Raghu's Final Report (Inference) Sir

CHAPTER - 1 INDUSTRY PROFILE About:
An Isolator switch is part of an electrical circuit and is most often found in industrial applications. The switch does exactly what its name suggests in that it electrically isolates the circuit or circuits that are connected to it. Such a switch is not used normally as an instrument to turn on/off the circuit in the way that a light switch does. Either the switch isolates circuits that are continually powered or is a key element which enables an electric engineer to safely work on the protected circuit. Isolators switches may be fitted with the ability for the switch to padlock such that inadvertent operation is not possible. In some designs the isolators switch has the additional ability to earth the isolated circuit thereby providing additional safety. Such an arrangement would apply to circuits which inter-connect power distribution systems where both end of the circuit need to be isolated. Major difference between isolator and circuit breaker is that isolator is an off-load device, whereas circuit breaker is an on-load device. A Transmission line is the material medium or structure that forms all or part of a path from one place to another for directing the transmission of energy, such as electromagnetic waves or acoustic waves, as well as electric power transmission. Components of transmission lines include wires, coaxial cables, dielectric slabs, optical fibers, electric power lines and waveguides. Transmission lines mostly use three phase alternating current (AC), although single phase AC is sometimes used in railway electrification systems. High-voltage direct current (HVDC) technology is used only for very long distances (typically greater than 400 miles, or 600 km); undersea cables (typically longer than 30 miles, or 50 km); or for connecting two AC networks that are not synchronized. Electricity is transmitted at high voltages (110 kV or above) to reduce the energy lost in long distance transmission. Power is usually transmitted through overhead power lines. Underground power transmission has a significantly higher cost and greater operational limitations but is sometimes used in urban areas or sensitive locations.
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A key limitation in the distribution of electricity is that, with minor exceptions, electrical energy cannot be stored, and therefore it must be generated as it is needed. A sophisticated system of control is therefore required to ensure electric generation very closely matches the demand. If supply and demand are not in balance, generation plants and transmission equipment can shut down which, in the worst cases, can lead to a major regional blackout, such as occurred in California and the US Northwest in 1996 and in the US Northeast in 1965, 1977 and 2003. To reduce the risk of such failures, electric transmission networks are interconnected into regional, national or continental wide networks thereby providing multiple redundant alternate routes for power to flow should (weather or equipment) failures occur. Much analysis is done by transmission companies to determine the maximum reliable capacity of each line which is mostly less than its physical or thermal limit, to ensure spare capacity is available should there be any such failure in another part of the network. Electric power transmission is one process in the transmitting of electricity to consumers. The term refers to the bulk transfer of electrical power from place to place. Typically, power transmission is between the power plant and a sub-station near a populated area, this is distinct from electricity distribution , which is concerned with the delivery from the sub-station to the consumers. Due to the large amount of power involved, transmission normally takes place at a high voltage(110kv or above). Electricity is usually transmitted over a long distance through overhead power transmission lines underground power transmission is used only in densely populated areas (such as large cities) because of the high cost of installation and maintenance and because the power losses increase dramatically compared with overhead transmission unless superconductors and cryogenic technology are used. A power transmission system is sometimes referred to colloquially as a grid however, for reasons of economy; the network is rarely a true grid. Redundant paths and lines are provided so that power can be routed from any power plant to any load center, through a variety of routes, based on the economics of the transmission path and the cost of the power. Much analysis is done by transmission companies to determine the maximum reliable capacity of each line, which due to system stability considerations may be less than the physical or thermal limit of the line. Deregulation of electricity companies in many countries has led to many interests in reliable economic design of transmission networks. The separation of transmission and generation functions is one of the factors that contributed to the 2003 north America blackout.
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AC Power transmission AC power transmission is the transmission of electric power by alternating current. Usually transmission line use three phases AC current. In electric railways, single phase AC current is sometimes used in a railway electrification system. In urban areas, trains may be powered by DC at 600 volts or so. Today, transmission level voltages are usually considered to be 110Kv and above. Lower voltages such as 66Kv and 33Kv are usually considered sub-transmission voltages but are occasionally used on long lines with light loads. Voltages less than 33Kv are usually used for distribution. Voltages above 230Kv are considered extra high voltage and require different designs compare to equipment used at lower voltages. Overhead transmission is not insulated, so designs of these lines require minimum clearances to be observed to maintain safety. Overhead lines or overhead wires are used to transmit electrical energy to trams, trolley buses or trains at a distance from the energy supply point. These overhead lines are also variously known as. OCS (Overhead contact system US & Europe) OLE or OHLE (Overhead line equipment UK) OHW (Overhead wiring Australia) Catenary (somewhat inaccurately)
For the purposes of this article the generic term overhead line has been used. Overhead line is designed on the principle of one or more overhead situated over rail tracks, raised to a high electric potential by connection to feeder stations at regular intervals. The feeder stations are usually fed from a high voltage electric grid.
High voltage direct current (HVDC)

High voltage direct current (HVDC) is used to transmit large amounts of power over long distances or for interconnections between asynchronous grids. When electrical energy is required to be transmitted over very long distances, it is more economical to transmit using direct current instead of alternating current. For a long transmission line, the lower losses and reduced construction cost of a DC line can offset the additional cost of converter stations at each end. Also, at high AC voltages, significant (although economically acceptable) amounts of energy are lost due to corona discharge, the
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capacitance between phases or, in the case of buried cables, between phases and the soil or water in which the cable is buried. HVDC is also used for long submarine cables because over about 30 km length AC can no longer be applied. In that case special high voltage cables for DC are built. Many submarine cable connections - up to 600 km length - are in use nowadays. HVDC links are sometimes used to stabilize against control problems with the AC electricity flow. In other words, to transmit AC power as AC when needed in either direction between Seattle and Boston would require the (highly challenging) continuous real-time adjustment of the relative phase of the two electrical grids. With HVDC instead the interconnection would: (1) Convert AC in Seattle into HVDC. (2) Use HVDC for the three thousand miles of cross country transmission. Then (3) convert the HVDC to locally synchronized AC in Boston, and optionally in other cooperating cities along the transmission route. One prominent example of such a transmission line is the Pacific DC Intertie located in the Western United States.
Underground Transmission
Electric power can also be transmitted by underground power cables instead of overhead power lines. They can assist the transmission of power across: Densely populated urban areas Areas where land is unavailable or planning consent is difficult Rivers and other natural obstacles Land with outstanding natural or environmental heritage Areas of significant or prestigious infrastructural development Land whose value must be maintained for future urban expansion and rural development Some other advantages of underground power cables: Less subject to damage from severe weather conditions (mainly lightning, wind and freezing) Greatly reduced emission, into the surrounding area, of electromagnetic fields (EMF). All electric currents generate EMF, but the shielding provided by the earth surrounding underground cables restricts their range and power. See section below, health concerns.
Underground cables need a narrower surrounding strip of about 110 meters to install, whereas an overhead line requires a surrounding strip of about 20200 meters wide to be kept permanently clear for safety, maintenance and repair. Underground cables pose no hazard to low flying aircraft or to wildlife, and are significantly safer as they pose no shock hazard (except to the unwary digger). Much less subject to conductor theft, illegal connections, sabotage, and damage from armed conflict. Some disadvantages of underground power cables: Undergrounding is more expensive, since the cost of burying cables at transmission voltages is several times greater than overhead power lines, and the life-cycle cost of an underground power cable is two to four times the cost of an overhead power line. Above ground lines cost around $10 per foot and underground lines cost in the range of $20 to $40 per foot.[3] Whereas finding and repairing overhead wire breaks can be accomplished in hours, underground repairs can take days or weeks[4], and for this reason redundant lines are run. Underground power cables, due to their proximity to earth, cannot be maintained live, whereas overhead power cables can be.[5] Operations are more difficult since the high reactive power of underground cables produces large charging currents and so makes voltage control more difficult.[6] The advantages can in some cases outweigh the disadvantages of the higher investment cost, and more expensive maintenance and management. Most high voltage cables for power transmission that are currently sold on the market are insulated by a sheath of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE). Some cables may have a lead or aluminum jacket in conjunction with XLPE insulation to allow for fiber optics to be seamlessly integrated within the cable.[clarification needed] Before 1960, underground power cables were insulated with oil and paper and ran in a rigid steel pipe, or a semirigid aluminum or lead jacket or sheath. The oil was kept under pressure to prevent formation of voids that would allow partial discharges within the cable insulation. There are still many of these oil-and-paper insulated cables in use worldwide. Between 1960 and 1990, polymers became more widely used at distribution voltages, mostly EPDM (ethylene propylene diene M-class); however, their relative unreliability, particularly
early XLPE, resulted in a slow uptake at transmission voltages. While cables of 330 kV are commonly constructed using XLPE, this has occurred only in recent decades.
Bulk Power Transmission

