.} murc 'man, male animal',
FlM mtr.t, FlB mtr.In, Bcm {Sk.} murc, Mln muro, Gudu {IL, JI} mIr., {ChL} msr Stl. ZCh 233 [#8O5], J R s.v.,
JI II 23O-1, J R 218-9, 353, ChC, ChL, Sk. NB 4O ll IE: NaIE 'mcryo-, 'mcr- 'young man' ( 'husband') > OI 'marya-h, Av
mairya- id., OI marya'Iah 'Mnnchen, Jngchen', MPrs mcrag 'young man, husband', Bct oo 'servant' || Gk ciokiov
ntr. 'young man, lad', cio 'young girl, lass', (later) 'lad' || L maritus 'married man, husband', lit. 'one possessed by a wife'
( 'mr-i 'wife', xy-n) ) () || W mcrch 'girl, daughter', Br mcrc`h 'girl, woman', pl.: W mcrchcd, Crn myrhcs, Br mcrc`cd
'maidens'; OBr, OCrn moroin (< 'morigna) 'virgo = girl', Crn morcn, W morvyn 'maiden, virgin' || ? Gt Cr marzus 'wedding'
(< 'marO-hus 'marriage house'?) || Lt marti, Pru marti-n (acc. sg.), martan 'bride'; ?? +ext.: Lt mcrga 'peasant girl', dim.
mcrgclc', mcrgaitc' 'girl', Ltv mcrga 'girl', Pru mcrgo, mcrga 'virgin' WP II 281, P 738-9, EI 656 (''mcri_o-s 'young man',
'mcrih_- 'young woman'), Mn. 76O, IS II 39, M K II 596-7, M E II 329, F II 195-6, WH II 4O-1, YGM-1 331, Fs. 348, Flr. 26O,
ECCE 1O5, LP 271, Frn. 412, 439-4O, En. 2O8 ll D 'mar_i-, {GS} 'mad_-i 'son, child, young of animals' > Kn mari 'young
of an animal, child', Tm mari 'young of ungulate (sheep, horse, deer, etc.); female ruminant; deer', Ml mari 'offspring, young of
animals, young deer', Kt mayr, Td mar_y, Tu mari 'a young animal', Tl maraIa 'kid', Gnd
mar_i" mari " mar_i/mar_ " mai 'son', Knd mar_in 'son', mc-mari 'husband, man', Png mazi 'son', Kui mricn:u " mricn:i,
Ku mir`csi" mricsi 'son', Brh mar 'son, boy, lad' D #4764, GS 157 [#392] ll ? K: Sv
amb
'mara-i 'person, man' ('-i nom.) >
Sv L/UB marc, Sv LB marc, unless a loan from the Nakh lgs. (Chechen mar, Batsbi mar 'husband') GM S 166, Dn. s.v.
marc, GP 212, Dn. s.v. ma2re, IS II 4O ll A: Tg: ? Nn marin- v. 'marry a man' (STM I 539); cf. also the Tg stem 'mircn- v.
'marry' (of a woman) > Ork mirsn-, Ul mirsn-, Ewk mirsn- and Lm m'cr+n- v. 'marry a man' ( Ci. 1O9, Mng. TS 34). If it
belongs here, its 'i may be accounted for by regr. as caused by the N vw. 'i of the second syll. IS reconstructs the as 'mayrV,
which is based on an untenable rec. of the Tg with 'ay. Closer examination proves that there is not enough ev. to reconstruct
here a cns. 'y. The only apparent ev. is the diphthongoid 'c in Lm in the verb m'cron- v. 'marry' (of a woman) and in the related
Lm nouns m'cron 'marriage (of a woman)' and m'cronns 'bride' (STM I 538-9, LW 69O-1). But acc. to the sound laws established
in Tg historical phonology (Ci. and Mng. TS), the Lm diphthongoid 'c goes back not to the pTg diphthong 'i_a (which, acc. to IS,
goes back to N 'ay), but to the pTg vw. 'i, hence the Tg verb in question must be reconstructed not as 'mi_arV-, but as
'mirs-n- to marry' (of a woman) (whence the abovementioned reflexes in Ork, Ul, Ewk and Lm) ( Ci. 1O9, Mng. TS 34). As to
the Tg diphthong 'i_a, it regularly yields quite a different vw. in Lm, namely ' (i.e. with palatalization of the preceding cns.)
(Mng. TS 34) DQA #13O5 (A 'mi_arra 'male, mature': unc. comparison of the Tg with pJ 'mara 'penis') Gr. II
#63 ('mcr 'child') [IE, U, Ai].
147O. 'mRjh,V (= 'mrjh,V?) 'be wounded, ill' > HS: Eg fMd mr {EG, DW} 'be ill, ache; illness', {Fk.} 'sick, ill,
diseased; painful', Eg fP mr.t {EG} 'krankhaftes, Krankheit; Bses, Schlimmes' EG II 96, DW I 376-82, Fk. 11O S 'mrjh,
> Ar UriMa marih-un 'ill, sick', marihu-l-fu?adi 'affected with heart-disease', mrh G (pf. mariha, ip. -mrah-) 'be
weakened' (of an eye) Fr. IV 173, Hv. 717 NrOm: Ym {Wdk.} mc`ro` 'illness', {Lm.} mcro id., 'pain' Wdk. BY 131, Lm.
Y 366 ll U 'm'crV > Sm {Jn.} 'mcr+y+ 'wound' > Ne: T xcpcc, T O {Lh.} mcru, F Nl mirru 'wound, sore'; Ng {Cs.}
'mcarun, mcaru id., {Mik.} 'mcru 'pimple (pattans)'; Kms {KD} mcru 'wound', mcralam vt. 'I wound' Jn. 93, Ter. 249
ll A: M: MM [S] mcr 'wound', HlM xyp adv. (indeclinable word) denoting dull pain: xyp iy ' n(' x 'feeling of dull pain within
ones body (cheat, stomach, etc.)', ? WrM (< d or cd ") mcrmcrIi- 'feel a slight pain at the pit of the stomach or in the chest' H
1O9, MED 537, Luv. 253 Tg: Ewk murdul- v. 'slaughter (a reindeer) STM I 558 ?, pJ 'mi_ar- 'mai_r- v. decrease,
diminish, drain away' > OJ mji_,cr- id., J: T mcri n. 'loss, waste, leakage' S QJ #12OO, Mr. 475, 723, Kenk. 1213 DQA
#1317 [A 'mi_orc 'to hurt, damage, wound'; incl. M, Tg, J] ll ?? IE: NaIE '(s)mcr- (+ ext.) 'pain, sickness' > L morbus (<
'mor-b"o-s) 'disease, sickness' || Gmc 'smcrt- 'pain' > OHG smcrzo - smcrza, NHG Schmcrz, MLG, MDt smcrtc,
smartc, NE smart 'pain' WH II 11O-1, Kb. 917, OsS 833, KM 663-4 ^ At the present state of research we cannot yet
establish any genetic relationship between this and N 'muRV 'go away, perish, die' ^ If NaIE '(s)mcr- 'belongs here, the N
rec. must be 'mrjh,V, otherwise we remain with an unspecified 'R ('mRjh,V) ^ IS 59-6O ('m'arn 'be ill, die'; does
not distinguish between the reflexes of the N in question, N 'muRV '' [q.v.] and N 'm'cRjV,cV 'be ill, wounded' [q.v.]),
BmK #525 ('mir-/'mcr- 'to stab, pierce, cause pain', etc.: unc. comparison of Eg mr 'be ill' with IE and D [see above s.v.
'muRV]).
1471. 'mariqV 'spot, stain, (?) dirt' > HS: S 'mr_ > Ar ?amra_u 'bigarr, tachet de taches rouges et blanches' BK II
1O88 ll IE: NaIE 'mcrjo,-/'mor(u)- 'dirty, dark' > Gk ou_-' v. 'soil, defile' (attested prtc. pf. cou_cvo) 'soiled,
blackened'), ou_etcov adv. cmpr. 'more obscurely' || Lt morai pl. 'mould' | Sl 'marati 'to soil, stain' > HLs marac,
morac, P marac, OR mopo:u marati, R xa' par id. || Arm majl mrayl 'mist, darkness, obscurity' WP II 279-8O, P 734,
F II 257, Frn. 464, ESSJ XVII 2O7-9 ll A: Tg 'mcr- '(be) motley, spotted' > Ewk msrims, msrils, msriIts 'spotted, striped,
skewbald, motley', msriIs- 'make (sth.) motley', Lm Ol margt- 'be motley', Lm Okh mcrgt- vt. 'ornament', WrMc mcrscn
'small spots on feathers (n) rnimin, nccrpnnin), freckles', mcrscqgc 'motley, freckled' STM I 571-2 M 'mcriycn > WrM
{Pp.} mcriycn 'bunt, scheckig, Schecke', Ord crcn mcrcn id. [unless a secondary M 'm-rdp of 'criycn 'motley, variegated']
Pp. VG 35, MED 327 T 'bcra- v. 'ornament, adorn' > OT bcaza-, Tk bczc-, Tkm bcoc-, CrTt, Kr, Qmq, Qzq, Qq bczc-,
Az baza-, Uz bcza- - bca- , VTt biza-, Bsh bioa- Cl. 39O, 392, Pp. VG 35 (on the NaT d 'bcazan-), ET B 1O5-6
pJ {S} 'mura 'spot(ted)' > ltOJ [RJ] mura, J: T mura, K mura, Kg mura S QJ #1O83, Mr. 488 S AJ 74, DQA #1286
(A 'mcrru 'spot = n) rno'; doubts about the adduction of T 'bara-, i.e. 'bcra-), Pp. VG 35 (T, M, Tg) ll D 'mar_- 'dirty
spot, stain' > Tm maru 'stain, blot, spot (esp. on the moon), stigma', Ml maru 'spot, freckle', Tl maraIa 'stain, blot, spot', Gnd
marro " marror 'black mole' D #4767 ^ T '-r- < '-ry- < N '-riq-. If the T cognate is rejected, the rec. will be 'marVqV
^ IS II 52 ('mArn 'spot, dirty': IE, D) BmK #539 (IE, D).
1472.'m'arvE ' tree' > HS: CS ''marjV,v- ' tree' > Ar marv- 'silex'; S 1 Eg fOK mrv, Eg fXVIII mry ' red wood
of a coniferous tree from Syria' BK II 1O97, EG II 1O8-9 Eg OK/NE mr.t 'desk', Eg NE mr.y ' a useful kind of wood
(Holz)' EG II 1O8 EC: pKns 'mur-a 'forest' > Kns, Gato mura, Gdl mur id. Bl. 255 WCh: DfB {J} mcr 'tree' J R
218 ll U: FU 'm'orc ' tree' > pLp {Lr.} 'mors 'tree, wood (Holz)' > Lp: L {LLO} muorra, Kld xypp murr id., S
muorc id., 'board', N {N} muorra / -r- 'tree, wood, stake, pole' || OHg moragy, moragy ' wood (Wald) \ forest' (preserved
in OHg XIII and modern Hg toponymy) | pOs 'morV 'bush, shrub, thicket' > Os: V morI 'Busch', D mora'y id., 'Strauch', Ty
morI id., 'Dickicht, junger Nedelwald', Nz mora 'Haufen, Menge (Bume u.a.)' Lp may go back to 'o or 'a, the Hg vw. may
be from 'o, while Os 'o seem to point to 'u (< 'o due to the infl. of some labial phonemes of the word) Coll. 97, UEW 281,
291-2, Lr. #92, Lgc. #4O2O, LLO 536-7, Hs. 951, SaR 198, MF 45O ll A: pKo {S} 'moro 'wood, forest; mountain' > MKo
moro id. S QK #55, Nam 215 pJ (S} 'msri 'forest' > OJ mori, J: T mori, K mori, Kg mori S QJ #213, Mr. 485
DQA #1377 ('muro 'tree, forest'; incl. Ko, J) ll D 'mar-, {GS} maran- 'tree, wood' > Tm, Ml maram id., 'timber', Kt marm,
Td mcn`, Kn, Tu mara, Kdg mara, Tl m(r)anu, m(r)aIu, Klm maI, Nkr maI, Prj mcri, Gdb mar " marin " marcn, Gnd
mara " mar`a " mar`a " mara, Knd maran, Png, Mnd mar, Kui mrahnu " mranu, Ku marnu " marnu " mara, Krx mann,
Mlt manu 'tree' D #4711, GS 224 [#549] ll ?? IE: Ht marmarr(a)- {CHD} ' terrain', {Frd.} 'Dickicht' (acceptable if Frd.s
interpretation is true; but Ot. and EI interpret it as 'swamp, marsh', cf. IE 'mor- < N 'moRE 'body of water', q.v.) Frd. HW 137,
Frd. HW EH III 24, Ts. E II 14O-1, CHD L-N 192 ^ IS II 45 ('marn 'tree' > U, D, ? S) ^ D '-r- suggests a cns. cluster ('-rv-?);
U 'o (for the expected 'a) points to the presence of a labializing factor ('v?). The cns. 'v survives in S Gr. II #2O7 ('mor
'hill') [U, A, J + unc. Ai, Gil, CK].
1473. 'marjy,V '(mul-, black-) berries' > IE: NaIE 'mor- 'mulberry, blackberry' > Arm mor mor 'blackberry, mulberry' ||
Gk oov id. || L morum id., morus 'mulberry-tree' (o proves that it is not a loan from Gk) || OIr mcr (pl. mcra) 'mulberry'
({Vn.}: A Brtt?), W mcrvydd 'mulberry-trees', sglt. mcrvyddcn (cd with gvydd 'tree'?) ? Ht muri-, muri(ya)n- 'cluster of
grapes or other fruit' P 749, EI 388 (''morom 'blackberry'), F II 256, Bois. 645, EM 738, WH II 114, Vn. M 4O, YGM-1
331, CHD L-N 333 ll HS: Eg {Budge} mr 'mulberry tree (morus tree)' (Palermo Stele, Schfer BAA IV 1149) Budge I 314;
the word is not confirmed by EG, Mks. and other reliable sources and is therefore qu.; Tk AAN 2 identifies the word with Eg
mr.v 'Lebanese cedar (cedrus Libani)' (Hng. 348) [= Eg fOK {EG} mrv - mry 'coniferous teee'?] ll K 'marcqv-
'strawberry' > eNG {SSO} marcqy marcqv-i, eNG, G marcqvi marcqv-i, Sv UB/Ln basqi, UB/LB basq id. K 127,
K
2
115, FS K 2O9, FS E 23O, SSO I 444, Chx. 675, TK 147, GP 91 This is a cd of 'marjy,a + 'cVmqU [a represented
by K {FS} 'cimqv- 'strawberry or bilberry' > G cmqva, Mg comva, cimva 'strawberry', Sv UB {TK} cinqa, UB {GP},
LB/L {TK} cinqa, Ln {TK} cinaqa 'bilberry' - K 224 ('cinqva), FS K 4OO, FS E 45O ('cimqv-), TK 838, GP 277] ll U:
FU 'marya 'berries' > F mar|a, Es mari id. | pLp {Lr.} 'moryc id. > Lp: S {Hs.} muor|ic, L/N {LLO, N} muor'|c, Kld {TI}
mury | Er/Mk mar 'berries' (in cds ) | Chr: H mor 'berry', B mor, Uf moro 'garden strawberries' || ObU 'mV:r- > pVg
'marI > ML {Mu.} moari, N {Mu.} ma:ri 'Stengel der Beere', N moriq/ il 'bschelige Beere'; pOs 'muro 'bunch of
berries' > Os: VK murva, Ty/Y/O muro, K/Kr muro, Nz/Kz muro id. Coll. 97, UEW 264-5, It. #28, Ht. #4O7, Trj. S
27O, Lr. #693, Lgc. #4O18, Hs. 952-3 ll A: pKo {S} 'mor`ui_ 'grapes', {Vv.} 'wild grapes' > MKo mor`ui_, NKo moru, Ko
SW {Mazur} mora 'grapes', ? Ko Chl {Vv.} mclgvu, Ko Chj {Choy} mclguy 'wild grapes' S QK #246, Nam 212, MLC 6O8,
Vv. AEN 1O-1 ?? T 'buru-lgan ' Rubus (berry)' (analyzed by IS as 'buri- + sx. -lig- + ancient plural parker -Vn) >
Qmq burulgcn 'blackberries', VTt qara birligan id., q+z+l birligan 'bramble', Chv ncApncAxcn irli_cn id.; Az Qb
muri 'strawberry' (quoted in IS II 44 and in AD NM #59) is rejected by Starostin [S CNM 4] as a loan from Lezgian and by Pp.
[Pp. rISOS-II 223] which "is certainly not Altaic") TatR 93, KumRS 89; Jeg. 157, Dm. NRTAJ 175, 186, Rs. W 93 Tg
{ADb.} 'mcruqu > Ewk moroqo 'cloud-berries' (1 Ne T xaApa` iaAid.), Nn {On.} mirsqIuls 'mountain-ash tree (Sorbus)'
STM I 547, On. 263, Ter. 235 ? M: WrM {Cev.} maril, HlM xapnn ' red round fruit of a plant' Cev. 333 DQA #1285
(A 'mcra ' berry'), ADb. {p.c., 2OO2: drew my attention to the Nn cognate) ^ AD GD #2 (IE, U, K), IS II 43-5 [#282]
('mar|a 'berry' > IE, K, U, A), Bm. NM #432 (IE, Eg, U), Pp. rISOS-II 223 (rejects the adduction of M 'burilgcnc 'Viburnum,
iannna', proposed by IS), AD NM #59, Vv. AEN 1O-1.
?? 1473a. 'mArjy,V 'horned animal' > HS: Eg MK mr 'Kampfstier' EG II 1O6 S 'mry > Ar rI'Ma mari-n
'jeune veau tout blanc', mariy-at- 'jeune veau femelle au pelage blanc', yWri'Ma mariy-at- 'antilope blanche' Qu. because of
the semantic component 'white' (infl. of Ar mry 'to milk; anundant milk'?) BK II 1O97-8 EC: Sa {R} 'maru 'sheep, ram
(Schaf, Schafbock, Widder)', ma'ru 'ewe', Af {PH} maruv - maruy 'ram'; Af mara 'male lamb' R S II 271, PH 164 NOm
{Blz.} 'marjr,- 'buck, ram' > Wl {LmS} mara 'lamb, kid', Omt {Mrn.} mara 'giovine danimale', Bdt {C} marrc 'pecora', Gm
{Hw.} mara 'calf', Shn {LmS} mcrcra 'sheep' Blz. OL #154, LmS 465, Hw. EG, Mrn. O 151 Ch: WCh: SBc: Zul {ChL}
mari, Plc {ChL} mar, Buli {ChL} mar, {Grgs.} maro, Tala {Csp.} mar 'goat', ? Sy {Crn.} mariya 'harness antelope'
|| CCh: Mtk {ChL} mari 'bull' ChC, ChL, Csp. 19, 4O ?? HS 'mVrg- > EC 'mirg- > Or mirg-o 'half-grown male calf'
(1 Hd mirg-o?o id., Brj mirg-o 'ox'), Gdl mirI-ot 'young bull trained for farming', Gln mirI-iya 'gazelle' Ss. B 145 CCh:
Gdr {Mch.} murgo 'he-goat' ChC ll D 'mar- ' deer' > Tm marai_ ;sambar, Indian elk; bison, wild cow', Kn marc ' deer',
Gnd maramam 'sambar'; OI 1 OI maruIa- ' deer' D #4724 ll A: M 'maral 'female deer' > MM [S] {H} maral id., WrM
maral, HlM xapn, Brt xapan 'red deer (Cervus elaphus sibiricus)', Kl xapn marl {Rm.} 'female deer'; M 1 Tkm, ET, Qrg
maral 'female deer, Shor aral 'deer', Qzq maral, R xa) pan 'red deer' H 1O8, MED 529, KW 257, Chr. 293, Rs. W 327 ^ N
'-rjy,- is very tentatively reconstructed on the ev. of D (D '-r- suggests a N 'r-cluster), Eg (the absence of lr. in Eg mr rules out
N '-rH- or '-Hr-), S 'mry and Af maruy (suggesting the presence of 'y) ^ An additional hyp.: there was another N root,
reconstructible as 'mVrgV > HS 'mVrg- '' and D 'mur- 'bovine' > Tm muri 'budffalo; ox, bullock', Ml muri 'bullock, ox',
Ln muri 'bull, ox', Gnd mura - mutc - mura - mur`a 'cow' D #5O41 ^ Blz. DA 157 [#53] (HS, D).
1474. ?? 'mVRjV,CV 'to crumb, crush' > HS: S: [1] 'mrO > Ar mrO v. D 'crumb with fingers', or [2] ? 'mrs > Ar
mrs G 'scratch and tear with fingernails' ({BK} 'gratter et dchirer avec les ongles') Fr. IV 166, 169, BK II 1O91, 1986ll IE:
NaIE 'mcrs- 'crush, grind' > OI masam' Iar-, masma'saIar- 'grind to powder' || OHG morsari 'mortar' (reshaped from L
mortarium id.), MHG zcrmurscn 'to crush, squash (zerdrcken, zerquetschen)', MDt zcrmorschcn, NGr Sw morscn,
murscn 'to bruise, crush, pound (in a mortar)', MHG, NLG mursch, murs, NHG morsch 'decaying, frail', Dt morzclcn 'rub
away, crush' P 737, M K II 6O4, M E II 335, Kb. 697, OsS 621, KM 488-9 ll U: FU: Hg morsza 'crumb, breadcrumb(s);
morsel, bit', morszol- v. 'crumble' MF 421-2 ^ If the legitimate Ar cognate is mrO, the N sibilant is '-c-, which rules out the
Hg cognate. If, however, Ar mrs and Hg morsza belong here, the N sibilant is 's or 'c, but in this case the semantic
connection is less plausible.
