Aerodynamics

Masters of Mechanical Engineering

Steady-flow,
Flow independent of z direction,
(two-dimensional)
Fully developed flow,
h
U

x
0 =

t
0 =

z
0 =

x
v
r
y
Incompressible, Laminar Couette Flow
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
y
h
U

Boundary conditions
- Impermeability of the walls:
- No-slip condition:
x
0 0 0 = = = = v h y v y
U u h y u y

0 0 = = = =
Incompressible, Laminar Couette Flow
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Continuity equation
Boundary condition
0 = v
. 0 const v
y
v
= =

Incompressible, Laminar Couette Flow

Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Momentum balance,
Momentum balance,
Pressure is only a function of
must be indepedent of
y
2
2
1
0
y
u
x
p

y
p

1
0
x
x
|

\
|
=

0
x
v
x
r
dx
dp
Incompressible, Laminar Couette Flow
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Momentum balance,
Boundary conditions
y
u
y dx
dp
y
u
yx
yx

= =

1 1
2
2
x
U u h y
u y

0 0
= =
= =
Incompressible, Laminar Couette Flow
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Solution
Reference values for length and velocity
( )
|

\
|
+ =
=
2

2
1

h
y
dx
dp
h
U
y h y
dx
dp
U
h
y
u
yx

U U
h L
ref
ref

=
=
Incompressible, Laminar Couette Flow
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Solution in dimensionless variables
Non-dimensional numbers
(

\
|
=
(

\
|
=
h
y
U
h
y
h
y
U
u
yx
2
1
2 1
Re
2

2 1
1 1

dx
dp
U
h
h U
R
e

2
=
= Reynolds number
Pressure gradient parameter
Incompressible, Laminar Couette Flow
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Non-dimensional numbers
Reynolds number
Pressure gradient parameter
2
2
2

h
U
dx
dp
h
U
h
U
R
e

Incompressible, Laminar Couette Flow

Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
-0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
=-2
=-1
=0
=1
=2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
=-2
=-1
=0
=1
=2
h
y
h
y
U U

2

U R
yx e

Incompressible, Laminar Couette Flow
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
|
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

+
|

\
|

y
v
y x
v
y
u
x y
p
y
v
v
x
v
u
x
v
y
u
y x
u
x x
p
y
u
v
x
u
u
y
v
x
u

2
1
2
1
0
Two-dimensional, Incompressible
Steady Flow
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Constant viscosity, =constant
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
0
y
v
x
v
y
p
y
v
v
x
v
u
y
u
x
u
x
p
y
u
v
x
u
u
y
v
x
u

Two-dimensional, Incompressible
Steady Flow
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Two-dimensional, Incompressible
Steady Flow
Making the equations dimensionless
Reference values
Velocity
Length
Pressure
* 2 2
* *
* *
,
,
p U p U
Ly y Lx x L
v U v u U u U
e e
e e e
=
= =
= =
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
convection
diffusion
O
[ ]
Two-dimensional, Incompressible
Steady Flow
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
= = = =
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

2
2
*
* 2
2
*
* 2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
2
*
* 2
2
*
* 2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
1
0
L
U
L
U
U
L U L U
R
y
v
x
v
R y
p
y
v
v
x
v
u
y
u
x
u
R x
p
y
u
v
x
u
u
y
v
x
u
e
e
e
e e
e
e
e

Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
y
u

=
(uni-dimensional shear-stress)
Ar 1,810
-5
kgm
-1
s
-1
1,110
-5
m
2
s
-1
gua 1,010
-3
kgm
-1
s
-1
1,010
-6
m
2
s
-1
Two-dimensional, Incompressible
Steady Flow
Practical applications are usually flows at
high Reynolds numbers,
5
10 >
e
R
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Two-dimensional, Incompressible
Steady Flow
Effects of shear-stresses are restricted to
small regions that exhibit large velocity
variations in small distances
Thin shear layers
- Thickness of the shear layer, , is much
smaller than the reference length L, /L 1
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Boundary-layer Wake
Mixing layer Jet
Two-dimensional, Incompressible
Steady Flow
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Thick shear layers (Bluff bodies)
Two-dimensional, Incompressible
Steady Flow
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Boundary-Layer Approximations
Prandtl simplifications (1904)
Analysis of the order of magnitude of the terms
included in the continuity and momentum
balance equations
Starting hypothesis: R
e
1. (/L1)

x U
R
e
e
=
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Boundary-Layer Approximations
Prandtl Simplifications (1904)
Order of magnitude of variable , O[], is given by
the upper limit of the variation
Known orders of magnitude
O[x] L
O[y]
O[u] U
e
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
[ ]
[ ]
L
U
v
v
L
U
y
v
x
u
e
e