Engineers design transmission networks to transport the energy as efficiently as feasible, while at the same time taking into account economic factors, network safety and redundancy. These networks use components such as power lines, cables, circuit breakers, switches and transformers. The transmission network is usually administered on a regional basis by an entity such as a regional transmission organization or transmission system operator. Transmission efficiency is improved by increasing the voltage using a step-up transformer, which reduces the current in the conductors, while keeping the power transmitted nearly equal to the power input. The reduced current flowing through the line reduces the losses in the conductor. According to Joule's Law, energy losses are directly proportional to the square of the current. Thus, reducing the current (amperage) by a factor of 2 will lower the energy lost to conductor resistance by a factor of 4. A transmission grid is a network of power stations, transmission circuits, and substations. Energy is usually transmitted within the grid with three-phase AC. DC systems require relatively costly conversion equipment which may be economically justified for particular projects. Single phase AC is used only for distribution to end users since it is not usable for large polyphase induction motors. In the 19th century, two-phase transmission was used but required either three wires with unequal currents or four wires. Higher order phase systems require more than three wires, but deliver marginal benefits. The capital cost of electric power stations is so high, and electric demand is so variable, that it is often cheaper to import some portion of the needed power than to generate it locally. Because nearby loads are often correlated (hot weather in the Southwest portion of the US might cause many people to use air conditioners), electricity often comes from distant sources. Because of the economics of load balancing, wide area transmission grids now span across countries and even large portions of continents. The web of interconnections between power producers and consumers ensures that power can flow, even if a few links are inoperative. The unvarying (or slowly varying over many hours) portion of the electric demand is known as the base load and is generally served best by large facilities (which are therefore efficient due to economies of scale) with low variable costs for fuel and operations. Such facilities might be nuclear or coal-fired power stations, or hydroelectric,
while other renewable energy sources such as concentrated solar thermal and geothermal powers have the potential to provide base load power. Renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic, wind, wave, and tidal are, due to their intermittency, not considered "base load" but can still add power to the grid. The remaining power demand, if any, is supplied by peaking power plants, which are typically smaller, faster-responding, and higher cost sources, such as combined cycle or combustion turbine plants fueled by natural gas. Long-distance transmission of electricity (thousands of kilometers) is cheap and efficient, with costs of US$0.0050.02/kWh (compared to annual averaged large producer costs of US$0.010.025/kWh, retail rates upwards of US$0.10/kWh, and multiples of retail for instantaneous suppliers at unpredicted highest demand moments). Thus distant suppliers can be cheaper than local sources (e.g., New York City buys a lot of electricity from Canada). Multiple local sources (even if more expensive and infrequently used) can make the transmission grid more fault tolerant to weather and other disasters that can disconnect distant suppliers. Long distance transmission allows remote renewable energy resources to be used to displace fossil fuel consumption. Hydro and wind sources can't be moved closer to populous cities, and solar costs are lowest in remote areas where local power needs are minimal. Connection costs alone can determine whether any particular renewable alternative is economically sensible. Costs can be prohibitive for transmission lines, but various proposals for massive infrastructure investment in high capacity, very long distance super grid transmission networks could be recovered with modest usage fees.
Merchant transmission
Merchant transmission is an arrangement where a third party constructs and operates electric transmission lines through the franchise area of an unrelated utility. Advocates of merchant transmission [who?] claim that this will create competition to construct the most efficient and lowest cost additions to the transmission grid. Merchant transmission projects typically involve DC lines because it is easier to limit flows to paying customers.
History
In the early days of electricity generation to about 1900, direct current DC generators were connected to loads at the same voltage. The generation, transmission and loads have to b e the same voltage, because there was no way of changing DC voltage levels, other than inefficient motor generator sets. LowDC voltages were used(on the order of 100 volts) since that was a practical voltage for incandescent lamps, which were than the
primary electrical load. The low voltage also required less insulation to be safely distributed within the buildings. The losses in a cable are proportional to the square of the current, the length of the cable, And the resistivity of the material, and are inversely proportional to the cross sectional area. Early transmission networks were already using copper which is one of the best economically feasible conductors for this application. To reduce the current and copper required for a given quantity of power transmitted would require a higher transmission voltage, but no convenient efficient method existed to change the voltage level of DC power circuits. To keep losses to an economically practical level the Edison DC system needed thick cables and local generators. Early DC generating plants needed to be with in about 1.5miles of the farthest customer to avoid the need for excessively large and expensive customers. The first transmission of three phase alternating current using high voltage took place in the year 1981 on the occasion of the international electricity exhibition in Frankfurt. In that year. A 25Kv transmission line, approximately 175 kilometers long, was built between lauffen at the Necker and Frankfurt. The rapid industrialization in the 20th century made electrical transmission lines and grids a critical part of the economic infrastructure in most industrialization nations. Initially transmission lines were supported by porcelain pin and sleeve insulators similar to those used for telegraph and telephone lines. However these reached a practical limit of 40Kv. In 1907 the invention of the disc by Harold.W.Buck of the Niagra falls Power Corporation and Edward.M.Hewlettt of general electric allowed practical insulators of any length to be constructed, which allowed the user of higher voltages. The first large scale hydro electric generators in the USA(embodying the patents of Nicola test) were installed at Niagra falls and provided electricity to buffalo, New york via power transmission lines. A statue of tesla stands at Niagra falls today in tribute to his contributions. Voltages used for electric power transmission increased throughout the 20th century,. The three phase alternating current power transmission at 110Kv took place in 1912 between Launchhammer and Riesa, Germany. On April 17, 1929 the first 220Kv line in Germany was completed, running from Brauweiler near cologne, over Kelsterbach near Frankfurt, Rheinau near Mannheim, Ludwigsburg Hoheneck near Austria. the masts of this line were designed for eventual upgrade to 380Kv. However the first transmission at 380Kv in Germany was on Rommerskrichen and Ludwigsburg Hoheneck. In 1967 the first
extra high voltage transmission at 735Kv took place on a Hydro-Quebec transmission line. In 1982 the first transmission at 1200Kv took place in the Soviet union. In North America, early distribution systems used a voltage of 2200volts corner grounded delta. Overtime, this was gradually increased to 2400volts. As cities grew, most 2400 volts systems were upgrade to 2400/4160 Y three phase systems. Some city and suburban distribution systems continue to use this range of voltages, but most have been converted to 7200/12470Y, 7620/13200Y, 14400/24940Y and 19920/34500Y. European systems used higher voltages, generally 3300 volts to ground, in support of the 220/380Y volt power systems and used in those countries. In the UK, urban systems progressed to 6.6Kv and then 11Kv (phase to phase), the most common distribution voltage. North American and European power distribution systems also differ in that North American systems tend to have a greater number of low voltage step down transformers located close to customers premises. For example, in the Us a pole mounted transformer in a suburban setting may supply 1-3 houses, whereas in the UK a typical urban or suburban low voltage sub-station might be rated at 2MW and supply a whole neighborhood. This is because the higher voltage used in Europe (380V v/s 230V) may be carried over a greater distance with acceptable power loss. An advantage of the North American set up is that failure or maintenance on a single transformer will only affect a few customers. Advantages of the Uk set up are that the transformers may be fewer, larger and more efficient, and due to diversity there need be less spare capacity in the transformers, reducing power wastage. In North American city areas with many customers per unit area, network distribution will be used, with multiple transformers and low voltage busses interconnected over several city blocks. Rural electrification systems, in contrast urban systems, tend to use higher voltages because of the longer distances covered by those distribution lines (see rural electrification administration) 7200, 12470 and 25000 volt distribution is common in the United States: 11Kv and 33Kv are common in the Uk. While power electronics mow allow for conversion between DC voltage levels, AC is still used in distribution due to the reliability, efficiency and low cost of transformers. High voltage DC is used for transmission of large blocks of power over long distances, or for interconnecting adjacent AC networks, but not for distribution to customers. The rapid industrialization in the 20th century made electrical transmission lines and grids a critical part of the infrastructure in most industrialized nations. Interconnection of local generation plants and small distribution networks was greatly spurred by the
requirements of World War I, where large electrical generating plants were built by governments to provide power to munitions factories. Later these plants were connected to supply civil loads through long-distance transmission
Marketing Information
An electricity market is a system for effecting the purchase and sale of electricity using supply and demand to set the price. Wholesale transactions in electricity are typically cleared and settled by the grid operator or a special purpose independent entity charged exclusively with that function. Markets for certain related commodities required by (and paid for by) various grid operators to ensure reliability, such as spinning reserve, operating reserves and installed capacity, are also typically managed by the grid operator. In addition, for most major grids these are markets for electricity derivatives such as electricity futures and opinions which are actively traded. These markets developed as a result of the deregulation of electric power systems around the world. This process has often gone on in parallel with the deregulation of natural gas markets.
Electricity Market
In economic terms, electricity (both power and energy) is a commodity capable of being bought, sold and traded. An electricity market is a system for effecting purchases, through bids to buy; sales, through offers to sell; and short-term trades, generally in the form of financial or obligation swaps. Bids and offers use supply and demand principles to set the price. Long-term trades are contracts similar to power purchase agreements and generally considered private bi-lateral transactions between counterparties. Wholesale transactions (bids and offers) in electricity are typically cleared and settled by the market operator or a special-purpose independent entity charged exclusively with that function. Market operators do not clear trades but often require knowledge of the trade in order to maintain generation and load balance. The commodities within an electric market generally consist of two types: Power and Energy. Power is the metered net electrical output of a generator at any given time and is measured in Megawatts (MW). Energy is electricity that flows through a metered point for a given time and is measured in Megawatt Hours (MHz). Markets for power related commodities are net generation output for a number of intervals usually in increments of 5, 15 and 60 minutes. Markets for energy related commodities required by, managed by (and paid for by) market operators to ensure reliability, are considered Ancillary Services and include such names as spinning reserve, non-spinning reserve, operating reserves, responsive reserve, regulation up regulation
down, and installed capacity. In addition, for most major operators, there are markets for transmission congestion and electricity derivatives, such as electricity futures and options, which are actively traded. These markets developed as a result of the restructuring of electric power systems around the world. This process has often gone on in parallel with the restructuring of natural gas markets.
Nature of the Market

Electricity is by its nature difficult to store and has to be available on demand. Consequently, unlike other products, it is not possible, under normal operating conditions, to keep it in stock, ration it or have customers queue for it. Furthermore, demand and supply vary continuously. There is therefore a physical requirement for a controlling agency, the transmission system operator, to coordinate the dispatch of generating units to meet the expected demand of the system across the transmission grid. If there is a mismatch between supply and demand the generator speed up or slow down causing the system frequency (either 50 or 60 hertz) to increase or decrease. If the frequency falls outside a predetermined range the system operator will act to add or remove either generation or load. In addition, the laws of physics determine how electricity flows through an electricity network. Hence the extent of electricity lost in transmission and the level of congestion on any particular branch of the network will influence the economic dispatch of the generation units. The scope of each electricity market consists of the transmission grid or network that is available to the wholesalers, retailers and the ultimate consumers in any geographic area. Markets may extend beyond national boundaries.
Wholesale Electricity Market