1475. 'm'cRjV,cV 'be ill, wounded' > HS: S 'mrs 'be(come) sick, fall ill' > Ug mrs G 'be sick', mrs n. 'illness',
Amr {G} mrs, OA mrI (= mr_), IA mr 'illness', JA mr G (pf. or@m6 mo'ra) {HJ} 'be ill', {Js.} 'fall sick,
be(come) weak', or@m6 mo'ra adj. 'sick, suffering', JEA {Sl.} ao1r^m2 mar'a (cs. or@m6 mo,ra) 'illness', Sr mr G (ip.
rame ncm'ra), SmA mr G 'fall ill, become sick', BHb prtc. N r!m6n% nim'rac {BDB} 'sore, grevious' ( 'made sick'),
{KB} 'schlimm, schmerzhaft', Ar rM mro G 'be sick', Sb mrs 'suffer from disease', Mh {Jo.} mrs (= {Jo.} mrz) (pf.
mcrss, sbjn. ysmros) 'be ill', Jb E/C mrs (pf. 'mirs, sbjn. ysm'ros = {Jo.} mirz / yomroz) id., Hrs {Jo.}
mrs (pf. {Jo.} mcrcz) 'be unwell, ill', Sq {L} mrs Sh

(pf. hcmros) 'gurir', Ak mrs G 'fall ill, have a disease'
A #1683, OLS 292-3, HJ 694-5, G A 25, Js. 845, Sl. 71O, Br. 4O5, JPS 3O2-3, Tal 486-7KB 6O4, BDB 599, Fr. IV 169, BGMR
87, Jo. M 271, Jo. J 174, Jo. H 9, L LS 271, CAD X/1 269-76, Sd. 6O9, MiK I #2.42 ll U: FP: Chr: L mcrcc-, H mcrcc-, inf. L
xcpuammcr'c-as, H xcpnam'mcrc-as 'be\grow ailing\sickly', {MRS} '(:a) xnpcr , (:a) uaxnyr ', H {Ep.}
xypnici 'mcrcoI 'chronic disease; desabled person, invalid', {} 'sickly (6onc:ncnnin)', {Ps.} mcrcc- 'krnklich \
gebrechlich sein' MRS 322, Ep. 7O, 131, PsS 71 ll ?? IE: NaIE: Lt mcrdc'ti 'to agonize' (if Lt d may be a reflex of 'c after
a sonorant) Frn. 457 ^ IS 59-6O ('m'arn 'be ill, die'; does not distinguish between the reflexes of the N in question, N
'muRV 'go away, perish, be dying' [q.v.] and N 'mRjh,V 'be wounded, ill' [q.v.]), BmK #525 ('mir-/'mcr- 'to stab, pierce,
cause pain', etc.: unc. comparison of S 'mrs with Eg mr 'illness', IE 'mcr- 'to die' and D [see above s.v. 'muRV]).
1476. 'murj?,VgE 'animal fat, brain, (?) marrow' > IE: NaIE 'mrcg"-/'mrg"- 'brain; skull' > Gk |c_o), |c_o
- |co ntr. 'forehead, top part of the skull' || MLG brcgcn - bragcn, OFrs brcin, AS brcn - brccn 'brain', NE brain || Av
{Ch. Bnv.} morozav-, morozu- 'vertebra of the neck and nape', Awr mol, Krd mol(l), Luri mul 'nuque', Psh {Mrg.}
varmcz (with the px. 'fra-), {Asl.} or'mcz 'neck' (semantic prehistory: *'brain' *'skull' *'nape of the neck') WP II
314, P 75O, EI 79-8O [''mrcg"mcn- - 'mrcg"(m)n-o- 'brain' with unj. 'g"], Brtl. 1173-4, F I 266-7, Ch. 195, Ho. 32, Bn.
AM 8O, Brtl. 1174, Mrg. 89, Asl. 87 ll HS: S 'muIVr- 'marrow, brain' > JA {Trg.] ar!q^&m moI'r-a id., JEA {Sl.} ar!q^um
muI'ra 'cranium, brain', Sr rowu muI'r-a 'yolk of the egg', Md muIra 'marrow, sperm, brain, gelatinous matter, living
substance, plasma', Ak {Sd.} muIaru(m) 'eine weiche Masse (?)' [{CAD} "meaning uncertain"] Lv. III 56, Lv. T III 18, Sl.
649, Br. 4OO, PS 2O47, JPS 259, DM 262, Sd. 674, CAD X/2 212 ll ? A: Tg 'burgu (< 'burgc) 'fat' > Ewk burgu
'subcutaneous fat', Ewk, Sln burgu adj. 'fat', Lm bsrgo " bo'rgo' " burgo, Lm A burgs, Neg boygo - bsygs, Orc boggo, Ud
bogo, Ul boo(n-) - buu(n-), Ork bod(d)o(n-), Nn Nh buygu id. STM I 112, Krm. 213 The denasalization 'm- > Tg 'b-
has not yet been explained ll D: [1] 'mur- > Tu mur+ 'fat, stout, corpulent' [2] ? 'mul- (- 'mur`-?), {GS} 'mul-
'brain, marrow' > Tm mulai_, Ml mula id., Kt mil, Tl mulaga, Klm mull, Prj nulli, nulgum, Gnd mur`c, mur`gon:i, Knd
mur`va, muti, Krx murma 'marrow', Kui nili id., Iada-mula, mula, Tu mulc 'brain', Brh mili 'marrow, brain, kernel of
nut' D ##497O, 5O51, Pf. 4O [#233], GS 52 [#13O] The origin of D '-l- (< '-r?-??) is still obscure ^ The glottalizatiom
'-g- > '-I- in S and D '-r- (regularly from a '-r-cluster) suggest the presence of a glottalizing cns. (i.e. '?). Cf. N 'ma'ri?V
'animal fat'.
1477. 'mar?oIE 'side (of the body), side, edge' > IE: NaIE 'morg-/'mrog-/'mrg- 'edge, border' > Av maroza 'border
country' ('Mark, Grenzgebiet'), NPrs zr0Ma marz 'border\boundary of a country; region, country' || L margo / margin- 'border,
edge' || OIr mruig > bruig 'territory', OBr bro 'pays, rgion', W, Crn, Br bro 'district', Gl BROGA 'country' (in Scholia ad
Juvenalem) || Gt, OSx marIa 'border, frontier', OHG marca " marcha 'border', NHG MarI, OFrs mcrIc 'boundary, frontier,
border-country', ON morI 'forest, wood' [forests served as frontiers between countries], Sw marI 'district', AS mcarc 'mark
(district); end, limit of given space, boundary', NE marI ( 'boundary, landmark) (< 'morga) WP II 283-4, P 738
('mcrcg-), EI ('morg- 'border'), Brtl. 1153, Horn 218, Vl. II 116O, Sg. 1214, WH II 39-4O, Vn. M 67-8, Billy 35, Flr. 9O, Fs.
347, Vr. 4O1, Sw. 114, Ho. 217, Ho. S 5O, Kb. 662, OsS 593, KM 462 ll HS: Ch: ECh: Kwan morgo` 'bank of a river' || WCh:
Sir {Sk.} marsn 'side of body' ChC S 'mrI (< ''mr?I?) > Ar mrq G (ip. -mruq-) 'miss the goal' (of an arrow),
'stray from the orthodox religion', GT (pf. ?imtaraqa) 'go out quickly from' BK II 1O94-5, Hv. 717 ll D 'maruqI- 'side, side of
the body' > Tm maruqIu id., 'limit', Ml maruqqu, Kt magl, Kn maggal, maggil, maggul, Png marqgar 'side', Td magil 'slope of
hill', ? mar` 'side', Tu margil+ 'side, flank', Tl maIIa 'side of the part of the body just above the hip', Prj maIIa 'burrock', Gnd
marqg 'side', maruq 'ribs of mat', mar`gi 'rib bone' D #4717 ll U 'marV 'm'orV 'side, side of the body' (loss of '-VI- due
to bf. ?) > Hg mart 'bank, shore; edge\side of a ditch; hillside' ? Sm 'm+ra 'edge, bank', {Jn.} 'm+ra 'edge' > En: X
{KD} mora, {Cs.} 'mola, B {Cs.} 'mora 'bank, beach, shore'; Ne: T xapa, T O {Lh.} mara 'low sand beach, sand'; Ng {Hl.}
moru 'bank, shore', {Mik.} 'moru 'part'; Kms {KD} mara 'edge, end' Coll. 34, Coll. CG 124, UEW 28O-1 (unconvincingly
rejects the Hg cognate and reconstructs U 'mortV), 288 (unc. comparison of Hg mart with mar- 'bite' < U 'mura- 'Stck'), Jn.
88, Hl. US 121, KP 125 Ugr '-t- is likely to go back to a sx. Sammallahtis historical phonology of Uralic (Sm. 484-5, 5OO,
513-5) suggests a pU vw. 'I in a closed syll. (sth. like pU 'mIHrV or 'mIrHV), the latter alt. being compatible with pN 'mVr?V
^ The labial vw. of the second syll. is tentatively reconstructed on the ev. of D ans S; it was probably 'o rather than 'u, because
'u would have yielded a glide in IE. This 'o may have had labializing effect on the U ( > Sm) vw. of the first syll. The lr. is
reconstructed on the indirect ev. of S (glottalization of 'I), D (D '-r- goes back to cns. clusters rather than to an intervoc. '-r-)
and IE (any other lr. would have yielded NaIE 'o in the intercons. position) ^ It is tempting to adduce here NrOm: Kf {C}
mallcIIo 'side of body', Hrr {CR} millc id., but there is no proof that Kf and Hrr -ll- may go back to '-r-.
1478. 'm'urIV(-qKV) 'root, root-crops, edible roots', (?) 'sinew' > K 'murI- > G murI-i 'stump of cabbage' ll IE:
NaIE 'mrI- (- 'brI-) 'edible roots, carrot' > AS morc, moru 'edible root, carrot, parsnip', OHG moraha, NHG Mohrrubc,
Mohrc 'carrot' || Sl 'm+rII / 'm+rI+v- 'carrot' > SCr mr`Iva, Slv mrIcv, mrIva, OCz mrIcv, Cz mrIva, OR
mepkeai morIovi, mepkao morIva, R xop' ion | ? Blt {IS} 'burIu > Lt burIunas id., Ltv burIans id., 'Aetusa
cynapium' || Gk [Hs.] |okovo to oio o_ovo ("wild vegetables") P 75O, EI 62O, Sw. 12O, Ho. 226, Kb. 696, OsS
62O, KM 484-5, IS MT 16-2O, Vs. II 564-5, ESSJ XX 247-9, Glh. 426, F I 263, Ch. 192, Kar. I 155 (Ltv burIans AFrs E
bura, burc 'a conical root' + dim. sx. -Icn- < '-Ian) ll HS: EC 'murI- (- 'morg-) 'tendon, sinew, gristle' ( N
'muqi'HorKV 'gristle, horn', q.v. ffd.) ll D 'murVqI- > Tm muruqIai_ 'Moringa pterygosperma, Indian horse-radish tree',
Kn nugga, nuggi, Tu nurigc, nurgc, Tl munaga, Prj muqga, mulqga, Gnd mulgc, mungc id., Knd muqna maram,
muluqa mara id. (mara, maram is 'tree'), Ml muriqqa 'Hyperanthera moringa, Indian horse-radish', Krx muqga ' a shrub, the
fruits & leaves of which are eaten as curry'; D 1 OI muraqgi-, murungi- 'Moringa pterygosperma' D #4982, Tu. #1O2O9
^ The same N word is used both for the root and the sinew, which is explained by their common technical functioning as ropes. D
'-r- suggest an ancient cns. cluster with 'r (here most probably '-rI-) ^ AD NM #62, S CNM 7 ( NrCs & ST).
1479. 'm'uRjV,Ka 'moist, liquid, to moisten' > IE: NaIE {P} 'mcrjo,I- v. 'soak, soften; become wet', 'mr,Iu- ({P}
'mroIu-) 'swamp' > OIr mraich - braich, W, Crn brag 'malt' (i.e. 'soaked corn'), Gl BRACUS 'marais' 1 VL Gl 'braIu-s / -m
'morass' (> It braco, brago, Fr brai, Prv, Ctl brac), W brag-vcllt ' swamp-grass', Gl 1 L mcrcasius 'swamp' (> OFr
marchais), Gl [Hs.] c|cktov ({WH} 'Brhe zum Eintunken') 1 L imbractum - cmbractum ' sauce'; 'mraIno- > OIr
(MIr) brcn (< older 'mrcn) 'fetid, rotten', W bracn 'decayed, rotten', MBr brcyn 'rotten' || MHG mcr(c)n, MDt mcrcn 'to dip
bread in wine\water' || Lt mcrIti (prs. mcrIu) 'to soak (flax)', mirIti (prs. mirIstu) 'to soak, be steeped in water', Ltv
mcrIt, mcrcct 'to soak, steep', mcrIa 'moisture', mcrcc 'sauce' | Sl 'morI-/ 'mirI- '(be) moist, soaked' in derivates: [1]
'mirI-no-ti, 'mirIa-ti > Cz za-mrInouti 'to soak and be spoiled' (of wood), Uk xcpunr 'it drizzles', Uk P mIr'catI 'to
drizzle', R Ks mara'Iun 'light rain', Blg 'xpniaxv. 'dip (sth. small) in water\liquid'; [2] 'morci, 'mcrci > R ' xopou
'light rain', ' xcpcu ' swampy ground', xcpcua 'swamp'; [3] 'morII, 'morIa > Uk xopoi'na 'quagmire, swamp', Blg
xpa'ia 'wet lowland' P 739-4O, Vn. B 84-5, M 66-7, Billy 33, 71, Ern. 8O, YGM-1 52, WH I 681, EM 31O, ML ##1258a,
5515a, OsS 6O3, Lx. 138, Frn. 44O-1, ESSJ XIX 218, 231, 234 & XXI 135, Ma. CS 31O, Ma. C 38O ll HS: WS
'ma'raI- 'broth' (* 'liquid'?) > BHb k qr@m1 ma'raI, q qr1m1 'ma'raI, Ar raMa maraq-, Gz maraI, Tgy mvrvx
'broth', Tgr mvrvI 'gravy soup' KB 6O3, Fr. IV 171, L G 359, L ESAC 32, LH 114 The vocalic pattern of this stem
('Ca'CaC-) is typical of adjectives, hence the original meaning is probably 'liquid' B 'mry > Tmz i-mory-an pl. 'bouillon
pour arroser le couscous' (the cns. y suggests that it is hardly a loan from Ar maraq-) MT 431 ll A: ? T 'burI- (or
'urI-?) v. 'spurt, sprinkle' [ N 'buru(-KU) 'to spurt, gush forth, boil' (of water, liquid), q.v. ffd.] ^ If in the NaIE there
was 'o (which is doubtful), the N rec. must be 'm'ur'hVKa (because 'h is the only lr. that is liable to disappear in S, but
yields 'o in NaIE). But, in my opinion, it is preferable to reconstruct both the pIE and the pN without lr.
148O. 'mArV 'rain' [ or 'to drop'?], 'cloud' > HS: S: BHb {GB, KB} rm2 mar 'drop' (?) (h. l. in Is. 4O.15) GB 457,
KB 595, KBR 629-3O (rm2 'myrrhe') ECh: Smr {J} ma:ri` 'rain' ChC OS #1733 (HS 'mar- 'drop, rain') ll D (in SD)
'mar`-ay- 'rain' > Tm marai_ 'rain, cloud, water', Ml mara 'rain', Kt may, Td mav, Kn marc, Kdg malc, Tu malc 'rain' D
#4753 ll ? K: Sv: UB/L {TK, GP, Dn.} mcrc, LB/Ln {TK} mcrc, Ln {TK} mcri 'cloud' TK 57O, GP 217, Dn. s.v. mcrc, Ni.
s.v. o6naio (marc), IS II 6O (Sv L marc, UB marc < 'mar-ci_ or 'mar-ai_ ' cloud') ll ? A: pKo {S} 'mir 'water' > MKo
mir, Ko: Sl/Ph mul, Ks mul, Hm mu_l S AJ 255 [#97], S QK #97, Nam 229, MLC 575 ^ IS II 6O-1 (does not distinguish
between this etymon and N 'moRE 'body of water' [q.v.], reconstructs 'mara 'moisture, moist') S CNM 3. It is too shaky to
adduce here forms with an additional cns. ( IS), such as CS 'mrO (Ug mrO 'grape juice', Ar mrO 'to soften') and Ltv {ME}
mcrIa 'Feuchtigkeit'.
1481. ??? 'mA'rV 'to pluck out hair, make bald\bare' > HS: (+ext. ?) S 'mrt id. > BHb mrt G 'make bare, polish',
JA, Sr mrt G 'pull out\off (feather, hair)', Ar mrt G (pf. 6araMa marata) 'pluck out hair', (pf. 6ariMa marita) 'have little
hair', Ak mrt 'abschaben' KB 6OO, Br. 4O4, Sl. 7O6, BK II 1O92, Sd. 61O ll D 'ma'r`- 'shave' > Tm mari 'shave (esp. the
head), Knd man`- v. 'shave' D #4748 ^ Qu., because there is no good explanation for the S 't (except for postulating an
extension in S or formulating an ad hoc rule of N '-rt- yilding D '-r`-).
1481a. 'mcrV 'hoe' > HS: S 'marr- 'hoe, spade' > Ak fOB marru 'spade, shovel', JEA {Sl.} ar`m2 mar'r-a 'spade',
{Js.} hoe, rake', Sr roa mar'r-a - o'a maj?,'r-a 'mattock, hoe, mallet', Ar marr- 'iron-shovel, spade'; S 1 L marra 'a
hoe for rooting up weeds' CAD X/1 287-9O (Ak A Sum), Sl. 7O3, Js. 834, Br. 4OO, JPS 247, WH II 43 Eg mr hier.
{Gard.} *'hoe', {EG} ''holzerne Hacke' EG II 98, Gard. 516 ECh: Smr {J} mnrn 'hoe' || WCh: Bl mar, Ngm mira v. 'hoe',
?? Ngm marra, Glm {Sch.} mara 'farm' | Ang {Flk.} mar 'to farm, a farm', ?? pAG {Hf.} mar 'farm' > {Hf.}: Gmy mar,
Kfr mar, Su, Ang mar id. ChC, Stl. ZCh 233 [#8O4], Hf. AG 18, Flk. s.v. mar, Sch. BT 86 OS #1738 (S, E, ECh + err.
Hd morara 'hook of the plough' for mofara 'type of plough', see. Hd. 213), ##1735, 1739 ll D 'mcr`- 'plough' > Tm mcri
'plough', Ml mcri, Kn mcti, mcni 'plough-tail', Kt mcy 'handle of plough', Knd mcr`i id., 'plough-tail', Tl mcdi " mc:di
'hund part or handle of a pliugh', Ku mcri 'plough handle' " mccr`i 'plough' D #5097ll Cp. Sum mar hoe' ^ Borrowing (from
Sum?) cannot be ruled out ^ Blz. DA 163 [#1O8].
1482. ?? 'murV 'make loud noise' > D (in SD) 'mur`- > Tm muraqIu v. 'roar, thunder, make loud noise', Ml muraqquIa
v. 'roar, reverberate', Kt mor`v 'a childs continuous crying', Kn moragu v. 'sound' (certain musical instruments), 'roar, thunder'
D #4989 ll U: FU: Os Ty/Y mIr- v. 'low' (of cows), as well as [ N 'muIra 'emit vocal sounds (shout, sing)'] Os V moroy- 'make
big noise' (of people)' Stn. D 953, 956-7 ll A: Tg moura- v. 'low, roar, bellow' (of animals) ( N 'muIra) > Ewk Np moro-,
Ewk Np/Nr msrs- v. 'roar, bellow' (of beasts), Ewk Y/Np/Uc msrsv- v. 'low' (of cows), Ork mtra- v. 'roar, bellow', WrMc
mura- id., v. 'low' STM I 546-7.
1483. 'muqjE,ri 'shoulder' > K 'mqar- id. > OG mqar-, G m_ar- id., Mg _u-, Lz (m)_u-, _u- id., Sv UB {GP,
TK}, Ln {TK} mcqar, LB {TK} mcqra, L {TK} mcqcr, {Dn.} mcqar {Dn., K, FS} 'part of the arm between shoulder and
elbow' ({TK} 'arm'); ? eNG [SSO] mqarc, G m_arc 'side, side of the body, edge' K 144, K
2
134, Chik. 57-8, FS K 232-3, FS E
256, Q 4O9-1O, SSO I 552, DCh. 935, NCh. 3O8, TK 569, GP 22O, Dn. s.v. mcqar ll U 'mVrIV > Sm {Hl.}
'm+rIi+ 'shoulder' > Ne: T xaApn , T O {Lr.} marc, F Nl maros id.; En {Ter.} modi; Ng {Ter., Mik.} morsI; Mt {Hl.}
'margV id. (Mt: M {Sp.} xapiox 'my shoulder', K {Pl.} marahada 'his shoulder') Hl. M 3OO [#64O], Jn. 88 (Sm
'm+rIa) U '-rI- < N '-qr-? Or U '-I- goes back to a sx.? ll A: M 'morin 'shoulder' > MM [MA] mori, [HI] muru id.,
[S] muru id., 'shoulder-blade', WrM moru(n), HlM x' p(' n), Ord moro, Brt xpy, xp, WrO mori, Kl {Rm.} morn, Dg
{Pp.} mu'ru', {T} mur(u), {Mr.} murc 'shoulder' Ms. I 77, H 112, Pp. MA 24O, MED 549, Ms. O 471, Chr. 3O8-9, Krg. 6O8,
KW 267, T DgJ 155 Tg 'muyrc, {ADb.} 'muyrc id. > Ork muyrs, Orc miys, Ewk mirs, Lm mir 'shoulder, shoulder
bone', Sln miri, mirs, Neg miys, Ul quyrs, {PSchm.} xynpy, Nn Nh/B/KU msyrs, WrMc mcyrcn 'shoulder', Ud {STM}
muo', {Krm.} mo - muo 'neck' STM I 538, Krm. 262 pKo {S} 'moi_- 'carry on the shoulder' > MKo moi_-, NKo
mc- Nam 212, MLC 616, S QK #6OO, Nam 212, MLC 616, Rm. SKE I 145 ?? pJ 'mst- 'carry, hold' > OJ mot-, J: T
mot-, K/Kg mot- S QJ #12O4, Mr. 728 Pp. VG 35, 142, SDM97 (A 'murc 'shoulder'), DQA #1331 (A 'mi_uyrc id.),
S AJ 291 (A 'murc), ADb. MSR 11 (A 'moi_rc id.), Rm. l.c. ll D 'mur`i 'elbow, shoulder, joint' > Tm muri 'joint as of the
body', mori 'joint as of wrist, knee, ankle, etc.', Tm, Ml muram 'cubit', Ml muri 'knuckle, joint', Tu mora, mura, Tl mura, Prj
mura 'cubit', Kn mora id., 'joint', muy 'upper part of the arm, shoulder(blade)', Klm mura, Gnd mor`i 'elbow', Knd mir`va
'knee', Kui miru, mriu, mcdu 'knee-joint', mircIa 'a cubits length', ?? Kt molm, Kdg mola; - D 'mur`i-m 'shoulder' >
Tm moymu, Ml muriu, Krb miru, Knd mii, Mnd mua id., Kui moo 'upper arm', Kn muy(i)vu, muduu id.,
'shoulder(blade)', Kt mur, Tu mudu` 'shoulder joint', Tl muu 'upper part of the back, shoulder', Ku moa 'outer edge of the
shoulder' To judge from the derivate 'mur`i-m, the original meaning of D 'mur`i was 'shoulder' D ##499O, 5122, Pf.
