Aamer, Cheenepalli, Shah 1 Zara Aamer, Nithya Cheenepalli, Anjali Shah National History Day February 1, 2014 Annotated

Bibliography Primary Sources de Laet, Johan. From the New World. Early 1600s. http://caho test.cc.columbia.edu/ps/10024.html (accessed April 8, 2014). This is a collection of observations by Johan de Laet, a director of the Dutch West India Company, who describes the Native American tribes and the colony of New Amsterdam, including their civilizations. de Vries, David Pietersz. "Korte Historiael Ende Journaels Aenteyckeninge (Short Historical and Journal Notes of Several Voyages) (excerpt)." Facts on File. http://www.fofweb.com/History/MainPrintPage.asp?iPin=EAWd0003&DataType=Ameri canHistory&WinType=Free (accessed January 21, 2014). The journal of David de Vries tremendously influenced our project. Not only was David de Vries an important figure in Pavonia under Kieft, but he is the most recognized eyewitness of the Pavonia Massacre. His vivid descriptions as well as direct quotations are used throughout our website to emphasize the immorality of the massacre. de Vries. "Narratives of New Netherland, 1609-1664."David de Vries's Notes, Edited by John Franklin Jameson, 225-234. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909. As well as utilizing de Vriess images of the Pavonia Massacre, we used his notes to expand our knowledge on Kiefts War. He wrote down the events of the war and briefly summarized each from his perspective. Jogues, Father Isaac. Novum Belgium . 1643. http://caho-test.cc.columbia.edu/ps/10029.html (accessed April 8, 2014). Joguess narrative Novum Belgium describes his visit to New Amsterdam during Willem Kiefts term as governor, the same year of the massacre. He briefly provides us with a description of the political situation in New Netherland. Journal of New Netherland,1647. 1647. http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4060/ (accessed April 8, 2014). This journal, written by an unknown colonist of New Amsterdam, provides historians with information about Kiefts service as Director-General, Kiefts War, and the aftermath of New Amsterdam. We used this source as an interactive document for our website viewers.

Aamer, Cheenepalli, Shah 2 Megapolensis, Johannes. "In Mohawk Country: Early Narratives about a Native People." A Short Account of the Mohawk Indians, Edited by Charles T. Gehring, Dean R. Snow and William A. Starna, 38-46. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1644. This firsthand account of the Algonquian tribes by Megapolensis compares North America to Europe and precisely describes the Mohawks and other Native American tribes in Fort Orange. This insight set the scene and circumstances for Kiefts drastic actions later in the war. Schaghen, Peter. Letter to the Directors of the Dutch West India Company. 1626. http://caho-test.cc.columbia.edu/ps/10023.html (accessed April 8, 2014). Schaghens letter to the Dutch West India Company gave us additional insight about New Amsterdam as well as the company. It describes the cargo carried by the ship, which includes beaver, otter, weasel, mink, and lynx skins, and help put the events leading up to the Pavonia Massacre into perspective. Van Tienhoven, Cornelius. The Charter: October 10, 1645. 1645. http://schools.nycenet.edu/offices/teachlearn/ela/Flushing_Remon.pdf (accessed April 8, 2014). This charter declares the power Kieft had over his people and describes a land grant given to listed people and family members. This explained to us the patroon system that was important to the development of Pavonia.

Secondary Sources Alorfsen. "Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society." The Origin of the Name "Pavonia", 35-38. Newark, New Jersey: 1860. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=5BQ7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=d evriesjournaldavidpavonia&source=bl&ots=3qYAH5Cq_M&sig=2KtzJ_FZGJFjXtK M4OWkzFhxoME&hl=en&sa=X&ei=14zQUsLOIcrHsASy24HQDA&ved=0CC8Q 6AEwAw. This book added little to the website, but gave us information about the settling of Pavonia and the visits of David de Vries there. "American Indian Massacre." Ichun-Chen. http://ichun-chen.com/american-indian-massacre (accessed January 20, 2014). We used two images from this website for our project, including an image of Montcalm trying to end a later battle in Kiefts War and the raid of Dutch on the Indian establishments.