A wholesale electricity market exists when competing generators offer their electricity output to retailers. The retailers then re-price the electricity and take it to market. While wholesale pricing used to be the exclusive domain of large retail suppliers, increasingly markets like New England are beginning to open up to end-users. Large end-users seeking to cut out unnecessary overhead in their energy costs are beginning to recognize the advantages inherent in such a purchasing move. Consumers buying electricity directly from generators is a relatively recent phenomenon.
Buying wholesale electricity is not without its drawbacks (market uncertainty, membership costs, set up fees, collateral investment), however, the larger the end user's electrical load, the greater the benefit and incentive to make the switch. For economically efficient electricity wholesale market to flourish it is essential that a number of criteria are met. Professor William Hogan of HarvardUniversity has identified these criteria. Central to his criteria is a coordinated spot market that has "bid-based, security-constrained, economic dispatch with nodal prices". Other academics such as Professors Samuel Oren and Pablo Spiller of the University of California, Berkeley have proposed other criteria. Variants of Professor Hogan's model have largely been adopted in the US, Australia and New Zealand.
Risk management
Financial risk management is often a high priority for participants in deregulated electricity markets due to the substantial price and volume risks that the markets can exhibit. A consequence of the complexity of a wholesale electricity market can be extremely high price volatility at times of peak demand and supply shortages. The particular characteristics of this price risk are highly dependent on the physical fundamentals of the market such as the mix of types of generation plant and relationship between demand and weather patterns. Price risk can be manifest by price "spikes" which are hard to predict and price "steps" when the underlying fuel or plant position changes for long periods. "Volume risk" is often used to denote the phenomenon whereby electricity market participants have uncertain volumes or quantities of consumption or production. For example, a retailer is unable to accurately predict consumer demand for any particular hour more than a few days into the future and a producer is unable to predict the precise time that they will have plant outage or shortages of fuel. A compounding factor is also the common correlation between extreme price and volume events. For example, price spikes frequently occur when some producers have plant outages or when some consumers are in a period of peak consumption. The introduction of substantial amounts of intermittent power sources such as wind energy may have an impact on market prices. Electricity retailers, who in aggregate buy from the wholesale market, and generators who in aggregate sell to the wholesale market, are exposed to these price and volume effects and to protect themselves from volatility, they will enter into "hedge contracts" with each other. The structure of these contracts varies by regional market due to different conventions and market structures. However, the two simplest and most
common forms are simple fixed price forward contracts for physical delivery and contracts for differences where the parties agree a strike price for defined time periods. In the case of a contract for difference, if a resulting wholesale price index (as referenced in the contract) in any time period is higher than the "strike" price, the generator will refund the difference between the "strike" price and the actual price for that period. Similarly a retailer will refund the difference to the generator when the actual price is less than the "strike price". The actual price index is sometimes referred to as the "spot" or "pool" price, depending on the market. Many other hedging arrangements, such as swing contracts, Virtual Bidding, Financial Transmission Rights, call options and put options are traded in sophisticated electricity markets. In general they are designed to transfer financial risks between participants.
Retail electricity market

A retail electricity market exists when end-use customers can choose their supplier from competing electricity retailers; one term used in the United States for this type of consumer choice is 'energy choice'. A separate issue for electricity markets is whether or not consumers face real-time pricing (prices based on the variable wholesale price) or a price that is set in some other way, such as average annual costs. In many markets, consumers do not pay based on the real-time price, and hence have no incentive to reduce demand at times of high (wholesale) prices or to shift their demand to other periods. Demand response may use pricing mechanisms or technical solutions to reduce peak demand. Generally, electricity retail reform follows from electricity wholesale reform. However, it is possible to have a single electricity generation company and still have retail competition. If a wholesale price can be established at a node on the transmission grid and the electricity quantities at that node can be reconciled, competition for retail customers within the distribution system beyond the node is possible. In the German market, for example, large, vertically integrated utilities compete with one another for customers on a more or less open grid. Although market structures vary, there are some common functions that an electricity retailer has to be able to perform, or enter into a contract for, in order to compete effectively. Failure or incompetence in the execution of one or more of the following has led to some dramatic financial disasters: Billing
Credit control Customer management via an efficient call Centre Distribution use-of-system contract Reconciliation agreement "Pool" or "spot market" purchase agreement Hedge contracts - contracts for differences to manage "spot price" risk The two main areas of weakness have been risk management and billing. In the USA in 2001, California's flawed regulation of retail competition led to the California electricity crisis and left incumbent retailers subject to high spot prices but without the ability to hedge against these (see Manifesto on The Californian Electricity Crisis). In the UK a retailer, Independent Energy, with a large customer base went bust when it could not collect the money due from customers. New technology is available and has been piloted by the US Department of Energy that may be better suited to real-time market pricing. A potential use of event-driven SOA could be a virtual electricity market where home clothes dryers can bid on the price of the electricity they use in a real-time market pricing system. The real-time market price and control system could turn home electricity customers into active participants in managing the power grid and their monthly utility bills. Customers can set limits on how much they would pay for electricity to run a clothes dryer, for example, and electricity providers willing to transmit power at that price would be alerted over the grid and could sell the electricity to the dryer. On one side, consumer devices can bid for power based on how much the owner of the device were willing to pay, set ahead of time by the consumer. On the other side, suppliers can enter bids automatically from their electricity generators, based on how much it would cost to start up and run the generators. Further, the electricity suppliers could perform real-time market analysis to determine return-on-investment for optimizing profitability or reducing end-user cost of goods. Event-driven SOA software could allow homeowners to customize many different types of electricity devices found within their home to a desired level of comfort or economy. The event-driven software could also automatically respond to changing electricity prices, in as little as five-minute intervals. For example, to reduce the home owner's electricity usage in peak periods (when electricity is most expensive), the software could
automatically lower the target temperature of the thermostat on the central heating system (in winter) or raise the target temperature of the thermostat on the central cooling system (in summer).
Electricity Market Experience

In the main, experience in the introduction of wholesale and retail competition has been mixed. Many regional markets have achieved some success and the ongoing trend continues to be towards deregulation and introduction of competition. However in 2000/2001 major failures such as the California electricity crisis and the Enron debacle caused a slowdown in the pace of change and in some regions an increase in market regulation and reduction in competition. However, this trend is widely regarded as a temporary one against the longer term trend towards more open and competitive markets.[citation needed] Notwithstanding the favorable light in which market solutions are viewed conceptually, the "missing money" problem has to date proved intractable. If electricity prices were to move to the levels needed to incent new merchant (i.e., market-based) transmission and generation, the costs to consumers would be politically difficult. The increases in annual costs to consumers in New England alone were calculated at $3 billion during the recent FERC hearings on the NEPOOL market structure. Several mechanisms that are intended to incent new investment where it is most needed by offering enhanced capacity paymentsbut only in zones where generation is projected to be shorthave been proposed for NEPOOL, PJM and NYPOOL, and go under the generic heading of "locational capacity" or LICAP (the PJM version currently [May 2006] under FERC review is called the "Reliability Pricing Model", or "RPM"). There is substantial doubt as to whether any of these mechanisms will in fact incent new investment, given the regulatory risk and chronic instability of the market rules in US systems, and there are substantial concerns that the result will instead be to increase revenues to incumbent generators, and costs to consumers, in the constrained areas.
Distribution Network Configurations

Distribution networks are typically of two types, radial or interconnected (see Spot Network Substations). A radial network leaves the station and passes through the network area with no normal connection to any other supply. This is typical of long rural lines with isolated load areas. An interconnected network is generally found in more urban areas and will have multiple connections to other points of supply. These points of connection are normally open but allow various configurations by the operating utility by
closing and opening switches. Operation of these switches may be by remote control from a control center or by a lineman. The benefit of the interconnected model is that in the event of a fault or required maintenance a small area of network can be isolated and the remainder kept on supply. Within these networks there may be a mix of overhead line construction utilizing traditional utility poles and wires and, increasingly, underground construction with cables and indoor or cabinet substations. However, underground distribution is significantly more expensive than overhead construction. In part to reduce this cost, underground power lines are sometimes co-located with other utility lines in what are called Common utility ducts. Distribution feeders emanating from a substation are generally controlled by a circuit breaker which will open when a fault is detected. Automatic Circuit Reclosers may be installed to further segregate the feeder thus minimizing the impact of faults. Long feeders experience voltage drop requiring capacitors or voltage regulators to be installed. Characteristics of the supply given to customers are generally mandated by contract between the supplier and customer. Variables of the supply include: AC or DC - Virtually all public electricity supplies are AC today. Users of large amounts of DC power such as some electric railways, telephone exchanges and industrial processes such as aluminum smelting usually either operate their own or have adjacent dedicated generating equipment, or use rectifiers to derive DC from the public AC supply Voltage, including tolerance (usually +10 or -15 percentage) Frequency, commonly 50 & 60 Hz, 16.6 Hz for some railways and, in a few older industrial and mining locations, 25 Hz.[3] Phase configuration (single phase, polyphase including two phase and three phase) Maximum demand (usually measured as the largest amount of power delivered within a 15 or 30 minute period during a billing period) Load Factor, expressed as a ratio of average load to peak load over a period of time. Load factor indicates the degree of effective utilization of equipment (and capital investment) of distribution line or system. Power factor of connected load Earthing arrangements - TT, TN-S, TN-C-S or TN-C
Prospective short circuit current Maximum level and frequency of occurrence of transients
Modern distribution systems