41-2 [#241] ^ ADb. MSR 11 (U, A, D).
1484. ? 'ma'ri?V 'animal fat' > HS: S 'mr? v. 'fatten' > Ug mr? G vi. id., , Ak mr? (inf. mara?u, maru) id., BHb
d air%m1 ma'ri 'fatling' ( pp. 'fattened one'), Ar mr? G 'be wholesome' (of food) A #163, OLS 288, KB 6OO, CAD X/1
3O6-8, 316-7, Sd. 617, Hv. 714 EC: Or {Grg.} mora 'fat, cattle fat', Kn {BlSO} mor-a 'abdominal or kidney fat', Brj
{Ss.} mor-i 'id. ({Ss.} A Amh), Alb mor-a ' fat', Gdl {Bl.} mor 'stomach fat', Sml mor 'sealing-wax', Rn mor 'fat
around the intestines and stomach', C 1 Amh mora 'animal fat, subcutaneous fat covering the ventral region' Grg 291, PG
237, L CAD 19 , Ss. EDB 147, ZMO 94, BlSO 118, Bl. G 83, Blz. RL 258 Ch: CCh: Bt {Srp.} marc n. 'fat', {MCh.}
marc id., 'oil', Bcm {Mch.} marc n. 'fat', {Sk.} marc 'oil', Gude {Hsk.} mara, {IL} mara, Gudu {IL, ChL} mar, Nz
{Mk., ChL} marc, FlM {ChL} miru, FlB {ChL} marIn 'oil' | Tr {Nw.} mar 'oil'|| WCh {Stl.} mavrV - mivra 'fat' > pAG
{Hf.} 'mv'sr 'oil' > Su {J} mvor, Ang {Brq.} mvtr, {Hf.} mvir, Gmy {Hf.} muor, Kfr {Nt.} mvor, Cp {ChL} mor id. |
Klr {J} ma`r, DfB/Bks {J} bar id. | Krkr {J} maru, {ChL} msru, Gera {Sch.} mori, Grm {Sch.} mori, Ngm {CgL}
mor, Krf {ChC} muru, Bl {Mk.} mor id. | Kir {Sh.} mar, Tala {Sh.} mir, Zul {Sh.} miri, Buli {Sh.} mir, Zem D {Sh.}
mi_cr, Zar {Sh.} mir | Ngz {Sch.} mIraI (pl. mIrarin) id. || ECh: Suk {IL} mir id. JI II 133, ChC s.v. 'fat' and 'oil', ChL,
Hsk. 233, Stl. ZCh 233 [#8O3], Hf. AG #53, J S I 76, Nt. 28, J R, Sch. DN 1O5 ll A: M 'mariya- > MM [S] mariya(n) 'flesh (of
a person), body', WrM mariya, miriya, HlM xapna 'body, flesh; corpulence, pudginess', Brt xap a(n) 'corpulence, stoutness,
fatness', WrM mariyai-, HlM xapnan-, Mnr H {T} maraa- 'become fat, pudgy, or stout', {SM} mara_ia- 'sengraisser,
prendre de lembonpoint', mara 'chair, corpulence', marad_u adj. 'fat' (esp. of animals), {T} mara 'stout' ('nonnin, (opo(nin')
H 1O8, MED 529, Chr. 294, SM 233, T 344 ll IE: NaIE 'smcru- n. 'fat, ointment' ( N 'SamirV 'fat, grease' [q.v. ffd.] and
possibly 'mcruuqV 'to smear' [q.v. ffd.]) ^ IS II 61-2 (? 'mcrn 'fat, to smear': HS [including an unc. comparison with some
S roots], ? M; does not distinguish this N from 'mcruuqV) ^ D 'mu(:)r- > Tm murancu 'be full, abundant', muri
'strength, greatness', Tu mur+ 'fat, stout, corpulent', Tl muru 'increase, be full'. This (or at least Tu mur+) may be connected
with N 'murj?,VgE 'animal fat, brain' [q.v.]. If nevertheless (in spite of the semantic distance) the D belongs here, the N rec.
may be 'mav'ri?V (for '-v- cp. WCh 'maivrV) ^ NaIE 's- may be either original (i.e. pointing to a N '-r-) or due to the
contamnation with 'SamirV and 'mcruuqV '' (in such case the N rec. must be 'maRi?V).
1485. 'mcruuqV 'to smear' > HS: WS 'mr_ v. 'smear' > BHb mrh G 'smear, anoint, rub', JPA {Lv.} mrh D '(ein
Gewand) reiben, gltten', JEA {Sl.} mrh G 'plaster, level a pile' (A Hb?) Ar mr_ (pf. araMa mara_a, ip. -mra_-) 'anoint
(the body)', Jb C mr_ (pf. 'mirs_) 'throw sth. sticky on sth., smear (paint, etc., on sth.) with ones hands' KB 599, BDB 598,
Lv. III 248, Sl. 7O5-6, Jb. JL 174 But not here Eg mrh and mrh.t 'Salbl' ( vrh, salben', cf. EG II 11O-1) ll IE: NaIE
'smcru- 'ointment' ( N 'SamirV 'fat, grease' N 'ma'ri?V 'animal fat') > Gk (o)uie v. 'rub with ointment\unguent,
anoint', ? oui) 'emery powder (used by lapidaries for rubbing and polishing)', as well as probably uov 'unguent, perfume,
sweet oil' ( Gk uo 'myrrh' A S 'murr- id. [> OCn, Ak murru, BHb r7m mor, Ug mr, JA arum mu'ra, etc.]) || ON
smyria, smyrva 'bestreichen, salben', Sw smor|a, Dn smorc, NNr smyr|a id., OHG smirvcn 'to smear, anoint', NHG
schmicrcn 'to smear, grease', AS smicrvan 'to anoint', NE smcar WP II 69O-1, P 97O-1, F II 273-4, 751, Ch. 723-4, 1O28-9,
Vr. 521, Sw. 15, Ho. 3O2, Kb. 918, OsS 834, KM 663-5, EI 194 (''smcru- 'oil, grease'), Js. 748, Sl. 649 ll D {tr., GS} 'mcr`-
'smear' > Tm mcrulu, Kt mcI- v. 'cleanse floor with cowdung solution; smear as the body with paste; varnish', Ml mcru,
mcruIu 'wax', mcruIuIa v. 'anoint', Irl moIIu, Td mos_I 'wax', Kt mcI 'bee-wax', Td mos_I-, Klm mcg- v. 'smear with
dung of buffaloes as a ritual purification', Kdg muII-, Tl m(r)cgu, mrcvu v. 'smear', Nkr mcg"- 'apply', Knd mir`is- v.'rub
and clean utensils with ashes', Kui mranda v. 'plaster, smear', Ku mrisi Iinai 'polish', Brh miring v. 'plaster'; it is not clear if
one may adduce here Prj mcr-, Gdb mar- and Gnd marchtana - marahtana v. 'rub' (-r- < D '-r-, '-r_- or '-r`-?) D ##5O82,
47O9, GS 65-6 [#2O3] ^ IS II 61-2 (? 'mcrn 'fat, to smear': HS [including an unc. comparison with some S roots], D, ? M)
BmK #536 (IE, HS + qu. D 'mar- 'rub').
1486. 'marVCV 'contents of animals stomach\intestines' > HS: C: EC: Arr mcrdc 'intestines' Hw. A 384 ? S
'mcr > Ar masir- {BK} 'intestins o slabore le chyle', {Hv.} 'intestin, gut', ? {BK} masr- 'reste de lait dans les pis dune
femelle' BK II 1116 ll IE: NaIE 'smcrd- 'dung; stinking' > L mcrda 'excrement'|| Lt smirdc'ti 'to stink', Ltv {ME}
smirdct id., 'to smell'. Lt smardas 'stench, smell', Ltv smards 'smell', Pru smordc 'Faulbaum' (called so bexuse of the smell
of its wood) | Sl 'smirdcti (1s prs. 'smird|o) 'stink' > OCS tmp+1:u smr+dcti, SCr smrd|cti, Slv smrdcti, Cz
smrdcti, Slk smrdct`, P smicrdzicc, R cxcp) (cr , Uk cxcp) ( rn 'to stink', Blg cxp) ( v. 'stink'; Sl 'smord+ 'bad smell'
> OCS tmpo+ smrad+ (1 R cxpa(), Blg cxpa(, df. cxpa) (r, SCr, Slv smrad, Cz, Slk smrad, P smrod, R
) cxopo(, Yi ) cxop ( || Gk [Hs.] oooevc) pl. [acc. to Hs., an abusive nickname of the oioi (members of the council?)]
(if 'stinkers') ({Ch.}: "an obscure erotic term") WP II 691, P 97O, WH II 74-5, Frn. 84O, 847-8, En. 251, Vs. III 685, 691-3,
Glh. 566-7, F II 75, Ch. 1O28 ll U: FP 'marVjccV,- 'cud, to ruminate' < F marhc, march, marc 'Wiederkuen, Kauen
bis zum Wiederkuen', Es {W} malctsc- - malitsc- 'chew the cud' | ? Lp: N smirii- id., L smicriti-, smictit|i- " smicritsi-,
T {TI} mircdc- UEW 7OO-1 (FP 'marV-, no rec. of the sibilant), It. #256, SK 359-6O, W EDW 585, TI 559 Thr initial s-
in Lp is puzzling. The quality of the sibilant is not clear: Es and Prm suggest '-c-, while F and Lp point to '-c-.
1487. 'musV v. 'cover, conceal, clothe' > K 'mos- v. 'cover, get dressed, put on' > OG mos- v. 'get dressed, put on'
(Mt.11.8, Lc. 16.9), v. 'conceal' (Jud. 8.5), G mos- 'bekleiden, bedecken', sc-mos 'be dressed', Sv {FS} li-msv-i msd. 'to
conceal, cover (oneself with), get dressed' K
2
124, FS K 221, FS E 244, Chx. 811-2 ll HS: Eg N/G msy ({EG} ms|)
' garment' (1 BHb 'mcsi 'fine cloth for garments'), Eg XVIII mss {EG} 'Panzerhemd', {Fk.} 'tunic', Eg N mss.t ' garment
(shirt or sim.)', ? Eg G msd ({EG} msd) 'bekleiden' EG I 143, 149, 152, Fk. 118, KBR 645 ll IE: NaIE 'mus-/'mou_s- v.
'steal, conceal' > Vd mus'nati '(he) steals, robs', musa'yati 'robs, takes away', OI mosati 'steals', KhS mussa (< 'musya-)
'robbers', Wx mus-, most v. 'conceal' || Gmc: OFrn [LxS] chrco-mos-ido 'grave-robbery' Not necessarily here Tc A, B
mus- 'lift, move aside' (may be akin to IE 'mcu_- 'fortschieben', Av ava-miva- 'put aside, remove') EI 543 ('mus- 'steal'), M K
II 658-9, M E II 383-4, Bai. 338-9, Gnt. AM 193, P 743 ('mcu_-s- 'mcu_- 'fortschieben'), Ad. 463, 466 ll D 'mucc-/muc-
v. 'cover' > Tm muccu, Kt muc-, Td muc-, Nkr mus- id., Tu muccuni v. 'shut, close', cover', Kn muccu id., v. 'conceal', Tl
muyu id., Kdg mucc- v. 'close', mucci 'lid, cover', Klm muns-, Nk muc-, Kui musa v. 'close, cover', Prj muy- v. 'cover oneself',
Gdb muy- v. 'cover oneself with wrapper', Gnd muccana v 'cover; wrap sth. round ones body', muc- v. 'cover', Knd mus- id.,
v. 'close with lid, bury', Mnd muc-, Ku muh-, mussali v. 'bury', Krx mucc- to close door\lid, shut', Mlt mucc- v. 'close, shut up',
Brh must 'shut, closed' D #4915, Pf. 35 [#176] ('muc-/'muy-); Km. 468-9 [#1O16] ('muy-) and GS 52-3 [#132] ('muy-,
'muy-c-); if Km. and GS are right, either D '-y- may go back to N '-s- or the D does not belong here.
1488. 'mu'sV 'insect, fly, ant' > IE: NaIE 'mus-/'mou_s- 'fly' > Gk uio (< 'mus-i_a) 'fly' || L musca 'fly' || Gmc: Gtl
mau_sa (< 'musa), Dt Fl mcuzic (< 'musi) id. || Lt musc', musis, Ltv musa, musa, Pru muso 'fly' | Sl 'mu'xa id. >
OCS mo muxa, Blg xy'xa - 'xyxa, McdS xyna, SCr muha, mu`ha, Slv muha, Cz moucha, Slk, P mucha, R, Uk
'xyxa id., d : OCS m+muo m+s-ic-a 'gnat', R 'xomia 'small insect', xom'ia 'mosquitoes, gnats' || ? Arm mun mun (gen.
mnoj mnoy) 'flash-worm; gnat, midge' ({Mn.}: < A of 'mus-i_o) P 752, F II 265-6, EM 424, WH II 133, Frn. 474, En. 212,
ESSJ XX 17O-2, Glh. 428, Mn. AIE 15, EI 2O7-8 (mus--'muH- 'fly, gnat, midge') ll A {SDM97} 'musV > pJ {S} 'musi
'worm, insect' > OJ musi, J: T musi, K musi, Kg mu_si, Ns musi, Sh musi, Ht musI, Y muci id. S AJ 269
[#1O6], S QJ #1O6, Mr. 489 SDM97 (A 'musV) ll D: [1] 'muc- ({GS} 'mus-?) ' ant' > Ku muh`iri id., Kui
muci traIu id., mu:or`i " murar`i 'large red ant', Tm muciru - muyiru 'red ant', Ml miru id.; [2] ?? (in SD) 'mucan`t-
({GS} '--?) ' small bee' > Tu mu|ant, mu||inti, mo|anti id., Kn mu|anti ' honey (very small bees)' D ##49O6,
49O8 ll ? K 'mVs`- (or 'mVrs`-?) > Sv: UB/LB/Ln mosI, UB {GP} morsI 'ant'; the origin of UB -r- may be connected
with infl. of the 'mVRu 'ant' [q.v.] TK 594, GP 223, Ni. s.v. xypancn ll ??? HS: Eg L mstt ' scorpion' EG II 152
Ch: ECh: Mu {J} miscnin 'ant' (for the meaning cp. D and K) || ?? WCh: Cp {Kr.} nsi, Ang si 'fly' ChL, ChC ^ Sv s
goes back to K 's` < N s. Eg s < N 's, 's or s reg. If the Sv word belongs here, the N sibilant was 's Gr. II #163 ('mus
'fly' n.) [IE, J, Ai + unc. U].
1489. 'maisV 'to rub, polish' > HS: S 'mss > Ar ms 'rub (leather, etc.) strongly'; the variant root ms 'rub
slightly' (registered in the Qa mu s, but absent in the classical lge.) may be due to borrowing from a related lge or dialect that
preserved pS 's as s Fr. IV 192, BK II 1127, Hv. 727 ll U: FU (att. in FV) 'maysV '(be) polished' (' beautiful') > Lp N
{Fri.} muoissa- 'speciem pulchram habere (de re obsoleta polita)' | Er xa:i mazi - mazc, Mk xa:n mazi - xa:i mazi
'beautiful' UEW 697, Fri. 447, ERV 357-8, PI 154 ll D 'mac- / 'mac- v. 'rub, polish, sharpen' > Kn masc 'rub, grind, whet,
sharpen', Tm may v. 'grind and sharpen', Tu masiyuni, mascvuni, mascvuni 'whet, sharpen', Krg ma:a " ma:c, Klm, Nkr, Nk
may- 'sharpen', Prj, Gnd may- id., Prj mayIi- 'rub', Gnd mcsitana v. 'polish', masitana 'sharpen a razor\knife', mcsi-
'whet' D #4628.
1489a. 'mAHVSV 'snake' > HS: EC: Sml mas, Sml N {Abr.} mas 'snake', Or {Th.} masIa 'horned boa snake'
| ?? HEC {Hd.} 'hamasa id. > Brj {Ss.} hamasi - {Hd.} homasi, Hd {Hd.} hamassa (< 'hamas-ca), Sd hamasso id.,
Kmb hamasu 'roundworm' [{OS}: HEC 'hamasa < 'maHas- (mt ); it may also go back to a cd )] ZMO 282, Abr. S 176, Th.
239, Hd. 137-8, Ss. B 9O-1, Ss. WOKS 127 (EC 'jhV,mas-) Ch: WCh: Hs mcsa, Gw {Mts.} mcsc, Tng {J}
mizo 'python' || ?? ECh: Bdy mazila 'serpent rouge' Ba. 79O, Mts. G 81, J T 12O, Sk. HCD 2OO, AlJ 96 Budge I 323
quotes Eg Gr ms ({Budge} mcs) 'serpent', but EGs interpretation of this hieroglyphic orthographeme is only "von der Brut des
Apophis" (EG II 14O) OS #1757 (HS 'mchas- > EC, Hs + unc. Eg mzh 'crocodile') ll D 'mac- 'python' > Tm
macunam, Prj mayond bam id., Gnd masul " masor` id. " masul 'rock python' D #4793 ^ Blz. DA 158 [#63] (EC,
ECh, D).
149O. 'mVssCIa'hV 'marrow, brain' > IE: NaIE 'mosg-o/cn- - 'mosg"o- id. > OI ma|'|a /ma|'|an-, KhS ma|sa
'marrow', Av mazga- id., 'brain', MPrs mazg, NPrs z9Ma mayz id. || ON mcrgr, NNr mcrg, Sw marg, Dn marv, OSx, OHG
marg, NHG MarI, AS mcar 'marrow', NE marrov || Sl 'mozg+ (gen. 'mozgu) id., 'brain' > SrChS, OR mer+ mozg+, Blg
'xo:i, SCr mo`zaI (gen. mo`zga), Cz mozcI (gen. mozIu), mozg, Slk mozog, P mozg (gen. mozgu), R xo:i (gen.
'xo:ia), Uk 'xo:oi, 'x :oi id., Slv mozg (gen. mozga) 'marrow'; Sl d 'mozgcn+ > OCS d adj. meou+ mozdan+ | Pru
musgcno 'marrow' || Tc A massunt 'marrow' WP II 3O9 ('mozg"-), P 75O, EI 370 ('mosg"o-s), M K II 549-5O, M E II
291-2, Horn 221, Vl. II 1198-9, Sg. 128O, Bai. 332, Vr. 385, Kb. 663, , OsS 592, KM 462, Ho. 217, Ho. S 5O, En. 212, Vs. II
638, Glh. 424-5, ESSJ XX 94-7, Wn. 293 IE 'g" (for 'g) in the var. 'mosg"o- may be due to the N lr. ll HS: EC: pSam
'missIah ({Hn.} 'misqah) 'brain' > Sml C {ZMO, DSI} masIah, Sml {R} mas'Iah, Sml N {Abr.} masIa_, Sml {Hn.}
masqah (is q a mistake?), Sml J {Lm.} massihs, pBn {Hn.} 'mssIah > Bn: Bi mssIa(h), Sa/Ba mssIah, J msIah, K
maIah Hn. S 69, Abr. S 176, ZMO 283, DSI 425, Hn. BD 96 SOm {Blz.} 'maIc- 'brain' > Ari {Bnd.} maIca id. Bnd.
AL 146 ? Ch: Hs masIi {Abr.} 'greasiness' Abr. H 664, Ba. 779 ll ?? D: Knd musIu 'topmost part, upper side (of sth.)
D #5128 ^ If Hn. is right in recording q in Sml and in reconstructing pSam 'misqah, the ancient cns. must have been 'I. If
this is so, we have to suppose that in pre-IE the cns. 'I was de-emphatized (= deglottalized?) due to as to 'h ('Ih > 'I > IE 'g)
^ Blz. DA #5 (D, C, Knd). Cf. pLzg {StN} 'masqj",V 'brain, marrow'.
