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376
by John Edwards
N O R F O L K
Caister-on-Sea
Norwich
Great Yarmouth
Erosion may even be made worse by the actions of people trying to stop the coast from being worn away. Groynes and revetments, although protecting one stretch of coastline from erosion, can deprive another location of the sediment needed to absorb the energy of incoming waves, leading to erosion.
In many cases, however, hard engineering solutions have failed. They attempt to halt rather than reduce the power of incoming waves and the sea generally wins in the end. Repairs are costly, and sea walls on average cost over 500,000 per mile to build in the first place. Hard engineering solutions are often built in combination, and are visually unattractive, sometimes ruining the appearance of coastlines people want to visit. They also affect other parts of the coastline indirectly by reducing the amount of sediment carried by longshore drift which builds up their beaches.
Series 18 Summer issue Unit 376 DME: Managed Coastal Retreat: North Norfolk Coast 2007 Nelson Thornes This page may be photocopied for use within the purchasing institution only.
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Protecting one part of the coastline can increase erosion at another place.
Sea Sea Beach Sea Rip-rap Concrete sea wall Rock protection Sea-wall defences
Beach Sea
Fig 1 km
GeoActive Series 18 Issue 3 376_02 Mac/eps/illustrator 11 s/s 1m Sea NELSON THORNES PUBLISHING Artist: David Russell Illustration Beach
Planting dunes with marram grass
Managed retreat
The responsibility for protecting the coastline lies with the local council as there is no national coastal protection agency. Local councils such as North Norfolk Council do not have the financial resources to protect the whole of the coastline, and so have to rely on the government for support. Until recently government policy was to decide which parts of the coastline are worth saving and then to hold back the sea, almost regardless of the cost. However, this method was not sustainable. In many situations the cost of protecting the coastline was greater than the value of the land or property being saved. The government now plans to stop maintaining coastal defences except in areas of high population density. In many cases, therefore, coastal defences will be allowed to fail. This is central to the strategy of managed retreat. The long-term defence of many sections of the British coastline is not sustainable. Where the cost of sea defences is greater than that
10 m
Shingle beach
Sea
Beach
people will lose their homes and of the land or property being livelihoods, and they currently defended, erosion will beGeoActive Series 18 Issue 3 Fig 376_03 Mac/eps/illustrator receive 11 nos/s payment in allowed to take its natural THORNES PUBLISHING compensation for the loss of course. People affectedNELSON will need Artist: David Russell Illustration their homes to the sea. to be re-housed, and may lose their livelihood as well as their homes, for example through the How does this affect the loss of farmland. Allowing the north Norfolk coastline? coast to retreat naturally is also The north Norfolk coastline is more sustainable for wildlife, and quite sparsely populated. A series prevents the problem of erosion of small villages lie near to the occurring at another location shore, but overall the population further along the coast. density is low. The area attracts Managed retreat is seen as the most sustainable option for the future, but it is controversial. Only the most heavily populated coastal areas will receive protection. Elsewhere, where the sea is allowed to erode the shore, many tourists and day trippers, but these people are not included in the governments calculations regarding sea defences. The government has decided that the coastline of north Norfolk is not worth protecting from erosion
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Series 18 Summer issue Unit 376 DME: Managed Coastal Retreat: North Norfolk Coast 2007 Nelson Thornes This page may be photocopied for use within the purchasing institution only.
by the sea. Population density is low, and the government has decided that most settlements lie too far away from the sea to be under imminent threat from erosion. New defences would cost more than the value of the land and property to be protected. This means that the coastline will be allowed to retreat naturally. People at risk will need to move and be re-housed. At present they will receive no compensation for loss of their home. Residents argue that although the sea defences are inadequate now, they were maintained when they bought their house many people have lived near the sea for many years. Faced with this problem, some local councils have tried to take their own local measures, but with little effect.
