MATLAB NOTES

(MA102)

Lia Vas
Content 1. Algebra 1.1 Basic arithmetic 1.2 Solving equations 2. Functions 2.1 Representing functions 2.2 Representing independent variable 2. !raphing functions . "alculus .1 #ifferentiation .2 $ntegration %. &ractice &roblems '. Appendi( '.1 Solving s)stems of equations '.2 !raphing multiple functions on same graph '. Limits

1. ALGEBRA
1.1 Basic Arithmetic *A+LAB can perform basic arithmetic operations. ,ou can use -. /. 0. 1 and 2 to add. subtract. multipl). divide or e(ponentiate. respectivel). For e(ample. if )ou enter3 >> 2^3 - 2*2 *A+LAB gives )ou the ans4er3 ans = $f )ou 4ant to perform further calculations 4ith the ans4er. )ou can t)pe ans rather than ret)ping the 4hole ans4er. For e(ample. >> s!"t(ans) gives )ou ans =

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2 1.2 Solving 5quations For solving equations. )ou can use the command so#$e. +he command solve is al4a)s follo4ed b) parenthesis. After that. )ou t)pe the equation )ou 4ould li6e to solve in single quotes. +hen t)pe coma. and variable for 4hich )ou are solving in 7single8 quotes. +hus. the command solve has the follo4ing form so#$e(%equation%& %variable for which you are solving%) For e(ample. to solve the equation x9/2x/%:;. )ou t)pe3 >> so#$e(%'^3-2*'- =0%& %'%) and get the follo4ing ans4er3 ans = ( 2) ( -1*+) ( -1-+) <ere i stands for the imaginar) number solution. 2.

1 . +his ans4er tells us that there is =ust one real

>ote that 4e entered 2*' to represent 2x in the command above. Ente"+n, * -o" ./#t+0#+1at+on +s a#2a3s ne1essa"3 +n MATLAB. *A+LAB can give )ou both s)mbolic and numerical ans4er. For e(ample. let us solve the equation x?/@x-2:;. >> so#$e(%3*'^2-4*'*2=0%&%'%) ans = ( 53*153*10^(152)) ( 53-153*10^(152)) $f 4e 4ant to get the ans4er in the decimal form 4ith. sa). three significant digits. 4e can use the command $0a. >> $0a(ans& 3) ans = ( 2.34) ( 0.24)

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B) changing in the command $0a(ans& 3) )ou can specif) the number of digits in the ans4er. +he command $0a has the general form $0a(expression you want to approximate& number of significant digits)

2. 67NCT8ONS
2.1 Representing Functions +o represent a function. use the command +n#+ne. Similarl) to solve. this command is follo4ed b) parenthesis and has the follo4ing form3 +n#+ne(%function%& %independent variable of the function%) For e(ample. let us define the function x?- x/2. 5nter >> - = +n#+ne(%'^2*3*'-2%& %'%) *A+LAB output 4ill be -= 8n#+ne -/n1t+on9 -(') = '^2*3*'-2 After defining a function. 4e can evaluate it at a point. For e(ample.
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-/n1t+on o" s3.:o# e2( ln ( log ( log. base a of ( sin ( cos ( arctan7(8 C "e0"esentat+on +n MATLAB e(p7(8 log7(8 log7(8Blog71;8 log7(8Blog7a8 sin7(8 cos7(8 atan7(8 pi

ans = 4 +he follo4ing table gives an overvie4 of ho4 most commonl) used functions or e(pressions are represented in *A+LAB.

$f a function is short. it might be -aste" to e$a#/ate a -/n1t+on at a 0o+nt s+.0#3 :3 t30+n, t;e $a#/e o- x <+"e1t#3 -o" x. For e(ample. to evaluate sin7x8 at x:2. simpl) t)pe >> s+n(2) and obtain the ans4er ans = .=0=2=> As 4hen using the calculator. one must be careful 4hen representing a function. For e(ample 1 x x+ 6 should be represented as 15('*('*?)) not as 15'*('*?) nor as 15'('*?)&

3 x 5x 6
2

should be represented as 35('^2*@*'*?) not as 35'^2*@*'*?&

e 5x

should be represented as e'0(@*'^2) not as e^(@*'^2)& e'0*(@*'^2)& e'0(@'^2) nor as e'0^(@*'^2).