1491. 'mc?isV 'hide', () 'clothes' > HS: S 'ma?issO- 'hide, leather' > Gz ma?s ma?s, Tgy ma?si, Tgr mv?as, Amh
mas 'hide, leather'; EthS 1 Sa {R} ma?as 'tan hide' || ?? Ak ma?is- ' a breed of sheep' ? +ext. : S 'msr > Ar masr-at-
'vtement, habits', massara v. 'clothe so.' CAD X/1 116, L G 324, BK II 11O9-1O The Gz spelling with the letter s rather
than the expected s may be due to infl. of the new EthS lgs. (mother tongues of the scribes) that lost the distinction between Old
EthS 's and 's The alt. spelling mas of the Gz word may be a mistake of Amhara scribes caused by the loss of OEth '? or '
in Amh which is suggested by the presence of ? in Tgr and Tgy which preserved the ancient lrs. But Bj {R} mcsiI 'hide of an
animal' and Eg fXVIII msI 'skin of an animal, leather' (EG II 149, Fk. 118) are likely to belong to a different HS etymon, which
explains Eg s rather than s (the reg. reflex of N and HS 's). Sa {R} -mcs-/-mis- (pf. 'o-mcso, imv. cm'is) v. 'tan hide' and
Ar ms - ms v. 'rub' seem to belong to a diferent etymon, too ( BK II 1127, R S II 257) ll IE: NaIE moai_so-s 'hide, fleece'
( 'moai_so-s 'sheep' < N 'mi`V 'sheep, goat' [q.v.]) > Vd mc'sa-, mc'si- 'fleece, fell' ( mc'sa- 'ram', mc'si- 'sheep' <
N 'mi`V) || BSl: Lt maisas '(large) sack', maisc' 'bag knitted of cords, large sack for hay', Ltv maiss 'bag, sack', Pru
moasis 'smiths bellows' | Sl 'mcx+ (gen. 'mcxa) 'fur; animals skin used as bag; bellows' > OCS m1+ mcx+ 'pellis,
uter', 'fur, wine-skin', Blg x x 'animals skin used as a bag; bellows', SCr xcx " mi|ch, SCr xn`|cx, SCr W mih, Slv mch
'sack, wine-skin, bellows', Cz mcch 'leather-bag', Slk mcch 'bag, sack', pl. mcchy 'bellows', P micch 'bag, smiths bellows', OR
m1+ mcx+ 'whole hide of an animal, tanned hide with fur, fur; belows; skin', R xcx 'fur', pl. xc'xn 'smiths bellows', Uk x x
'bag, wine-skin, smiths bellows' || ON mciss 'basket', OHG mcisa {Kb.} 'Gef, Tragkorb', {OsS} 'Gestell zum Tragen auf dem
Rcken', MLG mcsc 'Tonne' WP II 3O3, P 747, EI 511 ('moi_'so-s 'ram, sheep; fleece, skin'), M K II 689, M E II 38O
(Vd mcsi 'sheeps fleece' mcsi 'sheep'), Tr. 165, UEW 7O3, LG 171, MRS 32O, 323, Ep. 7O, Frn. 397, En. 212, ESSJ
XVIII 156-9, 22O-1, Chrn. I 528, Glh. 4O8, Vr. 382, Kb. 671, OsS 6OO ll U: FU 'mcsV 'clothes; to wear clothes' > Lp: N {Fri.}
maccu 'palium', T {TI} maca'g, Kld {TI} maccx 'ein hemdfrmiges, ueres Sommerkleid aus grobem Wollentuch oder
Leder' || pVg 'mas- > Vg: T mas-, LK/P mas- 'kleiden', So mas- 'anziehen, ankleiden' | Hg mcztclcn, mczitclcn,
mcstclcn 'naked, bare' (lit. 'clothe-less') UEW 869-7O (rejects the relationship between Lp and Ugr for alleged semantic
reasons: "stt auf semantische Schwierigkeiten", which is not convincing), MF 444-5.
1492. ?? 'mctV 'to feel, realize' > IE: NaIE 'mcd- 'think' ( NaIE 'mcd- 'to measure' < N 'mAtVdV 'mAdVtV 'to
stretch, measure' [q.v. ffd.]) > Clt: OIr mid- 'juger, adjurer, estimer', Brtt 'mcdami 'say' ( *'think') > W mcddaf 'I say', C
mcth, MBr cmcz 'say', Br cmc / cmcz- inquit', MW mcylycist 'you thought', W mcddul- 'think' WP II 259, P 7O5, Vn. M
48-9, RE 138 ll HS: C: EC 'm't > Sml mod- 'think, guess, suppose' Abr. S 181, ZMO 293-4 ll U: Y: Y K {IN} mcdi-, Y
T {IN} mcri-, OY K {BM} mocdiI 'hear', Y & {Ku.} mctu- 'let know, inform' IN 3O9-1O, Ku 163 ll A 'mctc- 'feel, know' >
M 'mcdc- 'know' > MM [LV, MA, IM] mcdc-, [IsV] mcdc- 'know', WrM mcdc-, HlM, Brt xy(y- 'know, understand, perceive,
find out', Ord mud_c-, Mnr H {SM} mud_ic-, {T} mudc-, Mnr M {T}, Ba {T} mcdc-, Dx {T} mcic- 'know' Pp. L III 7O,
Pp. MA 234, 441, Lg. VMI 53, MED 531, SM 244, T 346, T DnJ 129, T BJ 143 Tg 'mcdc- 'feel, recognize' > Ewk, Neg
msds-, Lm msd- 'feel, guess', Sln msds- 'learn (erfahren, y:nar )', Orc msds- 'feel', Ud msds-, Ork msdds- - msds- 'feel,
notice', Orc msds, Ud, Nn msds, WrMc mcdc 'news, information', Jrc mcdigc 'tidings' STM I 563-4, Krm. 264, Kiy. 124
[#483] ? pKo {S} 'mit- 'believe' > MKo mit-, NKo mit- id. Rm. SKE I 149, S AJ 257 [#184], S QK #184, Nam 234, MLC
695 STM I 5O3-4 ( DQA) T: Yk bit - but 'sign, omen', because it is obviously derived from T 'bit`- 'draw (lines)'
'write; determine the fate' (Pek. 478-9, ET B 155-8) and because T '-t is from A 't` rather than A '-t (< N 't) S AJ 15, 294
[#498] SDM97 s.v. 'm'utu 'to know, believe' DQA #1383 (A 'm'i_uti 'know, believe'; incl. M, Tg, Ko) An alt. et. of
Ko 'mit- 'believe' is a possible N root 'mujH,tV > D 'mut- 'establish with ev., confront with proof' (D #5O4O) ^ IS II 62
('mctA ' o y ar , co:nanar ' > IE, A [M, Tg]) ^ Gr. II #387 ('mct 'think') [IE, Y, A, Ko, Ch + unc. Gil, EA].
1493. 'mUtV 'man, person' ( 'people, tribe') > HS: S 'mut- 'person, man' > OAk mutum, Ak mutu(m) 'husband,
man, warrior', Eb mu-tum = mutum, Ug mt 'husband, man; hero', Amr {Hff.} mutum 'man', BHb pl. Mit5m6 mo't-im, pl. cs.
it4m6 mo,tc 'men, people (homines)', Gz mot 'husband' CAD X/2 313-6, Sd. 69O-1, Krb. PE 97, KB 617-8, A #17O5, Grd. UT
#1369, OLS 3O5, Hff. 234-5, L G 371 Ch: Hs mutum [mutuq] (pl. mutanc) 'man, person', Gw {Mts.} pl. ntani 'men,
persons' || CCh: Mrg {ChL} mdu, WMrg {ChL} mda 'person'. Br mda id., 'man (vir)', HgNk/HgF {ChL} mdi 'person', FlJ
{ChC} mdi, Nz {ChC} mIdc || ECh: Skr {Lk.} mati`, {Sx.} mati 'man (vir)', EDng {Fd.} mcta 'person', mitiIo 'man
(vir)', Bdy mido, Mgm {J} midi, Brg {J} midivo, Jg {J} mito id. Ba. 8O7, Abr. H 69O, JI II 231, ChC, ChL Eg G mt
'man', adj. 'male', ?? ( N 'motE 'sprout, stem, penis'?) Eg fP mtv.t 'sperm, son' EG II 168-9 & V 144 (s.v. t:|) ? B
{Pr.} 'midid-an 'homines' > Ah {Fc.}, Gh {Nh.}, Tmz (MT}, Izn, Rf A {Rn.}, Mz/Wrg {Dlh.} middon, BSn/Izn/Mtm {Ds.}
middcn - mid'd'cn, Ty/ETwlm mcdd+n, Rf Wr/T/B {Rn.} midon 'homines', SrSn {Rn.}, Izd {Mrc.} moddon, Kb moddon,
Sll {Ds.} 'moddon, Tz {Stm.} moddon - muddon - middon, Gd {Lf.} mcddcn, Awj {Prd.} middcn 'les gens' Pr. M IV
414 reconstructs here a form 'midid-an; an alt. rec. may be 'mid-van - 'mcd-van (with a typical pl. sx. '-van and with the
reg. change '-dv- > '-dd-). The voiced cns. '-d- (for the expected '-t-) still needs explanation Fc. 1124, GhA 123, Dl. 487, Pr.
M IV 242, 414, MT 4O4, La. S 244, Rn. 3O7, Stm. 2O8, Ds. 141, Ds. B 15O, Dlh. M 115, Dlh. Ou 184, Mrc. 128, Lf. II #O971,
Prd. 166 OS #18O6 (S, Ch) [unc. connection with HS {OS} 'mavut- 'die'] ll ? D 'mut 'aged man' ( 'old') > Tm mutu
'old, ancient', Ml mutu 'old, prior', Kt mud, mudI 'old age', Td muO, muOy 'old', mut 'old age', Kn muttu, mudi id., Kdg
mudi 'old', Tu mudu, mudu 'old, aged, ancient', Tl mudu 'old age, old'; Tl mutta, muttu 'old person', d : Tm mutiya(va)n, Ml
mutuIIan, Kt mudIn, Kn mudaIa, muduIu, Kdg mudiIo, Tu muduIc, Prj, Gdb muttaI, Gnd muytor " muytond 'old
man', Nkr mudgan 'husband', Brh mutIun 'old, old thing' D #4954 ll A: NaT 'boo 'self' ( N 'bodV 'body, belly') > Alt
{BT} boy [+ppas.] '-self', Qzl {Jk.} os, Tf {Ra.} bot, Tv b_ot 'self' [+ppas.: bodum 'myself', boduq 'yourself' sg., etc.]);
NaT 'boo 'clan' (against Cl. and in accordance with DTS, hardly identical with 'boo 'stature, the size of a man, body') > OT boo
'clan, people', [QB] qalin boo qara bas 'a dense mob, common people', MOg boj:,y 'clan, tribe; the people', OOsm XIV boy
'clan'; - NaT 'booun 'people, populace' ({Cl.}: 'clans') > OT booun id., SbTt boyun 'servant' [but Qzq 'bodan 'subject
(Untertan), prisoner, slave' cannot belong here ( Musajev in TL 316)] Cl. 296-7, 3O6, DTS 1O7-11, ET B 176-9, TL 316, Rl.
IV 1282-3, Ra. 164, BT 32, MKD 75, Rs. W 77, Dr. TM II #812, S AJ 196 (#247), Jeg. 17O-1, Fed. I 416 M 'mu:i (< 'mudi)
'people (Volk), province, region' > Kl {Rm.} mu
i
'people (Volk), province', WrM mui, HlM xy'province, region, area', Brt
xoo 'a party in a conflict', 'region', WrO {Krg.} mui 'province, district', Ord {Ms.} mu_i 'province', Dg {T, Mr.} moi
'province, region' KW 268, MED 554, Chr. 298, Ms. O 473, Krg. 612, T DgJ 155 ^ D 't (for the expected 't) is obscure (a
[not yet discovered?] positionl change, or 't < 't + 't of a sx.?) ^ of the semantic change 'person' 'people': [1] NIr daoinc
'people, public' daoinc 'homines', pl. of duinc 'man, person', [2] Lt P {Krsch.} zmonc's 'people, nation' zmonc's
'homines', pl. of zmogus 'man, person' (Bc. 1314) ^ An alt. et.: 'mUtV 'man, male' > HS 'mut- 'person, man' D 'mut 'aged
man' A: T 'mot'U or 'bot'U > OT botuj:, 'camel colt', MQp, Chg bota, XwT boda, Tk ota, otuI - utuI, Qq, Qzq,
Nog, Kr, ET bota, Qrg boto, Qrg S bodo, VTt, Bsh buta id., Uz buta id., 'child', ET {Zn.} bota 'boy', Chg {Bu.} buta 'son'
Cl. 299, ET B 198-2OO, TL 448, Bu. I 272, Shch. Zh 1O6 ? M 'botugun 'camel colt' > WrM botugu(n), HlM 6orio, Kl
6orxn id., 'young camel in its first year', Brt 6oroion 'camel colt' MED 125. The latter et. accounts better for the D 't, but is
less plausible, because in T 'mot'U the meaning 'child, boy' is relatively late, and the most widespread (obviously primary)
meaning is 'camel colt, young of an animal', which is hardly derivable from 'man, person'; if nevertheless this et. is right, the M
word must be borrowed from T (otherwise M 'b- cannot be explained).
1494. 'mutV 'go away (?), die' > HS 'mut- 'die' > S mvt, prm. '-mut- G 'die' > Ak, Ug, Ar, Gz -mut- (Ak 3m p.
imut, Ar 3m ip. yamutu, Gz 3m js. yomut, etc.), BHb, Aram -mut- (BHb 3 m ip. ya'mut) id., Pun, Amn, OA, IA, JA, Sr,
Sb, Mn mvt id., Mh, Hrs mvt (pf. mot, sbjn. Mh ysmit, Hrs ys'mct); S ''mavt- 'death' > Ak mutu(m), BHb tv#m1
'mavct (originally a pausal form), cs. t&m ,mot, BA, JA t&m mot, at1&m mo'ta, Sr =owa mav't-a, Md muta, Ar
v0Ma mavt-, DA, Sb, Mn mvt, Gz mot, Mh mavt, Hrs hc-mot, Jb E/C 'mit id., Sq {Jo.} mayt 'mortal illness' KB 532-4,
A #17O3, OLS 3O3-4, HJ O5-7, 7O7, Js. 751-2, Sl. 65O-1, Br. 378, DM 263, Nld. MG 337, BGMR 89, MA 64, L G 375-6, Jo. M
275, Jo. H 93, Jo. J 176, CAD X/1 421, Sd. 634, MiK I #2.43 Eg mt, mvt v. 'die' > Cpt Sd/B/A/F me mu 'die', qv. Cpt Sd
mee: mout, Cpt B mwe: mout, Cpt A/F mo: mavt 'be dead'; Eg mt, mvt 'death' > DEg mvt, Cpt me mu 'death' EG
II 165-7, Er. 157, Vc. 1O7 B'jv,mt 'die (mourir)' > Ah {Fc.} ommot v. imv. (3m pf. yommut), Tw {Pr.} ammat imv.
(3m pf. yammut) 'die', Ty/ETwl {GhA} +mm+t (3m pf. immut), Gd {Lf.} ommot (3m pf. ycmmut), Awj {Prd.}
mmut (3m pf. im'mut), Gh ommot (3m pf. immut), Izd {Mrc.} mmot (3m pf. immut), Nf ommot (3m pf. immot), Sll
ommot (3m pf. immut), Izn/Rf/SrSn {Rn.} ommot (3m pf. immut), Kb {Dl.} ommot (3m pf. yommut), Nf {Beg.}
'ommot (3m pf. yom'mot) 'die', Si {La.} immut 'is dead', Zng {TC} aor. int. yitmcttch 'to die', n. act. imottont, ? ycmmih
'il est mort' Fc. 1131-3, 2O26, GhA 134, Lf. I 27O & II #O959, Rn. 389, Dl. 524-5, Pr. M VI-VII 197-8, Beg. 288, Prd. 169,
ABs. LBV 167, TC Z 308 EC: Rn {PG} ip. -amut(-) (3s yamut) / p. -umuy and -umat- (3s yumuy, 1p numuy, 3p
yumatcn) 'die', Gdl {Bl.} mut- v. 'become very weak and close to death'; Sml motan 'dead' Hn. R 214, Hn. S 35, 52, PG
64, 284, Bl. GD 85, ZMO 294, AD SF 246-7 Ch: WCh: Hs mutu 'die' | Su {J} mut, Tal {IL} mu'`:t, Ywm {IL} mvot" id.
| Fy/DfB/Bks/Klr {J} mot | Tng {J} mtdc, Krkr {J} mct, Grm {Sch.} motu-Io, Krf {Sch.} muI-Io (vb. n. muto), Glm
{Sch.} msz-ala, Gera {Sch.} mudu-mi, Glm {Sch.} mut-ala, Bl {Lk.} mot- id. | Dir {IL} motu, {Sk.} matu | Ngz
{Sch.} mItu, Bd {IL} mutu || CCh: Tr {Nw.} msdi, vb. n. msta | Mrg {IL} m`t"ou_ id. | HgNk/FlK {Kr.} mtc id. | Nz
{Kr.} mutc | Lmn {Lk.} mt- | Mdr {Mirt} mc-a, Glv {Rp.} mc-, Gdf {IL} mc(s)gana, Dgh {Frk.} mca, {IL} mcaya | Mtk
{Sb.} msca, Myn {Ro.} mt-, Mkt {Ro.} msc, MfG {Brr.} -msc-, mc-msccy, {Ro.} mscc, Mf {BLB} msca, Gzg D
{Lk.} moc, {Ro.} muc, Mada {BrrB} a-mat, Mada/Mlk {Ro.} mat | Db {Lnh.} mtc, Kola {Sb.} mtty | Bdm {Cfr.}
mats, Lgn {Lk.} mti | Msg {Trn.} m r | Ms {J} mitna, ZmB {J} mat || ECh: Skr {Sx.} mitc | EDng {Fd.} matc, Mgm
{J} mato | Jg {J} mat, Brg {J} mati, Mb {Lk} mat, {J} inf. madc id. JI II 1O2-3, ChC, ChL, Sch. BTL 3O, 57, 86,
118, 137, 142, Sch. DN 1O6, BLB 235, Brr. MG II 163, 175, BrrB 194, Ro. 237 (pMM 'mac) OS #1751 ('mavut-), Tk. I 227
ll D 'mut- 'die' ( D 'mutji,- vi. 'end, terminate, be completed' < N 'muda 'to finish' (vi.) [q.v.]) > Tm muti (p. -v-) v. 'die'
D #4922 ll ? IE: Ht mutai- v. 'remove (evils)', ?? mudan(s) 'garbage, scraps' ( 'sth. removed') CHD L-N 335-7, Ts. E II 235-
6 ^ Because of phonetic circumstances (coincidence of N '-t- with either '-d- or '-t- in most cognate lgs.) the N in question
was doomed to contaminate with paronymous roots, such as 'muda '' [q.v.].
1495. 'mat?V - 'ma'?tV 'to approach' (> 'to meet, enter') > HS: CS 'mt? > IA mt? G 'arrive at, reach' (? is a real
lr. rather than a mater lectionis, as confirmed by forms such as 3p pf. mt? ['mo'ta?u]), Plm mt? G 'come', Ar mt? G (pf.
6aMa mata?a) 'inivit (feminam)'; the was tranformed in 'mtvy in BA (3m pf ay1m6 - ey1m6 mo'ta, 3f pf. ty1m6
mo'ta-t) and in later Aram: JA [Trg.] mtvy G (ay1m6 mo'ta), JEA {Sl.} mty G , Sr mtvy G (3m pf.'tO mo'ta)
'come, arrive at, reach'; in Aram the verb contaminated with mt? - mtvy < S 'mO? 'find', but the meaning 'arrive, come' is
still present ({KB} 'kommen ber' and 'eintreten, da sein' in BA [Daniel], in JA and Sr HJ 616-7, KB 1735, Lv. T II 26-7, Sl.
658-60, Br. 381, JPS 26O, BGMR 88, Fr. IV 189, BK II 1121 EC 'mt, '-mti, '-(i)mit- 'come' > Af {PH} pcv. 1s pf.. cmctc
'come', Sa {Wlm.} pf. -cmctc / ip. -amatc id.; pSam {Hn.} 'i-mit 'arrive' > Rn {PG} ip. -amit(-) (3m yamit, 3p yamitin) /
pf. -imiy and -imat- (3m yimi`y, 1p nimiy, 3p yimatcn), Sml C pcv. p. -imid- [3m yimid(cy)] / prs. -imad- [3m
yimada] 'come', pBn {Hn.} pf. '-imid- / ip. '-imad- come' (> Bn: K -imid-/-imad- - -ibid-/-ibad-, Bi/J -id- / -iyad-); Bs
{HL} cmct- 'come, arrive', Dsn {To.} -i(:)mi/-i(:)mco- 'come'; HEC: Brj {Ss.} int-ay 'come' (< p. 'imt-), Alb {HL ?}, Kmb
{Hd.} amct- id. || Ag {Ap.} '?snt-/'-Vnt- 'come' > Bln ?snt-, Km snt-, -t-, Aw -nt; - Ad '?nt-at- id. > Bln '?snt-vr-,
Xm (s)tsr- Ss. B 1O5, Hn. S 65, Hn. BD 99, PH 96, PG 42-4, Vg. rSimO 165-7, HL 69, Ss. OKSV, Ss. Hd. 3O7, AD IPCV,
AD SF 246, To. DL 2O1 , Ap. AV 5 ll IE: NaIE 'mad-/'mod- (or 'mod-/'mod-) 'approach, meet' > Arm
matim matc"im vi. 'gain access, approach, draw near' (aor. mateaj matcay), matuanem matuc"ancm vt. 'draw\bring near' ||
ON mot, MHG muo, AS mot n. 'meeting, assembly', NE moot; Gt ga-mot|an, ON mota, Dn modc, Nr mota, Sw mota,
OSx motian, AS motan 'to meet', NE mcct WP II 3O4, P 746, Fs. 193-4, Vr. 393-4, Ho. 225-6, Ho. S 53, Skeat 37O ll U
(att. in Prm only) 'mattV > FU: pPrm 'matin, 'matc 'near' > Z, Vt matIn adv. 'near', Z mats 'near' (adv. of direction) , Z LL
matsd- vi. 'approach', Vt matc 'approximately' LG 17O ll ?? A: NrTg 'mata 'newly arrived person' > Ewk, Lm mata id.,
'guest; foreigner' STM I 533, Vas. 29 ??? Ko {Rm.} mat 'mate, friend', manna-da 'meet' Rm. SKE I 142 ^ S
'mt? - 'mtvy and U 'mattV suggest a N rec. 'mat?V, while IE 'mad- (with a long vw.) seem to point to a N rec.