Aamer, Cheenepalli, Shah 3 "Bloody Deaths Lead to Peace." Themes in American History. http://blsciblogs.baruch.cuny.edu/his1000spring2011/2011/02/07/bloody-deaths-lead-topeace/ (accessed January 7, 2014). This brief summary was one of our first sources, used to give us basic information about what the Pavonia Massacre was and confirmed our use of this topic. Also, the image taken from this website is famous, portraying the murder of Native Americans the night of the massacre. Carr, Karen. Algonquin History. Historyforkids.org. http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/northamerica/after1500/history/algonquin.htm. (accessed April 6th, 2014). We used a picture from this website of the Algonquin Tribe in our gallery of the various tribes that were affected by the Pavonia Massacre and Kiefts War. Clark, John. History of the United States from Aboriginal Times to the Present Day. Boston: Charles E. Brown and Company, 1894. (accessed February 2, 2014). This book supplemented our understanding of Kiefts War and the treaty formed between the Dutch and Native Americans.
Colonial Times: The Lenni Lenepi Tribe. Rockleigh.org.

http://www.rockleigh.org/history/colonial_era.htm. (accessed March 30th, 2014). We utilized a drawing of a member of the Hackensack tribe, which is a branch of Lenni Lenape people, to reinforce the effect Kieft had on his people. Cortland Contrarian. http://www.jeffpaine.blogspot.com/2012/11/pavoniamassacre.html (accessed January 16, 2014). This blog post provided us with another outlook on Pavonia, as well as a photograph of an ancient map of Pavonia, New Netherland. "Dutch Colonies." NPS.gov. http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/kingston/colonization.htm (accessed January 29, 2014). This source was used to supply information about Dutch colonies on the Hudson River and gave us details on relative maps, brief histories, and present-day locations. "The Dutch in New Netherland." DBNL. http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_bij005198201_01/_bij005198201_01_0025.php (accessed January 15, 2014). We used an illustration of New Amsterdam during Kiefts reign to parallel its similar architecture and layout to Holland.

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"Dutch West India Company." Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/174648/Dutch-West-India-Company (accessed January 13, 2014). This research about the Dutch West India Company was the only source we used to give information about the companys development and its rational decision to start a Patroonship, which caused the formation of Pavonia. "Early Descriptions of New Netherland." New Netherland Institute: Exploring America's Dutch Heritage. http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/morehistorical-fun/dutch-treats/early-impressions-of-new-netherland/ (accessed January 17, 2014). This website was used to write a basic summary on the founding of New Netherland, as well as a photograph of the Native Americans in the Hudson River County. Haefeli. "Lethal Imagination: Violence and Brutality in American History." Kieft's War and the Cultures of Violence in Colonial America, Edited by Michael A. Bellesiles, 17-41. New York: New York University Press, 1999. This selection is mainly about Kiefts violent actions in New Amsterdam, so it contributed immensely to our knowledge of Kiefts War and the lasting effects of his aggressive behavior on the Dutch. Harvey, Cornelius Burnham. "Genealogical History Of Hudson And Bergen Counties New Jersey EARLY SETTLERS OF HUDSON COUNTY Part A." Get NJ. http://getnj.com/hudberg/hudberg5.shtml (accessed January 27, 2014). This website gave us information about the early settlers in Pavonia and their initial actions towards Native Americans, sprouting conflicts between the two. Hemstreet, Charles. "The Story of Manhattan." The Project Gutenberg. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13842/13842-h/13842-h.htm (accessed January 13, 2014). This website is used for an image of the Dutch trading with Native Americans, used to contrast their relationships before and after Kiefts War. Hodges, Graham Russell. Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey, 1613-1863. North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1999. (accessed January 15, 2014). Although the information was not directly related to our project, this book mentioned slavery establishments in Pavonia that helped us create an overall image of the colony during Kiefts term as Governor.