The modern distribution system begins as the primary circuit leaves the sub-station and ends as the secondary service enters the customer's meter socket. A variety of methods, materials, and equipment are used among the various utility companies, but the end result is similar. First, the energy leaves the sub-station in a primary circuit, usually with all three phases. The actual attachment to a building varies in different parts of the world. Most areas provide three phase industrial service. There is no substitute for three-phase service to run heavy industrial equipment. A ground is normally provided, connected to conductive cases and other safety equipment, to keep current away from equipment and people. Distribution voltages vary depending on customer need, equipment and availability. Delivered voltage is usually constructed using stock transformers and either the voltage difference between phase and neutral or the voltage difference from phase to phase. In many areas, "delta" three phase service is common. Delta service has no distributed neutral wire and is therefore less expensive. The three coils in the generator rotor are in series, in a loop, with the connections made at the three joints between the coils. Ground is provided as a low resistance earth ground, sometimes attached to a synthetic ground made by a transformer in a substation. High frequency noise (like that made by arc furnaces) can sometimes cause transients on a synthetic ground. In North America and Latin America, three phase service is often a Y (wye) in which the neutral is directly connected to the center of the generator rotor. Wye service resists transients better than delta, since the distributed neutral provides a low-resistance metallic return to the generator. Wye service is recognizable when a grid has four wires, one of which is lightly insulated. Many areas in the world use single phase 220 V or 230 V residential and light industrial service. In this system, a high voltage distribution network supplies a few substations per city, and the 230V power from each substation is directly distributed. A hot wire and neutral are connected to the building from one phase of three phase service.
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In the U.S. and parts of Canada and Latin America, split phase service is the most common. Split phase provides both 120 V and 240 V service with only three wires. Split phase has substations that provide intermediate voltage. The house voltages are provided by neighborhood transformers that lower the voltage of a phase of the distributed threephase. The neutral is directly connected to the three-phase neutral. Socket voltages are only 120 V, but 240 V is available for heavy appliances because the two halves of a phase oppose each other [1]. Japan has a large number of small industrial manufacturers, and therefore supplies standard low voltage three phase service in many suburbs. Also, Japan normally supplies residential service as two phases of a three phase service, with a neutral. Rural services normally try to minimize the number of poles and wires. Single-wire earth return (SWER) is the least expensive, with one wire. It uses high voltages, which in turn permit use of galvanized steel wire. The strong steel wire permits inexpensive wide pole spacings. Other areas use high voltage split-phase or three phase service at higher cost. The least expensive network has the fewest transformers, poles and wires. Some experts say[2] that this is three-phase delta for industrial, SWER for rural service, and 230 V single phase for residential and light industrial. The system of three-phase Wye feeding split phase is flexible and somewhat more resistant to geomagnetic faults, but more expensive. Two frequencies are in wide use. 60 Hz permits slightly smaller transformers and is usually associated with 120 V wall sockets. 50 Hz is more common outside North America and is associated with 230 V wall sockets. Large electrical networks tightly control the line frequencies. The short term accuracy is normally better than 0.1 Hz. The long term accuracy is controlled by making up "lost" cycles so that electric clocks maintain correct time. Electricity meters use different equations for each distribution system.
Communications
Operators of long transmission lines require reliable communications for control of the power grid and, often, associated generation and distribution facilities. Fault-sensing protection relays at each end of the line must communicate to monitor the flow of power into and out of the protected line section so that faulted conductors or equipment can be quickly de-energized and the balance of the system restored. Protection of the transmission line from short circuits and other faults is usually so critical that common
carrier telecommunications are insufficiently reliable, and in remote areas a common carrier may not be available. Communication systems associated with a transmission project may use: Microwaves Power line communication Optical fibers Rarely, and for short distances, a utility will use pilot-wires strung along the transmission line path. Leased circuits from common carriers are not preferred since availability is not under control of the electric power transmission organization. Transmission lines can also be used to carry data: this is called power-line carrier, or PLC. PLC signals can be easily received with a radio for the long wave range. Optical fibers can be included in the stranded conductors of a transmission line, in the overhead shield wires. These cables are known as optical ground wire (OPGW). Sometimes a standalone cable is used, all-dielectric self-supporting (ADSS) cable, attached to the transmission line cross arms. Some jurisdictions, such as Minnesota, prohibit energy transmission companies from selling surplus communication bandwidth or acting as a telecommunications common carrier. Where the regulatory structure permits, the utility can sell capacity in extra dark fibers to a common carrier, providing another revenue stream.
Control
To ensure safe and predictable operation the components of the transmission system are controlled with generators, switches, circuit breakers and loads. The voltage, power, frequency, load factor, and reliability capabilities of the transmission system are designed to provide cost effective performance for the customers.
Load balancing
The transmission system provides for base load and peak load capability, with safety and fault tolerance margins. The peak load times vary by region largely due to the industry mix. In very hot and very cold climates home air conditioning and heating loads have an effect on the overall load. They are typically highest in the late afternoon in the hottest part of the year and in mid-mornings and mid-evenings in the coldest part of the year.
This makes the power requirements vary by the season and the time of day. Distribution system designs always take the base load and the peak load into consideration. The transmission system usually does not have a large buffering capability to match the loads with the generation. Thus generation has to be kept matched to the load, to prevent overloading failures of the generation equipment. Multiple sources and loads can be connected to the transmission system and they must be controlled to provide orderly transfer of power. In centralized power generation, only local control of generation is necessary, and it involves synchronization of the generation units, to prevent large transients and overload conditions. In distributed power generation the generators are geographically distributed and the process to bring them online and offline must be carefully controlled. The load control signals can either be sent on separate lines or on the power lines themselves. To load balance the voltage and frequency can be used as a signaling mechanism. In voltage signaling, the variation of voltage is used to increase generation. The power added by any system increases as the line voltage decreases. This arrangement is stable in principle. Voltage based regulation is complex to use in mesh networks, since the individual components and set points would need to be reconfigured every time a new generator is added to the mesh. In frequency signaling, the generating units match the frequency of the power transmission system. In droop speed control, if the frequency decreases, the power is increased. (The drop in line frequency is an indication that the increased load is causing the generators to slow down.) Wind turbines, v2g and other distributed storage and generation systems can be connected to the power grid, and interact with it to improve system operation.
Failure protection
Under excess load conditions, the system can be designed to fail gracefully rather than all at once. Brownouts occur when the supply power drops below the demand. Blackouts occur when the supply fails completely. Rolling blackouts, or load shedding, are intentionally engineered electrical power outages, used to distribute insufficient power when the demand for electricity exceeds the supply.
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Health Concerns
The preponderance of evidence does not suggest that the low-power, low-frequency, electromagnetic radiation associated with household current constitutes a short or long term health hazard. Some studies have found statistical correlations between various diseases and living or working near power lines, but no adverse health effects have been substantiated for people not living close to power lines.[20] There are established biological effects for acute high level exposure to magnetic fields well above 100 T. In a residential setting, there is "limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity in experimental animals", in particular, childhood leukemia, associated with average exposure to residential powerfrequency magnetic field above 0.3 to 0.4 T. These levels exceed average residential power-frequency magnetic fields in homes which are about 0.07 T in Europe and 0.11 T in North America.[21][22] Association is not the same as a cause-and-effect relationship
Government Policy
Historically, local governments have exercised authority over the grid and have significant disincentives to take action that would benefit states other than their own. Localities with cheap electricity have a disincentive to making interstate commerce in electricity trading easier, since other regions will be able to compete for local energy and drive up rates. Some regulators in Maine for example do not wish to address congestion problems because the congestion serves to keep Maine rates low.[23] Further, vocal local constituencies can block or slow permitting by pointing to visual impact, environmental, and perceived health concerns. In the US, generation is growing 4 times faster than transmission, but big transmission upgrades require the coordination of multiple states, a multitude of interlocking permits, and cooperation between a significant portion of the 500 companies that own the grid. From a policy perspective, the control of the grid is balkanized, and even former energy secretary Bill Richardson refers to it as a third world grid. There have been efforts in the EU and US to confront the problem. The US national security interest in significantly growing transmission capacity drove passage of the 2005 energy act giving the Department of Energy the authority to approve transmission if states refuse to act. However, soon after using its power to designate two National Interest Electric Transmission Corridors, 14 senators signed a letter stating the DOE was being too aggressive.
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CHAPTER 2 COMPANY PROFILE