'maHtV (= 'ma'?tV?).
1496. 'matV'?V 'moisture' > IE: NaIE 'mad- 'wet, moist, liquor; to drip' > Gk oooe 'be moist \ sodden' (of diseased
fig-trees), oooo) 'moist' || L madco / madcrc 'be wet \ moist' Not here OI 'mada-, 'madya-, Av maoa-, maloya-
'exhilarating \ intoxicating drink' ( mad- 'exilarate, intoxicate') WP II 231-2, P 694-5, EI 638-9 ['m(c)h_d- 'become
wet\moist\fat'], M K II 568, M E II 299-3OO, F II 157-8, WH II 6-8 ll HS: Eg NE mty.t 'flood' EG II 169 C: SC: Brn madiq
'rainy season' || HEC: Qbn, Kmb {Hd.} muta 'wet', Kmb {Hd.} mut- 'be wet', mato 'rainy season' E SC 153, Hd. 332, 334
Ch 'mVd- 'dew' ( N 'mutV 'drop', q.v. ffd.') ll A: T 'mat 'thick liquid' > OT bat 'thick juice of pressed dates', Qrg {Jud.}
bat 'glue, paste, starch' Cl. 296, Jud. 116 lll d or cd 'matV'?VRV 'rainy season' > HS: S 'ma'tar- 'rain' > BHb ry1m1
ma'tar, Ug mtr, IA mtr(?), Htr mtr?, JA [Trg.} ar!y6m5 - ar!y6im5 mit'r-a, Sr rote mct'r-a, Md mitra, Ar r6aMa
matar- id., Ak LB mitru 'small canal, ditch', Ak fOB d mitirtu ' canal, ditch; field \ orchard'; WS 'mtr v. 'rain' > Amr,
Ug mtr G , Ar mtr G , BHb mtr N id.; WS 1 Ak RS mitar 'field irigated by rain' KB 544, A #1555, OLS 3O8, HJ
619, Js. 769, DM 265-6, Sd. 663, G A 26, CAD X/2 144-7 Eg fAm mtr 'flood, water' (Eg G 'inundation water') EG II 174
ll K: GZ 'za-mtar- 'winter' > OG, G zamtar-i, Mg zoton-i id.; 'za-mtar- is a cd with the component 'za- (originally 'year')
used in names of seasons (cp. G za-_ul-i 'summer'); the pK stem '-mtjar,- may be discerned in Sv UB/Ln li-ntv and Sv L lu-nt
'winter' K 86-7, K
2
56, Q 228, FS K 128, 217, FS E 138, 239, TK 443, GP 162 ^ The lr. was lost in IE, Eg and K, but preserved
(as glottalization or its traces) in S, EC, Ch and T ('t? > 't > S 't, HEC 't, Ch 'd, T '-t) ^ BmK #537 (IE, HS [S, HEC,
NrBc, but not Eg]; the Eg cognate is not mentioned deliberately, because it is at variance with Bms preconceived theory about IE
'd [his 't`] < N 't) ^ The semantic change 'rain' Eg 'flood' is easily explained by the special grographical conditions of Egypt
(absence of rains, importance of the Nile flood), while the change 'rain(y season)' K 'winter' provides ev. for the climate of the
Nostratic original habitat (Southwestern Asia with the rainy season in November-February, cf. AD NM).
1497. 'mctVha 'head, top, summit' > HS: C: EC {Ss.} 'math- 'head' > pSam {Hn.} 'matah > Sml madah, Sml J madi?,
Rn {Hn.} ma'tah, {PG} matah (cs. mataIIi), pBn {Hn.} 'madah > Bn {Hn.): Bi mada(h), J/K/Kj mada; Bs {HL}
mctc, Or mata?, {Grg.} mata, Kns {Bl.} matta, {Lm.} matta, Msl {Lm.} matta, Di/Mos {Lm.} massa, Gato {Fl.}
matta, Gdl {Bl.} mass(a), Dsn mc (pl. mct-u), Bs {Lm.} mctc, Elm mctc?, Arr {Hw.} mcttch, Ya {Ss.} mitch || Bj {R}
mat 'crown of the head' || ?? Ag: Bln {R} mad-, mad- 'auf den Kopf schlagen, den Kopf blutig schlagen' ( 'mujV,yV 'fist,
fingers; to squeeze\hit with a fist'?) AD SF 182, Bl. 157, 185, 25O, 317, Ss. PEC 5, 8, 1O, 36-7, 57, 63, HL 131, Grg. 282, Hn. S
69, Hn. BD 111, PG 221, Lm. SKE 532, Hw. A 384, R WB 263, R WBd 175, Blz. EDB 21-2, To DL 517 Om: SOm: Dime
mct, {Fl.} mst, Ari U mata, Ari {Bnd.} mata, Ari G {Bnd.} mnta, Hm mat-, Hm K mct, Banna {Blz. ?} matc 'head' ||
NrOm: Dzd {Blz.}: Na {Fl.} mot id., Shk {Fl.} moto, mutu 'head, brain' Blz. OLBP #6O, Blz. EDB 21-2, Bnd. AL 152, Fl.
OWL s.v. 'head' CCh: Pdk {Blz. Mch.} mudara, Msg P {Trn.} msdiy (cs. midi-), Msg Ng {Lk. GKrs.} mada, maidi,
midi, Msg {Mch.} mada, Mlw {Trn.} mat 'head' (with pos. prns.: mida a 'my head', midi ni 'his head', mudu Iu 'thy
[m.] head', etc.), ? Mbara {TrnSL} mbot 'head' Lk. DQM 65, Trn. LM 1O5-6, Trn. MVM 186-7, TrnSL M 299 Blz. OLBP
#6O and Blz. EDB 21-2 (C, Om, Ch + err. Ak muttu [Holma NK 35: 'front, forehead', but in fact 'front side']) ll K: OG mta-y,
G mta 'mountain' Ser. 92, DCh. 719-2O, Chx. 765 ll A: Tg 'mi_ata 'hide from the animals head; skin of the head' > Neg, Ork
mcta, Ul mcta - mtata id., Lm mat " mct " mtat, Orc miata-Isa, Ul mcta-Isa, Nn Nh mtata 'hide from the animals
head', Ewk mcta id., 'scalp', Sln mcta 'face' STM I 535 Tg 'i_a < 'c due to vowel breaking (as of the second part of the
vw. to the vw. of the next syll.) T 'bct 'face' > OT [TT] bct, Tk bct, Az bat, Tkm , CrTt, Kr, Qmq, QrB, ET bat, bct,
Alt b_ct, ET bat, Chv it 'face', Chg, Nog, Qq, Qzq, Qrg, Uz bct, VTt, Bsh bit, SbTt it 'face, cheek', Tv b_cti 'this side', Tf
b_c't 'front side', Yk batta_ 'here, on this side' DTS 1O, ET B 121-2, TrR 111, Ra. 162, TL 2O7 ('bat 'face'; the rec. of
'a is unc. because of VTt and Bsh i) M 'mctu 'similar(ly), as' ( *'face of'?) > MM [S] {H} mctu 'such as, as', [HI]
{Ms.}, [PP] {Pp.} mctu, WrM mctu, HlM xyr, Brt xyry 'similarly, as', Kl xcr, {Rm} mct
o
, mct

, MMgl [Iw.] mctu, Dg


{Mr.} mc'tu 'similar(ly), as', Ord {Ms.} mot`u', Mnr H {SM} mad_u, {T} madu, Dx {T} mutu 'as (comme)' H1O9, Ms. H
75, Ms. O 472, Pp. KP 153, MED 538, Chr. 313, KRS 351, KW 262, Mr. D 172, Iw. 115, SM 229, T 343, T DnJ 129 Rm. EAS
I 79, KW 262, DQA #13O7 (A 'mi_at`i 'head skin, face') ll D: [1] 'mcitt- 'top, upper part of the house' > Td midy 'upper
storey', Tm mcttai_ id., 'storied house', Ml mctta 'terrace', Kt mcd 'upstairs room', Kn mctti 'the upstairs', Tu mcttig 'pavement
\ boards of the floor of an upper storey', Tl middiya, middc 'flat roof, terrace', Knd midc in mcr`a midc 'terraced building'
[2] 'mct- 'raised place' > Ml mcta id., 'tower, upper storey', Tm mctai_ 'platform, raised floor, terraced house', Png mcr`
'storied house', Tl mcda id., 'upper chamber', Gnd mcr`a 'large house', Knd mcr`a in mcr`a midc (see above), Ku
mcr`a 'upstair building', D 1 OI mcta-, Prkr mcdaya 'whitewashed storied house'; [3] 'mat- 'upper storey, terrace' > Tm
mati 'terrace', Tm, Ml matam, Tl madugu 'house with an upper storey', Kn mada, mata, madi 'upstair house', Kdg,
Klm madi, Gnd madi 'upper storey', Tu mad+ 'roof', Nkr mar`i 'large house', Nk mar`a 'raised platform', D 1 OI
madi 'palace' D ##4796, 5O69 ^ Tg -t- and D '-tt- (usual reflexes of '-t-) are likely to represent the cluster '-th- (< '-tVh-
with elision of the vw.); D '-t- goes back to N '-t- (probably from '-tVh- without vowel elision) ^ The vw. after 't is
reconstructed on the indirect ev. of D '-t-.
1498. 'mAtVdV 'mAdVtV 'to stretch, measure' > HS: S 'mdd 'stretch, measure (the length)' > Ak mdd v. G (inf.
madadu, 3m pret. i-mdud) 'measure (using a measure of capacity\length), pay, measure the length', BHb mdd (pf. dd2m1
ma'dad, ip. -mod) v. G 'measure (length\surface)', Pun mdd acp. 'measurer', Ar mdd v. G 'spread (a carpet), stretch (ones
arm), strain (a rope), lengthen by stretching', madda ?umra (fulanin) 'lengthen (sb.s) life' (of God), Gz mdd v. G (pf. mdd
madada) 'spread, level', Tgr mdd G (pf. md mvddv) 'stretch, spread', Mh mdd (pf. msd, sbjn. ysmdcd) 'stretch out, stretch
(ones limbs)', Hrs mdd (pf. mnd), Jb C mdd (pf. midd, sbjn. 'yummud - yud), Jb E mdd (pf. mid) id.; d CS ''madd-
'stretching', ( *'measure of cloth' ) 'garment' > Ar dwMa madd- 'reach of the sight, prolongation (of vowels \ voice)', BHb
mad'/ madd-' 'garment' (att.: sg. +ppa. &Dm2 mad'd-o 'his garment', pl. +ppa. viD1m2 mad'dav 'his garments'), Ug md {A}
' garment', {OLS} 'capa, cubierta', JEA aD1m2 mad'd-a {Sl.} 'garment', {Js.} 'priests cloak'; WS 'mudd- > Ar dwMu mudd-
' measure [of various standards]', Tgr MD msdd ' measure of corn'; WS 'midd-at- > Ar dWMu mudd-at- 'length, space of
time', BHb eD1m5 mid'da 'measurement (of length)' ('Mestrecke'), Sb mdt 'period', Tgr MdT msddvt 'spice of time, period', Jb
C msd'dct 'period' CAD X/1 5-9, KB 518-2O, HJ 595, A #1516, OLS 259-6O, Js. 731, Sl. 642, BK II 1O75-7, Hv. 711-2, L G
329, BGMR 83, LH 141-3, Jo. M 26O-1, Jo. H 87, Jo. J 168 ll IE: NaIE 'mcd- v. 'measure', {EI} id., 'weigh' ( NaIE
'mcd- 'think' < N 'mctV 'to feel, realize' [q.v.]) > OI A 'masti-h (< 'mcd-ti-s?) n. 'measuring, weighing' || Arm mit mit (gen.
mti mti) 'mind, intellect, sense' || Gk coooi 'think on, provide for, am mindful of, bethink one of' (hardly connected with
coev 'guardian, lord') || L modus 'a measure, standard of measurement', modo adv. 'by measure, according to a limit', mcdit-or
/ -ari 'think over, consider', modius ' a Roman corn-measure (16 sextarii, rather less than 2 gallons)', Um mcrs, MERS 'ius' (<
'mcd-os), mcrsus 'ex moribus', Osc mcd-diss 'magistrate' (< 'mcdo-diI-s), gen. mcdiIcis || OIr midiur (p. ro-midar)
'cogito, judico', airmcd 'measure', mcss 'judicium', mcd 'balance', W mcddvl 'animus, me ns, cogitatio'; on Brtt 'mcdami 'think,
say' see N 'mctV '' || Gt mitan, OHG mc()an, NHG mcsscn, AS mctan 'to measure', ON mcta id., 'evaluate, count', mct
'measurement, weight', OSx mct, OHG mc, NHG Ma, AS mct 'measure', AS mitta ' a corn-measure' ( L modius) WP
II 259-6O, P 7O5-6, EI 374 (includes reflexes of IE 'mcd- 'think'), M K II 6O7, F II 191, WH II 55-6, 99-1OO, Bc. G 319,
338, Vn. M 27, 42-3, 48-9, Fs. 363-4, Vr. 25-6, Ho. 22O, 224, Ho. S 52, Kb. 682, OsS 6O6, KM 465, 475-6 ll D (tr., GS}
'matt- v. 'measure' > Tm mattu 'measure, quantity, standard', mattam 'measure, evenness, flatness', Ml mattu 'measure,
limit', mattam ' measure of length', Kt matm (obl. matt-) 'level place, all', Kn mattu, matta, mata 'measure, extent,
height', Tu mattu 'measure, extent, limit', matta 'carpenters \ bricklayers square, level, measure', Tl mattu limit, bound,
measure', mattamu 'level, a levelling instrument' D #466O ll ?? A: M 'badara- v. 'spread, expand' ( N 'athV 'to be
open; open', q.v. ffd.).
1499. 'matRV 'maRtV 'midday' ( 'south') > HS: Eg MKL mtr.t ({Vc.} = 'mitra-t) 'midday' > DEg mtr id. > Cpt:
Sd mccpc mccrc, B mcpt mcri id. EG II 174, Er. 192, Vc. 119 ll U: FU (att. in ObU) 'martV > ObU {Ht.} 'martV(y)
'country where migratory birds spend their winter' > pVg 'martI > Vg (partially in cds with ms " ma 'land', sam 'region',
loqI 'way', voy 'beast'): MK mort, LL mort, UL morti, Ss morti id., d P mortom id. || pOs 'martI (in similar cds ): Ty/Y
martI, D morto, K marto, Nz/Kz morto, O marti id. Ht. #412, KrT 543-4, UEW 28O-1.
15OO. 'matV 'to bend' > HS: WS '-mit- - '-mut- 'shake, waver, turn away' > Ar myt (pf. mata, ip. -mit-) 'turn
away, retire from, deviate', BHb mvt (pf. mat, ip. -mut) 'totter, shake', MHb mvyt Sh (pf. yim5e4 hc'mit) 'bend,
shake', JA [Trg.] mvt G 'inline, waver, decline; give way, bend', {Lv.} 'wanken, zum fallen neigen', Sr mvt G 'totter, lean
over, stagger', Gz myt G (js. -mit) vt., vi. 'turn, turn aside' KB 526, L G 377, BK II 1173, BDB 536 [#4131], Js. 74O, Lv.
TM II 14, Br. 376, JPS 2O7 ll A 'mat`a vt. 'bend' > M 'mata- > WrM mata-, HlM, Brt xara- v. 'curve, bend', Kl {Rm.}
mat
a
-_o 'biegen, bogenformig machen', ds : WrM matai- matayi-, HlM xarnn-, Kl xarn- mati- vi. 'bend, curve', Kl {Rm.}
mati-, mata-, Kl {Rm.} mata-, mata- 'sich biegen, sich schief drehen', Ord mat`a- 'etre contourn \ courb', WrM
matailga-, HlM xarnnnia- vt. 'bend, bow, curve', Dg matlcn 'bent, curved' MED 53O, Chr. 294, KRS 344, Rm, KW 258, T
DgJ 154, Ms. O 456 Tg 'mata- vt. 'bend' > Ewk mata-, WrMc mata- id. But not here ( DQA) STg 'mita- > WrMc mita-
vi. {Z} 'turn\bend back, turn over back; give back', {Z, Hr.} 'unbend, zurckschnellen' (of a bow after removing the bowstring),
Jrc {Kiy.} mita- vi. 'retreat', because the basic meaning here is 'backward' rather than 'bend' STM I 533, 539, Z 887, Hr. 659,
Kiy. 12O [#414] ? pJ {S} 'mstsr- vi. 'bend, deviate' > OJ motor- vi. bend', J: T/Kg motor-, K motor- 'deviate\depart
from, run contrary to' S QJ #929, Mr. 727, Kenk. 1273 DQA #13O6 [A 'mi_at`c 'to bend'; incl. M, J] ll Gil: Gil A (mod-)
(prs./p. mot-) 'lie with ones head on the cushion' ST 193 ll D: [1] D 'matanI- vi. / 'mataII-, {GS} 'madaqI- vt. 'bend,
fold' > Tm mataqIu 'become bent as the arm or leg, be closed\folded as a knife or table', Ml mataqquIa 'be bent \ folded', Kt
mar`I, Kdg madaI- vt. 'fold', Td mor`y- vi., vt. 'fold neatly', mor`x- vi. 'bend', Kn madatc 'folding, a fold', Tu madat 'a
fold, crease', madi 'fold, a quantity added', Tl madaIa 'fold, plait', madagu 'bend, fold, be bent\folded', Prj madIi- 'fold,
roll up', Gnd mar`- v. 'fold' [2] (in SD) 'mat- ({GS} '-d-) > Tm matai_ 'being bent downwards as horns of cattle', Ml
mata 'cow with horns bent downwards', Kt mat ct 'bullocks with horns curving back', Tu mod 'ox\buffalo with curved
horns' D ##4645, 4799, Sbr. DVM 64 The cns. '-t- for the expected '-t- has not yet found explanation (suffixes that were
lost due to D sound laws ruling out stop-initial clusters?).
15O1. 'mAtV 'to increase, make long/broad' > HS: S 'mtt > Ar mtt G (pf. matta) 'lengthen (by drawing)'
BK II 1121 ll K {Fn.} 'mat- > G mat-ul- / mat- (ft. i-mat-cba, inf. matul-oba) vi. 'increase, become larger' Chx. 727-8
ll D 'mat-, {GS} 'mad- > Tm matiu 'growing fat' (of a person), 'growing leafy' (of a plant), matuIay 'strength', Tl madincu
'become fat' D #4687 (+ err. D 'mat-, {GS} 'mady- 'be furious, excited' - cp. GS 148-9 [#5O8]) ^ Fn. KD #25 (K, D).
15O2. 'motE 'sprout, stem, penis' > HS: Eg mt (reading of the character representing male genitalia), DEg mt 'phallus', as
well as possibly ( 'mUtV 'man, person') ? Eg fP mtv.t 'sperm, son' EG II 168-9, Er. 184 EC: HEC: Sd {Hd}, Hd {L}
muta 'penis', Hd/Kmb {Hd.} mut- v. 'sprout', Hd {Hd.} muta 'awl for basketwork' | LEC: Or {Grg.} mut- v. 'sprout, blade' (of
crop) L rCoh. 315, Hd. 141, 387, Grg. 295 NrOm: Zl/Dc {Lm.} mutc 'penis' Tk. I 227 ll ?? K: eNG {SSO}
mut-cl-i 'membrum muliebre' ( N 'muj,tV 'woman, female', i.e. an adj. 'that of a woman, muliebre'??) SSO I 529, Fn. SK
98 [#191] ll A 'mot`E (or 'mct`E?) 'pudenda; birds crop' > Tg: Ewk {Cs.} motoIo 'vulva' (unless from N 'muj,tV 'woman,
female', q.v.) STM I 547 T: VTt bitig 'vulva', Qz botaIa 'kidneys of animals', Yk botogo 'birds crop, crow', Chv
{Ash.} nyrcic ud_cg_c id., 'kidneys of animals' Rs. W 8, Ash. X 44 pJ {S} 'mitu_a > OJ mi_itu_o 'pudenda' S QJ
#482 DQA #1289 [A 'mct`i(-rIV) > incl. T, Tg, J] T and Tg suggest a rounded vw. of the first syll., but in the light of the
J cognate the T/Tg rounded vw. may be due to as ll D 'mot(t)-, {GS} 'modd- 'trunk, straw' > Tm mutal 'stump, lowest part
of stem', Td miO 'straw', Kn moddu 'log of wood', Tu madad+ 'log, trunk', mudcl+ 'stubble, stump of a tree', Klm modal 'tre
trunk', modda 'log', Nkr mod"al, Prj modcl, Gnd modol, modal, Knd modol 'tree trunk', Nk maddum 'stem of tree' D #4951.
