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Mathematics Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide

Winter School July 2012


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Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................... 2
Programme Outline ........................................................................................ 4
Winter School Broadcast Schedule ................................................................ 5
Other Exam Revision Programmes ................................................................ 6
Mathematics Exam Preparation ..................................................................... 9
Topic Tips for Co-ordinate Geometry & Transformations ............................. 13
Topic 1: Co-ordinate Geometry & Transformations ...................................... 14
Topic Tips for Trigonometric Equations & Identities ..................................... 17
Topic 2: Trigonometric Equations & Identities .............................................. 18
Solutions to Topic 1: Co-ordinate Geometry & Transformations .................. 20
Solutions to Topic 2: Trigonometric Equations & Identities........................... 26

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Introduction
Have you heard about Mindset? Mindset Network, a South African non-profit organisation,
was founded in 2002. We develop and distribute quality and contextually relevant
educational resources for use in the schooling, health and vocational sectors. We
distribute our materials through various technology platforms like TV, the Internet
(www.mindset.co.za/learn) and on DVDs. The materials are made available in video, print
and computer-based multimedia formats.

At Mindset we are committed to innovation. Over the last three years, we successfully ran
a series of broadcast events leading up to and in support of the NSC examinations.

Now we are proud to announce our 2012 edition of Learn Xtra Winter School Exam
Revision, in partnership with the National Department of Basic Education.

Once again, Winter School supports seven key subjects - Mathematics, Physical
Sciences, Life Sciences, Mathematical Literacy, English 1
st
Additional Language,
Accounting and Geography.

During Winter School, you will get exam overviews, study tips on each of the topics we
cover, detailed solutions to selected questions from previous examination papers and live
interactive programmes so you can work through more exam questions with our
experienced teachers.

Connect with us now

Learnxtra

helpdesk@learnxtra.co.za

@learnxtra

086 105 8262

www.learnxtra.co.za

Mindset
Get the free app at pepclub.mobi

Getting the most from Winter School
Before you watch the broadcast of a topic, read through the questions for the topic and try
to answer them without looking up the solutions. If you get stuck and cant complete the
answer dont panic. Make a note of any questions you have. When watching the Topic
session, compare the approach you took to what the teacher does. Dont just copy the
answers down but take note of the method used.

Make sure you keep this booklet after Winter School. You can re-do the exam questions
you did not get totally correct and mark your own work by looking up the solutions at the
back of the booklet.

Remember that exam preparation also requires motivation and discipline, so try to stay
positive, even when the work appears to be difficult. Every little bit of studying, revision
and exam practice will pay off. You may benefit from working with a friend or a small study
group, as long as everyone is as committed as you are. Mindset believes that the 2012
Winter School programme will help you achieve the results you want.
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If you find Winter School a useful way to revise and prepare for your exams, remember
that we will be running the following other great Exam revision programmes during 2012:
- Grade 12 Learn Xtra Term 2 repeat: 23
rd
June to 1
st
July
- Grade 11 Learn Xtra Winter School: 9
th
July to 12
th
July
- Grade 10 Learn Xtra Winter School: 13
th
July to 15
th
July
- Grade 12 Learn Xtra Spring School 1
st
October to 5
th
October
- Grade 11 and 12 Learn Xtra Exam School 22
nd
October 20
th
November

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Programme Outline
The Mindset Learn Xtra Grade 12 Winter School is designed to focus on two subjects
each day. For each subject you will find the following sessions:

- Examination Overview
This is a 15 minute session that gives details of what you can expect in each
examination paper. Practical guidelines are also given on how to prepare for the day of
the exam.

- Topics Tips
In this session you will be given a 15 minutes summary of the key ideas you need to
know, common errors and study hints to help you prepare for your exams.

- Topic Session
An expert teacher will work through specially selected questions from previous exam
papers.

- Live Show
This is your chance to ask your own questions. So submit your question to the
Helpdesk so we can do it for you on air. All questions you submit will be answered
within 48 hours as normal. Submit your questions through the following channels.


Learnxtra

helpdesk@learnxtra.co.za

www.learnxtra.co.za

086 105 8262

- Winter School Competition
In each Winter School Live Show, we will be giving away exciting prizes including
Mindset content, CDs and Mindsetter t-shirts. To win, all you need to do is watch and
participate in the Live Shows through Facebook, Twitter, Peptx, or email. Winners
will be announced at the end of each show.