Smitvin Engineering Company is proprietary concern engaged in the business of manufacture of Isolators up to 220 kv, transmission line, towers, substation structures, GI structures, Earthing materials and overhead line materials. It also undertakes job and other work, when the capacity permits. The promoters had identified an existing unit, which is engaged in manufacturing the range or products as aforesaid, with various infrastructure available, like land, plant and machinery, power, Buildings, etc., Smitvin Engineering Company has obtained on lease from M/s. Golden Steel Industries land, building and Plant and Machinery, with other facilities, to carry on its objectives. The promoters have adequate experience and financial back ground and have negotiated with the Proprietor for leasing the facilities on a long term basis for modernization at a later date. Smitvin Engineering Company is a Small Scale Industry, registered with the Department of Commerce and Industries, Government of Karnataka. Smitvin Engineering Company commenced its business in August 2005 With a view to achieve better volumes of business, optimum utilization of facilities and tapping the market potential, the Promoter are desirous of availing Cash Credit facilities from Banks. The promoter will furnish such security for the facilities, upon on such mutually agreed terms and conditions. Smitvin Engineering Company is a Proprietary concern having its office at Siddaiah Road, Bangalore. The concern is engaged in the business of manufacture, process, fabricate or otherwise deal in all varieties, kinds and description of 220 kv Isolators, Transmission Line Towers, Sub-station Structures, GI Structures, Earthing Materials and Overhead Line Materials and to carry on such incidental and connected operations.
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The Plant is proposed to be located at Peenya The product manufactures by the concern is aimed at supply quality material required in the electrical industries, vendor development and achieve high customer satisfaction. For the present, no investment in the Plant and Machinery or other facilities is proposed. The promoter of the Concern has proposed by way of taking over the existing infrastructure and facilities available with M/s.Golden Steel Industries on lease basis and add minor balancing infrastructure, like tools, fixtures, etc. The promoter Surendra agarwal, aged 30 years, resident of Bangalore hails from a family having industrial and business background. The promoter is well versed with the trade. The concern will offer the security and will consider offering collateral security, if need be. The security coverage for the facilities will be against bills and by way of charge on the current assets. If need be second charge on the assets will be furnished, subject to consent by the Lessor. BACKGROUND AND INCEPTION OF THE COMPANY SMITVIN is a manufacturer and distributor of electrical insulators. In 2005, Surendra agarwal founded Smitvin in Bangalore as insulators manufacturing Company. The Smitvin was created in 2005 as a subsidiary unit for balaji engineering Pvt Ltd. The companys head office is in Bangalore. The product manufactures by the concern is aimed at supply quality material required in the electrical industries, vendor development and achieve high customer satisfaction. The Proprietress of the Concern having rich experience in the line of business of manufacture and marketing of Engineering and other associated products. The Office of the Concern is situated in Karnataka. The concern is registered as SSI.
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NATURE AND BUSINESS CARRIED AT SMITVIN ENGINEERS PVT LTD At Bangalore SMITVIN is an INSULATOR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY. SMITVIN has manufacturing units of Pin Insulator, Transformer Bushings, Post Insulator, Disc Insulator, Low Tension Insulators, Low & High Tension Insulators, High Tension Insulators Packing materials here at Bangalore. At Bangalore it has one of the biggest production unit of insulators.
VISION To become the largest suppliers of electrical sub-station items in the Electronic industry. The vision of the organization is to become a market leader in the products manufactured by it MISSION The mission statement of the Concern is as given below: Strengthening Technology; Co-operation and Co-ordination with Electricity Supply Companies and Power Equipment Manufacturing Companies; Thrust on expanding its market; Concentrate on vendor development to bring the best out of them; Customer Satisfaction; Total Quality Control Management; To keep up the delivery schedules; Effective Customer after sales services; Zero Rejection in the production.
To look out for continuous growth and improve performance. With professional management techniques, the Company is confident of becoming a numerous in the field. The Company also has proposals to have an independent Research and Development Department for carrying out extensive Research and Development for the improvement of the quality of the product and bringing about innovation in the product lines. The overall objective of the Concern will be to achieve the customer satisfaction and attain the set goals. QUALITY POLICY The PROPRIETRIX has established Quality Policy after discussion with team members. Policy is documented as Quality Policy. It is ensured that the Quality Policy Is appropriate to the purpose of the organization. Includes a commitment to comply with requirements and continually improve the effectiveness of the QMS. Provides a framework for establishing and reviewing quality. Is communicated within the organization by displaying it at various locations and in local language for everybody to read. Is understood within the organization by conducting group meeting with different levels of personnel. Is reviewed for continuing suitability in every Management Review meeting.
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (QMS) PLANNING The planning of the QMS is carried out in order to meet the requirements given in QM 400 as well as quality objectives. The integrity of the QMS is maintained when changes to the QMS are planned and implemented.
PRODUCT PROFILE Un-interrupted, continuous and quality power supply is very essential for achieving higher productivity and other day-to-day requirement.
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The main problems faced by the Power Supply Companies are availability of quality materials like isolators, transmission line towers, sub-station structures, Earthing material and overhead line materials. The Electrical Equipment and accessories manufacturing Companies on their part will aim at manufacturing equipment that would reasonably ensure the quality of power supply from the sub-stations through the feeders i.e., voltage, frequency, power factor is not inferior to the existing levels Smitvin Engineering Company will be taking up manufacturing of Isolators up to220 KV, Transmission Line Towers, Sub-station structures, GI Structures, Earthing material and overhead line material, etc. The products are required by transmission companies for carrying out such preventive, predictive, planned and timely Break down maintenance and repairs of feeder and maintenance of all lines and distribution network connected to the feeder. The range of products is also required for proper and orderly Distribution Transformer maintenance.
Constitution Name of the Concern Nature of Industry Location of the Registered Office
Proprietary concern Smitvin Engineering Company Small Scale Industry Bangalore
Group Line of Activity
There are no group companies Manufacture of Isolators up to 220 KV, Transmission Line Towers, Substation Structures, Earthing Materials, GI Structures and Overhead Line materials. Doesnt arise.
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Installed Capacity
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Capacity utilization Cost of the Project
100 per cent No investment in the project is envisaged. Only balancing equipment, fixtures, etc. are required. Proprietress and close relatives.
Key Persons
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The products are required by large scale industries engaged in manufacturing equipment, etc., who invest their capital in R&D effort and depend on small scale industries for supply of these products, which they source as components and assemble in their equipment. Electricity Boards throughout the country has been emphasizing the need for the quality of power sent out from the sub-station through the feeders i.e., voltage, frequency, improving power factor .Etc. Electricity Board have been investing the necessary Capex towards feeder improvement, providing additional DTCs, increasing the capacity of the existing DTCs, metering equipments, transmission line network extension etc., with in the agreed time frame with reference to the diagnostic study & technical treatment report. AREA OF OPERATION-GLOBAL/NATIONAL/REGIONAL Smitvin engineers Pvt Ltd operated in regions like Bangalore, tumkur, gadag, bijapur. Smitvin engineers Pvt Ltd was founded in Aug 2005 and offices are at Bangalore, tumkur, and Chennai. As it is the small scale industry, it function only in the national market, sells its product to local customers within India. And its products are supplied across all over the Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
OWNERSHIP PATTERN Name of promoter Constitution Type of Project Surendra agarwal Proprietary Concern. Existing business along with facilities will be taken on lease. Long Term Negotiation is on the avail for Diversification in to other related business in power industry and all other
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kindred activities related thereto. Existing status There are existing assets like plant and machinery bore well, power, godowns etc. The building, Plant and Machinery and other facilities are in good working condition and no expenditure is envisaged for the present. Land, Buildings, Godowns, Machinery , Power, Water, etc. Capital Contribution. Share Capital, Unsecured Loans and Secured Borrowings from Banks/Financial Institutions. For working capital Plant and
Facilities available
Nature of Capital Sources of Finance
Borrowings
COMPETITORS INFORMATION ADITYA BIRLA GROUP A subsidiary of Aditya Birla Nuvo, Aditya Birla Insulators is India's largest makers of high-performance insulators. Our products have benchmarked industry standards in technology and quality to deliver highly dependable products, making us one of the most trusted names in the industry. Aditya Birla Insulators leverages the rich legacy of the Aditya Birla Group and the technical expertise accrued through over four decades in the industry. The company provides a comprehensive range of high-performance insulators to the power industry in India as well as overseas. Aditya Birla Insulators is the country's largest, and the world's fourth largest manufacturer of electrical insulators. Our extensive product range includes hollow, solid core, disc, pin, post insulators, finding applications in substation equipment and in transmission systems. Aditya Birla Insulators is the preferred partner of a global clientele that includes leading power utilities and national and international power equipment manufacturers. Our products are exported to over 58 countries worldwide, with focused markets in Europe,
America, Middle East, Africa and China.
SATRAJ CERAMICS Established in 1976, is one of the leading manufacturers, suppliers and traders of wide range of insulators including LT Pin Insulators, LT Shackle & Spool Insulators, LT Shackle Insulators, Guy Strain Insulators, Pin Insulator, Transformer Bushings, Post Insulator, Disc Insulator, Low Tension Insulators, Low & High Tension Insulators, High Tension Insulators, etc. The company is located at Khurja in the state of U.P, and operates under the ownership of Mr. Ashish Poddar. The company is continuously scaling new heights in its business endeavor under the able leadership of Mr. Poddar. Satraj Ceramics are the Leading post insulator manufacturer, post insulator supplier, shackle insulator manufacturer, shackle insulator supplier, post insulator trader offering a wide range of post insulator, shackle insulator and many more insulation material to their customers
BHEL
Established in the late 50s, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) is, today, a name to reckon with in the industrial world. It is the largest engineering and manufacturing enterprise of its kind in India and one of the leading international companies in the power field. BHEL offers over 180 products and provides systems and services to meet the needs of core sectors like: power, transmission, industry, transportation, oil & gas, nonconventional energy sources and telecommunication. A wide-spread network comprising 14 manufacturing divisions, 8 service centres, 4 power sector regional centres, 18 regional offices, besides a large number of project sites spread all over India and abroad, enables BHEL to be close to its customers and cater to their specialized needs with total solutions - efficiently and economically. An ISO 9000 certification has given the company international recognition for its commitment towards quality. With an export presence in more than 60 countries, BHEL is truly Indias industrial ambassador to the world.
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INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES Infrastructure required for the realization of the product is identified after understanding all the requirements. Infrastructure includes workspace, factory, machinery, aids to facilitate production like tools gauges, equipment, jigs fixtures etc., utilities, measuring and testing devices, buildings and other office equipment. All these are being maintained properly to achieve conformity to product requirements.
TYPES OF MACHINES USED IN MANUFACTURING ARC WELDING Set the Jig for the welding to be done. Adjust the length for the welding job. Ensure that the piece to be welded is in full contact with the piece on the jig. Take the required thickness of Electrode Set the required current setting in the welding M/c Wear the safety Arc shield and gloves Start tack welding the full length Check the straightness and any skew developed Check welded joint for blow holes If not O K remove the weld by grinding and weld the area again Check once more. If OK, remove the piece and set the next one.
PILLAR DRILLING MACHINE Mark the drilling points in the job Load the job in the machine and clamp it properly Fix the required drill bit in the drilling chuck and clamp it Set the drilling arm to the PCD of the job Lower the drill tip to one place where the drill has to be done Now slightly raise the drill tip and move it to another point See that the arm can be moved to all the points, where it has to be drilled Now set the speed of the drill as per the chart for the drill size Start the motor and lower the drill to all the required places Check the size and the distance between the each hole as per the drawing
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If O K remove the job and store
THREAD ROLLING MACHINE Clean the machine and oil all moving parts. Load the job in the machine and clamp it properly Set the chaser for the required bolt size Set the required length for the thread cutting Switch on the machine, Take out a sample piece, Check whether piece is OK and thread cutting is uniform. Make necessary adjustments if necessary. Start the motor and lower the drill to all the required places Check another sample piece. If O K continue with the thread cutting operation till complete.
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WORKFLOW MODEL
Tender
Technical & commission specification
Order
Raw material manufactured
Assembly line
Quality checking
Packing
Invoicing
Logistics
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WORK ENVIRONMENT Suitable work environment is determined and managed to achieve conformity to product requirements. All the employees are trained to maintain work environment. Following considerations are made while determining work environment:
Optimum utilization of space Legal requirements related to product, work environment and process performance Aspects like heat, light, sound, ventilation, air flow, personnel protection equipments etc., considering human safety Aspects like hygiene, cleanliness, vibration and pollution control considering health Designated zones for keeping, conforming and non-conforming materials separately.
QUALITY OBJECTIVES: The PROPRIETRIX has defined the Quality Objectives, which are measurable and relevant for different functions within the organization. These include those needed to meet requirements of the products. Inputs for Quality Objectives are the following: Quality Policy, Organizational growth plan & Competitive Status. Customers needs and expectations. Status of product conformity. Status of process performance, especially those, which are affecting customers. To achieve delivery rating as per customers requirements. To achieve production target as per customers requirements. To increase sales turnover by 20% over last year. To control product non-conformance at all stages to 1%.
The objectives are specific, measurable, achievable realistic and time bound. The details of specific targets and measurements are available with the PROPRIETRIX.
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CUSTOMER FOCUS: Top management members; meet the customer representatives to identify customers requirements, who are impacted by our products and processes. The PROPRIETRIX ensures the customers requirements are identified and agreed. Where required, a formal questionnaire Customer Feed Back Form is used to collect the feedback from the customers. These requirements are considered while determining different processes with the aim of enhancing customer satisfaction. FUTURE GROWTH AND PROSPECTUS:
The company is planning to Enter into products like capacitors Introduce new trade schemes to increase sales From 2011 they are planning to manufacture invertor which has become the basic demand for every house and industry. They have also planned to manufacture current meter box which can automatically trigger when it reaches 200V and this is done for the safety measures. It has also plan to manufactures current wires, power cables, copper wire coated with fibers, which can be used for the transmission of the electricity. Manufacture current transformers with voltage transformers which controls the heavy flow of electricity, and this also isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the monitored circuit.
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3. McKENSYS 7 FRAME WORK MODEL