15O3. 'motE 'whole, complete' > A: T 'but- (= 'mut-) 'be complete \ all' > OT but- 'be complete', XwT XIV but-
'be completed, achieved', Qrg, ET but-, Tk bit-, Ggz, Az, Tkm, CrTt, Kr, Qmq, QrB, Nog, Uz bit-, Qq it-, Qzq bit-, VTt
6cr- bit-, Bsh 6' r- bit-, Yk but-, Chv L ncAr- it/d_-, Chv H it/d_- id., 'be finished', Alt b_ut-, Tf b_u''t-, Xk
ut- 'be completed, achieved', Tv b_ut- 'come true, be realized, occur', d : Qmn {B} bud-ir- vt. 'complete, finish'; - T
'mutun (> 'butun) 'complete, entire' > OT, MQp XIII-XIV, Osm XIV butun id., Tkm butin, mutin, Ggz, Az, Kr Cr,
Qmq, QrB, Qrg butun, Qq utin, Qzq 6r n butin, ET, Ln utun, VTt, Bsh 6' rcn bitin, Xk udun, Alt, Tv
b_udun, Tf b_u''tu'n, Chv: L ncArcAx id_im, H id_im id.; T 1 M: [1] MM d [S] {H} butcc- 'erledigen', [MA]
{Pp.} butc--butu-, [IM] {Pp.} butc- v. 'achieve, complete', WrM butu-, HlM, Brt 6ry-, Kl 6r- but- 'be(come)
formed \ fulfilled \ executed', Ord {Ms.} bu't`u'- 'se produire, se faire, sachever, russir', Dg butc- 'be fulfilled, realized', [2] MM
[MA] butun, WrM butun, HlM, Brt 6ryn, Kl 6rn buton 'whole, complete, entire', Ord bu't`u'n id. Cl. 298-9, 3O2-4,
ET B 152-4, 3O2-4, Ra. 167, TvR 125, Md. 64, 175, Pp. MA 128-9, 434, H 24, MED 152-3, Ms. O 1O7-8, SM 3O, T DgJ 128,
KRS 131, Chr. 126 Tg 'mutc- 'be able' > Orc, Ud, Ul, Ork, Mc Sb, Nn Nh/B muts-, Nn KU msts-, WrMc mutc- id. STM
I 561, Krm. 263 pKo {S} 'mot- 'all, whole' > MKo motn, Ko: Sl modu, Ph/PhN/Kw modu, Ks/Chs modu, Hm mo_du_,
Chj modo id. St AJ 245 [#1], 251 [#1], S QK #1, Nam 214, 217, MLC 641 pJ {S} 'muta > OJ muta 'together with' S QJ
#1 Rm. EAS I 58, S AJ 27, 7O, 86, 274, DQA #1371 (A 'mut`i 'to complete, gather together'; incl. T, Tg, Ko, J) ll D
'mott-, {GS} mot- 'all, total' > Tm mottam, Tl mottamu 'sum, total, whole', Ml mottam 'whole, total', Kn motta 'heap,
multitude' D #5119, GS 82 [#256].
15O4. 'mutV (or 'muKtV?) 'drop', 'tear' (n.) > HS: B 'mVtt- 'tear(s)' > Ah {Fc.} amit (pl. imottavon), BSn/Sll
{Ds.}, Gd {Lf.} amotta (pl. mottavcn), Gh {Nh.}, SrSn {Rn.} amottav, Izn/Rf {Rn.} amotta, Kb {Dl.}, Tmz {MT}
imotti, Izd amotti, Si {La.} pl. imottavon, Nf {Beg.} mattin (pl. imottivon - imottavon), Zng {Nic.{
ondavon, {Bs.} ondavn 'tears' Fc. 1163, Dl. 527, MT 445, Rn. 385, Ds. 167, Ds. B 193, La. S 252, Beg. 239, Lf. II #1O49,
Nic. 2O8, Bs. MS I 134 Ch 'mVd- 'dew' ( N 'matV?V 'moisture' [q.v.]) > WCh: NrBc: Wrj {Sk.} mad-ai_, Kry {Sk.}
mads, My {Sk.} amadi, P {MSk.} mada`, Dir {Sk.} mada, Sir {Sk.} mu`dc, Jmb {Sk.} amada` 'dew' | Ngz {Sch.}
madava, Bd {ChL} madavan 'dew' || CCh: Ms {Cat.} madii [= madi?] (df. madi-na), {ChC} madai_ta, ZmB
{ChC} mida, ZmD {KNC} mbsda, Lame {Sa.} mbsda, Azm {Pc.} mbadida id. Sk. NB 18, Sch. DN 1O8, ChC, ChL,
Sa. L II 311, Cat. 113, KNC 17, Pc. 286 ll D (in SD) 'mutt- (< 'muIt-?) 'drop', 'tear' (n.) > Tm muttu 'pearl, tear', Ml muttu
'pearl kernel', Td mut, Kn muttu, Kdg mutti, Tl muttiyamu, muttcmu 'pearl', Tu muttu id., 'a drop', Kt mut 'womans ear-
ring'; D 1 OI muIta 'pearl' D #4959.
15O5. 'mV'tV 'to pool, pool out (a plant, etc.), uproot, reap' > HS: S 'mtv > Ar mtv (pf. '6aMa mata, ip.
-mtuv-) 'pool (a rope)' 'to urge a beast' (of a rider) 'to hasten, hurry the walk' BK II 1124, Hv. 725 EC: ? Sd mid-
{Mrn., Hd.} 'reap', {Ss.} 'mow, cut', Ged mid- v. 'uproot, weed', Brj mid- {Hd.} v. 'pool, uproot', {Ss.} 'uproot, dislocate', 'extract'
(of tooth), Kmb mid- 'reap, uproot, drag'; Gdl {Ss.} mit- v. 'snap string, yank leaf off tree' Hd. 212, 255, 333, 386, Ss. B 144 ll
IE: NaIE 'mct- 'reap, harvest' > L mct-o / -crc / mcssum 'reap, mow, harvest; pluck off (abpflcken)' || Clt: W mcdi 'reap,
harvest', mcdclvr 'reaper', OCrn midil 'messor', OIr [] mcithlcorai "messores", mcthcl, OIr mcithcl 'a party of reapers', OW
mcdcl id. WP II 259, P 7O3, EI 258 ('hmct- 'mow'), WH I 82-3, Vn. M 45, SB 2O6.
15O6. 'muj,tV 'woman, female' > HS: B 'mVttjuH,- 'woman' > Ah {Fc.} tamot, {GhA} tamott, Gh {Nh.}
tamot 'woman, wife', Ty tamtot, Gd {Lf.} tamot tamot 'woman', Kb {Dl.}, Izn {Ds.} ta-mttut (pl. timttat), Rf
{Rn.} ta-mottut " ta-mottut, BSn {Ds.} ta-mttut, Tmz {MT} tamottutt 'woman, wife', Mz {Dlh.}, Izd {Mrc.}
tamottut (Mz pl. timottat), Nf {La.} tamottut, {Beg.} tmattut, Skn {Sarn.} tamottut 'woman', Wrg {Dlh.}
tamottut id., 'female', Zng {Bs.} tmT tcmti 'femelle', {MHNic.} tomti (pl. tumta?n) 'woman, female (animal)' || Gnc
CHAMATO 'woman, wife' Fc. 1124, GhA 134, Lf. II #O953, Dl. 527, Rn. 385, Ds. B 129-3O, MT 445, Dlh. M 125, Dlh. Ou
2O1, La. S 236, Beg. 23O, Bs. MS I 116, Nic. 2O8, Wlf. 4O6 S ? 'mt > Ar mata?- (pl. mut-) 'genitalia of a woman'
(if the interpretation as a f. from ?amat- 'shaved, without hair' is folk-etymological) BK II 1128 NrOm: Anf {Fl.} maco,
{Lm.} maco, Shn {Fl.} macu 'woman', {Lm.} maca 'wife', Gm {Hw.} macca, Kcm {CR} mato 'woman', possibly Kf
{C} maccc, Wl {C} maccc, Zl/Gf/Bdt {C} macco, Gm {Hw.} macco 'woman', Anf {Lm.} macco 'wife' Fl. OWL
s.v. 'woman', Lm. Sh 36O, Hw. EG, Gt. 36O Ch: ECh: Skr {Sx.} mcdc 'woman' || WCh {Stl.} 'mata 'woman, wife' > Hs
macc (pl. mata), Gw {Mats.} macc (pl. mata) | Su, Tal {ChC}, Cp {ChL} mat, Ang {ChL} mat, Gmy {ChL} mst,
Grk {ChC} mot 'woman' || CCh: Nz {Sk.} madcsi, BtD {Srp.} moicc, Bcm {Sk.} mcto, Gudu {IL} madt(:)ct id., Gude
{Hsk.} madans 'bride' JI II 346-7, ChC, ChL, Stl. ZCh 232 [#796], Hsk. 234 ll K: eNG {SSO} mut-cl-i 'membrum muliebre'
(unless from N 'motE 'sprout, stem, penis') SSO I 529, Fn. SK 98 [#191] ll ?? A: Tg: Ewk {Cs.} motoIo 'membrum
muliebre' (unless from N 'motE '') STM I 547 ll D (in SD} 'mut-/'mut- ({GS} '-d-) 'female' > Tm mutu 'ewe',
mutuIu 'female elk', mutuval 'bitch', Kdg mudi 'girl' D #5O36 D '-t- is a reg. reflex of N '-t- and '-d- (rather than
'-t-); the de-emphatization is probably due to the adjacent lr. (suggested by El and Ar) ll E: MEl mu-h-ti-ir-ri 'his wife'. AchE
mu-ti 'woman, wife; female', mu-tur 'woman, wife' HK 948, 961-2 ^ It is tempting to adduce here NaIE 'matcr 'mother', but
the quality of the vw. 'a suggests lack of labiality (even if 'a goes back to 'cau); therefore NaIE 'matcr hardly belongs here
('ma- is likely to be a Ll ); cp. Ari/Hm ma 'woman, female' (Bnd. AL 162), Skr {Lk.} ma id. (Lk. ZSS 35). The N lr. was a
weak one (most probably ' rather than 'y, to judge from the absence of 'y in K). Both Ar mata?- 'female genitals' and K
mut-cl-i id. go back to adjectives (lit. 'weib-lich'), because both the Ar pattern 1a23a?- and the G sx. -cl- are usual derivational
devices that form adjectives ^ Blz. KM 116-7 [#12] (K, HS, E, D) & 13O [addition to #12] (added Tg) , McA 1O5 (E, D).
15O7. 'm'aytV 'earth, land, place, place of residence' ( 'stay, r4eside') > HS: S 'mat- > Ak matu 'country, land
( sea), flat country' CAD X/1 414-28 ?? (+ ext.): B 'mdr > Kb ta-moir-t - ta-moar-t (pl. ti-moir-in)
'parcelle de terre', Tmz tamdirt (pl. timdirin) 'parcele de terrain dlimite par des sillons quon doit labourer en une journe'; B
1 Ar Mgr {Mr.} mtira id. Dl. 488, MT 4O6, WMr. 488 ll IE: NaIE 'mci_t(")- 'stay, residence; place of residence' > Av
mact- (prs. mi0na-) 'remain', mac0anom 'place of residence of humans and gods, dwelling, house', Phl mchan 'home', NPrs
eayM mihan 'ones native soil, home; wife and children'; KhS cd ar-miha- 'village' || Ltv mis-t (1s prs. mit-u) 'live
(wohnen), reside, stay, abide', mitinat 'give lodging and board', Lt misti (1s prs. mintu) 'feed (on), nourish oneself, live (on),
live, exist', Pru maita vt. 'feeds'; the meaning 'nourish oneself, earn ones livelihood' is secondary ( 'live', as in NE livc on; in
Blt there is contamination with NaIE 'mci_t- 'fat' [> OIr mcth (gen. mcith) adj. 'fat', Ic mci 'das Fetteste vom Speck des
Walfisches'?] | Sl 'mc

sto 'place' > OCS, OR m1t:e mcsto, Blg 'x cro, R 'xccro 'place', McdS xccro, SCr
xc`cro " mi`sto " m|c`sto, Slv mcsto, Cz mcsto 'place, town', Slk micsto 'place, settlement, town', P miasto, Uk 'x cro
'city, town, place' Sl '-st- < IE '-t-t- WP II 242, P 715, Brtl. 11O5-7, Horn 227, Vl. II 126O, Sg. 1365, Bai. 219, BM 549, Tr.
185, Frn. 459-6O, En. 2O7, Vs. II 6O8, ESSJ XVIII 2O3-6, Glh. 415 ll U 'mattV 'house, hut' > Chr: H {Rm.} mot, U
m+t 'house, family' | Prm 'mat-in, 'mat-c 'near' > Vt, Z xarin matIn locative adv. 'near', Z xaroc mats directive adv. 'near',
Vt xary matc 'approximately' UEW 269, LG 17O, Rm. BT 84 Sm {Jn.} 'mat 'tent, home' > Ne T x ' ma'? /
x (- ma'd- id., Ne F L {Lh.} mo_a't id., En {Ter.} mc? / mco-, Ng {Mik.} ma? (gen. maoo) id., Slq Tz {KKIH} mot, Slq
Tm {KD} mad_ id., Kms {KD} ma? (gen. madon), {Cs.} ma?d id., Koyb {Sp.} xar id., Mt {Hl.} 'mat - 'ma?n 'house,
tent, home' (Mt T/M/K {Mll.} mat 'house, tent', {Sp.} xcn id., M {Pl.} x r 'house') Jn. 9O-1, Hl. M 3O4 ll A 'mVt`V 'earth,
place' > Ko: [1] 'mut 'dry land' > MKo mut, NKo mut" mut [2] ??? pKo {S} 'matjh, 'place, enclosure, yard' ( A {DQA}
'mugda 'bank, earth'?) > MKo mat, mat", NKo mat (mat, mat"), NKo mataq madaq id. S QK 238, 948, Nam 199, 2O6,
223, MLC 56O, 578, 596, 685, S AJ 256 [#136] pJ {S} 'mita '-u- 'earth' > J: Ns mica, Sh nca, Ht nta, Y
nta id. S AJ 259 [#22], 27O [#122], S QJ #122 S AJ 279 [#44], DQA #1357 (A 'mi_ot`i '-u- 'land': J, Ko 'mut), DQA
#1358 (incl. Ko 'matjh,) ll D 'mati, {GS} 'madi 'field' > Kn madi 'the bed of a garden, division of a field', Tl madi 'field,
garden bed', Knd mar`i 'paddy field' D #4655 D 't for the expected 't has yet not been explained ^ The cns. 'y was lost in
S and U (simplification of the cluster 'yt or monophthongization?), in D it was either lost or underwent mt ('yt > 'ti).
15O8. 'm'aytV 'worm, larva, (?) small insect' > HS: C: EC { AD} 'mit- > Sml {R} mid 'Wrmchen in
Wassepftzen', Sml N {Abr.} midharcdad, Sml C {DSI, ZMO} miraharcdad 'mosquito larvae (in water)', Or {Th.}
miti 'ant', {Brl.} miti, {Grg.} miti 'tiny black ant', ? {Th., Brl.} minni 'tenia, verme solitario', Arr minnc 'tapeworm' (A Or?)
AD SF 25O, R SS II 287, Abr. S 179, ZMO 292, DSI 438, Th. 245-6, Brl. 3O5-6, Grg. 289, Hw. A 385 Ch: CCh: Db {Lnh.}
madad 'worm' || ECh: Kwn {Cp.} micca, Mgm {JA} mcccmccc 'termite' ChC, JA 1O6 ll K 'mat-l- 'worm'
( 'ma-tl- 'worm' 'tl- 'to gnaw') > OG, G matl-i, Mg, Lz muntur- 'worm', Sv UB/LB/L/Ln mot 'worm (in fruit)' ({IS}:
< 'mut < 'matv) GM 82, K 129, K 117 ('ma-tl- 'tl-), Schm. 123, TK 595, GP 223 ll IE: NaIE 'mat- (or 'mot-)
'worm, larva' > Grm 'maOa-n 'worm, larva' > Gt ma|a 'worm', OSx matho, OHG mado 'worm, maggot', NHG Madc 'maggot,
mite, worm', AS maa 'worm, maggot', NE moth; dim. ON maIr 'maggot'; ? (from a d ) MHG mattc, mottc, NHG Mottc
'moth'; Gmc 1 F mato 'worm, maggot', Es madu 'snake' || Sl 'motIli (- 'motuli) ' 'larva, insect' > Cz motyl
'Lepidoptera', Slk motyl` ' a motley-winged insect', P motyl 'butterfly', R xo' rin 'mosquito grub', dim. xori'ncci 'small
butterfly', Uk xo' rnn id., Slv motul| 'butterfly' || OI matIunah 'bug', ?? Av maoaxa- 'grasshopper' || ? Arm mail mat"il
'small louse' (unless from OZan, cp. pK 'mat-l- 'worm') EI 65O ('mat- 'worm, maggot, insect'), M K II 564-5 (no et. for
matIunah), Vr. 374, Fs. 349, Kb. 649, OsS 581, KM 452, 489-9O, Ho. 216, ESSJ XX 82-6, SK 337, P 7OO ll A: T 'miyt
('biyt) 'louse, vermin' > OT, MQp, MU, Chg bit 'louse', MQp XIII bit 'bug', OOsm {Zn., Bu.} Bi - yBi bit 'worm, vermin', Tk
bit, Az, Tkm, Uz, CrTt, Kr, Qmq, QrB, Qzq, Qq, Qrg bit, Nog biyt, VTt, Bsh 6cr bit, Alt b_iyt, Xk tt, Yk bit, Tv b_it, Tf
b_i't`, SY ist, Slr bist, Chv ninraA iyd_a id., Ggz bit 'bug' SY, Slr s < 'y (unvoiced before voiceless cns.). The back
vw. i in Tv, Tf, Yk and Chv may be due to a final back vw. (vw. harmony) or to ds in front of y) Cl. 296, ET B 151-2, TL 182,
Bu. I 241, TvR 131, Ra. 73, Md. 75, 174 ('bit`V; suggests a positional lengthening of the vw. before 't`) ^ IS II 77
s.v. 'mntn (K, IE, C).
15O9. 'mcytV 'to throw' > IE: NaIE '(s)mci_t-/'mct- 'throw, cast' > Av mac0- ['(s)mcit(")-] 'send' ({Brtl.} 'mittere'),
hamista- 'niedergeworfen, unterdrckt', {Bai.} 'change' (P: < 'ham-, 'jh,mista-) || L mitt-o, -crc 'send, let go', [Fest.]
co-smitt-crc 'committere' || BSl 'mct- 'throw' > Blt: Lt mcsti (1s prs. mctu), Ltv mcst (3s prs. mct) 'throw, cast', Lt
mc'tis, Pru mctis n. 'throw (Wurf)', Ltv mcts 'sketch, project, design', Pru omcsts 'unterworfen', omcttcvingi 'Untertan' |
Sl 'mct- (1s prs. 'mct-o, inf. mcsti) 'throw' (to distinguish from the homonymous verb 'mct- 'to sweep'!) > Slv mcsti /
mctcm, Cz mcsti / mctu, P micsc, Slvnz mcsc 'throw', OR mct:u pccuu mcsti zrcbii 'to cast a lot'; d Sl 'mcta- 'cast,
fling, throw' > OCS mc:o:u mctati / mc a mcsto, Slv mctati / mcccm, Uk xc'rarn id., Cz mctati, Slk mctat`, P
miotac 'throw', R xc' rar / xc'uy 'cast, fling', SCr mctati / mc`ccm 'put, throw'; Sl 'mct-no-ti mom. 'cast, fling, throw' >
OCS mc:ua:u mctnoti, Cz mctnouti, P miotnac, R xcr' nyr id., SCr mctnuti 'put' || OFrs smita 'to throw', MLG, MDt
smitan, Dt smi|tcn 'to throw, fling', NNr smita, Dn smidc 'to fling'; sd 'to smite' > MHG smicn, NHG schmcicn, NE
smitc WP II 687-8, P 968, EI 582 (? 'smci_t- 'throw'), Brtl. 11O5-6, 1778, Bai. 219, WH II 97-9, PF 67, Mul. 432, EM 4O7-8,
Frn. 442-3, Kar. I 586, En. 21O, 231, ESSJ XVIII 1O5-15, 12O-1 (all of them do not recognize the connection between
'(s)mci_t- and BSl 'mct-), Hlq. 1OO3, Lx. 2OO, KM 6O3, Ho. 3O2, Vr. N 658-9 The variant stem 'mct- goes back to pre-IE
'mi_ct- (AD NGIE 17-9), so that the relation of '(s)mci_t- to 'mct- is that of Bn.s "state I" to "state II" of IE roots
(Schwebeablaut). This legitimate alternation removes the argument against the connection between the verb in BSl and that in L
and Av ll HS: B (+ ext.) 'mdr - 'mtr (< 'mtr) 'throw' > Izn {Ds.} omdor (hab. mottor), {Rn.} omdar " ondar,
Mtm/BSlh {Ds.} omtor, Ntf {La.} ontor 'throw', Kb {Dl.} ontor 'jeter terre', Gd {Lf.} cndor 'abattre, faire tomber' Lf. II
#11OO, Dl. 583-4, La. S 249, Ds. B 184 ll A: AmTg 'mct- (- 'mut-?) v. 'throw, fling' > Ork msts- v. 'fling a stone', mstsl(l)s-
'throw', mststci-, mstscci- 'throw, throw away', Ul mutuIa 'a sling (for casting stones)', ? Orc mucIsds- - mscIsds-
'throw\bandy (objects from one to another)' (of several people) STM I 544 The vw. u of the first syll. in Ul and Orc may be
due to the ass. infl. of m- ll D 'mct- 'throw, cast (into an enclosed space)' > Gdb mcdd-, Mnd mct- vt. 'plant', Png mct- 'cast (as
a fishing net), put in (e.g. rice into a pot)', Kui mcsa- 'cast, put into', Ku mct- 'throw, put inside' D #5O67 ^ Acc. to ISs
hyp., the IE 's- mobile [here in '(s)mci_t-] is connected with palatal elements in the N root (here 'y).