The North Norfolk District Council is responsible for protection of the coastline at Happisburgh (and elsewhere along this stretch of coast). Defences are so expensive that a local council, faced with other calls upon its expenditure, cannot afford to foot the bill alone. The government, through the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) will support the payment for sea defences if it decides that the money is worth spending. The problem for Happisburgh is that DEFRA has decided not to subsidise the cost of defences along this part of the coast, and that the sea should therefore be left to its own devices. The future of Happisburgh looks uncertain. Without government funding the local council will be unable to protect the coastline in the long term and it is difficult to see any other outcome than the sea destroying this coastal village along with others.
Case Study
Happisburgh
Happisburgh (pronounced Hazeburra) is one example of a village where the local council has invested nearly 200,000 to build a barrier of boulders in an attempt to halt the waves. This is not sustainable, however, as the defences will fail and the council cannot maintain the level of spending over a long period of time. Although the coastline at Happisburgh has been eroding ever since the last Ice Age, it is only since settlements have been under threat that the process has been seen as a problem. Severe storms such as that of 1953 caused major problems to this stretch of coastline, leading to the immediate construction of revetments and a sea wall. As well as being expensive, the relatively short lifespan of such measures was illustrated in 2003 when a 30-metre stretch of cliff was lost to the sea during storms along with the buildings at the top of the cliff.
Series 18 Summer issue Unit 376 DME: Managed Coastal Retreat: North Norfolk Coast 2007 Nelson Thornes This page may be photocopied for use within the purchasing institution only.
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Activities
1 Explain why erosion is a problem along the north Norfolk coastline. 2 To what extent do you think it is correct to say that coastal erosion is as much a problem caused by people as by natural processes? 3 Explain why soft engineering solutions are generally preferable to hard engineering. 4 What is meant by the managed retreat of coastlines? What are its main advantages and drawbacks?
1 Engineer
Theres still much to be said for the use of sea walls and other similar structures to protect the coastline. This is the most common form of coastal protection in Britain, and thats mostly because it works! People can see that their homes are being protected. Although its not possible to protect large coastal areas this way, this sort of solution is ideal to safeguard areas at particular risk. The coast of north Norfolk is particularly vulnerable. This is where erosion is taking place most rapidly, and so this is where the forefront of the battle should be. Dont forget that, as well as protecting the coastline, we are safeguarding the inland areas as well for the future notably the Norfolk Broads. We know that hard engineering solutions dont work in the long run, and are very costly. They are used by politicians in the short term to convince people that they are doing something to protect them, but its better in the long run to use softer solutions. We know these do not last forever, but you build that into the cost which is not as great as building sea walls. A major advantage for the north Norfolk coast is that these so-called softer solutions dont ruin the look of the landscape. This is vital if the main industry of the area is to be maintained tourism. We should do nothing, and let nature take its course. After all, coastal erosion is a natural process. Its not possible to protect the whole of the British coastline, and wrong to prioritise some areas at the expense of others. The problem has been around for years, so why do people start complaining now? They know the problems of living near the coast, just like someone buying a house near a motorway or airport. If they dont like it, then they can always move. The money would be better spent on improving local facilities and amenities, for the benefit of all rather than just the small number of people who live right by the coast. The council should stop all development in the area. After all, its more the actions of people causing the problem erosion has taken place for years, but its only since they started dredging that the problems have got worse. And the government gets millions of pounds from the dredging they should put this back into preserving the area for the local people were the taxpayers, after all.
2 Town planner
3 Conservationist
4 Local resident
5 Government official
We have to follow the policy of managed retreat. It is too expensive to continue to pay for coastal protection measures in Norfolk and this area would not be a top priority for protection anyway. The value of the buildings and land is far less than the cost of building and maintaining defences. This is the only solution in the long run. The number of people who have to move in the near future is very small, not the thousands that some people claim. We have to consider the impact on the environment as a whole the natural landscape, and wildlife. This is about much more than just protecting peoples houses for a few years.
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Series 18 Summer issue Unit 376 DME: Managed Coastal Retreat: North Norfolk Coast 2007 Nelson Thornes This page may be photocopied for use within the purchasing institution only.