Ln7(8 should be represented as #o,('). not #n('). log 7(28 should be represented as #o,('^2)5#o,(3) not as #o,(')5#o,(3)*'^2. 2.2 Representing independent variable *ost of the mathematics operations on functions 7e.g. graphing. differentiation. integration8 are performed easier in *A+LAB if )ou declare independent variable for a *A+LAB variable. Dse the command s3.s to declare the variables )ou plan to use. For e(ample. if )ou 4ant to use variable (. simpl) t)pe >> s3.s ' before an) of the commands for graphing. differentiation or integration. 2. !raphing Functions Let us start b) declaring that x is a variable3 >> s3.s ' +he simplest command in *A+LAB for graphing is eA0#ot. +he command has the follo4ing form eA0#ot(function) For e(ample. to graph the function x+x+1. )ou simpl) t)pe >> eA0#ot('^2*'*1)
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A ne4 4indo4 4ill open and graph 4ill be displa)ed. +o cop) ; the figure to a te(t file. go to E<+t and choose Co03 6+,/"e. 2' 2; +hen place cursor to the place in the 4ord file 4here )ou 4ant 1' the figure to be pasted and choose E<+t and Baste. 1;
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Ee can specif) the different scale on x and y a(is. +o do this. the command a'+s is used.
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; /@ /F /% /2 ; 2 % F @

$t has the follo4ing form a'+s((xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax))

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+his command parallels the commands in menu E$>#GE on the +$@ calculators. For e(ample. to see the above graph bet4een (/values /1; and 1; and )/values ; and F;. )ou can enter >> a'+s((-10 10 0 ?0)) +he result 4ill be3 >ote that the domain of function did not change b) command a(is. +o see the graph on the entire domain 7in this case H/1;. 1;I8. add that domain after the F; function in the command eJplot3 '; eA0#ot(function& (xmin, xmax)) $n this case. >> eA0#ot('^2*'*1& (-10& 10)) 4ill give )ou the desired graph.
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F; '; %; ; 2; 1; ; /1; /@ /F /% /2 ; 2 % F @ 1;

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3. CALC7L7S
.2 #ifferentiation Start b) declaring ( for a variable. +he command for differentiation is <+--. $t has the follo4ing form <+--(function) For e(ample. >> s3.s ' >> <+--('^3-2*'*@) gives us the ans4er ans = 3*'^2-2 +o get n/th derivative use

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<+--(function, n) For e(ample. to get the second derivative of x /2x-'. use3 >> <+--('^3-2*'*@& 2) ans = ?*' Similarl). the 2 rd derivative of sin7(8 is obtained as follo4s. >> <+--(s+n(')& 23) ans =-1os(') +o evaluate derivative at a point. 4e need to represent the derivative as a ne4 function. For e(ample. to find the slope of a tangent line to x?- x/2 at point 2. 4e need to find the derivative and to evaluate it at x:2. >> <+--('^2*3*'-2) 7first 4e find the derivative8 ans = 2*'*3 >> - = +n#+ne(%2*'*3%& %'%) 7then 4e representative the derivative as a function8 -= 8n#+ne -/n1t+on9 -(') = 2*'*3 >> -(2) 7and. finall). 4e evaluate the derivative at 28 ans = >

Recall the steps needed in order to find minimum or ma(imum values of a given function 7using second derivative test8 1. 2. . %. Find first derivative Solve it for Jeros. +he (/values )ou obtain are called critical Find second derivative &lug critical points in second derivative. $f )our ans4er is negative. the function has a ma(imum value at a critical point used. $f )our ans4er is positive. the function has a minimum value at a critical point used. '. &lug critical points in )our function. +he )/values )ou obtain are )our ma(imum or minimum values. $n *A+LAB. start 4ith s)ms (.

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Finding derivative3 <+--(function) Finding critical points3 so#$e(%copy-paste the answer from step 1=0%& %'%) Finding second derivative3 <+--(function, 2) 5valuating second derivative at critical points3 ,=+n#+ne(second derivative& %'%) follo4ed b) ,(critical value) '. 5valuating function at critical points3 -=+n#+ne(function& %'%) follo4ed b) -(critical value)
1. 2. . %.

For e(ample. let us find ma(imum or minimum value of x /2x-'. Start b) finding first derivative3 >> <+--('^3-2*'*@) ans = 3*'^2-2 +hen find critical point7s83 >> so#$e(%3*'^2-2=0%& %'%) ans = (?^(152)53) (-?^(152)53) or. using $0a(ans& 3) (.41?) (-.41?) Find second derivative >> <+--('^3-2*'*@& 2) ans = ?*' 5valuate this at critical points. >> ,=+n#+ne(%?*'%& %'%) ,(')= ?*' >>,(.41?) ans = .4=? &ositive ans4er means that the function has minimum at (:.@1F >> ,(-.41?) ans = - .4=? >egative ans4er means that the function has ma(imum at (:.@1F Finding )/values of ma(imum and minimum3 >> -=+n#+ne(%'^3-2*'*@%& %'%) -(')= '^3-2*'*@ >>-(.41?) ans = 3.=11 +his is the local minimum value. >>-(.41?) ans = ?.044 +his is the local ma(imum value. .2 $ntegration Ee can use *A+LAB for computing both definite and indefinite integrals using the command +nt. For the indefinite integrals. start 4ith s3.s ' follo4ed b) the command