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Winter School Broadcast Schedule


Monday 2
nd
July Tuesday 3
rd
July Wednesday 4
th
July Thursday 5
th
July Friday 6
th
July
09h00
Maths Paper 1:
Functions
English FAL: Paper 1
Physical Sciences
Paper 1: Mechanics
Maths Paper 2: Co-
ordinate Geometry
and
Transformations
Physical Sciences
Paper 2: Organic
Chemistry
12h30 Lunch
13h00
Maths Literacy:
Shape and Space
Accounting: Cash
flow and
interpretation of
Ratios
Life Sciences Paper
1: DNA & RNA
Geography:
Climatology
Life Sciences Paper
2: Life Processes
16h30
Maths Paper 1:
Linear
Programming
English FAL: Paper 3
Physical Sciences
Paper 1: Waves,
Sound and Light
Maths Paper 2:
Trigonometry
Equations and
Identities
Physical Sciences
Paper 2: Rates and
Chemical
Equilibrium
18h30 Broadcast Ends


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Other Exam Revision Programmes
Grade 12 Learn Xtra Term 2 Repeat
A repeat of some of the crucial Term 2 Learn Xtra topics.
Date Maths (09h00)
Physical Sciences
(10h30)
Life Sciences
(12h00)
Maths Literacy
(13h30)
Accounting (15h00) Geography (16h30)
23
rd
June
Trigonometry

Organic Molecules Biodiversity Part 1
Reading from Graphs
and Trends
Cash Flow Statements
& ratios
Structural land forms
24
th
June
Trigonometry Identities
/ Transformations
Organic Molecules:
Functional groups
Biodiversity Part 2 Using Graphs
Debtors/creditors
reconciliations
Geographic information
systems
25
th
June Functions & Graphs Organic Reactions
Plant responses to the
environment
Mapwork Part 1 Bank reconciliations
Map interpretation
climate /
geomorphology
26
th
June
Inverse Functions &
Graphs
Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Nervous system Mapwork Part 2
Cash
budgets/Projected
income statement
People and Places:
Processes & Spatial
Patterns
27
th
June
Graphs: from linear to
log
Photoelectric Effect
Endocrine system and
Thermo regulation
Space and Shape Part
1
Vat/Stock valuation Sustainability
28
th
June
Introduction to
Differential Calculus
Wavefronts Eye and Ear
Space and Shape Part
2
Manufacturing
Production Cost
Statements/Break-even
analysis calculation
Urban settlements
29
th
June Calculus Applications
Doppler Effect

General reproduction
Space and Shape Part
3
Consolidations Cash
flows/Ratios/Corporate
governance
People and their
Needs: Structure of the
Economy
30
th
June
Calculus Applications
Pt 2
2D & 3D
Optical Phenomena
Male And Female
Reproductive
Structures
Data Handling
Collecting and
Organising Data
Consolidations
Financials /Asset
disposal/ledgers/Audit
report
Transport and trade
1
st
July
Live (Repeated on 16
Jun)
Live (Repeated on 16
Jun)
Live (Repeated on 16
Jun)
Live (Repeated on 16
Jun)
Consolidation- Bank
reconciliation/internal
controls/stock systems
Globalisation


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Grade 11 Winter School
A repeat of some of the crucial Term 2 Learn Xtra topics with 2 brand new LIVE shows every day.

