Peace after World War 1 Key points -Facts (Summary) -Reasons for WW1 -Impact of WW1 -Aims of countries

involved in the negotiations of traty -Terms of Treaty World War I In the 19th century, Europe was the most powerful continent. Powerhouses included: Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungry, they were also known as the Great Powers. Apart from Europe, USA, Russia & Japan, were also becoming increasingly powerful.

Tensions & Competition grew between these world powers as they competed for colonies & sought to protect their empires. It devastated Europes economy, while USA grew richer being far away & supplying resources and war equipments to various allied forces Reasons for World War 1: Reasons for start of WW1 Competition for colonies Britain & France built up empires by competing & controlling colonies in different parts of the world, such as Southeast Asia 7 Africa. More Colonies would mean larger empires, enhancing the countries prestige. Colonies also allowed European countries to access raw materials & resources, which were key to industrialisation. Germany & Japan later, joined the race for more territories as well. Arms & Naval race Military Capabilities also rose tin importance as great world powers sought to protect their empires from each other. Each country hence, built up their capabilities through increased production of weapons.

Alliances These powers made alliances so assistance would be provided in an event of war.

By 1914, 2 alliances were formed: the Triple Entente (Britian, France & Russia) & the Triple Alliance (Germay, Austria-Hungary & Italy). Also the traditional allies of Russia & Serbs. During the war, other countries joined at both sides, forming the Allied & Central Powers.

Nationalism Nationalism played a role leading to WW1 The Ballakans, had territories such as Serbia, Bosnia & Greece. These territories had been part of the Ottoman Empire (Turks), however, due to the weakening of the empire, many parts of it broke away. Austria-Hungary & Russia wanted these parts; however, these states wanted independence. In 1908, Austria-Hungary made Bosnia part of its empire, the Ottoman empire, then attempted to reunite the remaining states, but lost control. Serbia then gained independence and sought to push Austria Hungary out of Bosnia.

Assassination of the Archduke of Austria 1) Serbs in Austria-Hungary wanted independence. However, Austria-Hungary did not grant them so. 2) The Serbs secret organization, Black Hand, hence, decided to assassinate the heir to the 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo. When he was successfully assassinated, Austria wanted to exterminate all Serbs. Russia whose nation include a minority of Serbs, declared war on Austria Germany, who was allied with Austria-Hungary, hence, declared war against Russia to defend against Austria-hungary. Great Britain & France, therefore, declares war on Germany. Italy, as part of the Central Powers, declares war on the Triple Etienne.

World War 1 Timeline Time 1914 1914 1917 1915 War Archduke of Austria Assassinated Thus, sparking the start of WW1 Stalemate: Both Central Powers & Allied Forces engage in Trench fighting, with both sides making little progress. Signing of the London Pact. The Italians were quick to realize the Central

Powers were losing and joined the Triple Etienne, as they were promised Austrian Lands of South Tyrol, Istria & Dalmatia, should they win. 1917 The Lusitania (Luxury American Liner) was sunk by a German U-boat. This brought the entry of USA (a superpower). Russian October revolution : Tsar Nicholas Abdicated Russia became communist and was defeated by Germany Hence, the Treaty of Breast Litvosk was signed After an offensive, Allied troops pushed Germany back, winning allieds the war. Paris Peace Conference League of nations Set-up Treaty of Versailles WW1s Impact Political New nation states & boundaries were to be created. Many states become adopted pacifist attitudes and wanted to avoid war 7 conflicts as much as possible after the disastrous outcomes of WW1. The Treaty & Negotiations Aims of Countries Involved Nation (Leader) USA Woodrow Wilson Background - People reluctant to enter European War -Declared War after 7 US merchant ships were sunk. -Suffered Least Damages during War (Not in Europe & joined in 1917) What they wanted -Wanted to establish his 14 points as a basis for lasting peace & international cooperation. -People wanted US to be kept out of future foreign entanglements (i.e. Leauge of Economic -Many countries in economic debt due to repatriations -Others economies were devastated by the war. (particularly Europe) -High unemployment rates Social -Equality or women -Racial equality -Class Equality -Loss of many lives.