Aamer, Cheenepalli, Shah 5 Jacobs, Japp. New Netherland: A Dutch Colony in Seventeenth Century America. The Netherlands: Oegsigeest, 2005. http://books.google.com/books?id=Uex2budtSOUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ g e_summary_r&cad=0. This book, originally published in Dutch, provides us with detail about the establishment of Pavonia and outlines the history of the settlement. Jestes, Roberta. "Hudson River 1665 Map." Native Heritage Project. http://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/12/15/hudson-river-1665-map/ (accessed February 1, 2014). This map image shows the Hudson River civilization shortly after the disproval of Kieft in office, and is used on our home page to show the relative location of Pavonia. Johnson, Liz. "David Pietersen de Vries, Merchant Mariner, Dutch Patroon." 17th Century Hollanders. http://17thcenturyhollanders.pbworks.com/w/page/25299078/David Pietersen de Vries, Merchant Mariner, Dutch Patroon (accessed December 22, 2013). This article gave us a biography of David de Vries, which was useful in understanding the perspective he took and wrote in his journal about the Pavonia Massacre. Karnoutsos, Carmela. "William Kieft, 1638-1646 Director-General of New Netherland." Jersey City: Past and Present. http://www.njcu.edu/programs/jchistory/pages/k_pages/kieft_william.htm (accessed January 27, 2014). This website heavily explored the conflicts between Native Americans and Dutch settlers before the Pavonia Massacre. It was used to create our webpage about early Native American conflicts and had several examples of unjust treatment towards the tribes. "Kieft's War." Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieft's_War (accessed February 1, 2014). This websites sources were explored and used to lead us to other websites with more information, such as giving us details about the theft of de Vriess pigs and how this angered the Native American and Dutch forces. Klein. De Vries and the Massacre at Pavonia, Edited by Sabine Annegret Klein, 113-123. ProQuest LLC, 2008. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=a869kxJ3moC&pg=PA113&lpg=PA113&dq=de vries journal david pavonia&source=bl&ots=6venioy6Y4&sig=AZoCAlMSBMjPaUMBbykMYMNIZAw& hl=en&sa=X&ei=14zQUsLOIcrHsASy24HQDA&ved=0CDcQ6AEwBg. We used this collection of research papers to update our website and add any recently-learned information about the Pavonia Massacre.

Aamer, Cheenepalli, Shah 6 Klein. "The Dutch Threatened Them Hard: Dutch and English Colonial Writings, 1620." Kieft's War, 110-113. ProQuest LLC, 2008. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=a869k-xJ3moC&pg=PA113&lpg=PA113&dq=de vries journal david pavonia&source=bl&ots=6venioy6Y4&sig=AZoCAlMSBMjPaU MBbykMYMNIZAw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=14zQUsLOIcrHsASy24HQDA&ved=0CDcQ6 AEwBg. This original thesis is reflected in the book, for it was used to logically organize the events of Kiefts War and cogently reinforce his harsh policies. "Lee Family History." http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/kingston/colonization.htm (accessed February 2, 2014). This website contains two images used on our website: another portrait of William Kieft and the response of Native Americans against the Pavonia Massacre. Lenape Family. Delawaretribe.org. http://delawaretribe.org/blog/2013/06/27/lenape-family. (accessed March 29, 2014). This website had an illustration of a Lenape family, which we used on our Native American page to display this well-known tribe. "Lower Manhattans homes and windmill in 1637." Ephemeral New York. http://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/tag/kiefts-war/ (accessed December 26, 2013). Although the source was not directly used in our final project, this image of New Amsterdam gave us an idea about how the colony must have looked, as well as describing the appearance of the colony briefly during Kiefts term. Maring, Mike. Never Enough History: Blood in the Streets: The Forgotten Wars of Jersey City. http://mikethehistoryguy.blogspot.com/2011/09/blood-in-streets-forgotten-warsof.html (accessed January 6, 2014). This blog post was utilized to extract two images from, one of a map used simply as a background, and another a violent image of the Dutch battling the Indian tribes. It also gave an everyday perspective about the massacre and carried its significance throughout the course of the post. "Massacre by the Indians of the white people in Pavonia." Museum of the History of New York. http://collections.mcny.org/Collection/Massacre-by-the-Indians-of-the-whitepeople-in-Pavonia.-2F3HRGMZHD2C.html (accessed January 4, 2014). This image is used as the background header for our home page and Pavonia Massacre page. It illustrates the slaughter of Native Americans the night of the massacre, and the fire set to the village, matching David de Vriess descriptions in his journal.