Monday 9
th
July Tuesday 10
th
July Wednesday 11
th
July Thursday 12
th
July
09h00
Maths: Linear Graphs and
Parabolas
Physical Sciences: Electric
Circuits
Maths: Analytical
Geometry
Physical Sciences:
Chemical Bonding
10h30
Maths: Hyperbola,
Exponential and Trig
Graphs
Physical Sciences:
Electromagnetism
Maths: Trigonometry
Physical Sciences: Kinetic
Theory of Gasses
12h00
Maths: Functions and
Algebra LIVE
Physical Sciences:
Electricity and Magnetism
LIVE
Maths: Analytical
Geometry and
Trigonometry LIVE
Physical Sciences:
Chemistry LIVE
13h00 Lunch
13h30
Maths Lit: Ration,
Proportion and Rate
Life Sciences: The
Transport System Part 1
Maths Lit: Graphs
Live Sciences: Viruses
and Bacteria
15h00
Maths Lit: Percentage in
Context
Life Sciences: The
Transport System Part 2
Maths Lit: Solving Real
World Problems
Life Sciences: Fungi and
Protists
16h30
Maths Lit: Percentage,
Ratio, Proportion and
Rate LIVE
Life Sciences: Life
Processes in Plants and
Animals LIVE
Maths Lit: Graphs, Tables
and equations LIVE
Life Sciences: Life at the
Molecular, Cellular and
Tissue Level LIVE
17h30 Maths: Number Patterns Life Sciences: Excretion Maths Lit: Financial Maths
Physical Sciences: Energy
and Chemical Change
19h00 Broadcast Ends


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Grade 10 Winter School
A repeat of some of the crucial Term 2 Learn Xtra topics.

Friday 13
th
July Saturday 14
th
July Sunday 15
th
July
09h00 Maths: Trigonometry in Triangles Maths: Trig Equations Maths: Trig Functions
10h30
Physical Sciences: Transverse
Pulses & Waves
Physical Sciences: Longitudinal
Waves & Sound
Physical Sciences: Electromagnetic
Radiation
12h00 Life Sciences: Molecules of Life
Life Sciences: Cells - The Basic
Units of Life
Life Sciences: Cell Division
Mitosis
13h30 Maths Lit: Numbers Maths Lit: Graphs that tell a story
Maths Lit: Personal & Household
Finance
15h00 Maths: Algebraic Expressions Maths: Exponents
Maths: Numbers & Number
Patterns
16h30 Physical Sciences: Tools of Science Physical Sciences: Matter
Physical Sciences: Microscopic
view of Matter
18h00 Broadcast Ends

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Mathematics Exam Preparation
You need to start your planning for success in the final examination now. You cannot
guarantee success if you only study the night before an exam. Here are some guidelines
to help you in your preparations.

Mark the date of your Exam today
Mathematics Paper 1 09:00 12:00 28 October 2011
Mathematics Paper 2 09:00 12:00 31 October 2011

Mark the dates of the Learn Xtra Matric Revision programmes
- Spring School 1
st
October to 5
th
October
- Exam School 22
nd
October 20
th
November

Practice questions from past examination papers
- Try to answer the questions without looking at your notes or the solutions.
- Time yourself. You need to make sure that you complete a question in time. For a 8
mark question you have only 6,6 minutes! Thats less than a mark a minute. To
work out the time you have multiple the marks by 150 (total marks)/180 (total time).
- Check your working with the memo. If you dont understand the answer given
contact the Learn Xtra Help desk.
- If you did not get the question right make sure you try it again after a few days!

Know whats in the each Exam and the mark breakdown
- Mathematics Paper 1 3hrs Total marks: 150
o Number & Number Relations
Patterns & Sequences 30 marks
Annuities & Finance 15 marks
o Functions & Algebra
Functions & Graphs 35 marks
Algebra, Equations & Inequalities 20 marks
Calculus 35 marks
Linear Programming 15 marks
- Mathematics Paper 2 3hrs Total marks: 150
o Space, Shape and Measurement
Co-ordinate Geometry 40 marks
Transformations 25 marks
Trigonometry 60 marks
o Data Handling and Probability
Data Handling 25 marks

Additional Notes
- All aspects relating to trigonometric graphs will be examined in Paper 2 only.
- Make sure you can derive the derivate from first principles for:

and


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- Make sure you know the properties of geometric figures such as isosceles
triangles, equilateral triangles, right angled triangles, the kite, parallelogram,
rectangle, rhombus and square. You can be asked to confirm the properties of
these figures in Co-ordinate Geometry questions.