1918

-While Europeans countries in war became economically crippled, they became richer due to buying of war arms by others. France Georges Clemenceau -French lost the most as most of the fighting was done on French soil. -The French-Prussian had caused Alasace-Lorraine to be lost.

Nations) -Was most lenient to Germany

-Wanted to reclaim Alasace-Lorraine. -Wanted Germany to pay heavy reparitrations -Wanted germany to accept total blame for war. -Wanted Revenge. -Was Most Harsh to Gerrmany -Wanted Lenient Treaty, to prevent any more wars. -Also wanted Germany to be a able to recover economically to prevent rise of communism. -Wanted German navy to be weakened as their naval superiority had been threatened by Germany -Wanted the rewards promised in the London pact

Britain David Lloyd George

-He personally opposed treating the Germans to harshly as he felt only with a lenient treaty, future wars would be presented -However, there was pressure from the people to make Germany pay. -So as to be reelected, he had to compromise and strike a balance. -Entered the war based on the London Pact (1925) Promised: Dalmatia Part og German colonies in Asia & Africa, as well as protectorate of Albania -Entered the war based on the Anglo-Japanese pact -Were aspiring world powers.

Japan

Italy

-Wanted control over Germans possessions in Asia & the pacific

Disagreements & Compromising

On 25 March 1919, David loyd George issued the Fontainebleau Memorandum, and persuaded Clemeneau to agree to the League of Nations and a more lenient peace treaty that would not destroy Germany. Then he went to Wilson and persuaded him to agree to the War Guilt Clause.

The Germans were shown the proposed Treaty of Versailles. There was no negotiation. The Germans published a rebuttal, arguing that the treaty was unfair, but they were ignored. On 28 June 1919, the delegates met at the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles, near Paris, and forced two Germans to sign the treaty. Germans had expected that : The peace treaty would be based on President Wilson's Fourteen Points. The six key principles of the Fourteen Points were: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Setting up a League of Nations (int Disarmament Self-determination for the people of Europe - the right to rule themselves Freedom for colonies Freedom of the seas Free trade

Terms of The Treaty Terms Military Restrictments - Army allowed 100,000 men - No tanks (Panzers) - 6 Battleships allowed only - No Submarines (U-Boats) - No Air force (Luffewuffle) Alliance No union (Anshluss) with Austria. Reaction From Germany -Germany has a Rich Military Past (Teutoric Knights) -By reducing them to such an extent that they cannot even protect themselves, they were angry. -Based on Wilson Woodrows 14 points, all countries were supposed to disarm but the only country to do so was Germany, to such an extreme extent. -Other people were given self determination, whereas people of Austria and Germany could not unite (both spoke German). -Allied forces feared Germany would be strengthen should Austria unite under Germany. -Deemed as unfair -This was because many countries could have been blamed for WW1. -Austria: Wanting to Exterminate the Serbs -Russia: 1st country to declare War on another. Benefited France as it gave them time to prepare for an attack, Germans hated it. Hated it Rhineland war the major industrial land in Germany, losing it resulted in: 76% reduction in Iron Ore Production 26% reduction in Coal. Saar (Coal) & Rhineland were resource rich. Though resented it, seemed reasonable as it was French terrioritry till the French-Prussian War Germans hated it the most as it divided Germany into 2, Creating East Prussia
France accused Germany of sabotaging their economy by reducing value of payments. They hence, sent an army into the Ruhr Industrial region, confiscating coal & others as payments.

War Guilt clause Germany to accept Total Blame for Starting the War

Loss of lands No troops in Rhineland Saar placed under control of LON for 15 years (vote on joining of FRA or GER) Rhineland demilitarized

-Alsare-Lorrent to France -Polish Corridor given to Poland

General German Feeling: DIKTAT Dictated Peace.