Aamer, Cheenepalli, Shah 7 McKinley, Albert E. "The English and Dutch Towns of New Netherland." American Historical Review 6 (1900), http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Journals/AHR/6/1/English_and_Dutch_Towns_o f _New_Netherland*.html (accessed February 2, 2014). This periodical had excellent detail on the history of Dutch colonization in North America; its use gave our project new opportunities and a different approach towards the settlement prior to the massacre. Morozov, Alexander V. "War Van Kieft." Internet Wars. http://www.internetwars.ru/HISTORY/Kieft_War/Kieft_War.htm (accessed February 2, 2014). This website supplied us with several images used in the gallery to explore Kiefts War, including the photograph of Anne Hutchinsons death by Native Americans. "Native Americans." Green Brook Historical Society. http://www.heritagetrail.org/greenbrooknj/main6_2.htm (accessed January 25, 2014). From the article, we learned about the Raritan tribes of New Jersey and their background information initiated their reactions in the actions of Kieft. "Natives Wiki." Wikia. http://tribalspedia.wikia.com/wiki/Mattabesic (accessed January 23, 2014). We used an image of the Wappinger tribe from this website to show our viewers how these tribes must have looked based on firsthand descriptions. Nelson, William, and Clayton W. Woodford. History of Bergen and Passaic Counties. Philadelphia: Everts and Peck, (accessed December 29, 2013). This book gave us new information about the land purchases of the Dutch and Patroonship from the Dutch West India Company. "New Amsterdam." Legends of America: 2003-2013. http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ny-newamsterdam2.html (accessed February 1, 2014). As well as providing us with basic information about Kiefts War and the Dutch settlers rivalry with Native Americans, a drawing of the Dutch and Indians disputing was used in our gallery to show the progression of the war. "New Netherland." Son of the South. http://www.sonofthesouth.net/revolutionarywar/colonies/new-netherland.jpg (accessed January 14, 2014).

Aamer, Cheenepalli, Shah 8 This image portrays Peter Stuyvesant in 1664 and the New Netherland Colony, briefly illustrating the history of the Dutch colony in North America. Newnewyork. http://adrienne-newnewyork.blogspot.com/2008/10/kiefts-war-16431645.html (accessed February 2, 2014). This blog post talked about the history of Kiefts War in an informal way that was an easy read and simple to understand, thereby giving us an ordinary citizens perspective and personal opinion about the harsh policies of Kieft. Nijhoff, M. "Korte historiael ende journaels aenteyckeninge van verscheyden voyagiens in de vier deelen des wereldtsronde, als Europa, Africa, Asia, ende Amerika gedaen." Open Library. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24629009M/Korte_historiael_ende_journaels_aentey ckeninge_van_verscheyden_voyagiens_in_de_vier_deelen_des_werel (accessed April 10, 2014). This website gave us a 1911 virtual copy of David de Vriess journal to embed into our website, and since we did not use this as a primary source (we did not read this edition of de Vriess journal as it is in Dutch), it is classified under secondary sources in our bibliography, even though it contains text from de Vriess original document. NYHS Exhibition Illustrations: Kieft Land Grant-. Garethhinds.com. http://www.garethhinds.com/nyhs.html. (accessed April 7th, 2014). This website contained a famous drawing of Willem Kieft rewarding Dutch settlers who agreed to fight the Native Americans, giving us an idea of his personality and the harsh policies he enforced against the Native Americans. O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailey. History of New Netherland. Philadelphia: Appleton and Company, 1848. (accessed January 7, 2014). This book had a brief passage about the Pavonia Massacre and explained in detail the events that followed. Rose, Christina. Native History: A Treaty, A peach Tree Murder and A Squirrel Smackdown. http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/09/15/native-historytreaty-peach-tree-murder-and-squirrel-smackdown-151278. (accessed April 7, 2014). This website had an image as well as background information about the Raritan tribe, which we used to provide our viewers with an illustration of this tribe. Sonneborn, Liz. Chronology of American Indian History. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2007. (accessed January 4, 2014).