Tips for Paper 2
These are additional exam tips you can share with your learners:
Trig Graphs
- It is useful to know the effects of parameters on a trig graph.
- Consider: y = Asin (Bx-C)+D
- A - changes the amplitude (Shape change)
- B changes the period (shape change) where period = 360/A
- C - horizontal shift (position change) e.g. sin(x-30) moves the graph of sinx by 30
o
to the
right
- D - Vertical shift (position change) e.g. sin(x)-1 moves the graph of sinx by 1 unit down
Trig Equations
- This is when you are asked to solve for the angle. Think general solutions and reference
angles.
- Tips:
o bring all to one side
o change to sin and cos
o use squared Ids and double angle formulas
o find a way to factorise!
o Get simple trig expressions where you can find ref angles and general solutions
from them.

Pythagoras Questions
If 3sin + 5 = 0 and cos > 0, without a calculator, evaluate sin. We have an equation, a restriction and are
asked to find the value of something else a typical pythag question!
Method: Get the trig ratio on the LHS (sin = -5/3 y/r) then calc the quad using the restriction
sin < 0 and cos > 0


Now use a diagram & Pythag to get the missing side and give it the correct sign.
Trig identities
Proving a left hand side equals a right hand side. Start with the more complicated side. Tools you
can use are:
- change to sin and cos
- use squared Ids and double angle formulas
- find LCD where needed
- factorise
- if you get stuck with the LHS, try the RHS and see!
S A


T

C

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Sin Rule:
In a solution of s question use the sin rule to find a missing side or angle only if you have either
2 angles and 1 side or 2 sides and an angle given opposite on of the known sides. (Note if the side
opp the given angle is the smaller of the 2 sides, there are 2 solutions)

Area Rule
To use the area rule you need to know 3 things. 2 sides and an included angle.

area rule


Cos Rule
In a solution of s question use the cos rule
- to find the side opp a given angle when we have 2 sides and an included angle
- To find an angle when we have 3 sides given

cos rule missing side


A tangent to a circle
A tangent is just a straight line so you need m & c.
- Find the gradient of the radius from centre to the pt of contact
(where tang meets circle)
- Get grad of tangent using fact that grad tang is to grad radius
- Now you know m in y = mx+c
- Next using eqns of straight lines, sub in pt of contact to get c and done!

Translation rotation about the origin
- If the rotation is clockwise by , use an angle of = 360

- in the formula for the image of
(x, y). Remember this formula is on the formula sheet x =xcos ysin and y =
ycos+xsin. Remember also
o A(x,y) A(-y, x) after rotation of 90
o
about origin
o B(x,y) B(-x,-y) after rotation of 180
o
about origin

The Distance formula
If you are given the distance between to points AB. You can use the distance formula but
remember to square both sides. E.g. if AB =
2 2
where A(a, 2) & B(-3, 5)
Since AB =
2 2
AB2 = (
2 2
)2 (a+3)2+(2-5)2 = 8 now simply solve for a.

Putting an equation of a circle into standard form
Done by completing the square. E.g. x
2
+y
2
-4x +8y -1 =0
Write as x
2
-4x +y
2
+8y =1 now halve the b term and square it to create 2 trinomials.
x
2
-4x +(4)-(4)+ y
2
+8y+(16)-(16) =1 . Now factorise the two trinomials taking the ve terms to the
RHS. (x-2)
2
+ (y+4)
2
= 1+20 so r = 21 and the centre is (2, -4)







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Angle between 2 lines
Use the fact that gradient m=tan where is read anti-clockwise from +ve x-axis.
So m
1
=tan
-1
(
1
) & m
2
=tan
-1
(
2
) . now get the angle by using bigger angle minus smaller angle. =
1

2



Note if gradient is negative use (180
0
-ref angle) to get .


1

2

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Topic Tips for Co-ordinate Geometry & Transformations
Overview
- Straight lines on Cartesian plane
- Circles on Cartesian Plane
- Transformations

Straight lines on Cartesian plane
Know how to apply formulae
- Gradient
- Perpendicular Lines
- Mid-point
- Distance between two points

Circles on Cartesian plane
- Circle with centre at origin
- Circle with centre not at the origin
- Circle & tangent

Transformations
Know how to apply the following transformations to a point or a shape
- Translation
- Reflection
- Rotation
- Enlargement

Study Hints
- Be familiar with the data sheet
- Write up a summary of all the formulae one a single A4 page including the formulae
not on the data sheet
- Revise the geometric properties of triangles and quadrilaterals

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1
2

BPQ A
Topic 1: Co-ordinate Geometry & Transformations
Question 1
The diagram below shows the points P(0 ; 2) and Q(4 ; 0). Point A is the midpoint of PQ.
The line AB is perpendicular to PQ and intersects the x-axis at G and the y-axis at B.





