=
= +
=

0
0
O
O
Boundary-Layer Approximations
Continuity equation
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
L
U
L
p
dx
dp
dx
dU
U
dx
dp
const U p
e e
e
e
e
e
2
2
1 1
0
.
2
1
= =
(

= +
= +

O
Boundary-Layer Approximations
Bernoullis equation applied to the outer flow
(ideal fluid)
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
(
(

\
|
+ + = +
(
(

\
|
+ + = +
|

\
|
+ + = +
|
|

\
|

2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
1
1

L
R
L
L U L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
y
u
x
u
x
p
y
u
v
x
u
u
e
e
e e e e
e e e e e
Boundary-Layer Approximations
Momentum balance in the x direction
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
(
(

\
|
+
2
1
1

L
R
e
1
1 1
0
1
2
2
2
2
2
e
e
e
R
L
L
R x
u
R x
u
=
|

\
|
=
(

=
(

O
O

Boundary-Layer Approximations
Momentum balance in the x direction
Analysis of diffusion
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
O
O
(
(

\
|
+ +
(

= +
|

\
|
+ +
(

= +
|
|

\
|

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1

L
L
U
L
U
L U y
p
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
y
p
L
U
L
U
y
v
x
v
y
p
y
v
v
x
v
u
e e
e
e e
e e e e
Boundary-Layer Approximations
Momentum balance in the y direction
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
2
2
2
2
1
1
1 1
1 1
L
U
y
p
R y
p
U
L
e
e e

=
(

+ +
(

= +
e
R
L
=
|

\
|
2

O
O
Boundary-Layer Approximations
Momentum balance in the y direction
Using we obtain
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
0
2
1 1
2 2 2
2
0

=
|

\
|
=
(

y
p
U U
R
U
L
dy
y
p
e e
e
e

O

Boundary-Layer Approximations
Momentum balance in the y direction
Across the boundary-layer
Therefore,
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
|
|

\
|

+ =

2
2
1
0
y
u
dx
dp
y
u
v
x
u
u
y
v
x
u

The selected coordinate system must respect the

following conditions:
1. The x coordinate must be aligned with the
outer flow
2. The y coordinate is normal to the surface
Boundary-Layer Approximations
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
|
|

\
|

+ =

2
2
1
0
y
u
dx
dp
y
u
v
x
u
u
y
v
x
u

Static pressure is independent of the coordinate y.

Pressure change with x (dp/dx) may be obtained
from the outer flow, p(x)p
e
(x). Therefore, the
pressure does not belong to the unknowns.
The pressure is part of the input
of a boundary-layer problem
Boundary-Layer Approximations
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
The equations are no longer elliptic in the x
direction. For a given value of x, the solution depends
only on the upstream conditions. Therefore, it is
possible to solve the problem using a marching
procedure in the x direction (initial value problem).
|
|

\
|

+ =

2
2
1
0
y
u
dx
dp
y
u
v
x
u
u
y
v
x
u

Boundary-Layer Approximations
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
0

y
p
0
2
2

|
|

\
|

x
u

Simplified Forms of the Navier-Stokes Equations

Boundary layer, thin shear layer equations
Pressure determined by the outer flow,
Diffusion in the main direction of the flow
neglected,
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
x
p
x
p
e

0
2
2

|
|

\
|

x
u

Simplified Forms of the Navier-Stokes Equations

Parabolized Navier-Stokes equations
Pressure derivative in the main direction of the
flow determined by the outer flow,
Diffusion in the main direction of the flow
neglected,
Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
0
2
2

|
|

\
|

x
u

Simplified Forms of the Navier-Stokes Equations

Reduced Navier-Stokes equations
Diffusion in the main direction of the flow
neglected,
Pressure determination makes the problem
elliptic