McKENSYS 7S FRAME WORK The 7s frame of Mckensys is a value based management (VAB) model that describes how one can holistically and effectively organize a company. The McKinsey 7 S Framework configures as follows:
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STREATEGY A Company of Smitvin engineering stature cannot afford to work without objectives .An overall group objective is already set and all the employees are driven towards Smitvin engineering believes that no individual is big as the organizational itself. Competition is the key to survival and for giving diversification for the given product as such competition is always good. Smitvin engineering updates itself to the surrounding competitions and bring out changes and related products to be in competitions. STAFF Each incumbent should have a specific academic qualification to match the position he is going to hold and also necessary skills to execute the assignment .Marketing/sales people Should possess at least a degree and a management degree is preferred and should necessary posses good communication skills and flair for sales. All back end employees should have at least graduation with exposure to necessary skills. For fresher due training will be given and then will be suitable guidance from time to time. Annual increments are also given based on the performance predominant. More than 300 employees are working in Bangalore unit. Skilled labour 120 Unskilled labour - 180 SYSTEMS The organization follows strict rules and regulations for the employees. It follows specific entry and exit timing for its employees. All junior staff member will have to report to the designated senior staff member daily attendance register to the human resource department. This is duly processed at the end of each month. The company has
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its regional office in Bangalore. Which is headed by a regional manager .All branch heads and various dept. heads will report to him on regular basis. The type of the system they follow is Distributed control system in which they manufacture the products and distribute to its various customers situated in various areas. SHARED VALUES Values refer to the institutional standards of behavior that strengthen commitment to the vision, and guide strategy formulation and purposive action. The core values are shaped around the belief that enterprises exist to serve society. In terms of this belief, profit is a means rather than an end in itself a compensation to owners of capital linked to the effectiveness of contribution to society and the essential ingredient to sustain such enlarged societal contribution. Thus Smitvin engineering has embraced an extended role of trusteeship. An unwavering commitment to integrity, ethical conduct, meritocracy, teamwork and abiding concern for customers are at the heart of organizations value system. STRUCTURE: The company follows vertical hierarchy. Where the command of information flows from top management to bottom
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CHAIRMAN
DIRECTOR
ADMIN IN CHARGE
SECTION HEAD
ADMIN ASSISTANT
OPERATORS (production and Sales dept)
STYLE Style stands for the patterns of actions taken by the top management over a period of time. Style is visible through reporting relationships amongst the various levels of management. Many initiative measures are taken in Smitvin engineering in bottom up procedure. Smitvin engineering remains defensive, in decision making process related to various aspects.
The type of the style followed here is Autocrartic leadership. Where the top management take all the decisions. SKILLS Skill is an ability in performing particular task. It is an acquired or learnt ability to translate knowledge into performance. It is the competency that allows for superior performance in the field in which the employee has acquired the ability. Thus, skills are the dominant capabilities and competencies possessed by the organization. Skilled labours for manufacturing Dept and for decision making. Unskilled labours for packaging, assembling, loading and unloading.
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CHAPTER 5 SWOT ANALYSIS
Strengths:
The environment of Smitvin engineering company is very conducive to all workers. Smitvin engineering company is certified with the Quality system as per ISO 9001 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD. Covers large area of space like 15000sq.feet enabling for an expansion, when required such as Building expansion etc. Workers are provided with an housing, water & electricity facilities, inside the company premises, enabling the higher employee motivation towards their job. Smitvin engineering company has a well-established relationship with their suppliers and customers. Smitvin engineering company is located under the largest industrial premises in Asia enabling many opportunities in & around the surrounding
Weakness:
Communication gap exists in interaction & relationship between the employees and their superiors.
Less emphasis towards Safety and security measures.

Politics exists in the company among the different levels.
Individuals are not given attention, when their performance is high, which decreases the further level of output.
Opportunities
Electricity markets have an high exposure on the local and global markets,
making the company to acquire the several opportunities. Due to India's economic rise, the demand for energy has grown at an average of 3.6% per annum over the past 30 years. By the year 2012, Indias peak demand would be 157,107 MW with energy requirement of 975 BU. Along with this quantitative growth, the Indian electricity sector has also achieved qualitative growth. This is reflected in the advanced technological capabilities and large number of highly skilled personnel available in the country. Per capita consumption of electricity is expected to rise to over 1000 kilowatt hours per annum (kWh/ annum) in next 10 years (from present level of 580 kWh). Compare this against over 10,000 kWh/ annum in the developed countries. India has the potential to show the fastest growth over the next 30 to 50 years. Growth rate could be higher than 5 percent over the next 30 years and close to 5 percent as late as 2050 if development proceeds successfully. Over the next 20 years, the working age population is projected to grow at 1.9 percent per year. If educational attainment and participation rates remain unchanged, labor growth will contribute another 1.3 percent, yielding an
aggregate growth rate of 6.7 percent per year, or a per capita growth rate of 5.3Percent.
Threats: Present situation of India, our electricity sector is facing terrific problems from
production to maximum utilization of power resources. The trend had changed where people started giving more importance on profit rather than quality, and rather were going for these cheap Chinese equipments. Power plant projects involve massive funds and there timely completion and operation is a crucial factor from the management point of view. The always changing technology on the electricity industry. India faces a serious shortfall in power generation. During the tenth plan, only 23,000 MW of capacity was added against the original target of 41,000 MW. During the 11th plan, a target of 78,000 MW has been set. Inadequate inter-regional transmission links. Inadequate and ageing sub-transmission & distribution network leading to power cuts. T&D losses, large scale theft and skewed tariff structure Inefficient use of electricity by the end consumer
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ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT

1. Current ratio: Current Assets/ Current Liabilities
Years 2007-2008
Current Assets
5755300
Currents Liabilities Current Ratio(%)

1389512 4.141958
7990000
3200000
2.496875
2008-2009
10327000 4792000 2.15505
2009-2010
Interpretation: The current ratio was high in the year 2007-08 and later years it goes on decreasing from year to year respectively. The ideal ratio is 2:1, even though company current ratio will not affect the liquidity of the company.
2.
Return on Assets = Net Income/ Total Assets

Net Income Total Assets Return on Assets
Years
165113
5835300
2.829555
2007-2008
467250
8050000
5.804348
2008-2009
110250
10367000
1.063471
2009-2010
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Interpretation:
Return on Assets was low for the year 2007-08 and it was increased in the year 2008-09 and in the later year 2009-10 it again it decreased. It indicates the total return on the assets based on the current year net income and total assets employed.
3. Return on Equity= Net income/Net worth

Net Income Net Worth
Years
165113 695787.5
ROE
23.73038
2007-2008
467250
1100000
42.47727
2008-2009
Interpretation
Return on equity was low in the year 2007-08 and it increased in the year 2008-09 and again it decreased in the year 2009-10 respectively. This ratio indicates the how much return each equity shareholders gets, based on the net income and net worth of the current year.
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4. Net profit margin ratio=Net profit/ Net sales
Net profit
Net Sales
Years
165113 8750000
Net profit margin ratio

1.887006
2007-2008
467250 22500000 2.076667
2008-2009
110250 30000000 0.3675
2009-2010
Interpretation:
The net profit margin of the company was low in the year 2007-08 and later it has increased a bit in the year 2008-09 and suddenly it decreased in the year 2009-10 respectively. This ratio
indicates the net profit margin of the company based on the net profit from the total sales of the company.
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Learning Experience
I have got practical experience of management aspects of the plant. I got to know about the day to day working of the manufacturing concern. I have observed what raw materials they use, in what way machinery and technology they utilize and how they inspect the final products. I got the knowledge of how the all the department works and procurement of the material for the company. The project work in this company has taught me how management leads a company on path of progress and proper development.
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Part B:
A.
General Introduction
What is Industrial Marketing?