1.1 Show that the gradient of PQ is (1)

1.2 Determine the coordinates of A. (2)

1.3 Determine the equation of the line AB (5)

1.4 Calculate the length of BQ. (3)

1.5 Show that is isosceles. (2)

1.6 If PBQR is a rhombus, determine the coordinates of R. (3)
[16]
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Question 2
The straight line AB has the equation 5 3 5 0 y x = . Another straight line CD is drawn to
intersect AB at P(5; 4) such that the acute angle between AB and CD is 45 .























2.1 Determine the gradient of the line CD. (5)

2.2 Hence, or otherwise, determine the equation of the line CD. (2)
[7]

Question 3
3.1 Determine the centre and radius of the circle with the equation defined by
2 2
8 4 38 0 x y x y + + + = (4)

3.2 A second circle has the equation
2 2
( 4) ( 6) 26 x y + = . Calculate the distance
between the centres of the two circles. (2)

3.3 Hence, show that the circles intersect each other. (3)

3.4 Show that the circles intersect along the line 4 y x = + . (4)
[13]

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Question 4
The point ( ; 2) x is rotated about the origin through an angle of 150 in an anticlockwise
direction to give the point ( 3; ) y . Calculate the values of x and y. [5]

Question 5
In the diagram below MNP is given with vertices M( 5 ; 2), N (6 ; 4) and P(2 ; 4).
MNP is enlarged by a factor of 1,5 to .



5.1 Draw on the grid provided. (3)

5.2 Write down the vales of:
5.2.1 (2)
5.2.2 (2)

5.3 If the above transformation is applied to n more times to get the image
, write down the value of . (2)
[9]

A
A
/ / /
P N M A
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
O
/ / /
P N M A
/ /
N M
MN
/ / /
P N M area
MNP area
MNP A
// // //
P N M
// // //
P N M area
MNP area
M( 5 ; 2)
P(2 ; 4)
N(6 ; 4)
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Topic Tips for Trigonometric Equations & Identities
Overview

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Topic 2: Trigonometric Equations & Identities
Question 1
Adapted from February, 2011,DOE Paper 2, 10.4

Determine the general solution of:

(7)

Question 2
Adapted from November, 2009, DOE Paper 2, 9.3

Determine the general solution of:

(7)

Question 3
Adapted from October, 2009, DOE Paper 2, 5.1 and 5.2

The following identity is given:




3.1 Give the values of A for which this identity will be undefined. (2)

3.2 Prove the following identity (6)

Question 4
Adapted from February/March, 2011, DOE Paper 2, 10.5.2

Prove that:



for all other values of x. (5)

Question 5
Adapted from November, 2008, Western Cape DOE Paper 2, 4.1

Simplify the following to its simplest form:




(5)

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Question 6
Adapted from June, 2008, DOE Paper 2, 4.2

Given that sin27 express each of the following in term of t:

6.1 (2)

6.2 (3)

6.3 (2)

6.4 (3)

Question 7
Adapted from November, 2008, DOE Western Cape Paper 2, 5.1

Answer the following without the use of the calculator:

Given that:

and

, where , calculate:

7.1 (6)

7.2 (3)

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Solutions to Topic 1: Co-ordinate Geometry & Transformations
Question 1
1.1
PQ
2 0 1
0 4 2
m

= =


substitution
(1)
1.2
0 4 2 0
A ; A(2 ; 1)
2 2
+ + | |
=
|
\ .

x-coordinate
y-coordinate
(2)
1.3
AB PQ
AB
. 1
2
1 2( 2)
1 2 4
2 3
m m
m
y x
y x
y x
=
=
=
=
=


AB PQ
. 1 m m =

AB
2 m =
equation of line
substitution
2 3 y x =
(5)
1.4
2 2 2
2
B(0 ; 3)
Q(4 ; 0)
BQ (0 4) ( 3 0)
BQ 25
BQ 5