151O. 'mujvV, 'this, that', dem. prn. > HS: S '-m, determiner ( df. art.) in sg. forms (as well as in '-at- and '-ut-pl.) of
nomina > Ak -m, ending of st. r. in sg. (nom. -u-m / acc. -a-m / gen. -i-m), in m. pl. of adj. (nom. -ut-u-m / acc.-gen. -ut-i-m),
in '-at-pl. [f. pl. of adj., pl. of f. nouns and some m. nouns] (nom. -at-u-m / acc.-gen. -at-i-m), Ar -n, ending of the st. idt. in
sg. (nom. -u-n / acc. -a-n / gen. -i-n) and in -at-pl. (nom. -at-u-n / acc.-gen. -at-i-n) AD TPSL, Sd. G 3*-5* Ch: WCh:
traces of the determiner '-m in Hs mutum 'person' ( S 'mut-u-m 'man') | Fy {J} mi / mu 'he' (preverbal subject prn. 3m), DfB
{J} ma, Sha/Klr {J} ma (genitival linker of 3m of the head noun), DfB ma, Sha mi, Klr mu (genitival linker of 3p), Sha m.
ma / f. mu 'this', pl. mi 'these', m. ma-no / f. mu-no / pl. mi-no 'that/those' visible, m. muno / f. muno / pl. mino
'that/those' invisible | Su {J} mo, Ang {J} mva 'they' (aut. prn.), Ang mva [with ip.] / mva` [with pfc.] / mva [with ft. and
sbjn.] 'they' (subject prn.), Cp mu 'they' (aut. prn.), Cp mumu, Mnt mo 'they' (subject prn.), Cp {ChL} mIstI 'this', Gmy {Kr.}
mvI 'their', mvIa 'them' | Tng {J} mo, mo id., Dr {ChL} mc 'this', mc 'that', Pr {Frz.} -mu and -mo (dem. pronouns), Bl
matc 'they' (aut. and subj. prn.) | Kir {ChL} mini 'this', mono 'that', Zal {ChL} muntu (muntu?) 'this', munta 'that' | Buli
{ChL} mInna 'this' | Bd {ChL} mco 'this', m`ciyu 'that' || ? CCh: FlB {Kr.} mii(tu) 'they', Boka {Kr.} mul-lan 'he'
ChL, PorS 375-81, J R 37O-1, 414, J T 121, Kr. RChP 8O, 85, 93-4, Frz. P 42 ll K 'ma- (< ''mva-) 'he, she' > OG ma- id.:
erg. ma-n, gen. m-is, dat. ma-s (ma-n hrIua ma-s 'he told her'), G ma-, Mg mu 'he, himself', Lz mu-I 'he'; pK 'a-ma 'this' (hic-
deictic 'a + 'ma-) > G ama-/am-, Lz (h)amu-I id., Mg amu- (in compound adverbs), Sv: LB {TK} ami, LSv {TK} amc 'this',
Sv UP/L amon, L aman, UP/L amis 'to this', UB/L amsa - amis 'of this', amav 'till here, up to now'; pK 'i-ma- 'that' > OG, G
-i-ma- (erg. i-ma-n, dat. i-ma-s), Lz (h)i-mu, Mg i-mu- (in cds : imu-dyas 'in that day', t-imu-scri 'in that night'), Sv i-m- in Sv
{K} i-m-cg 'there' K 44, 1O1-2, 124, K
2
2-3, 81, 112-3, FS K 2O6, FS E 226-7, Q 2, TK 4O, GP US 47, GP 44-5, Dn. s.v.
am, amc, ami ll U: FU 'mu 'other, that (jener)' > F, Es muu '(an)other' | pLp 'nu-mbc- 'the other (of two), other' (dis <
''mu-mbc- with the sx. of cmpr. '-mbc) > Lp: N {N} nub'bc / -bb- 'one (of two), the other, another, the second', L {LLO}
nubbc 'the second, another, the other, T {TI} num:(c), Kld {TI} num: 'the second' | Chr: H xonimol+ 'other things', xono
'still, more (noch)', L xono molo, Uf/B molo '(an)other' | Prm: [1] 'mo'-d ({LG} 'mo'd) '(an)other' > Vt xi( mId, Yz
'mu'd id., Z xoc( msd 'the second, (an)other'; [2] 'mu-Icd 'other, (all) the other [pl.]' > Vt xyicr muIct 'other', Z
xyioc( muIsd 'another, different' || ObU {Ht.} 'mI-/'ma- > pVg 'mat-/'mIt- 'another, strange (fremder)' > Vg: T mat,
LK/MK/UK/P/NV/LL/UL mot, Ss mot 'strange (fremder), other, the second'; T mat, LK mat, MK/UK mst 'a stranger'; pOs
{Ht.} 'maIay- 'earlier' > Ty/Y maqI, D/K/Nz ma_a, Kz ma_, mo_a id.; another Os stem: Os O {Pp.} mo_- (attested: pl.
moyot) 'jene; other people', Kz {Stn.} mu_o 'much', {Pp.} moyol 'more, other' | OHg ma 'now', Hg ma 'today'; OHg
mas '(the) other, next', Hg mas 'other, another', OHg masod 'the second, next, other', Hg masodiI 'the second' Coll. 1OO,
UEW 281-2, TI 287, MRS 329, Ep. 7O, LG 175, 177, Ht. #376, Stn. D 9O2, 9O4, MF 424-5, EWU 917, 941-4 ll A 'bu- (<
''mu-) / obl. 'mu-n- > T 'bu- / obl. 'mu-n- 'this' > OT bu / obl. mun- - bun- 'this', BdOT bo / obl. mun- - mun-, MQp XIII
bu / obl. mu-n-, Tkm bu / obl. mun-, Tk bu / obl. bun-, Az, CrTt, Kr, Uz bu / obl. bun-, VTt 6y bu / obl. xon- m+n-, SbTt B
u- / obl. mun-, Qmq bu / obl. mun-, Qzq bul ( ol 'that') / obl. bun-, Qrg, ET bu(l) / obl. mun-, StAlt bu / obl. min-, Tv bo /
acc. mon-u / dat. maqa / gen. moq, Xk u / obl. min-, Yk bu / obl. man- Cl. 291-2, ET B 225-8 M 'mou-n (-
mu-n?) 'this\that same' > MM [HI] {Ms.} mun 'celui-l. ceci mme, cela mme' (pl. mut [mud]), [S, PP] mun 'he, himself,
the same one' (pl. [S] mut, [PP] mud), WrM mon, HlM x' n 'real, the very same', Ord {Ms.} mon 'the very same' (marking the
identity), 'that in question', 'precisely', WrO {Krg.} mon 'is, are, is indeed, namely', Brt xn 'real, true; is', Kl x' n mon id.,
'truely, really', MMgl [Z] muna 'this', muta 'that' Ms. H 76, H 111-2, MED 547, KRS 357, Chr. 3O6, Ms. O 469, Krg. 6O5, Iw.
117 SDM97 (A 'mV 'this, that') Altaic 'b- < 'm- (reg. in monosyllabic stems without other nasal cnss.); in the obl. cases
'm- survived due to the presence of '-n-; in M 'm- was generalized throughout the case paradigm ll ?? IE: NaIE: Crn -ma encl.
( sx.) 'this', W yma 'here, this', Br ma(n) 'this' ECCE 267, YGM-1 43, Hm. 545, LP 367.2 LP 272 ^ IS II 7O-1 ('mu,
dem. prn.: K, U, A, ?HS, ?IE). In spite of the long vw. in U and A, IS prefered to reconstruct a monosyllabic etymon, because a
bisillabic form "would have contradicted the typical monosyllabic structure of the non-autosemantic stems
[ nc:naxcnarcn nic ocnoni]". In fact, the monosyllabicity of pronouns and other non-lexical words in the attested lgs. is not
necessarily due to their original shape, but often to the universal diachronic tendency of their shortening (e.g. L cccc istc > Fr cc,
L illorum > F lcur, Sl 'az+ > R 'I', AS tovcard > NE tovard [tod], pS 'su?a > BHb and Ar hu 'he', etc.). In the light of
the extant ev., IS was right in supposing that this prn. did not take part in the distance opposition hic ille, so that the hic-deixis
of the prn. in T and the ille-deixis in FU must have developped within these daughter lgs. due to the opposition to other dem.
pronouns.
1511. 'moyV 'give, give back, restore' > IE: NaIE 'mci_- 'exchange' > OI Ep ni-'mayatc 'exchanges', Vd mi'nati id. ||
Ltv mi-t (prs. mi|u) 'to (ex)change' Possibly (but not necessarily) d 'moi_-no- 'exchange' > Lt mainas, Ltc mains id., Sl
'mcna n. 'exchange' > OCS, OR m1uo mcna, R ) xcna, Blg {Ger.} x) na > xc) na - x, SCr xcna " mi|cna, Sln mcna, Cz
mcba, Slk mcna, P miana Not here Gk oci|e v. 'change, exchange' (see N '`miIU 'bring, give in exchange') WP II 24O-
1, P 71O, M K II 635-6, M E II 314-5 (adduces Gk oci|e and reconstructs IE 'hmci_-), Frn. 395-7, Bern. II 59, ESSJ XVIII
171-4, Glh. 4O8-9, F I 9O This N word may underlie the IE postposition 'mV 'to' (dative), preserved [1] in the NaIE ending of
dative pl. '-mus (reconstructed so by Bks. after Kortl.) > Gmc '-mus (> Gt bro|ru-m 'to brothers', gibo-m 'to gifts, talents'),
BSl '-mus (> Lt duItcri-ms 'to daughters', OCS matcrc-m+ 'to mothers', Lt rasoms, OCS rosam+ 'to dew' [pl.]), as well as in
pronominal endings: Lt ticms, OCS tcm+, Gt |aim 'to those', Lt |ums, OCS vam+ 'vobis' dat., ]2] in the NaIE ending of dative
du. '-mcoH (??) > Lt vilIa-m, OCS vl+Io-ma 'to two wolves'; the elements '-s in '-mus and '-H in '-mcoH (?) are number
markers ('-s of pl., '-H of du.) Bks. OIENI 143-6, Kortl. SA 5O, Bks. CIEL 173-91, 2O4-8, Brg. KVG 386-99, 4O4-6 ll D (in
SD) 'moy- 'present(s), gift, requital' > Tm moy 'presents', Knd moy 'contribution', Kn muy(i) 'requital', Tu muyi 'gift at a
wedding' D #5121 ll HS: WCh: Hs may da 'give back, put back, restore' (da 'with'), Cg {Sk.} ma- 'sell' Ba. 748, Abr. H
638-9, ChC.
1512. ? 'muoyV 'touch, feel (by sense of touch)' > HS: S 'myvy > Jb C myvy (pf. 'mi, sbjn. 'ymc, ip. 'i'mi) 'touch'
Jo. J 177 ll U: FU 'muoya 'touch, feel' > Vp muya- 'touch, feel by touch, taste', Krl A {Gn.} muya- v. 'taste', F d muista-
'remember, call to ones mind, think of', Es d moista- 'understand, conceive, realize, see', Lv d mo'

i_st+ ({Ktn.}
moi_sto`) 'verstehen, merken' | Er xyc-xc muyc-ms, Mk xy-xc mu-ms 'to find' | Chr: L, U mua-, H moa- id. | Prm 'mod >
Z xnn( moyd, Prmk mod '(fairy) tale', Vt N xa( mad 'song', Vt S mad 'proverb' || Os: V muyvotI, D moyoto, Nz
muyoto 'riddle' | ? OHg d mut- 'show, indicate', mutat- 'indicate, let see, show', Hg d mutat-, mutat- vt. show' Coll. 99-
1OO, It. #19O, UEW 284, ZM 335, Ktn. 232, ERV 393, PI 169, MRS 326, 332-3, LG 173, MF 453-4, EWU 1OO7 ^ Qu.,
because it is isolated in HS.
1513. 'mVyV 'come' or 'go, pass' > HS: Eg my 'come!' imv. EG II 35 Ch: WCh: Dr {Nw.} mai_, Pr {Frz.}
mc- vi. 'return', Bl {OS ?} ma id. || CCh: Mrg {ChL} msy, Wmd {ChL} may 'go' | Gzg {Lk.} mc 'dorthin zurckkehren'
| Ms {ChL} mai_ 'come', {Cat.} ma id. (Ia`ma`t nan may mul`Iu` 'yesterday I came to Mulku'), ZmD {KNC} mbu 'come',
Azm {Pc.} mbcya imv. 'come!', msd. mba`da 'to come' Nw. KL 129, Frz. P 41, ChL, ChC, Lk. G 128, Cat. 118, KNC 18, Pc.
285, 288 ?? EC 'amV 'come!' imv. (unless < 'a-mVt '-mVt- 'come') > Sa {R} -mav- 'kommen, anlangen' (2s imv. a'mo,
2p a'mav-a), Af am 'come!' 2s imv., Brj 'amu id. (2p 'amc), Sd 'amu id. (2p 'ammc), Ged 'amo (2p 'ammc), Alb 'ami (2p
'ammchc), Kmb ami (2p ammc) R S II 277, PH 96, Ss. B 21, Hd. 43 OS #1752 (Ch, EC + Eg nmy 'go'; mentions Arr
mayc 'come', not confirmed by Hw. A and other available sources; pHS 'may 'come, go') ll IE: NaIE 'mci_- 'go, pass', {EI}
'mci_H- > L mca- (1s prs. mco, inf. mcarc) id., 'wander' || Sl 'mi|a-ti 'go\pass by' > OCz mi|cti, Cz mi|cti, P mi|ac id.,
Slk mi|am sa 1s; - Sl 'mi-no-ti (1s prs. 'mino) 'go\pass by, elapse' > OCS muua:u minoti 'transire, prterire', SCr
minuti, Slv miniti 'go\pass by, finish', OCz minuti, Cz minouti, P minac, R ' xnnyr , xnno' nar 'pass by, elapse', Slk
minut` id., 'spend'; P mi|ac 'pass by'; - (with the sx. '-mo) Sl 'mimo adv.\prep. 'past, by (vorbei, prter)' > OCS mume
mimo, Blg , R ) xnxo, SCr mimo, Slv mimo - mimo, Cz mimo - mimo, P mimo AdS of L mino, -arc vt. 'drive
(cattle)' (< N 'mcnc 'walk, go', q.v. ffd.), which explains L -i- P 71O, EI 228 ('mci_H- / prs. 'minch_- - mci_Hch_- 'go'),
WH II 73, EM 398-9, Bern. II 59, ESSJ XIX 31, 5O-3, Vs. II 622, 624, Glh. 41.
1514. 'maXyV 'to lose force, weaken, disappear, be worn out' > HS: S: [1] 'mhh > Ar mhh G 'be worn out' (of
garment)'; ? [2] WS 'mhyv 'wipe out\off, efface, (?) destroy' > BHb ehm mhvy G 'wipe out', JA [Trg.] mhvy id., 'blot
out', Ph mhyv 'efface', Ar mhv (pf. 'haMa maha) 'efface, be effaced', {Fr.} 'delevit, obliteravit', Ug mhyv {OLS} G vt.
'clean, efface (limpiar, borrar)', ? Gz mhv G 'uproot, pluck out'; but hardly here Ak {Sd.} ma?u 'wegstoen (?)' (Ak -a- rules
out S 'h) Fr. IV 142, 156, BK II 1O66, 1O71, Ln. 3O18, KB 537-8, HJ 612-3, Js. 759-6O, Lv. T II 24-5, Sd. 637, OLS 268, A
#154, L G 337 ll IE 'mcHi_- > NaIE 'mao(i_)- 'be\make tired\exhausted' > Gmc: Gt af-maui|s' (att. nom. pl. af-mauidai)
'ckuocvo)', {Fs.} 'ermdet' (pp. of 'af-mo|an 'to tire out'), OHG muo-cn vt. labour, urge, tire out' ('anstrengen, bedrngen,
abmhen'), NHG sich muhcn 'take pains\trouble (about sth.)', d : ON mor, Dn, NNr mod, OSx mothi, MDt mocdc, mucdc,
OHG muodi, NHG mudc 'tired, exhausted', AS {BosT} mcc 'weary' || Sl 'ma|a-ti 'to linger, tire out, make suffer' > R
' xa r 'to tire out, torment', R ' xa r c 'to suffer, languish', Blg 'xa v. 'linger' Fs. 9, Kb. 7O3, OsS 627, Schz. 216, KM 491,
Vr. 391, BosT 682, ESSJ XVII 132-4 (against distinction between the above Sl verb and Sl 'ma|ati 'wave, swing') ll A {IS}
'mayV- 'weaken, disappear, vanish' > T 'maj:,y- ({DQA} 'bAni) [ T 'bayi- v. 'set' (of heavenly bodies) < N 'vayHV 'to
descend; below'?] > Qzq may- 'be exhausted\weak', Qrg mayi- 'be damaged', Osm {Rl.} myY'B bayi-(maq), Kr/Qzq {Rl.}
bayi- 'elapse, pass away (vergehen)', VTt {Rl.} bay+- id. , OT mayis- (coop. of 'may-) 'collapse', mayil- (ps. of 'may-) 'be
over-ripe, go bad' (of fruit), Tk bayil- vi. 'faint, swoon (away)', Kr {Rl.} mayis- 'collapse', Chg mayruq 'weak, meager',
Shor/Sg/Qc/Qb {Rl.} mayiq 'matt, mde, mager', Sg/Qrg {Rl.} mayiq- 'ermden, ermatten', StXk {BIG} mayi_- 'get tired,
exhausted, lose force', mayil- 'get tired', Qc/Sg/Qb/Qz {Rl.} mayil- id., 'schwach\mager werden', Sg {Rl.} mayaq 'welk,
unbeholfen, langsam', StXk mayiq 'weak, languid', Qzq maymaq 'clumsy', maymanda- v. 'hobble, toddle, stumble along'; a T
lge. (Xk?) 1 Mt {Hl.} 'mayo- 'get tired' (Mt M {Sp.} xa x 'got tired') (unless an inherited Sm word) Cl. 772-3, Rl. IV 1468-
9, 1986, 2O11, 2O14-5, BIG 1O1, Sht. 139, MM 233, Rkh. 338, Hl. M #634 Tg 'maya- 'disappear' > Ork maya- 'fail to be
caught, disappear' (of game\animals in hunting), Ewk, Neg maya-, Lm may-, Nn Nh mana- id., 'be unsuccesful', Orc maymaIi
'there us not, is absent', WrMc maya- 'disappear', 'be past' (of danger) STM I 521 DQA #1237 (A 'maya 'to miss, fail; bad
luck'; incl. T, Tg) ll D 'mayV- 'disappear, vanish' > Tm may id., 'hide, be annihilated, die', Ml mayuIa 'grow dim, vanish', Kt
maym, Kdg maya, Tu maya 'diappearance', Kt man:- 'disappear' (of menstruation in menopause), 'keep secret', Td
mo- 'hide (information, secret)', Kn may- 'be hidden, disappear, pass away', Tu mayuni 'be extinguished, evaporate', Tl
mayu 'be destroyed, perish', Prj may-, Gdb mayq(g)- 'get lost, disappear', Gnd may- 'be lost', Knd maya 'vanishing,
disappearing suddenly' D #4814 ll ? U 'mayV 'suffer' > FU: Er xancc- may-sc- 'suffer, languish, lose time ( xyunr c) ,
xa) r c) , npono(nr npcx) (apox)' (hab. of 'may-) | Z may-Is in ds : xanimr- mayIst- vt. 'grieve, cause distress',
xanmac - maysas- 'worry' Sm {Hl. Jn.} 'maya- (= {Hl.} 'maya-) - 'mayata- 'make suffer, grieve, cause trouble,
kill' > Ne: T mayaoa-, T O {Lh.} maycoa 'he killed', StNe T xa ( pyn 'having been tortured, having suffered (from so.
strong\mighty); 'mayant+- > Ne T xa n(o- vi. 'suffer, be in distress', En macdo 'suffer ( xyunr c) )'; 'mayaIIo- > En
macIu- 'make suffer', 'maya-q > Ne T xa t / xa n-, En mac` 'trouble, suffering', Ne F {Lh.} maya IommI 'he suffered'
(lit. 'found suffering'), En mayan-, mayam- 'be tormented, suffer from an accident'; Mt {Hl.} 'mayo- 'get tired' (a loan from
T, see above) LG 169, ERV 358, PI 154, TmK 4O7-8, SZ 215-6, Ter. 245-7, Lh. 25O, SamEMGU, Hl. M 299 [#634] ^ IS III
48-52 (with further details about the reflexes in the IE and A lgs.) ['maHyn: IE, U, A, D; et. and rec. proposed by the editors of
IS III].
1515. ? 'mcXaz`V 'male' > HS: S 'mhzo 'young man' > Gz m1 mahaza 'young man, adolescent, lover', Tgy m1
mvhaza 'one of the same age', Har mshsz mvlaI 'best man in a wedding' L G 338, CS 121 WCh {Stl.} 'mii 'man (vir),
husband' > Hs mii (pl. maza) 'husband', Gw {Mts.} mii (pl. maa) 'male' | Su {J} mis, Gmy {ChL} mis, Cp {ChL}
mis, Tal {ChC} [in cds ] mis 'man (vir)' | BT: Krkr {Lk.} mszi, Ngm {ChL} mizi 'man (vir)', Bele mihi (pl.muha), Glm
mi musi (pl. msssna), Gera {Sch.} mizi (pl. mazini), Krf {Sch.} mii, Grm {Sch.} mii id., 'husband' | Ngz
{Sch.} mIsII (pl. mIsasIin) 'husband' Stl. ZCh 232 [#799], ChC, ChL, Ba. 791, Sch. BTL 3O, 57, 86, 148, Sch. DN 1O6
ll IE 'mcus / 'mus- > NaIE 'mas / 'mos- > L mas (gen. mar-is) adj./n. 'male' WH II 46-7, EM 388 ll U: FU (att. in
BF) 'mcssc 'man (vir)' > F mics / gen. michcn, Es mccs / gen. mchc, Krl mics / michc-, Lv micz id. UEW 866-7,
Coll. 99, SK 345, Kt. 223 ll D 'mac > Klm mas 'man, husband', Nk mas 'man', Knd masi 'husband' D #4791 ^ IE 's is
likely to result from devoicing of the original voiced sibilant under the ass. infl. of '_h.