Industrial Marketing is the marketing of products and services to business organizations. Business (or industrial) organizations include manufacturing companies, Government undertakings private sector organizations, educational institutions, hospitals, distributors, and dealers. Business organizations buy products and services to satisfy many objectives like production of other goods and services, making profits, reducing costs, and so on. In contrast, Consumer Marketing is marketing of products and services to individuals, families, and households. The consumers buy products and services for their own consumption. The demand for industrial products and services does not exist by itself. It is derived from the ultimate demand for consumer goods and services. Industrial demand is therefore, called derived demand. Satisfaction is the level of person felt state by comparing products perceived in relation to the persons expectations. Satisfaction level is function of the difference between perceived performance and expectations. If the performance falls short of expectations, the customer is not satisfied. If the performance matches the expectations the customers are highly satisfied. If the performance is beyond his expectations the customer is thrilled. Characteristics of Industrial Marketing Market Characteristics:- A large number of households, geographically dispersed all over country, are included in the mass market for consumer goods and services. But, in the case of industrial markets, it is common to find less than 1000 companies to represent the total market for an industrial product or service. Product Characteristics:- In industrial marketing, the products or services are generally technically complex. They are used for serving the operations of the organization. Because of the importance given to the technical aspects of the products, the purchases are made based on the specifications evolved by the buyers. Buyer Behavior:-In industrial (or business) marketing, the buying process is more complex as compared to consumer marketing. The purchase decisions in industrial marketing are based on many factors, such as compliance with product specifications, product quality, availability or
timely supply, acceptable payment and other commercial terms, costeffectiveness, after-sales service, and so on. The
purchasing decision takes generally takes a longer time and involve many individuals from technical, commercial/materials, and finance departments. Promotional Characteristics:- While in consumer marketing the emphasis is on advertising, in industrial marketing, the importance is given to the personal selling through the companys sales force. As a result, a much larger expenditure budget is provided for advertising in consumer marketing in comparison to individual marketing. Price Characteristics:- In industrial marketing, price is one of the factors considered in purchase decisions. Competitive bidding and price negotiations are very common in industrial marketing.
Classification of Industrial Products Materials and Parts:- Goods that enter the product directly consists of raw materials, manufactured materials and component parts. Capital Items o Installations/Heavy Equipment o Accessories/Light Equipment o Plant and Building Supplies and Services Industrial marketing research is one of the parts or components of industrial marketing intelligence. Marketing intelligence is an on-going activity to provide continuous information for decision making. Marketing research undertakes periodic projects or studies (not on continuous basis) to collect and analyze data with specific objectives. Scope of Industrial Marketing Research Development of market potential Market share analysis Sales analysis Forecasting Competitor analysis Benchmarking New product acceptance and potential
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Business trend studies Sales quota determination
Statement of the problem
Research problem is selected for the purpose of this project is to study the customer satisfaction towards the insulators manufactured by the SMITVIN engineers private Ltd. This study endeavors to collect the information about customer satisfaction on its product and its preferences, important of various product attributes etc., from the respondents. As the Company is unaware of its customers satisfaction of their product, company face the problem of lack of information on the above matter.
Title of the project
CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION TOWARDS THE PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED BY THE SMITVIN ENGINEERS PVT LTD.
Objectives of the study

The main objective of the study is to know the views of customers regarding insulators produced by SIMTVIN ENGINEERS PVT LTD compare with others.
To check the satisfaction of the customers about the products manufactured by the company.
To know the customers satisfaction with the performance of the products.
To know the various factors those influence the customers to purchase the product of the company. To study the future growth of the company.
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Scope of the study
The scope of the Study is limited to all the customers in the geographical area of Bangalore city, dealing in manufacturing of the insulators. The study is based on primary and secondary data, collected from the customers.It brings out consumers satisfaction towards insulators produced by the SIMTVIN ENGINEERING PVT LTD.
Methodology
COLLECTION OF DATA
Primary Data
Questionnaire was prepared with the purpose of collecting first-hand information.
Interview sessions were conducted with the proprietors and the managers of respondents units with an intention of collecting genuine data
Secondary Data
Information was collected through SIMTVIN ENGINEERS PVT Ltd annual report.
News Paper, General Magazines
Methodology
Descriptive method has been used in this research for the collection of data .As the research is related to the study of consumer behavior and satisfaction level, which can more effectively be studied through direct question; experimental research will not be much effective.
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Qualitative Research Qualitative research allows to explore perceptions, attitudes and motivations and to understand how they are formed. It provides depth of information which can be used in its own right or to determine what attributes will subsequently be measured in quantitative studies. Quantitative research: Quantitative research is descriptive and provides hard data on the numbers of people exhibiting certain behaviors, attitudes, etc. It provides information in breadth and allows you to sample large numbers of the population.
Descriptive research: Descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe "what exists" with respect to variables or conditions in a situation. The methods involved range from the survey which describes the status quo, the correlation study which investigates the relationship between variables, to developmental studies which seek to determine changes over time Statement of the problem Identification of information needed to solve the problem Selection or development of instruments for gathering the information Identification of target population and determination of sampling procedure Design of procedure for information collection Collection of information Analysis of information Generalizations and/or predictions
Sample Design A sample is a subset of a population Typically, the population is very large, making a census or a complete enumeration of all the values in the population impractical or impossible. The sample represents a subset of manageable size. Samples are collected and statistics are calculated from the samples so that one can make inferences from the
sample to the population. This process of collecting information from a sample is referred to as sampling. For instance in this study the population is all customers of the company located in and outside Bangalore and are of all type of customers using the products for all reasons. The sample should consist of all these categories of customers.
Sample unit The sample unit is total population. Here the researcher has to answer questions like: Who is to be surveyed? The population considered for this research type is all the customers of Smitvin engineers Pvt Ltd.
Sample Size The sample size is the total number of firms or people that is to be surveyed. The sample size neither should be too large nor too small. The sample size shorted out from the population (universe set) is 30 nos. to draw the conclusion of the study.
Sample Procedure The procedure used in this study is Non-probability sampling technique. Non-probability sampling provide a non- scientific techniques of drawing sample from the population according to non-particular laws of chance in which each unit in the universe has No definite pre-assigned probability of being selected in the sample. In short it is the purposes of subjective or judgment sampling.
The sampling design used here is convenient sampling because it is based on the selected customers i.e., previous customer of Smitvin. The convenient sampling was selected because it was not easy to survey all customers.
Limitations of the study

Due to time constraint an extensive research could not be undertaken therefore the sample size was restricted to 30 respondents.
The company provided limited data. The study was limited to Bangalore only. There can be response bias from the respondents, which limits the validity of
findings.
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Table No:1 Table Name: How do you rate our telephone response to your enquiries? Score 1 2 3 4 5 Total Source: Primary Data. Response 5 2 8 6 6 30 Percentage 19% 7% 30% 22% 22% 100%
Graph No:1
Response
1 2 3 4 5
22%
19% 7%
22% 30%
INFERENCE:. From this graph it is evident that 30 % of the respondents have responded moderate with the telephone response, as it helped them to deal successfully in their work place .Only 22 % have responded greater level of response. Thus it is understood that there was higher moderate telephone response to the enquiries
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Table No:2 Table Name: What is your opinion of overall approach to customers? Score 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Graph No:2
Response 7 4 6 8 5 30
Percentage 23% 13% 20% 27% 17% 100%
Responces
1 2 3 4 5
17%
23%
27% 20%
13%
INFERENCE:. From this graph it is evident that 27 % of the respondents have responded higher moderate response with the way by which company approach to there customers. .Only 23 % have responded lower level of response. Thus it is understood that there was moderate telephone response to the enquiries
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Table No:3 Table Name: Do you receive regular calls/visits from our sales representatives? Score Yes No Total
Graph No: 3
Response 16 14 30
Percentage 53% 47% 100%
Chart Title
No 47%
Yes 53%
INFERENCE:. From this graph it is evident that 53% of the respondents have responded positively with the way by which company contact them through regular calls/visits from our sales representatives. And 47% have negatively responded. Thus it is understood that there was moderate telephone response.
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Table No: 4 Table Name: Would you likely to receive regular calls/visits from our sales representatives? Score Yes No Total Response 24 6 30 Percentage 80% 20% 100%
Graph No: 4
Chart Title
No 20%
Yes 80%
INFERENCE:. From this graph it is evident that 80% of the respondents have responded positively. They would like to receive regular calls/visits from our sales representatives. And 20% have negatively responded. Thus it is understood that there was positive response.
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Table No: 5 Table Name: How effective are at providing prompt answers to technical&/or practical
enquiries?
Score 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Graph No: 5
Response 4 7 6 9 4 30
Percentage 14% 23% 20% 30% 13% 100%
Response
1 13% 2 3 4 14% 5
30% 20%
23%
INFERENCE:. From this graph it is evident that 30 % of the respondents have responded moderate with the prompt answers to technical&/or practical enquiries at their work place .Only 14 % have responded lower level of response. Thus it is understood that there was moderate response to the enquiries
Table No: 6
Table Name: Do you consider that we demonstrate a real understanding of your