= +
=
=

B(0; 3)
substitution
answer
(3)
1.5 BP 5
But BQ 5
BP BQ
BPQ is isosceles
=
=
=
A

BP 5 =
BP BQ =
(2)
1.6 If PBQR is a rhombus, then A is the midpoint of BR.
Let the coordinates of R be ( ; ) x y
0 3
2 and 1
2 2
4 and 5
R(4 ; 5)
x y
x y
+
= =
= =



A is the midpoint
x-coordinate
y-coordinate
(3)
[16]

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Question 2
2.1
AB
5 3 5 0
5 3 5
3
1
5
3
5
Let be the inclination of AB
3
tan
5
30, 96
Let be the inclination of CD
45 30, 96 75, 96
gradient of CD tan 75, 96 4
y x
y x
y x
m
=
= +
= +
=
o
o =
o =
|
| = + =
= =


AB
3
5
m =

3
tan
5
o =
30, 96 o =
75, 96 | =

CD
4 m =
(5)
2.2 4 4( 5)
4 4 20
4 16
y x
y x
y x
=
=
=

substitution
equation
(2)
[7]

Question 3
3.1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
8 4 38 0
8 4 38
8 16 4 4 38 16 4
( 4) ( 2) 58
Centre ( 4 ; 2)
radius 58
x y x y
x x y y
x x y y
x y
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + + + = + +
+ + + =
=
=

completing the
square
factor form
centre
radius
(4)
3.2 Centre of second circle: (4 ; 6)
2 2
Distance ( 4 4) ( 2 6) 128 = + =
(4 ; 6)
128
(2)
3.3
sum of radii 58 26 12, 71
Distance between centres 128 11, 31
sum of radii distance between centres
circles intersect
= + =
= =
>


sum of radii
conclusion
(3)

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3.4 Check that the line 4 y x = + cuts the two circles at
the same point.
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
8 4 38 0
( 4) 8 4( 4) 38 0
8 16 8 4 16 38 0
2 4 6 0
2 3 0
( 3)( 1) 0
3 or 1
x y x y
x x x x
x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
+ + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + =
=
=
+ =
= =


2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
( 4) ( 6) 26
( 4) ( 4 6) 26
8 16 ( 2) 26
8 16 4 4 26
2 4 6 0
2 3 0
( 3)( 1) 0
3 or 1
x y
x x
x x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
+ =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + + + =
=
=
+ =
= =


substitution
answer
substitution
answer
(4)
[13]

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Question 4

3 cos150 2sin150
3 ( cos30 ) 2sin30
3 cos30 2sin30
3 1
3 2
2 2
6 3 2
3 4
4
3
sin150 2cos150
4
sin30 2cos30
3
4 1 3
2
2 2 3
2
3
3
2 3 3
3
2 3
3
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
y x
y
y
y
y
y
=
=
=
| |
| |
=
|
|
\ .
\ .
=
=
=
= +
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
| || |
=
|
| |
\ . \ .
\ .
=

=
1
3
y =

3 cos150 2sin150 x =

3 1
3 2
2 2
x
| |
| |
=
|
|
\ .
\ .


4
3
x =
sin150 2cos150 y x = +

1
3
y =

[5]
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Question 5
5.1

























5.1 see diagram above coordinates of new
points
(3)
5.2.1 2 2 2
2
/ /
/ /
MN (6 ( 5)) (4 2)
MN 125
MN 125
3
M N 125
2
MN 125 2
3
3
M N
125
2
= +
=
=
=
= =

MN 125 =

/ /
MN 2
3
M N
=
(2)
5.2.2
/ / / 2
area MNP 1 1 4
9
9
area M N P
3
4
2
= = =
| |
|
\ .

4
9

(2)
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5.3 1
// // //
area MNP 4
9
area M N P
n+
| |
=
|
\ .

answer
(2)
[9]


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Solutions to Topic 2: Trigonometric Equations & Identities

Question 1




Reference angle: Reference angle: 0











Question 2











A
C
T
S
A
C
T
S
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Question 3





3.1








3.2








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Question 4







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Question 5






Question 6
6.1





6.2






6.3









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6.4





Question 7

and

and


























7.1



C T
A
S
T
S
C
A
-3
5
4
-8
17
15
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7.2




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Notes

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