Aamer, Cheenepalli, Shah 9 This book is organized by dates, so we used specific entries on the Pavonia Massacre, the battles of Kiefts War, and the negotiation treaty to greatly add to our website. Sultzman, Lee. "Wappinger History." http://www.dickshovel.com/wap.html (accessed January 30, 2014). This website gave us information on solely the Wappinger tribes of the Hudson River, which was used to create our page on Native Americans. Time Line 4: 1630 Through The Pequot War. Ancientlights.org. http://ancientlights.org/tl4.htm. (accessed April 4th, 2014). From this source, we used an image of the Northern Mahican tribe, who invaded and constantly attacked the Dutch settlers from the North, building severe tension between the two people. Trelease, Allen W. "Indian-White Contacts in Eastern North America: The Dutch in New Netherland." JSTOR 9 (1962): 137-146. This journal article describes the relationships between Native American people and the Dutch throughout much of the New Amsterdam Colonys history. "Tribes of the Northeast." Rye City Schools. http://ryecityschools.milton.schoolfusion.us/modules/cms/pages.phtml?sessionid=22c08 70a76f30b6d6f02d07cb95e6c8f&pageid=92408&sessionid=22c0870a76f30b6d6f02d07c b95e6c8f&printable=TRUE&sessionid=d3f9a4ef5648b131d51a85f6c741ef6b&portrait_ or _landscape=landscape&sessionid=d3f9a4ef5648b131d51a85f6c741ef6b (accessed February 2, 2014). This picture was ultimately added to our Native American Conflicts page and portrays an Algonquian family, to add visuals to the text and let our viewers imagine the colony back in the 1600s. "The Virtual New Amsterdam Project." New Amsterdam History Center. http://newamsterdamhistorycenter.org/vnap/index.html (accessed January 19, 2014). This video was embedded into our website to provide our viewers with a virtual tour of the New Amsterdam colony, to further set the scene for the massacre and add a realistic approach to the final project. Additionally, it was used for a background image for our website. "Ways Europeans Changed Native Americans." Book Units Teacher. http://bookunitsteacher.com/indians/blueprint/conflict.htm (accessed February 2, 2014). This picture shows trade between the settlers and Native Americans before the harsh actions of Kieft destroyed their trade systems.

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Web-Books. http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Books/B0/B52/MAIN/images/C3S4a.jpg (accessed January 27, 2014). This is a map illustration of Pavonia used on our New Netherland page to show the location of New Netherland when it was initially founded and how it came to grow. "Willem Kieft [1597-1647]." New Netherland Institute: Exploring America's Dutch Heritage. http://hylbom.com/family/maternal-lines/maternal-st-to-wa/thorne-3620/willem-kieft/ (accessed February 1, 2014). This website gave heavy background information about Kieft that could possibly be used to explain the downfall of New Netherland under his power, such as his lack of knowledge about the colony before deciding to govern it. "Willem Kieft." Hylbom Family Ancestry Project. http://hylbom.com/family/maternal-lines/maternal-st-to-wa/thorne3620/willem-kieft/ (accessed January 14, 2014). This is the official portrait of Kieft, which is used on our website to show our readers an image of the Director-General. Winfield, Charles H. History of the County of Hudson. New York: Kennard and Hay Stationary M'FG and Printing Co., 1874. http://books.google.com/books?id=owpYaTSYmDMC&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq="by + the+great+rock+above+wiehacken"&source=web&ots=N3sWTbWs6r&sig=OWea 40y4zZcNeK6XlvGItRN7nlY. History of the County of Hudson had new insight towards the Pavonia Massacre and contributed to our information about the establishment and initial start of Pavonia.