1516. 'm'E}_azV ' berry, fruit' > K: GZ 'm_al- 'vegetables' > OG m_al-i, G m_al-i - _al-i 'greens', Mg _ul-i {FS
K
2
} ' a kind of vegetables' ('ertgvari mxali'), {Q} 'greens, swede', {FS E} 'Futterrbe' K 143, Q 4O7, FS E 254-, FS K
2
346
ll U 'moczV > FU {Sm.} 'mczi, {UEW} 'mozV ' berry of some bush' > Chr H xy(i muo+, Chr L/Uf xo(o mooo
'bilberries' | Prm {LG} 'moli ({Lt.} 'moli) 'berry, stone of a fruit' > Vt xyn i'stone of a fruit', Vt Sr mulI, Vt Kz mols
'berry, nut', Z nur-mol 'cranberries' (nur 'swamp'), mol 'button, stone of a fruit', Yz tnr-'muli 'cranberries' || pOs 'vir-mol
'red-currant' ('vir 'blood') > Os: Ty virmo, D vcrmot, Kz vurmo | Hg mcggy 'morello cherry (Prunus cerasus) pY
{IN} 'mal- > Y K mal-o 'cloud-berries' (-o is a nominal sx.) If we reconstruct FU 'mczV, it involves labialization of
the vw. in Chr (due to 'm-), while FU 'mozV presupposes ass. palatalization in Ugr (due to the following palatal 'z) UEW
279, Coll. 98, Sm. 545 (FU, FP 'mcdi, Ugr 'midi), Ep. 72, MRS 327, 333, 12O, LG 173-4, Lt. 53-4, Ht. #7O6, IN 233,
Rd. UJ 48 [#77] (Y A U) ll A: Tg 'milc-Itc - (?) 'mol'i-Itc 'ashberry' > Ewk Z moliIta, Neg miItan, Ul/Ork milsIts, Ork
miIts - mitts id. STM I 536 T 'mclc(l) 'ashberry' > VTt xnncmmilis, StAlt bclc, QK clc, Tkm {AB} xcncmid.; VTt
'bilis 1 Chv nnncmilcs Jeg. 16O, RAltS 672, Bask. DLT 187, Rl. IV 2159 M 'moyil 'bird-cherry' ({DQA}: regularly
from 'molil-) > WrM moil, HlM, Brt xonn id., Kl {Rm.} mol id., 'bird-cherry tree' MED 542, Chr. 298, KW 267 S
CNM 11 (suggested to adduce T), DQA #1277 (A 'mclu ' berry') ll IE 'mcxl- > NaIE 'mal- 'apple' > L malum id. (1 Al
mollc id.), malus 'apple tree' || Gk ov, Gk D oov Ht mahla 'branch of a grapevine \ apple (?)' WP II 296, EI 25-6
('mchlom 'apple'), WH II 18-9, EM 381 (L A Gk), Ch. 694, F II 226 (all of them suppose that the word 'mal- is a loan from
an unknown source), Mn. 73O, O 272, CHD L-N 112-3, Ts. W 49.
1517. 'mizjv,V-(IV) 'to mix, stir' > HS: [1] S '-mis- > Ar ip. -misu (pf. a'Ma masa) 'mix (sth. with sth.) B
'msy ({Pr.} '-msuy) > Ah omsi / pf. imsoi_ 'mix (fresh milk with sour milk)' (Fcj. 32, Pcj. I A 1), Ty omsoy 'mix
(mlanger)' Fc. 1249, 2OO2 (on conj. 32), Pr. M VI-VII 86, GhA 133 [2] CS (or WS?) 'msg - 'mzg - 'msI 'mix' >
Ar 4M msg (pf. a4aMa masaga, ip. -msugu) 'mix, confuse', zM mzg (pf. mazaga, ip. -mzugu) 'mingle (a liquid)
with', IA mzg G 'mix', MHb, JA [Trg.] mzg G 'mix (esp. mix wine with water\spices, temper)', JEA mzg G 'mix, dilute',
MHb mzg 'pour (liquid)', Sr mzg G (pf. za mo'zag, f. mzug) 'mix (esp. wine with water), mingle, blend, temper', Md
mzg G 'mix, combine', BHb gz#m3 'mczcg 'mixed wine, spiced wine', MHb gz#m3 'mczcg 'mixture', JA [Trg.] aG1z^m5
miz'g-a 'mixture, mixed wine\drink', Sr 'ozo moza'g-a 'a mixture, a drink, wine & water', Md mzaga 'mixing, mixture', Ug
msI v. 'mix', BHb msI G 'mix, poduce by mixing', K6x3m3 'mcscI 'mixture, admixture of spices', MHb msI v. 'temper,
mix wine; cast metal'; ? Tgy {CS} msg" G (pf. 'mvsvg"v) 'oignit de beurre frais la tte; enduisit sa tte\chevelure dune couche
graisse' ('anoint' 'pour liquid' 'mix'); S 1 Cpt: Sd me;o muc, B me;: mut, P me;9 mu_ vt., vi. 'mix' and
possibly DEg mg ' vessel (carter?)' S 'sg < 'g < as 'I; S 'zg - 'sI < 'g - 'cI < as 'I < 'I; the delabialization
' > ' may be due to positional factors or to the infl. of a different A #1611, OLS 295, BK II 1O98-9, 11O9, Hv. 718, 721,
HJ 6O8, KB 535, 572, BDB 587, Js. 752-3, 8O7, Lv. T II 19, Sl/. 651-2, JPS 261, DM 263, Frnk. 172 (Ar A Aram), CS 139-4O,
Vc. 133, Er. 195 B 'msI 'mix' > Gd cmsoI id. Lf. II #1O37 ll IE: NaIE 'misg- / 'mci_sg- 'mix' (> as
'misI- / 'mci_sI-) - mt 'mci_gs- - 'mci_g- (zero < 'Z?) > OI miIs- 'mix': prs. mcI'sayati 'stirs up, mixes, mingles',
mis'rah 'mixed, mingled, blended', misrayati 'mixes, mingles, blends, combines', Av minasti 'mixes', myasa
i
tc 'they mix'
(vi.), MPrs hamistaI 'mixed' || Gk civui - ivui 'I mix' (aor. ps. civ), ioe 'I mix' || L miscc-o / miscc-rc /
miscui / mixtum 'to mix' || OIr mcsc- v. 'mix, dip in', W mysgu, Crn mysIy, MBr mcsca, mcsIi, Br mcsIan 'to mix' || WGmc
'misIan (A L??) > OHG misIcn, MLG, NHG mischcn, AS miscian 'to mix', NE mix || Lt mics-ti 'to dilute', misras
'mixed', misrainc' 'salad', maisyti / maisau 'stir, agitate' ( 'hinder'), Ltv maisit 'to mix, stir', mistrs 'medley, hotch-
potch', Pru maysotan "gemenget" 'mixed' | Sl 'mcsi-ti / prs. 'mcs-o 'mix, stir' > OCS m1tu:u mcsiti / m1ma mcso,
Blg 'xcc , SCr xccnrn / xccnx " mi|csiti / mi|csim, Slv mcsiti, OCz micsiti, Cz misiti, Slk micsit`, P micsic /
micszc, R xc' cnr / xc'my, Uk xi'cnrn id.; d 'mcsati id. > OCS m1mo:u mcsati, SCr xcmarn " mi|csati, Slv
mcsati, Slk micsat`, P micszac, R xc' mar ; the latter Sl verb means also 'to hinder' ( 'to mix'?) WP II 244-5, P 714, EI
394 ('mciI-, 'mciI-sIc/o-), M K II 632-3, M E II 373-4, Brtl. 119O, F II 192-3, WH II 95-6, Vn. M 42, Ern. 4O9, Ho. 223,
Kb. 689, OsS 612-3, KM 48O-1, Frn. 431-2, Tr. 175, En. 2O7, ESSJH XVIII 199-2O1, 21O-7, Vs. II 6O6-7, 615, Glh. 4O9 ll A:
T 'bil- - 'bil- 'stir up (milk, butter)' > Qrg bis-, Bsh bis-, Qzq is-, Qq is-, Alt, Tv b_is- 'stir', SbTt ncm- is- 'churn'
ET B 3O9-1O, Tm. 173 Tg 'mclbi- v. 'row' > Ul, Nn mslbi- id., WrMc v. 'row, boat by rowing'; - Tg 'mclbi-Icn, ?
'mslbun 'short oar (for noiseless rowing during the hunt)' > Ewk mslbiIs, Neg mslbixsn, Orc msbbu(Iu), Ud {STM, Krm.}
msg(b)u, {Shn.} ms(l)bu, Ul mslbiIs(n-), mslbu(n-), Ork mslbi, Nn mslbis, mclbi_sIs, WrMc mclbiIu id. STM I 566,
Krm. 263-4 ?? pJ {S} 'mansi-() v. 'mix' > OJ maia-, maa-, J: T maic-, mac-, K maic-, mac-, Kg
maic-, mac- S QJ #94O, Mr. 722 pJ '-a- is still to be elucidated DQA #1275 (A 'mclba 'to stir up, noxcmnnar ':
Tg, J) ll ? D 'micuI-, {GS} 'mis- 'stir, move from position' > Kn misuIu 'move, stir, quiver', Td misx- vi. 'move slightly
upward from position, budge', Kt micI- 'yield to importunity' (for semantic cf. Lt and Sl), Tu misIu- 'move, venture; interfere
with, meddle', Tl misiIu v. 'move' D '-c- seems to go back to a devoiced N affricate (positional devoicing?) D #4839, Km.
461, GS 42 [#82] ^ An alt. rec.: 'micV-(IV); it does not explain the voiced 'z in S 'mzg and the IE variant stem 'mci_g-.
On the other hand, D '-c- < N '-z- has not yet been established as a reg. reflex. D '-u- and A '-b- suggest the presence of N 'v.
1518. 'mi`V 'sheep, goat' > HS: S 'mVz- > Ar maz- 'sheep and goats', miz-at- 'she-goat', maiz- 'billy-goat'
B: SrSn {Rn.} i-mzi 'kid (chevreau)' ( 'mzy > SrSn mozzcy 'jeune, petit') Rn. 386 ll IE: NaIE 'moai_so-s 'sheep'
( 'moai_so-s 'hide, fleece' < N 'mc?isV 'hide', () 'clothes' [q.v.]) > OI mc'sa-h 'ram', Av macsa- m., macsi- f. 'sheep',
ClNPrs yM mcs, NPrs yM mis 'sheep, ram'; Ary 1 FU (att. in FP) 'mcsV 'sheep, ram, bock' > Chr L/U xc mcz, Chr H
miz 'wool of sheep and goats', Z mcz 'ram', {W} 'sheep' (the Chr word is not an inherited cognate, because in an inherited word
we have to expect the vw. i < pFU 'c; in Z mcz the cns. z may be explained only if the word is a loan) ? Ht maista- 'bale
of wool' The pIE lr. was lost in prevoc. position WP II 3O3, P 747, EI 511 ('moi_'so-s 'ram, sheep'; no distinction from
'moi_so-s 'fleece, hide' < N 'mc?isV 'hide'), M K II 689, M E II 38O, Horn 226, Vl. II 1255, Sg. 1362, Tr. 165, UEW 7O3, LG
171, MRS 32O, 323, Ep. 7O.
1519. 'mujV,yV 'fist, fingers; to squeeze\hit with a fist, give a blow of the fist on the head' > K: [1] GZ 'm`iy- 'fist' >
OG miy- 'fist' (an old loan from Zan?), eNG [SSO] miy- 'fist', Mg i_-, Lz mi_-, ni_- 'fist, handful' [2] K 'mz`yv-
'press, squeeze, crumble' > Sv {FS} -mzy- (msd. li-mzy-unc) id., G R -mzyvl- {K} 'break': {Chx.} inf. da-mzyv-l-cba vt.
'zerreien' K 142, K
2
122, 13O, Chik. 62, Fn. KW-3 27, FS K 217, FS E 238 ll HS: S 'mz > Ak OA/MA/LB inf.
mazu 'squeeze, produce a liquid', 'auspressen', Ak A mczu 'beer brewer', Ar mz G v. 'pick (cotton) with the fingers' The
apparently irreg. a in Ak mazu (for the expected c) may be accounted for by the Assyrian dialectal preservation of a even near
pS ' CAD X/1 439-4O & X/2 46, Bel. 767, Hv. 718 C 'ma- > EC: Or {Grg.} mada(v)a v. 'wound', mada n. 'wound',
{Brl.} mada 'ferita, piaga, ulcera', mad-avu '(im)piagarsi, ferirsi', Arr {Hw.} mada n. 'wound', madcss- v. 'wound'; HEC
{Hd.} 'ma-, {L} 'maz- v. 'wound' > Brj {Ss., Hd.}, Hd {Hd.} mad-, Kmb maz- id.; HEC {Hd.} 'maa, {L} maza n. 'wound,
sore' > Kmb {Hd.} maza-t, Brj {Ss.} ma'da id., Hd {Hd.} mada, {Ss.} mada?a, Sd mada 'wound' || ?? Ag: Bln {R}
mad-/mad- 'auf den Kopf schlagen, den Kopf blutig schlagen jemandem' ( N 'mctVha 'head, top, summit') R WB 263, Grg.
223, Hw. A 383, Gs. 278, L Z 121, Hd. 17O, 417 ll IE: NaIE 'mus-ti- 'fist, clenched hand' > OI mus'ti-h id., Av
musti-(masah-) 'Faust(gre)', NPrs 4Mu most 'fist, handful' || Tc B mascc (< 'mus'tci_-s) 'fist' EI 255, M K II 658, M E
II 363, Horn 22O, Vl. II 1181, Ad. 443 The absence of any traces of the expected 'o may be accounted for by NaIE derivation:
the stem was derived from 'mus- that had no traces of lr. because of its the stem-final (prevoc.) position ll U: FP 'mUcV v.
'squeeze; fist' ( N 'mUc`V v. 'press, squeeze' (q.v.) > Krl KA {SK} muuo- v. 'press, crumple', Krl Ld mucurdada v.
'compress' ('pusertaa kokoon'), F muscrtaa v. 'crush, smash', Vp mucoida v. 'twist (fingers)' | ? Lp Sw {SK ?}
mocctct, moccot v. 'break, be breaking off' | Z msIr 'clenched fingers, fist', {W} msIrt- 'clench ones hand\fist' LG
176, SK 353 ll ? D: [1] 'mutt-, {GS} 'mut- v. 'blow with knuckles of the fist or with the fist' ( 'to hammer', 'hammer') >
Kn mut- v. 'rap the head (of another) with the knuckles of the fist', Tl mottu 'give a blow\stroke with the knuckles', Ml
muttu 'knocking', mutti 'hammer', Tm mittiIai_ 'jewelers small hammer', Kt mutti 'small hammer', Prj mutIa 'blow
with fist', mutt- 'to hammer', Png, Mnd, Ku mutla 'hammer', Krx mutga?a- 'deal a heavy blow with the fist', mutIa?a-
'hit\hammer at with the fist', mutga - mutIa 'clenched hand or fist, hammering with the fist'; [2] D (in SD) 'mutt- v. 'press'
> Ml muttiIIa id.; the meanings 'dash against, butt' (as in Tm muttu, Ml muttuIa id., Kdg mutt- v. 'bump against') may
be due either to semantic broadening or to contamination with a different D #4932, GS 51 [#126] ^ ADb. MSR 22 [#27] (K,
IE, D + err. FU 'mucIV 'fist' that in fact belongs to N 'mucV 'cupped\clenched hand [fist]', q.v.).
152O. 'mcV 'sun, light; 'to shine' > K 'mz`-c 'sun' ['-c is a sx. as in '(s`a-)dy-c 'day')] > OG, G mzc, Mg bza, Sv
UB/LB/Ln miz, Sv L moz 'sun', Lz mzora - mzura (with a sx.) id., Lz bzac_a, Mg zcs_a 'Sunday' (<
'bza-s dya 'Suns day') K 133-4, K
2
121, Schm. 124, FS 216-7, TK 571, Dn. s.v. moz, GP 22O ll HS: ? Ch: CCh: HgG
masc, HgNk, Kps masIc, HgF mamasIi, FlG {ChL} maIsi 'morning' || ECh: Suk {Mk.} masin id. ChC, ChL S:
the second element of S ''samas- 'sun' < N 'zomV mcV ( hot\burning sun\fire') (with N 'zomV 'heat, sun', q.v. ffd.) B
'-missi- 'fire' > Ah tc-msc, pl. ti-mos, ETwl tc-msc, pl. si-moss, Ty tc-msc, pl. ti-mossa, Gh ci-msi, Kb ti-moss, Si
to-msi, Skn, Snd, Mz ti-msi, Izn, Rif, SrSn Oi-mossi 'fire' Fc. 1247, Dl. 52O, GhA 132, Nh. 16O, La. S 237, Rn. 85, Dlh. M
123 ll U: FU (in Prm) 'm'czV (or 'm'clV) > Prm 'm'ol- ({LG} 'm'ol-) to shine, beam' > Vt maldInI v. 'be dazzled
(by light)', maldImon 'dazzling', Z molId 'glossy, smooth', Z Ud usIs mols 'beams with joy' LG 174 ll A: M 'mcliyi- > Brt
xynnn- 'be glossy, shine', ? HlM xynnn- 'be smooth'; M 'mclmV- > WrM mclmcgcr, HlM xynxiyp 'bright-eyed; the shimmer
of a brimming body of water', Ord mclmcgcr 'brillant, qui a les yeux brillants', Brt xynxyn 'shining (reflecting light)', Brt
xynxi-, Kl xcnx` - mclma- 'to shine (of glassy water surface)', Ord mclmi- 'reluire, briller au soleil', Kl b xcnx` mclma
'lustre, glitter (6ncci)' MED 534, Luv. 252, KRS 349, Chr. 311, Ms. O 461-2 Tg: Ewk millun- 'shine, be bright' (of eyes)
(' no6nccinnar ') Vas. 252 ? pKo {S} 'mnrI- 'clear, transparent' > MKo mnrI-, NKo malI- [maI-] S QK #69, Nam
2O3, MLC 587 DQA #13O3 [A 'mi_ali(-I`a) 'bright; to shine': M, Ewk, Ko], Rm. SKE 139 (Ko, T) ll D (in CD)
'mcl(VI)- v. 'lighten', v. 'flash' (of light) > Prj mclI- v. 'lighten', malI- '(light) to flash', Gdb mcl- '(lightning) to flash', Png
malIa- v. 'lighten' D #5O79 l Less plausible: D 'matt- v. 'kindle (as fire), burn' > Tm mattu id., Kt mat- v. 'make (fire)
burn', Td mot- v. 'put fuel on fire', Tl madu, madu v. 'be burnt', Gnd mas- v. 'kindle fire' D #48O1 ll ??? IE: NaIE
'molI- 'fire, firewood' ( ''mol- 'fire'?) > OIr molc {WP, Vn.} 'fire' || Lt malIa 'log, fuel', pl. malIos 'firewood', Ltv
malIa 'firewood' WP II 3O8, Mn. 792, Frn/ 4O1-2, ME II 558, Vn. M 62.
1521. 'mayV 'tasty beverage, sap of trees' ( 'honey, 'milk') > K 'mz`V > Lz mza 'milk, buttermilk' Marr 168-9
ll HS: EC: Sd mal(?)- 'sweet', Af {PH} malab, Sa {R} malab, pSam {Hn.} ''malab > Sml malab, Rn {PG} malab, Bn
'malub, Bs {HL} malab(a) 'honey'; HEC 'malabo > Hd marabo, Sd malavo, Ged malcbo, Alb {HL}, Kmb malabu id., Arr
{Hw} mul 'liquid part of raw honey' C SE II 214, PH 162, Mrn. S 228, Hn. S 68, DSI 41O, Oo. 68, PG 218, Hd. 81, 417, HL
127, Hw. A 386 ll IE 'mcl-i-(t) / 'mcl-n- 'honey' > Arm mer mclr (gen. meu mclu) || Gk ci (gen. cit-o)) || pAl {O}
'mclita > Al m|altc || L mcl, gen. mcll-is (< 'mcl-n-) || OIr mil (< 'mcli) (gen. mclo - mcla), W mcl, Crn, Br mcl || Gt
mili| id., AS milscian 'to sweeten with honey', milisc 'sweet' Ht milit- 'honey' P 723-4, EI 271 (''mclit / 'mli't-os), Bn.
IEIS 31, F II 2OO-1, WH II 61-3, Vn. M 5O-1, YGM-1 329, Fs. 359-6O, Ho. 222, Slt. 182-6, O 268, CHD L-N 25O-2, Ts. E II
2O7-1O ll U: FP 'mayzV 'sap of trees' ( 'milk') > F maito 'milk', F mai_to 'birch sap', Es mai_t 'cream (Sahne)' | Vt
msl 'tree honey, tree sap' UEW 697 ll A: T 'bal ('mal) 'honey' > OT bal ({Cl.} bal), Tk bal, Tkm, Az, CrTt, Kr, Qmq, QrB,
Qzq, Nog, Qq, VTt, Bsh, Qrg bal, Uz bol, Slr al, Chv il ET B 47, Cl. 33O DQA #1248 [A 'malc 'honey, vegetable oil'
> T] ^ IS II 38-9 [#276] ('ma|In) (C, IE, U, T), AD NM #21, Vv. AEN 12 (doubts about the T cognate; T A IE?) Gr. II
#213 ('mal 'honey') [IE, U, CK].

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