requirements?
Response 2 6 9 8 5 30
Percentage 6% 20% 30% 27% 17% 100%
Graph No 6:
Response
1 17% 2 3 6% 20% 27% 30% 4 5
INFERENCE:. From this graph it is evident that 30 % of the respondents have responded moderate to the demonstratration on real understanding of their requirementsat theirwork place .Only 6% have responded lower level of response. Thus it is understood that there was moderate response.
Table No: 7
Table Name: How do you rate our product knowledge with a view to your requirements? Score 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Graph No: 7
Response 3 5 4 8 10 30
Percentage 10% 17% 13% 27% 33% 100%
Response
1 2 3 4 10% 33% 27% 17% 13% 5
INFERENCE:. From this graph it is evident that 60% of the respondents had higher moderate response to the product knowledge with a view to the requirements at their work place .Only 10% have responded lower level of response. Thus it is understood that there was higher moderate response.
Table No: 8
Table Name: How would you rate our products on price? Score 1 2 3 4 5 Total Response 6 4 5 5 10 30 Percentage 20% 13% 17% 17% 33% 100%
Graph No: 8
Response
1 2 3 4 5
33% 17%
20% 13% 17%
INFERENCE:. From this graph it is evident that 33% of the respondents had higher moderate response to the rate our products on price at their work place .Only 13% have responded lower moderate level of response. Thus it is understood that there was moderate response.
Table No: 9
Table Name: What is your opinion of overall quality performance of our products? Score 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Graph No: 9
Response 5 5 8 5 7 30
Percentage 16% 17% 27% 17% 23% 100%
Response
1 2 3 4 5
23% 17%
16% 17% 27%
INFERENCE:. From this graph it is evident that 27% of the respondents had moderate response to the quality performance of our products.17% had responded lower and higher moderate level of response. Thus it is understood that there was moderate response.
Table No: 10
Table Name: Do you consider our deliveries to be on time and accurate? Score 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Graph No: 10
Response 3 5 8 7 7 30
Percentage 10% 17% 27% 23% 23% 100%
Response
1 2 3 4 10% 23% 23% 27% 17% 5
INFERENCE:. From this graph it is evident that 27% of the respondents had moderate response to the deliveries of our products to be accurate and on time.23% had higher moderate response where as 10% had provided lower level of response. Thus it is understood that there was moderate response.
Table No: 11
Table Name: Do you consider our awareness of product availability meets your needs?
Graph No: 11
Response 2 5 7 9 7 30
Percentage 7% 17% 23% 30% 23% 100%
Response
1 2 3 7% 23% 30% 23% 4 5 17%
INFERENCE:. From this graph it is evident that 30% of the respondents had higher moderate response to the awareness of product availability which meets their needs. 23% had higher and moderate response where as 7% had provided lower level of response. Thus it is understood that there was higher moderate response.
Table No: 12
Table Name: Did you receive our invoices promptly? Score Yes No Total
Graph No: 12
Response 22 8 30
Chart Title
No 27%
Yes 73%
INFERENCE:. From this graph it is evident that 73% of the respondents have responded positively. They receive invoices promptly and 27% have negatively responded. Thus it is understood that there was positive response.
Table No: 13
Table Name: Were the charges on the invoices clear? Score Yes No Total
Graph No: 13
Response 24 6 30
Chart Title
No 20%
Yes 80%
INFERENCE:. From this graph it is evident that 80% of the respondents have responded positively that the charges mentioned in the invoices were clear and 20% have negatively responded. Thus it is understood that there was positive response.
Table No: 14
Table Name: If you had any queries with regards to invoicing, how would you rate the resolution? Score 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Graph No: 14
Response 3 6 9 7 5 30
Percentage 10% 20% 30% 23% 17% 100%
Response
1 2 3 4 10% 17% 23% 30% 20% 5
INFERENCE:. From this graph it is evident that 30% of the respondents had moderate response to the queries in regards to the invoicing, while rating the resolution.23% had higher moderate response where as 10% had provided lower level of response. Thus it is understood that there was higher moderate response.
Table No: 15
Table Name: Overall how satisfied are you with SMITVIN ENGINEERS PVT LTD? Score 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Graph No: 15
Response 3 6 9 7 5 30
Percentage 20% 23% 17% 30% 10% 100%
Response
1 2 10% 20% 30% 17% 23% 3 4 5
INFERENCE:. From this graph it is evident that 30% of the respondents had higher moderate response to the satisfactional level. 23% had lower moderate response where as 20% had provided lower level of response. Thus it is understood that there was higher moderate response.
Table No: 16
Table Name:Does price really satisfy you make purchase of our products? Score Yes No Total
Graph No: 16
Response 24 6 30
Chart Title
No 40% Yes 60%
INFERENCE:. From this graph it is evident that 60% of the respondents have responded positively. They receive invoices promptly. And 40% have negatively responded. Thus it is understood that there was positive response.
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION & SUGGESTIONS
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FINDINGS
Majority of the respondents (30%) agree and have given moderate telephone response for the enquiries. Majority of the respondents (27 %) agree and have given higher moderate response with the way by which company approach to there customers Majority of the respondents (53% ) agree and have shown positive response with the way by which company contact them through regular calls/visits from our sales
representatives
Majority of the respondents (80%) agree and have responded positively of receiving regular calls/visits from our sales representatives Majority of the respondents (30 % )of the respondents have responded moderate with the prompt answers to technical&/or practical enquiries at their work place Majority of the respondents (30 %) of the respondents have responded moderate to the demonstratration on real understanding of their requirements at their work place Majority of the respondents (60%) of the respondents had higher moderate response to the product knowledge with a view to the requirements at their work place Majority of the respondents ( 33%) of the respondents had higher moderate response to the rate our products on price at their work place Majority of the respondents (27%) of the respondents had moderate response to the quality performance of our products Majority of the respondents (27% )of the respondents had moderate response to the deliveries of our products to be accurate and on time Majority of the respondents (30% )of the respondents had higher moderate response to the awareness of product availability which meets their needs Majority of the respondents (73%) of the respondents have responded positively of receiving invoices promptly
Majority of the respondents (80% )of the respondents have responded positively that the charges mentioned in the invoices were clear Majority of the respondents (30% )of the respondents had moderate response to the queries in regards to the invoicing Majority of the respondents (60%) of the respondents have responded positively on considering price as satisfying tool while purchase of products
Majority of the respondents( 30%) of the respondents had higher moderate
response to the satisfaction level
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SUGGESTIONS
There are some of the suggestions:
Feedback obtained should be paid special attention which can be helpful in improving the customers satisfaction towards the products manufactured by the smitvin engineering Pvt Ltd An equal view should be given and generated upon every dealer so that their satisfaction level does remain untouched. The customers should be compared with other customers of the same product manufacturers as this could help in ascertaining the standard of their services towards the company. About 88% of advisory were satisfied with the satisfaction but the other 12% were not satisfied with the services because of factors like environment, attitude of their employees which should be looked into. Every customers needs to be given individual attention whilst they are being core factor which could boost the company performance with their prompt services and so that they could put their best efforts.
Individual customers could be paired up in a ratio like a good, moderate and poor
so that the moderate could grasp the style of the good performer.
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CONCLUSION:
Customers satisfaction towards the products manufactured has definitely helped the company to come up with the learning curve through various ways and they have attained the natural benefits that the standard of satisfaction they have aimed for The study helped to assess The Customers satisfaction as a whole and its aim and benefits.. After the job is completed the performance of the customers on the floor which is assessed. CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION TOWARDS THE PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED BY THE SMITVIN ENGINEERING PVT LTD as a whole has its importance and in this project it is noticed that the satisfactional standards being implemented. To conclude this I would state that individual customers satisfaction could be found out only when the company actually perform on the floor and other performances would actually determine the effectiveness of customers satisfaction.
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BIBILOGRAPHY:
Fundamentals of statistics by S.C. Gupta 6th edition Industrial Marketing by Krishna K Havaldar 2nd edition Consumer Behavior by Leon G. Schiffman & Leslie Lazar Kanuk 9th edition Marketing Management by Philip Kotler 13th edition Business Research Methods by S N Murthy & U Bhojanna 3rd edition
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Raghu's Final Report (Inference) Sir

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Raghu's Final Report (Inference) Sir

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CHAPTER - 1 INDUSTRY PROFILE About:

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High voltage direct current (HVDC)

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Bulk Power Transmission

Nature of the Market

Wholesale Electricity Market

Retail electricity market

Electricity Market Experience

Distribution Network Configurations

Modern distribution systems

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CHAPTER 2 COMPANY PROFILE

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Proprietary concern Smitvin Engineering Company Small Scale Industry Bangalore

Group Line of Activity

Capacity utilization Cost of the Project

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Nature of Capital Sources of Finance

America, Middle East, Africa and China.

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If O K remove the job and store

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Technical & commission specification

Raw material manufactured

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3. McKENSYS 7 FRAME WORK MODEL

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OPERATORS (production and Sales dept)

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CHAPTER 5 SWOT ANALYSIS

Less emphasis towards Safety and security measures.

Politics exists in the company among the different levels.

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ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT

Currents Liabilities Current Ratio(%)

Return on Assets = Net Income/ Total Assets

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3. Return on Equity= Net income/Net worth

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4. Net profit margin ratio=Net profit/ Net sales

Net profit margin ratio

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What is Industrial Marketing?

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Business trend studies Sales quota determination

Statement of the problem

Title of the project

Objectives of the study

To know the customers satisfaction with the performance of the products.

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