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+nt(function) For e(ample. the command >> +nt('^2) evaluates the integral and gives us the ans4er ans = 153*'^3 For definitive integrals. the command is +nt(function, lower bound, upper bound) For e(ample. >> +nt('^2& 0& 1) evaluates the integral ans = 153 +he ans4er is

. BRACT8CE BROBLEMS
1. 5valuate the follo4ing e(pressions using *A+LAB. a8 sin7BF8 b8 c8 log27'8 2. Solve the follo4ing equations for ( and e(press )our ans4ers as decimal numbers. a8 x /2x-':; b8 log27x2-L8:% x 3 +x+ 1 x . Let f7(8: a8 5valuate f7(8 for (: and (:/2. b8 Find (/values that corresponds to )/value of 2. c8 !raph f7(8 on domain H/% %I. %. Let f7(8: . a8 Find first and second derivative of f7(8. b8 Find the slope of the tangent line to f7(8 at (:1. c8 Find the critical points of f7(8. '. Find the e(treme values of a8 x /%x-@ b8 F. 5valuate the integral K. 5valuate the integral So#/t+ons. . .

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1. a8 sin7piBF8. ans:.' b8 7sqrt7'8- 8B7sqrt7 8/18. ans:K.1'2 c8 log7'8Blog728. ans:2. 21L 2. a8 solve7M(^ /20(-':;M. M(M8. onl) real ans4er is /2.;L. b8 solve7Mlog7(22/L8Blog728:%M.M(M8. ans: '. /'. . a8 f:inline7M7(2 -(-18B(M. M(M8. f7 8:1;. . f7/28:%.' b8 solve7M7(2 -(-18B(:2M.M(M8 (:/1. 2%K is the onl) real solution. c8 eJplot77(2 -(-18B(. H/%.%I8 %. a8 diff7e(p7 0(22-188. ans:F0(0e(p7 0(22-18N diff7e(p7 0(22-18. 28. ans:F071-F0(2280 e(p7 0(22-18. b8 g:inline7MF0(0e(p7 0(22-18M.M(M8 g718:F0e(p7%8: 2K.'L. c8 solve7MF0(0e(p7 0(22-18:;M.M(M8. ans:;. '. a8 ma( 7/1.1'. 11.;KL8. min 71.1'. %.L28. b8 ma( 7. . .122F8. no min. F. int7(0e(p7/ 0(88. ans:/1B 0(0e(p7/ 0(8/1BL0e(p7/ 0(8 K. int7(0e(p7/ 0(8. ;.18. ans:/%BL0e(p7/ 8-1BL:.;@@L@

@. ABBENC8D
'.1 Solving s)stems of equations ,ou can solve more than one equation simultaneousl). For e(ample suppose that 4e need to solve the s)stem x?- x- y? : 2 and 2x-y : 2. Ee use3 >> ('&3) = so#$e( %'^2* '* 3^2 = 2%& %2*'-3 = 2%) And get the solutions '= 1 25@ 3= 0
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>ote that command so#$e has to be preceded 4ith (list of all variables). ,ou can solve an equation in t4o variables for one of them. For e(ample3 >> so#$e(%3^2-@*'*3-3*?*'^2*'=2%& %3%) ans = 3*'*2 2*'-1 '.2 !raphing multiple functions on the same plot +o graph multiple curves on the same 4indo4. )ou can use the eA0#ot command in combination 4ith hold on and hold off on the follo4ing 4a)3 eA0#ot(1st function)

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;o#< on eA0#ot(2nd function) eA0#ot( rd function! ... eA0#ot(n-th function) ;o#< o-For e(ample. to graph and on the same plot. use >> eA0#ot(e'0('^252)-153) >> ;o#< on >> eA0#ot(#o,( *'^2*13)5#o,(10)) >> ;o#< o-+he result is displa)ed on the follo4ing graph. '. Limits

log(4 x 2+13)/log(10) 1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6 -6 -4 -2 0 x 2 4 6

,ou can use #+.+t to compute limits. left and right limits as 4ell as infinite limits. For e(ample. x 24 to evaluate the limit 4hen x O 2 of the function . 4e have3 x 2 >> s3.s ' >> #+.+t(('^2- )5('-2)& '& 2) ans = For left limits. add %#e-t%. >> #+.+t(a:s(')5'& '& 0& %#e-t%) ans = -1 Similarl) for right limits3 >> #+.+t(a:s(')5'& '& 0& %"+,;t%) ans = 1 8n- denotes the infinit) s)mbol follo4s3 >> #+.+t(e'0(-'^2-@)*3& '& 8n-) ans = 3 in *A+LAB. +hus. limits at infinit) can be evaluated as

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